Affinage

ECT2

Protein ECT2 · UniProt Q9H8V3

Length
914 aa
Mass
103.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 46 papers cited in narrative 46 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ECT2 is a Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) that serves as the principal activator of RhoA during cytokinesis and, when mislocalized, drives oncogenic Rho/Rac signaling (PMID:8464478, PMID:10579713, PMID:10837491). Its catalytic DH/PH module exchanges nucleotide on RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in vitro and is held autoinhibited in interphase by an intramolecular interaction between the N-terminal tandem BRCT domains and the C-terminal catalytic domain, with sequences C-terminal to the PH domain tuning which GTPase is activated (PMID:10579713, PMID:15545273, PMID:15073184). Activation is gated through the cell cycle by a phosphorylation relay: CDK1 phosphorylates ECT2 at T341 and T412 during G2/M, the T412 phospho-epitope recruiting the Plk1 polo-box domain, and Plk1 in turn phosphorylates the centralspindlin subunit CYK-4/MgcRacGAP at S157/S164 to create a docking epitope read by the ECT2 BRCT repeats, recruiting ECT2 to the central spindle (PMID:16170345, PMID:16247472, PMID:17488623, PMID:19468300, PMID:25068414, PMID:25486482). A PH domain and adjacent polybasic cluster bind equatorial-membrane phosphoinositides to spatially confine RhoA activation and contractile-ring assembly, while different BRCT domains partition between activation and zone restriction (PMID:22172673, PMID:33657383). ECT2 levels are restrained by APC/C-Cdh1, E6AP, and other ubiquitin ligases (PMID:21886810, PMID:27231202). Beyond cytokinesis, ECT2 establishes cell polarity through the centrosomal/Aurora-A axis acting on cortical RhoA and PAR proteins (PMID:16921365, PMID:31636075, PMID:36533896), and in cancer cells nuclear ECT2 phosphorylated by PKCι binds UBF1 on rDNA promoters to recruit Rac1-nucleophosmin and stimulate rRNA synthesis and KRAS-driven tumorigenesis (PMID:28110998, PMID:32350115, PMID:34737214), while cytoplasmic ECT2 acts through a PKCι-Par6 complex to activate Rac1 and promote invasion (PMID:19617897, PMID:21189248). ECT2 additionally functions in DNA double-strand break repair, recruiting KU70/KU80 and BRCA1 to PARP1-dependent lesions independently of its GEF activity (PMID:34343566).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 19 steps
  1. 1993 High

    Established ECT2 as a member of the Dbl/Rho-regulatory family, answering what protein class it belongs to and that truncation confers transforming potential.

    Evidence Expression cloning with baculovirus protein and direct Rho/Rac binding assay

    PMID:8464478

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish exchange catalysis directly
    • No cellular function assigned
  2. 1999 High

    Defined ECT2 as a catalytically active GEF for RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 and tied it functionally to cytokinesis, answering what cellular process it drives.

    Evidence In vitro nucleotide exchange assay, synchronization, immunofluorescence, microinjection and dominant-negative expression

    PMID:10579713

    Open questions at the time
    • Which GTPase is physiologically relevant in vivo not resolved
    • Mechanism of phosphoregulation unknown
  3. 2000 High

    Showed ECT2 is required for the telophase rise in GTP-RhoA, establishing it as the critical RhoA activator in cytokinesis.

    Evidence RhoA-GTP pull-down with cell synchronization and dominant-negative ECT2

    PMID:10837491

    Open questions at the time
    • Spatial targeting mechanism to furrow not addressed
  4. 2004 High

    Mapped autoinhibition to an intramolecular BRCT–catalytic domain interaction and showed C-terminal sequences select GTPase output, answering how activity is restrained and diversified.

    Evidence Co-IP of intramolecular interaction, deletion/NLS mutagenesis, GTPase pull-downs and multinucleation assays

    PMID:14645260 PMID:15073184 PMID:15545273

    Open questions at the time
    • How phosphorylation relieves autoinhibition not yet defined
    • C-terminal partner mediating Rac/Cdc42 output unidentified
  5. 2005 High

    Identified centralspindlin/CYK-4 as the recruitment platform that positions ECT2 at the equatorial cortex, answering how RhoA activation is spatially confined.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, RNAi epistasis, and immunofluorescence of RhoA/F-actin/myosin localization

    PMID:15642749 PMID:16103226 PMID:16352658 PMID:16803869

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular nature of the cell-cycle-regulated CYK-4 docking site not yet defined
    • Role in metaphase Cdc42 only Medium confidence
  6. 2006 High

    Defined the CDK1–Plk1 phosphorylation relay, showing CDK1 at T341/T412 creates a Plk1 docking epitope and links mitotic kinase activity to ECT2 activation and degradation.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assays, phospho-site mapping, Plk1-PBD binding, RhoA pull-down; APC/C E2F regulation by ChIP/reporter

    PMID:16170345 PMID:16247472 PMID:16862181

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative contribution of each phospho-site to autoinhibition relief not resolved
  7. 2006 High

    Demonstrated a conserved polarity role in C. elegans, showing asymmetric ECT-2 patterns RHO-1 to drive cortical flows and PAR domain establishment.

    Evidence Live imaging of GFP fusions with RNAi epistasis in embryos

    PMID:16921365

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of centrosomal exclusion of ECT-2 not defined at this stage
  8. 2007 High

    Established that Plk1 phosphorylation of CYK-4 at S164 generates the BRCT docking epitope, mechanistically explaining ECT2 central spindle recruitment downstream of CDK1 inactivation.

    Evidence Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536, in vitro kinase assay, phospho-peptide binding, mutagenesis and immunofluorescence

    PMID:17488623 PMID:19468300

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether S157 also contributes not resolved here
  9. 2008 Medium

    Revealed temporal handoff: CYK-4 binds ECT2 early then FIP3 late via overlapping sites, explaining how ECT2 dissociation enables abscission.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, domain mapping, immunofluorescence time course

    PMID:18511905

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Trigger for the switch from ECT2 to FIP3 not defined
  10. 2008 Medium

    Linked cancer ECT2 to the PKCι–Par6 polarity complex, showing cytoplasmic mislocalized ECT2 activates Rac1 to drive transformation and invasion.

    Evidence RNAi, co-IP, fractionation, Rac1-GTP pull-down and invasion assays in NSCLC

    PMID:19617897 PMID:21189248

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • How mislocalization is initiated in tumors not fully defined
  11. 2011 High

    Defined PH-domain/polybasic phosphoinositide binding as the equatorial membrane-targeting determinant and characterized ubiquitin-mediated turnover (APC/C-Cdh1, later E6AP).

    Evidence Live imaging with PH/polybasic mutants, lipid binding, RhoA assay; ubiquitination assays with degron mutagenesis

    PMID:21886810 PMID:22172673 PMID:34841254

    Open questions at the time
    • How membrane and centralspindlin signals are integrated quantitatively unresolved
  12. 2012 High

    Showed CDK1 substrate ECT2 couples mitotic entry to cortical rounding and that nuclear export precedes its anaphase repositioning by RacGAP1, ordering its mitotic itinerary.

    Evidence Live imaging, Cdk1 substrate mutagenesis, atomic force microscopy and RNAi rescue

    PMID:22514687 PMID:22898780

    Open questions at the time
    • Anillin–PH interaction only Medium confidence
  13. 2014 Medium

    Provided the structural basis of BRCT-phosphoepitope recognition and identified PAR/PARylation as an additional BRCT ligand, refining how ECT2 reads its docking sites.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of triple-BRCT, phospho-peptide binding, in vitro/in vivo PAR binding and microscopy

    PMID:25068414 PMID:25486481 PMID:25486482

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional importance of tubulin-PAR recruitment vs CYK-4 docking not weighted
    • PAR binding single lab
  14. 2015 High

    Used optogenetic/chemical membrane targeting to show equatorial membrane association is sufficient for furrowing and that midzone recruitment is dispensable, plus identified a GEF-dependent Wnt regulatory role.

    Evidence Optogenetic and chemical genetic membrane targeting; Drosophila/human Wnt reporter assays; Drosophila cortical actin epistasis

    PMID:24198276 PMID:25604483 PMID:25703349 PMID:27926870

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of GEF-dependent Wnt repression not defined
    • Relative weight of membrane vs midzone signals context-dependent
  15. 2017 High

    Established nuclear, GEF-dependent ECT2 as a driver of rRNA synthesis and KRAS-driven tumorigenesis via UBF1 binding and Rac1–NPM recruitment at rDNA.

    Evidence Kras mouse lung tumor model, ChIP, Rac1 pull-down, rRNA synthesis assays with PKCι phospho-mutagenesis

    PMID:24386507 PMID:28110998 PMID:34737214

    Open questions at the time
    • How nuclear vs cytoplasmic GTPase selectivity is achieved mechanistically unresolved
  16. 2020 High

    Detailed the PKCι–UBF1 Ser412 docking mechanism for nuclear ECT2 and identified FoxM1 as a direct GEF inhibitor controlling cortical actin and spindle orientation.

    Evidence In vitro kinase/MS phospho-mapping with BRCT mutagenesis and rRNA assays; co-IP with in vitro GEF inhibition and mouse tumor model

    PMID:32350115 PMID:34841254

    Open questions at the time
    • How FoxM1 inhibition is relieved during normal mitosis not defined
  17. 2021 Medium

    Dissected individual BRCT contributions to activation and zone restriction and uncovered a GEF-independent role for ECT2 in DSB repair recruiting KU70/80 and BRCA1.

    Evidence Systematic BRCT mutagenesis with RhoA biosensor imaging; co-IP, laser microirradiation, GEF-dead complementation and comet assays

    PMID:33657383 PMID:34343566

    Open questions at the time
    • DSB repair role single lab
    • How ECT2 is recruited to PAR at lesions vs mitotic spindle distinguished only partially
  18. 2022 Medium

    Connected ECT2 to DNA-damage signaling (DNA-PK–Sin1–ECT2–AKT) and to membrane compartmentalization that coordinates spindle elongation with furrowing.

    Evidence Co-IP, RNAi, catalytic mutants and AKT/survival assays; RNAi with live imaging of NuMA/dynein membrane exclusion

    PMID:34982576 PMID:36197340 PMID:36533896

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab for each
    • How GEF activity feeds AKT activation mechanistically unclear
  19. 2025 Medium

    Extended ECT2 function to confined migration, where anillin recruits it to cell poles to activate RhoA-driven bleb migration amplified by nuclear envelope rupture.

    Evidence Microfluidic confinement, live imaging, GEF-dead mutant, ROCK inhibition and nuclear rupture assays

    PMID:40571734

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Generality across cell/tumor types untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the multiple non-canonical nuclear roles (rDNA transcription, DSB repair, AKT signaling) are coordinated with the canonical cytokinetic function within a single cell remains unresolved.
  • No unified model partitioning ECT2 pools across functions
  • No structural model of full-length activated ECT2 on membrane/centralspindlin
  • Disease-causal mutations not established in the corpus

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 5 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 4 GO:0008289 lipid binding 2 GO:0003723 RNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 5 GO:0005829 cytosol 4 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005730 nucleolus 2
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 2
Partners
ANLNCDK1PARD6APLK1PRKCIRACGAP1RHOAUBF1
Complex memberships
PKCι-Par6 polarity complexcentralspindlin (with CYK-4/MgcRacGAP)

Evidence

Reading pass · 46 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 ECT2 protein contains a central DH-domain-related core with sequence similarity to BCR, CDC24, and DBL oncogene products; baculovirus-expressed ECT2 binds specifically to Rho and Rac proteins, identifying it as a member of the Rho GTPase regulatory family with transforming potential activated by N-terminal truncation. Expression cloning, baculovirus protein expression, direct binding assay Nature High 8464478
1999 Human ECT2 catalyzes guanine nucleotide exchange on RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in vitro; ECT2 is phosphorylated during G2/M phases and phosphorylation is required for its exchange activity; ECT2 localizes to the nucleus in interphase, spreads to cytoplasm in prometaphase, and concentrates at the midbody during cytokinesis; expression of the N-terminal domain (lacking catalytic activity) or microinjection of anti-ECT2 antibody inhibits cytokinesis. GEF activity assay (in vitro nucleotide exchange), cell synchronization, immunofluorescence, microinjection, dominant-negative expression The Journal of cell biology High 10579713
2000 GTP-bound RhoA accumulates during cytokinesis (peaking at telophase); expression of dominant-negative ECT2 completely suppresses both the rise in GTP-RhoA at telophase and increased GDP-GTP exchange activity in mitotic cell extracts, establishing ECT2 as a critical activator of RhoA during cytokinesis. RhoA-GTP pull-down assay, cell cycle synchronization, dominant-negative ECT2 expression The Journal of biological chemistry High 10837491
2003 Oncogenic activation of ECT2 requires both removal of the N-terminal negative regulatory domain AND mislocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the N-terminal domain interacts with the catalytic domain and inhibits GEF activity; nuclear localization signals in the central domain are required to maintain nuclear ECT2; RhoA is the predominant Rho GTPase activated by oncogenic ECT2 in NIH 3T3 cells. Focus formation assay, deletion/NLS mutagenesis, dominant-negative Rho GTPase co-expression, subcellular fractionation, in vivo RhoA activity assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 14645260
2004 The N-terminal tandem BRCT domains of ECT2 maintain the protein in an inactive conformation through an intramolecular interaction with the C-terminal catalytic domain, masking GEF activity toward RhoA; both BRCT domains are required for negative regulation (interphase) and positive regulation (cytokinesis function). siRNA knockdown, dominant-negative and deletion mutant expression, multinucleation assay, co-immunoprecipitation of intramolecular BRCT-DH interaction The Journal of biological chemistry High 15545273
2004 Sequences C-terminal to the PH domain of ECT2 alter the profile of Rho GTPases activated in vivo: removal of C-terminal sequences (DeltaN-Ect2 DH/PH) activates only RhoA and enhances stress fiber formation, whereas retention of C-terminal sequences (DeltaN-Ect2 DH/PH/C) activates RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 and induces lamellipodia. NIH 3T3 transformation assay, Rho GTPase activity pull-down, actin morphology analysis, C-terminal deletion mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 15073184
2004 ECT2 interacts with Par6 and Par3 of the polarity complex and with PKCζ; co-expression of Par6 and ECT2 efficiently activates Cdc42 in vivo; overexpression of ECT2 stimulates PKCζ activity; ECT2 localizes to sites of cell-cell contact and the nucleus in MDCK cells, and its localization is regulated by calcium. Co-immunoprecipitation, Cdc42-GTP pull-down assay, PKCζ kinase assay, immunofluorescence, calcium switch assay Molecular and cellular biology Medium 15254234
2005 ECT2 concentrates on the central spindle by binding to the centralspindlin component CYK-4/MgcRacGAP; this ECT2-CYK-4 interaction is cell cycle regulated via ECT2 phosphorylation; depletion of CYK-4 (but not MKLP1) prevents cortical accumulation of RhoA, F-actin, and myosin, placing CYK-4-ECT2 upstream of RhoA at the equatorial cortex. siRNA depletion, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence of RhoA/F-actin/myosin localization, phosphatase treatment The Journal of cell biology High 16103226
2005 Centralspindlin and ECT2 are both required for RhoA localization to the equatorial cortex before furrow initiation; centralspindlin localizes to central spindle and astral microtubule tips near the equatorial cortex and recruits ECT2; both Rho activity and microtubule organization are required for RhoA localization and furrowing. TCA fixation immunofluorescence, RNAi depletion, drug-mediated microtubule manipulation Journal of cell science High 16352658
2005 ECT2 and MgcRacGAP regulate GTP-Cdc42 levels in metaphase; depletion of Ect2 by RNAi suppresses metaphase GTP-Cdc42 elevation, impairs microtubule attachment to kinetochores, and causes prometaphase delay and abnormal chromosome segregation. RNAi, GTP-Cdc42 pull-down assay, live cell microscopy, chromosome segregation analysis The Journal of cell biology Medium 15642749
2006 CDK1 phosphorylates ECT2 at Thr-341 in G2/M phase (most likely via Cyclin B/Cdk1); phosphorylation at T341 induces a conformational change affecting the intramolecular interaction between N-terminal regulatory and C-terminal catalytic domains; phosphomimetic T341D weakly stimulates GEF catalytic activity via SRE reporter assay and increases self-association of ECT2. Cell synchronization, phospho-site mapping, site-directed mutagenesis, SRE luciferase reporter assay, co-immunoprecipitation Oncogene Medium 16170345
2006 CDK1 and Plk1 phosphorylate ECT2 in vitro; CDK1 phosphorylates ECT2 at T412, creating a phospho-epitope that recruits the Plk1 polo-box domain (PBD); phosphorylation of T412 is required for GTP-RhoA accumulation and cortical hyperactivity during cell division; ECT2 T412A (phospho-deficient) shows diminished RhoA activation. In vitro kinase assay, Plk1-PBD binding assay, phospho-mutant expression, RhoA-GTP pull-down, live cell imaging Oncogene High 16247472
2006 ECT2 requires its BRCT domain for direct interaction with MKlp1-MgcRacGAP; central spindle localization also requires the MKlp2-Aurora B complex; a PH domain in ECT2 mediates cortical association; ECT2 displacement from the central spindle after cytokinesis onset (via N-terminal fragment overexpression) causes abscission failure, while RhoA and Citron kinase still localize to the cleavage furrow. RNAi depletion, GFP-fusion overexpression, immunofluorescence, abscission assay Journal of cell science Medium 16803869
2006 In C. elegans embryos, ECT-2 (a RhoGEF for RHO-1) is uniformly distributed at the cortex before polarization and is locally excluded from the posterior cortex by the centrosomal polarity cue; asymmetric ECT-2 generates an asymmetric RHO-1 distribution that drives cortical actomyosin flow to translocate PAR proteins and CDC-42 to the anterior cortex; polarized CDC-42 subsequently maintains the anterior cortical domain. Live imaging of GFP fusions, RNAi epistasis in C. elegans embryos, cortical flow analysis Nature cell biology High 16921365
2006 ECT2 is identified as a direct E2F target gene: E2F1 and CUX1 bind ECT2 promoter upon S-phase entry and regulate its transcription; ECT2 expression is induced in S phase and peaks in G2/M. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, promoter-luciferase reporter assay, RNAi knockdown, E2F dominant-negative expression Oncogene Medium 16862181
2006 UBE3A ubiquitin E3 ligase physically interacts with ECT2 (and its Drosophila ortholog Pbl); Ect2 expression is regulated by Ube3a in mouse neurons, with dramatically altered Ect2 expression in the hippocampus and cerebellum of Ube3a null mice. 2D gel/MALDI-TOF proteomics, co-immunoprecipitation, Ube3a knockout mouse analysis Human molecular genetics Medium 16905559
2007 Plk1 promotes recruitment of ECT2 to the central spindle by phosphorylating HsCyk-4, creating a phospho-epitope recognized by the BRCT repeats of ECT2; inhibition of Plk1 (by BI 2536) abolishes the ECT2-HsCyk-4 interaction, prevents ECT2 central spindle localization, RhoA equatorial accumulation, and cleavage furrow formation; Plk1 acts after CDK1 inactivation and independently of Aurora B. Plk1 inhibitor (BI 2536), co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, cell cycle staging Developmental cell High 17488623
2008 Plk1 phosphorylates the non-catalytic N terminus of HsCyk-4 at the central spindle, generating a phospho-epitope at Ser164 that is recognized by the BRCT repeats of ECT2, recruiting ECT2 to the central spindle to drive RhoA activation and furrowing; Prc1 and microtubules facilitate Plk1 phosphorylation of HsCyk-4; a phosphomimetic HsCyk-4 version promotes Ect2 recruitment. In vitro kinase assay (Plk1), phospho-peptide binding assay, mutagenesis, BRCT-phospho-epitope docking, immunofluorescence, Prc1 RNAi PLoS biology High 19468300
2008 Centralspindlin component Cyk-4 sequentially interacts with ECT2 (early cytokinesis) and then FIP3 (late telophase/abscission); the FIP3-binding region on Cyk-4 overlaps with the ECT2-binding domain; FIP3 and ECT2 form mutually exclusive complexes with Cyk-4; dissociation of ECT2 from the midbody is required for FIP3 and recycling endosome recruitment needed for abscission. Co-immunoprecipitation, domain mapping, immunofluorescence time course The EMBO journal Medium 18511905
2008 ECT2 in NSCLC is mislocalized to the cytoplasm where it binds the PKCι-Par6α complex; RNAi knockdown of PKCι or Par6α causes ECT2 to redistribute to the nucleus, indicating PKCι-Par6α regulates cytoplasmic ECT2 localization; cytoplasmic ECT2 activates Rac1 to drive transformed growth and invasion. RNAi knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, Rac1-GTP pull-down, colony formation/invasion assay Oncogene Medium 19617897
2009 PKCι directly phosphorylates ECT2 at Thr-328 in vitro; RNAi knockdown of PKCι or Par6 decreases phospho-Thr-328 ECT2 in NSCLC cells; phosphorylation-deficient T328A ECT2 fails to bind the PKCι-Par6 complex, activate Rac1, or restore transformation, whereas phosphomimetic T328D ECT2 retains all these activities. In vitro kinase assay (PKCι), site-directed mutagenesis, RNAi knockdown, Rac1-GTP pull-down, transformation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 21189248
2011 ECT2 membrane association during cytokinesis requires a pleckstrin homology domain and a polybasic cluster that bind phosphoinositide lipids; both GEF function and membrane targeting of ECT2 are essential for RhoA activation and cleavage furrow formation; membrane localization is spatially confined to the equator by centralspindlin and is temporally regulated by CDK1 activity. Live cell imaging, GFP-ECT2 constructs with PH domain and polybasic cluster mutations, phosphoinositide lipid binding assay, RhoA activity assay, CDK1 inhibitor treatment Developmental cell High 22172673
2011 APC/C-Cdh1 ubiquitinates ECT2 after mitosis via K11-linked polyubiquitin chains, targeting it for proteasomal degradation; a bipartite NLS, a conventional D-box, and two TEK-like boxes in ECT2 are required for Cdh1-dependent degradation; proper nuclear localization of ECT2 is necessary for its APC-Cdh1-mediated degradation; degradation-resistant ECT2 mutants activate RhoA and transform NIH 3T3 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vivo ubiquitination assay, site-directed mutagenesis, proteasome inhibitor treatment, NIH 3T3 transformation assay PloS one High 21886810
2011 Nuclear GEFs Ect2 and Net1 activate RhoB after DNA damage (ionizing radiation); RNAi knockdown of Ect2 and Net1 inhibits IR-induced RhoB activity increase, reduces JNK phosphorylation and Bim induction, and protects cells from IR-induced cell death. RNAi, RhoB-GTP pull-down assay, Western blot for JNK phosphorylation and Bim, cell death assay PloS one Medium 21373644
2012 Ect2 acts as a Cdk1 substrate that links mitotic entry to cortical rounding: in prophase, Ect2 is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it activates RhoA to form a rigid rounded metaphase cortex; at anaphase, binding to RacGAP1 at the spindle midzone repositions Ect2 to induce local actomyosin ring formation for cytokinesis. Live cell imaging, RNAi, Cdk1 substrate mutagenesis, atomic force microscopy for cortical stiffness, immunofluorescence Developmental cell High 22898780
2012 The PH domain of Ect2 interacts with anillin; this interaction may require Ect2 association with lipids since a PH domain mutation disrupting phospholipid binding weakens the Ect2-anillin interaction; the anillin-Ect2 complex stabilizes central spindle microtubule-cortical interactions at the division plane. Co-immunoprecipitation, PH domain mutagenesis, immunofluorescence PloS one Medium 22514687
2013 In ovarian cancer cells, nuclear ECT2 preferentially binds Rac1 (not RhoA), while cytoplasmic ECT2 binds RhoA; nuclear ECT2 GEF catalytic activity and nuclear localization sequences are both required for anchorage-independent growth; nuclear Rac1 activity is sufficient to rescue transformation caused by ECT2 knockdown. Subcellular fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation, NLS mutagenesis, DH domain mutagenesis, soft agar colony assay, constitutively active nuclear-targeted Rac1 rescue Genes & cancer Medium 24386507
2014 Crystal structure of the ECT2 triple-BRCT domain was solved; Ser164 on CYK-4 is the major Plk1 phosphorylation site that docks to the second ECT2 BRCT domain; systematic analysis of phospho-peptide interactions mapped the ECT2 BRCT-CYK-4 binding interface. X-ray crystallography, phospho-peptide binding assay, systematic mutagenesis of CYK-4 phosphorylation sites FEBS letters High 25068414
2014 Plk1 phosphorylation of MgcRacGAP at both S157 and S164 is required (neither alone is sufficient) for efficient Ect2 BRCT domain binding; central spindle assembly (requiring MKLP1 and the N-terminal domain of MgcRacGAP) is additionally required for Ect2 BRCT binding in early cytokinesis. Phospho-site mutagenesis, BRCT binding assay, siRNA depletion of MKLP1, co-immunoprecipitation Cell cycle Medium 25486482
2014 The BRCT domain of ECT2 directly binds poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) both in vitro and in vivo; α-tubulin is PARylated during mitosis; PARylation of α-tubulin is recognized by ECT2 BRCT domain, recruiting ECT2 to the mitotic spindle. In vitro PAR binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, mitosis analysis Cell cycle Medium 25486481
2015 CDK1 phosphorylates ECT2 at a non-S/T-P motif (a sequence matching P-X-S-X-[R/K]5 containing the NLS region) in vitro; this phosphorylation event is proposed to inhibitorily regulate ECT2 nuclear localization during mitosis. In vitro kinase assay with Cdk1, oriented peptide library screening, site-directed mutagenesis Scientific reports Medium 25604483
2015 Plasma membrane association of ECT2 during anaphase is required and sufficient for cytokinesis; local membrane targeting of ECT2 with optogenetics leads to unilateral furrowing; ECT2 mutations that prevent centralspindlin binding compromise midzone and equatorial membrane concentration but still sustain cytokinesis, indicating midzone recruitment is not essential. Chemical genetic membrane targeting, optogenetic local membrane targeting, ECT2 centralspindlin-binding mutants, immunofluorescence Cell reports High 27926870
2015 In Drosophila and human cells, Pbl/ECT2 GEF activity negatively regulates Wg/Wnt target gene expression downstream of Armadillo/β-catenin stabilization; GEF activity is required for Wnt regulation whereas domains critical for cytokinesis are not. Drosophila genetic loss-of-function and gain-of-function, luciferase reporter assay for Wnt target genes in Drosophila and human cells, domain mutagenesis Development (Cambridge, England) Medium 24198276
2015 In Drosophila epithelia, Pbl/Ect2 release from the nucleus at mitotic entry drives Rho-dependent Myosin-II activation and a switch from Arp2/3- to Diaphanous-mediated cortical actin nucleation that depends on Cdc42/aPKC/Par6, enabling assembly of an isotropic metaphase cortex. Drosophila genetics, RNAi, live imaging, actin polymerization pathway epistasis Developmental cell Medium 25703349
2016 E6AP E3 ubiquitin ligase promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ECT2, acting as a negative regulator; loss of E6AP leads to elevated ECT2 and Rho GTPase activity and increased breast cancer invasiveness and metastasis. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vivo ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibitor treatment, RhoA-GTP pull-down, invasion and metastasis assays Cancer research Medium 27231202
2017 Nuclear ECT2 GEF activity is required for KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis in vivo; ECT2 activates rRNA synthesis by binding the nucleolar transcription factor UBF1 on rDNA promoters; ECT2 recruits Rac1 and its effector nucleophosmin (NPM) to rDNA; PKCι-mediated ECT2 phosphorylation stimulates ECT2-dependent rDNA transcription. Mouse lung tumorigenesis model (Kras-Trp53), ChIP (ECT2/UBF1 on rDNA), Rac1-GTP pull-down, rRNA synthesis assay, PKCι phospho-site mutagenesis Cancer cell High 28110998
2019 Aurora A kinase (AIR-1) in C. elegans acts upstream of ECT-2 to regulate cortical contractility and PAR-2 polarity axis singularity; AIR-1 depletion causes altered ECT-2 cortical localization and promiscuous PAR-2 domain formation; AIR-1 inhibition of ECT-2 is independent of microtubule nucleation. RNAi in C. elegans, live imaging, genetic epistasis Development (Cambridge, England) Medium 31636075
2020 PKCι directly phosphorylates UBF1 at Ser-412, generating a phosphopeptide-binding epitope that recruits the ECT2 BRCT domain to UBF1 on rDNA promoters; both a functional ECT2 BRCT domain and UBF1 Ser-412 phosphorylation are required for ECT2 rDNA recruitment, elevated rRNA synthesis, and transformed growth. In vitro kinase assay (PKCι on UBF1), MS-based phospho-site identification, BRCT domain mutagenesis, ChIP, rRNA synthesis assay, shRNA knockdown/reconstitution The Journal of biological chemistry High 32350115
2020 FoxM1 binds to ECT2 through its N-terminal domain and inhibits ECT2 GEF activity, limiting RhoA GTPase and mDia1-mediated cortical actin nucleation; FoxM1 insufficiency leads to excess cortical actin, non-perpendicular mitotic spindles, chromosome missegregation, and tumorigenesis; low FOXM1 expression correlates with RhoA hyperactivity in human cancers. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro GEF inhibition assay, FoxM1 domain deletion analysis, cortical actin and spindle angle measurements, mouse tumorigenesis model Nature cancer High 34841254
2021 Each ECT2 BRCT domain (BRCT0, BRCT1, BRCT2) makes distinct contributions: BRCT0 contributes to and BRCT1 is essential for ECT2 activation in anaphase; BRCT2 integrates GEF inhibition and RACGAP1 binding to limit ECT2 activity to a narrow equatorial zone; BRCT2-dependent control of active RhoA zone dimension functions in addition to astral microtubule inhibitory signals. BRCT domain mutagenesis, live cell imaging, RhoA activity biosensor, RACGAP1 binding assay Cell reports High 33657383
2021 ECT2 physically associates with KU70-KU80 and BRCA1 via co-immunoprecipitation; ECT2 is recruited to DNA lesions in a PARP1-dependent manner; ECT2 deficiency impairs KU70 and BRCA1 recruitment to DNA damage sites, causing defective DSB repair and hypersensitivity to genotoxic agents; this DNA repair role is largely independent of ECT2 GEF catalytic activity. Co-immunoprecipitation, laser microirradiation/immunofluorescence, GEF catalytic mutant complementation, comet assay, genotoxin sensitivity assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 34343566
2021 Nuclear ECT2 promotes ribosomal DNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis in colorectal cancer cells; both nuclear localization sequences and GEF catalytic activity of ECT2 are required for anchorage-independent growth and invasion independent of cytokinesis function. ECT2 knockdown/reconstitution with NLS and DH domain mutants, rDNA transcription assay, soft agar/invasion assays, mouse Kras/Apc colon cancer model Cancer research High 34737214
2022 DNA-PK phosphorylates the mTORC2 subunit Sin1 after DNA damage, enabling Sin1 interaction with ECT2; ECT2-Sin1 interaction and ECT2 GEF catalytic activity are required for DNA damage-induced AKT activation; depleting Sin1 or ECT2 or disrupting the protein interaction attenuates DNA damage-induced AKT activation and enhances cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Co-immunoprecipitation (Sin1-ECT2), RNAi knockdown, ECT2 catalytic mutant, AKT phosphorylation assay, cell survival assay Science signaling Medium 34982576
2022 Centralspindlin (Cyk4/Mklp1) and ECT2 are required for exclusion of NuMA/dynein/dynactin from the equatorial cell membrane during anaphase; Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1 and NuMA/dynein/dynactin occupy mutually exclusive membrane regions; equatorial Ect2-based complex enrichment coordinates spindle elongation with cleavage furrow formation. RNAi depletion, live cell imaging, immunofluorescence of membrane compartmentalization The Journal of cell biology Medium 36197340
2022 In C. elegans, Aurora A (AIR-1) breaks cortical symmetry by phosphorylating three putative sites in the PH domain of ECT-2, reducing ECT-2 cortical accumulation at the posterior cortex; myosin-dependent cortical flows amplify this local inhibition to generate regional ECT-2 asymmetry supporting both embryo polarization and cytokinesis. Live imaging, phospho-site mutagenesis of ECT-2 PH domain, AIR-1 depletion, myosin inhibition eLife Medium 36533896
2025 In confined migration, a cytoplasmic pool of anillin recruits ECT2 to the plasma membrane at cell poles; ECT2 GEF activity activates RhoA at the poles to drive myosin II-dependent bleb-based migration and invasion; confinement-induced nuclear envelope rupture releases additional anillin and ECT2 into the cytoplasm, amplifying the process; ROCK inhibition abolishes this ECT2-dependent confined migration. Microfluidic confinement assay, live imaging, RNAi/siRNA knockdown, GEF-dead ECT2 mutant, ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632), nuclear envelope rupture assay Nature materials Medium 40571734

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 An ECT2-centralspindlin complex regulates the localization and function of RhoA. The Journal of cell biology 390 16103226
1999 Human ECT2 is an exchange factor for Rho GTPases, phosphorylated in G2/M phases, and involved in cytokinesis. The Journal of cell biology 370 10579713
1993 Oncogene ect2 is related to regulators of small GTP-binding proteins. Nature 273 8464478
2007 Polo-like kinase 1 triggers the initiation of cytokinesis in human cells by promoting recruitment of the RhoGEF Ect2 to the central spindle. Developmental cell 246 17488623
2005 Centralspindlin regulates ECT2 and RhoA accumulation at the equatorial cortex during cytokinesis. Journal of cell science 220 16352658
2009 Polo-like kinase 1 directs assembly of the HsCyk-4 RhoGAP/Ect2 RhoGEF complex to initiate cleavage furrow formation. PLoS biology 177 19468300
2012 Changes in Ect2 localization couple actomyosin-dependent cell shape changes to mitotic progression. Developmental cell 157 22898780
2008 The guanine nucleotide exchange factors trio, Ect2, and Vav3 mediate the invasive behavior of glioblastoma. The American journal of pathology 152 19008376
2011 Targeting of the RhoGEF Ect2 to the equatorial membrane controls cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis. Developmental cell 151 22172673
2006 Sequential functioning of the ECT-2 RhoGEF, RHO-1 and CDC-42 establishes cell polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Nature cell biology 145 16921365
2000 Accumulation of GTP-bound RhoA during cytokinesis and a critical role of ECT2 in this accumulation. The Journal of biological chemistry 144 10837491
2009 Ect2 links the PKCiota-Par6alpha complex to Rac1 activation and cellular transformation. Oncogene 119 19617897
2003 Deregulation and mislocalization of the cytokinesis regulator ECT2 activate the Rho signaling pathways leading to malignant transformation. The Journal of biological chemistry 105 14645260
2017 Ect2-Dependent rRNA Synthesis Is Required for KRAS-TRP53-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer cell 104 28110998
2015 ECT2 regulates the Rho/ERK signalling axis to promote early recurrence in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology 100 25617497
2006 Phosphorylation of the cytokinesis regulator ECT2 at G2/M phase stimulates association of the mitotic kinase Plk1 and accumulation of GTP-bound RhoA. Oncogene 99 16247472
2006 Influence of human Ect2 depletion and overexpression on cleavage furrow formation and abscission. Journal of cell science 97 16803869
2005 Ect2 and MgcRacGAP regulate the activation and function of Cdc42 in mitosis. The Journal of cell biology 93 15642749
2019 ECT2/PSMD14/PTTG1 axis promotes the proliferation of glioma through stabilizing E2F1. Neuro-oncology 92 30590814
2004 The tandem BRCT domains of Ect2 are required for both negative and positive regulation of Ect2 in cytokinesis. The Journal of biological chemistry 92 15545273
2006 Expression of the Rho-GEF Pbl/ECT2 is regulated by the UBE3A E3 ubiquitin ligase. Human molecular genetics 86 16905559
2020 Recurrent requirement for the m6A-ECT2/ECT3/ECT4 axis in the control of cell proliferation during plant organogenesis. Development (Cambridge, England) 82 32611605
2005 Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 induces cytokinesis without chromosome segregation in an ECT2 and MgcRacGAP-dependent manner. The Journal of biological chemistry 76 16118207
2012 Cdc42 and the guanine nucleotide exchange factors Ect2 and trio mediate Fn14-induced migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. Molecular cancer research : MCR 75 22571869
2008 Sequential Cyk-4 binding to ECT2 and FIP3 regulates cleavage furrow ingression and abscission during cytokinesis. The EMBO journal 75 18511905
2012 An anillin-Ect2 complex stabilizes central spindle microtubules at the cortex during cytokinesis. PloS one 74 22514687
2015 Ect2/Pbl acts via Rho and polarity proteins to direct the assembly of an isotropic actomyosin cortex upon mitotic entry. Developmental cell 71 25703349
2004 Nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 interacts with the polarity protein complex Par6/Par3/protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta) and regulates PKCzeta activity. Molecular and cellular biology 71 15254234
2010 Oncogenic activity of Ect2 is regulated through protein kinase C iota-mediated phosphorylation. The Journal of biological chemistry 70 21189248
2015 Identification of non-Ser/Thr-Pro consensus motifs for Cdk1 and their roles in mitotic regulation of C2H2 zinc finger proteins and Ect2. Scientific reports 62 25604483
2011 The nuclear guanine nucleotide exchange factors Ect2 and Net1 regulate RhoB-mediated cell death after DNA damage. PloS one 62 21373644
2006 Cytokinesis regulator ECT2 changes its conformation through phosphorylation at Thr-341 in G2/M phase. Oncogene 62 16170345
2021 ECT2 overexpression promotes the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma via the ECT2/PLK1/PTEN pathway. Cell death & disease 56 33558466
2013 The Role of Ect2 Nuclear RhoGEF Activity in Ovarian Cancer Cell Transformation. Genes & cancer 56 24386507
2013 MiR-223/Ect2/p21 signaling regulates osteosarcoma cell cycle progression and proliferation. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 54 23601845
2003 Rho exchange factor ECT2 is induced by growth factors and regulates cytokinesis through the N-terminal cell cycle regulator-related domains. Journal of cellular biochemistry 53 14587037
2021 The YTHDF proteins ECT2 and ECT3 bind largely overlapping target sets and influence target mRNA abundance, not alternative polyadenylation. eLife 50 34591013
2004 Requirement for C-terminal sequences in regulation of Ect2 guanine nucleotide exchange specificity and transformation. The Journal of biological chemistry 49 15073184
2016 Plasma Membrane Association but Not Midzone Recruitment of RhoGEF ECT2 Is Essential for Cytokinesis. Cell reports 47 27926870
2006 RB silencing compromises the DNA damage-induced G2/M checkpoint and causes deregulated expression of the ECT2 oncogene. Oncogene 47 16862181
2021 RACGAP1 modulates ECT2-Dependent mitochondrial quality control to drive breast cancer metastasis. Experimental cell research 44 33485843
2022 CircSETD3 mediates acquired resistance to gefitinib in non-small lung cancer cells by FXR1/ECT2 pathway. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 43 36503048
2008 CUX1 and E2F1 regulate coordinated expression of the mitotic complex genes Ect2, MgcRacGAP, and MKLP1 in S phase. Molecular and cellular biology 43 19015243
2018 MiR-490-5p inhibits the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by down-regulating E2F2 and ECT2. Journal of cellular biochemistry 38 29932246
2012 ECT2 and RASAL2 mediate mesenchymal-amoeboid transition in human astrocytoma cells. The American journal of pathology 37 22683310
2011 The ect2 rho Guanine nucleotide exchange factor is essential for early mouse development and normal cell cytokinesis and migration. Genes & cancer 37 22701760
2020 ZRANB2 and SYF2-mediated splicing programs converging on ECT2 are involved in breast cancer cell resistance to doxorubicin. Nucleic acids research 36 31943118
2019 Centrosome Aurora A regulates RhoGEF ECT-2 localisation and ensures a single PAR-2 polarity axis in C. elegans embryos. Development (Cambridge, England) 33 31636075
2000 A Rho-specific exchange factor Ect2 is induced from S to M phases in regenerating mouse liver. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 33 10915723
2020 Chromosome 3q26 Gain Is an Early Event Driving Coordinated Overexpression of the PRKCI, SOX2, and ECT2 Oncogenes in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell reports 32 31968252
2005 The Caenorhabditis elegans ect-2 RhoGEF gene regulates cytokinesis and migration of epidermal P cells. EMBO reports 32 16170304
2011 APC(cdh1) mediates degradation of the oncogenic Rho-GEF Ect2 after mitosis. PloS one 31 21886810
2021 Aberrant Expression and Subcellular Localization of ECT2 Drives Colorectal Cancer Progression and Growth. Cancer research 30 34737214
2020 OTUB1-mediated deubiquitination of FOXM1 up-regulates ECT-2 to promote tumor progression in renal cell carcinoma. Cell & bioscience 30 32257108
2006 Nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 regulates epithelial cell polarity. Cellular signalling 28 16495035
2016 The E3-ligase E6AP Represses Breast Cancer Metastasis via Regulation of ECT2-Rho Signaling. Cancer research 27 27231202
2022 DNA-PK promotes activation of the survival kinase AKT in response to DNA damage through an mTORC2-ECT2 pathway. Science signaling 26 34982576
2008 Opposing roles of p190RhoGAP and Ect2 RhoGEF in regulating cytokinesis. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 26 18642445
2007 Novel functions of Ect2 in polar lamellipodia formation and polarity maintenance during "contractile ring-independent" cytokinesis in adherent cells. Molecular biology of the cell 25 17942602
2020 ECT2 promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression through extracellular matrix dynamics and focal adhesion signaling. Cancer science 24 33215807
2017 Oncogenic Ect2 signaling regulates rRNA synthesis in NSCLC. Small GTPases 24 28657426
2005 The Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of the proto-oncogene ect-2 positively regulates RAS signalling during vulval development. EMBO reports 24 16270101
2014 Crystal structure of triple-BRCT-domain of ECT2 and insights into the binding characteristics to CYK-4. FEBS letters 23 25068414
2021 The BRCT domains of ECT2 have distinct functions during cytokinesis. Cell reports 22 33657383
2015 Clinical significance of ECT2 expression in tissue and serum of gastric cancer patients. Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico 22 26497353
2014 Centralspindlin assembly and 2 phosphorylations on MgcRacGAP by Polo-like kinase 1 initiate Ect2 binding in early cytokinesis. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 22 25486482
2019 The Oncogene ECT2 Contributes to a Hyperplastic, Proliferative Lung Epithelial Cell Phenotype in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 20 31145635
2017 Early Assessment of Colorectal Cancer by Quantifying Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood: ECT2 in Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences 20 28362321
2009 Epithelial cell transforming protein 2 (ECT2) depletion blocks polar body extrusion and generates mouse oocytes containing two metaphase II spindles. Endocrinology 20 19996184
2003 Potential roles of the nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 and Cdc42 GTPase in spindle assembly in Xenopus egg cell-free extracts. Journal of cellular biochemistry 19 14624449
2020 A feedforward circuit shaped by ECT2 and USP7 contributes to breast carcinogenesis. Theranostics 18 32929379
2016 The dynamic behavior of Ect2 in response to DNA damage. Scientific reports 18 27074761
2020 Upregulated microRNA-194 impairs stemness of cholangiocarcinoma cells through the Rho pathway via inhibition of ECT2. Journal of cellular biochemistry 17 31960990
2017 Nuclear PKCι-ECT2-Rac1 and Ribosome Biogenesis: A Novel Axis in Lung Tumorigenesis. Cancer cell 17 28196591
2005 Amplification of the Ect2 proto-oncogene and over-expression of Ect2 mRNA and protein in nickel compound and methylcholanthrene-transformed 10T1/2 mouse fibroblast cell lines. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 17 15967202
2018 MiR-490-5p inhibits the stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting ECT2. Journal of cellular biochemistry 16 30206962
2020 ECT2 promotes proliferation and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the RhoA-ERK signaling pathway. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 15 32767325
2022 Aurora A and cortical flows promote polarization and cytokinesis by inducing asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation. eLife 14 36533896
2022 miRNA-223-3p regulates ECT2 to promote proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 12 36355210
2020 Protein kinase Cι promotes UBF1-ECT2 binding on ribosomal DNA to drive rRNA synthesis and transformed growth of non-small-cell lung cancer cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 12 32350115
2013 Pebble/ECT2 RhoGEF negatively regulates the Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway. Development (Cambridge, England) 12 24198276
2022 ECT2 promotes malignant phenotypes through the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer. Cancer gene therapy 11 36056253
2020 FoxM1 insufficiency hyperactivates Ect2-RhoA-mDia1 signaling to drive cancer. Nature cancer 11 34841254
2017 P53 and Protein Phosphorylation Regulate the Oncogenic Role of Epithelial Cell Transforming 2 (ECT2). Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 11 28654632
2015 Annexin V-induced rat Leydig cell proliferation involves Ect2 via RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Scientific reports 11 25807302
2014 Kelch-like ECT2-interacting protein KLEIP regulates late-stage pulmonary maturation via Hif-2α in mice. Disease models & mechanisms 11 24785085
2014 Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is recognized by ECT2 during mitosis. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 11 25486481
2022 LncRNA FGD5-AS1 enhances the proliferation and stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through targeting miR-223 and regulating the expression of ECT2 and FAT1. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 10 35366388
2021 miR-30a-5p Regulates Viability, Migration, and Invasion of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Targeting ECT2. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine 10 34306175
2011 Ect2, an ortholog of Drosophila's pebble, negatively regulates neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells. Cellular and molecular neurobiology 10 21350944
2025 Cytoplasmic anillin and Ect2 promote RhoA/myosin II-dependent confined migration and invasion. Nature materials 9 40571734
2022 Integrated Analysis of ECT2 and COL17A1 as Potential Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer. Disease markers 7 35722628
2021 Epithelial cell transforming factor ECT2 is an important regulator of DNA double-strand break repair and genome stability. The Journal of biological chemistry 7 34343566
2010 Expression of a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Ect2, in the developing mouse pituitary. Journal of neuroendocrinology 7 20141573
2024 GINS2 regulates temozolomide chemosensitivity via the EGR1/ECT2 axis in gliomas. Cell death & disease 6 38467631
2023 Integration of Chemoinformatics and Multi-Omics Analysis Defines ECT2 as a Potential Target for Cancer Drug Therapy. Biology 6 37106813
2022 Membrane compartmentalization of Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1 and NuMA/dynein regulates cleavage furrow formation. The Journal of cell biology 6 36197340
2021 Low Expression of ECT2 Confers Radiation Therapy Resistance Through Transcription Coupled Nucleolar DNA Damage Repair. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 6 34936928
2007 Overexpression of the Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 inhibits nuclear translocation of nuclear receptor CAR in the mouse liver. FEBS letters 6 17904126
2022 Long noncoding RNA MAPKAPK5-AS1 promotes metastasis through regulation miR-376b-5p/ECT2 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 5 36567178

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