Affinage

PSME3

Proteasome activator complex subunit 3 · UniProt P61289

Length
254 aa
Mass
29.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PSME3 (PA28gamma/REG-gamma) is a nuclear activator of the 20S proteasome that drives ubiquitin- and ATP-independent degradation of a defined set of regulatory substrates, thereby coupling proteasome activity to cell cycle, immune, and developmental decisions (PMID:36706181, PMID:22042974). As a heptameric proteasome activator, its catalytic output is tunable: recombinant REG-gamma activates only the trypsin-like proteasome subunit under conditions that favor the intact heptamer but gains broad activation of all three catalytic activities when heptamer stability is reduced, and endogenous REG-gamma exists largely as monomer that assembles into mixed oligomers (PMID:15111123). PSME3 targets multiple substrates for destruction: it bridges MDM2 and p53 to promote ubiquitin- and MDM2-dependent p53 degradation, restraining p53 activity and apoptosis after DNA damage (PMID:18309296); it forms a stoichiometric complex with activation-induced deaminase (AID) and accelerates its proteasomal turnover to limit immunoglobulin class switching (PMID:22042974); and it mediates SUMO1-dependent degradation of the CP2c transcription factor through mutual SUMO–SIM interactions, a timed event required for accurate cell cycle progression (PMID:36706181). PSME3 also acts as a positive feedforward regulator of NF-κB by binding and destabilizing the NF-κB repressor KLF2 in macrophages, a proteolysis-dependent but ubiquitin-independent mechanism important for antibacterial defense (PMID:26776519). Its activity is itself controlled by post-translational modification: O-GlcNAcylation at serine 111 promotes PSME3-mediated degradation of Ddx6 to control P-body homeostasis and embryonic stem cell pluripotency (PMID:34260942), and PSME3 is a substrate of MEKK3 phosphorylation (PMID:12650640). In cancer, elevated PSME3 enhances nuclear destruction of pioneer translation product–derived peptides, reducing MHC-I ligand availability and enabling immune evasion (PMID:32923122), and promotes EMT and tumor growth (PMID:28529105).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 1997 Medium

    Establishing the gene's molecular identity and expression behavior was the first step toward defining a distinct PA28 family member; cloning showed it is a broadly expressed single-copy gene whose transcription responds to IFN-gamma.

    Evidence RT-PCR cloning, Northern and Southern blot, IFN-gamma stimulation in mouse hepatoma cells

    PMID:9162094

    Open questions at the time
    • No protein-level function or substrate defined
    • IFN-gamma response weaker than PA28alpha/beta, role unresolved
  2. 2003 Medium

    Identifying MEKK3 as a direct binding partner and kinase for PA28gamma raised the possibility that the activator is regulated by upstream signaling.

    Evidence Co-IP with deletion mapping and in vitro kinase assay in Cos-7 cells

    PMID:12650640

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of phosphorylation not established
    • Phospho-site not mapped
    • Single lab
  3. 2004 Medium

    Biochemical reconstitution showed PA28gamma proteasome activation is conformation- and oligomerization-dependent, explaining how the activator can switch from trypsin-like-only to broad catalytic activation.

    Evidence In vitro proteasome activity assays with biochemical manipulation of heptamer stability and Co-IP of oligomers from COS7 cells

    PMID:15111123

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological trigger for heptamer-versus-monomer state unknown
    • In-cell relevance of the activation switch not tested
  4. 2008 High

    Demonstrating that PA28gamma bridges MDM2 and p53 to drive p53 degradation established a concrete substrate-targeting role linking the activator to the DNA-damage/apoptosis axis.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, siRNA knockdown, ubiquitination and apoptosis assays in human cancer cells

    PMID:18309296

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether degradation requires direct 20S handoff vs MDM2-dependent ubiquitination not fully separated
    • Structural basis of the ternary complex unresolved
  5. 2010 Low

    Systematic expression mapping and a knockout phenotype placed REG-gamma in specific tissues (notably testis and select neurons) and tied it to reproductive output.

    Evidence RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and litter-size analysis in REG-gamma knockout mice

    PMID:20494959

    Open questions at the time
    • No molecular mechanism for reproductive role
    • Substrate(s) in testis/neurons unidentified
  6. 2011 High

    Reconstituting a stable AID-REG-gamma complex and showing accelerated AID degradation defined a substrate controlling immunoglobulin class switching, broadening the activator's role into adaptive immunity.

    Evidence Co-IP, bacterial reconstitution of the complex, in vitro degradation assay, and class-switch assay in REG-gamma knockout mice

    PMID:22042974

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether degradation is fully ubiquitin-independent in vivo not dissected
    • Regulation of complex formation unknown
  7. 2016 High

    Identifying KLF2 as a PSME3 target created a feedforward NF-κB amplification loop, showing the activator can promote rather than dampen inflammatory signaling during infection.

    Evidence Co-IP, siRNA, NF-κB reporters, and hematopoietic-specific loss in mouse bacterial infection models

    PMID:26776519

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether KLF2 is degraded directly by the 20S-PSME3 complex vs indirectly not fully resolved
    • Structural determinants of KLF2 binding unknown
  8. 2021 High

    Mapping S111 O-GlcNAcylation as a switch controlling Ddx6 degradation showed PSME3 activity is itself gated by a PTM that links it to P-body homeostasis and stem cell pluripotency.

    Evidence S111A mutagenesis, O-GlcNAc mass spectrometry, stability and P-body assays, and pluripotency readouts in mouse ESCs

    PMID:34260942

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzyme(s) writing/erasing S111 O-GlcNAc not defined in this context
    • How O-GlcNAc alters PSME3 substrate selectivity mechanistically unclear
  9. 2023 High

    Demonstrating SUMO1-dependent CP2c degradation via mutual SUMO-SIM interactions revealed a SUMO-coded routing mechanism by which PSME3 selects substrates for ubiquitin-independent 20S degradation during the cell cycle.

    Evidence Co-IP, SUMOylation and proteasome degradation assays, SUMO-site mutagenesis, and cell cycle analysis

    PMID:36706181

    Open questions at the time
    • Generality of SUMO-SIM substrate selection beyond CP2c unknown
    • Timing control of CP2c degradation upstream of PSME3 not defined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How PSME3 oligomerization state, phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and SUMOylation are coordinated to select among its diverse substrates (p53, AID, KLF2, CP2c, Ddx6) in different cell contexts remains unresolved.
  • No unified substrate-recognition code established
  • No structural model of substrate-loaded PSME3-20S complex
  • Interplay among the regulatory PTMs untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2
Partners
AICDACP2CDDX6KLF2MAP3K3MDM2TP53
Complex memberships
20S proteasome activator (PA28gamma/REG-gamma heptamer)

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2008 PA28gamma (PSME3) polymer form interacts directly with both MDM2 and p53, facilitating their physical interaction and promoting ubiquitination- and MDM2-dependent proteasomal degradation of p53. Elimination of endogenous PA28gamma in human cancer cells abrogates MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, increases p53 activity, and enhances apoptosis after DNA damage. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, ubiquitination assays, apoptosis assays in human cancer cells The EMBO journal High 18309296
2016 PSME3 (11S proteasome subunit) is upregulated by NF-κB in macrophages downstream of TLR ligands during bacterial infections. PSME3 then directly binds to and destabilizes KLF2, a negative regulator of NF-κB transcriptional activity, creating a positive feedforward loop. This mechanism is proteolysis-dependent but ubiquitin-independent. Hematopoietic-specific loss of PSME3 renders hosts more susceptible to bacterial infections with increased bacterial burdens. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, NF-κB reporter assays, in vivo mouse infection models, bone marrow transplantation experiments Cell reports High 26776519
2011 REG-gamma (PSME3) interacts in high stoichiometry with nuclear activation-induced deaminase (AID) in B cells. A stable stoichiometric AID-REG-gamma complex can be reconstituted in co-transformed bacteria. REG-gamma accelerates proteasomal degradation of AID in in vitro assays. REG-gamma deficiency results in increased AID accumulation and increased immunoglobulin class switching. Co-immunoprecipitation, bacterial reconstitution, in vitro proteasomal degradation assay, REG-gamma knockout mouse analysis, immunoglobulin class switch assay The Journal of experimental medicine High 22042974
2003 PA28gamma (PSME3) directly binds MEKK3 (a MAP kinase kinase kinase) but not B-Raf. The PA28gamma-binding domain of MEKK3 maps to its N-terminal regulatory domain (amino acids 1-178). Expression of MEKK3 in Cos-7 cells increases endogenous and co-expressed PA28gamma protein levels, while kinase-deficient MEKK3 has no effect. In vitro assays indicate PA28gamma is a substrate for MEKK3-mediated phosphorylation. Co-immunoprecipitation, deletion mapping, in vitro kinase assay, overexpression in Cos-7 cells The Biochemical journal Medium 12650640
2004 The proteasome activation properties of recombinant REG-gamma (PSME3) depend on purification conditions. Prior to ammonium sulfate precipitation, REG-gamma activates only the trypsin-like catalytic subunit of the proteasome; afterwards it activates all three catalytic subunits. The expanded activation specificity is accompanied by reduced stability of the REG-gamma heptamer. Endogenous REG-gamma in mammalian cells is found to be largely monomeric. FLAG-REG-gamma expressed in COS7 cells forms oligomers with untagged REG-gamma, and mixed oligomers preferentially activate the trypsin-like subunit. In vitro proteasome activity assays, ammonium sulfate precipitation, co-immunoprecipitation from COS7 cells, biochemical fractionation of mammalian tissue extracts Archives of biochemistry and biophysics Medium 15111123
1997 Mouse Ki (PSME3/PA28gamma) cDNA was cloned and sequenced. Northern blot analysis demonstrated broad tissue distribution with two differently sized transcripts (suggesting alternative splicing or alternate polyadenylation). Ki mRNA levels increase transiently in response to IFN-gamma in mouse H6 hepatoma cells, though to a lesser extent and more transiently than PA28alpha and PA28beta. Southern blot analysis indicates Ki is a single-copy gene. RT-PCR cloning, Northern blot, Southern blot, IFN-gamma stimulation experiments Immunogenetics Medium 9162094
2014 siRNA-mediated knockdown of Psme3 in RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages induced significant increases of cytokine production in S. aureus-challenged cells through enhancing NF-κB signaling activity. Psme3 is differentially expressed between S. aureus-susceptible (A/J) and resistant (C57BL/6J) mice, contributing to infection susceptibility. siRNA knockdown, NF-κB reporter assays, cytokine measurements, QTL analysis, qPCR in mouse models PLoS pathogens Medium 24901344
2013 miR-7 targets Psme3 (along with Skp2) to promote increased p27(KIP) levels and G1/S phase growth arrest in CHO cells. Down-regulation of Psme3 by miR-7 contributes to cell cycle arrest at the G1 to S transition. miRNA overexpression, flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, western blot for p27, target validation PloS one Low 23762407
2017 Overexpression of PSME3 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition, increases expression of cancer stem cell markers, and promotes cell migration and invasion. PSME3 overexpression reduces chemotaxis of CD8+ T cells and induces T cell apoptosis in vitro. PSME3 knockdown increases CD8+ T cell infiltration and reduces subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo. Overexpression and knockdown experiments, migration/invasion assays, T cell chemotaxis assay, in vivo xenograft mouse model Experimental cell research Medium 28529105
2023 CP2c transcription factor is SUMOylated in a SUMO1-dependent manner, and SUMOylated CP2c is degraded through the ubiquitin-independent PSME3/20S proteasome system. SUMOylated PSME3 can also interact with CP2c to mediate its degradation via the 20S proteasomal pathway through mutual SUMO-SIM interactions. Precisely timed degradation of CP2c via the SUMO1/PSME3/20S proteasome axis is required for accurate cell cycle progression. Co-immunoprecipitation, SUMOylation assays, proteasome degradation assays, mutagenesis of SUMO sites, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry Science advances High 36706181
2021 O-GlcNAc modification at serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes proteasomal degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly in mouse embryonic stem cells. Loss of S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6, increases P-body levels, and causes spontaneous exit from the pluripotent state. This establishes Psme3 O-GlcNAcylation as a regulatory switch for ESC pluripotency via P-body homeostasis. Site-specific mutagenesis (S111A), O-GlcNAc mass spectrometry, protein stability assays, P-body quantification, ESC pluripotency assays, Psme3 knockdown Cell reports High 34260942
2020 Up-regulation of PSME3 in cancer cells results in increased destruction of pioneer translation product (PTP)-derived peptides in the nucleus, enabling cancer cells to subvert immunosurveillance by reducing MHC-I peptide ligand availability from aberrantly spliced/transcribed mRNAs. PSME3 overexpression in cancer cells, MHC-I peptide presentation assays, immunosurveillance functional assays Oncoimmunology Medium 32923122
2019 PSME3 regulates TGFB1 secretion in pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting activation protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activity. Conditioned medium from PSME3-knockdown pancreatic cancer cells suppresses pancreatic stellate cell proliferation by downregulating TGFB1 secretion. PSME3 is also involved in pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. RNAi knockdown, PCR array, transcription factor activation assays, cell co-culture conditioned medium experiments, apoptosis assays Journal of Cancer Low 31205573
2019 Knockdown of PSME3 in colorectal cancer cells triggers cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase by downregulating cyclin B1 and CDK1 expression, thereby enhancing radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells. siRNA knockdown, flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, western blot for cyclin B1 and CDK1, clonogenic radiosensitivity assays Experimental biology and medicine Low 31630568
2010 REG-gamma (PSME3) is broadly expressed across multiple mouse tissues, with highest expression in the testis. REG-gamma shows unique expression in a subset of neurons including retinal ganglion cells and Purkinje cells. REG-gamma deficiency in mice results in dose-dependent reduction in litter size, suggesting a role in reproductive function. Systematic tissue expression analysis by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, REG-gamma knockout mouse analysis Journal of molecular cell biology Low 20494959

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2000 The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown. Journal of cellular physiology 3487 10653597
2018 Ki-67: more than a proliferation marker. Chromosoma 685 29322240
2002 The utility of Ki-67 and BrdU as proliferative markers of adult neurogenesis. Journal of neuroscience methods 654 11897369
2005 Proliferation marker Ki-67 in early breast cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 650 16192605
2016 Ki-67 acts as a biological surfactant to disperse mitotic chromosomes. Nature 418 27362226
2019 Ki-67 protein as a tumour proliferation marker. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 354 30653951
2000 The Ki-67 protein: fascinating forms and an unknown function. Experimental cell research 314 10837136
1993 p53 and Ki-ras gene mutations in epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Cancer research 223 8319218
1993 Mutation of the Ki-ras protooncogene in human endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. Cancer research 162 8467512
2014 Ki-67 is a PP1-interacting protein that organises the mitotic chromosome periphery. eLife 160 24867636
1998 Expression of p27kip1 and Ki-67 in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 139 9504687
1988 Mutation of Ki-ras and N-ras oncogenes in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 136 3285909
2008 Proteasome activator PA28 gamma regulates p53 by enhancing its MDM2-mediated degradation. The EMBO journal 133 18309296
1984 Human colon carcinoma Ki-ras2 oncogene and its corresponding proto-oncogene. Molecular and cellular biology 133 6092920
1995 p53 protein and Ki-67 reactivity in epithelial odontogenic lesions. An immunohistochemical study. Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 126 8537911
1997 Ki-67 expression during rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 123 9303485
1999 Expression of steroid receptors, Ki-67, and p53 in uterine leiomyosarcomas. International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists 112 9891238
2009 Ki-67 in pituitary neoplasms: a review--part I. Neurosurgery 111 19687686
1991 Ki-67 immunostaining and survival in operable lung cancer. Histopathology 97 1664810
2003 Immunohistochemical expression of CK20, p53, and Ki-67 as objective markers of urothelial dysplasia. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 94 12640096
2002 p53 and Ki-67 as markers of radioresistance in head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 93 11857304
2022 Physiological functions and roles in cancer of the proliferation marker Ki-67. Journal of cell science 86 35674256
2021 The intrinsically disorderly story of Ki-67. Open biology 85 34375547
2020 Chromosome clustering by Ki-67 excludes cytoplasm during nuclear assembly. Nature 79 32879492
2013 ISGylation governs the oncogenic function of Ki-Ras in breast cancer. Oncogene 78 23318454
1996 Monoclonal antibodies Ki-S3 and Ki-S5 yield new data on the 'Ki-67' proteins. Cell proliferation 71 8883465
1990 Expression of Ki-1 antigen (CD30) in mesenchymal tumors. Cancer 70 2169996
1997 Analysis of Ki-ras, p53, and MDM2 genes in uterine leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas. Gynecologic oncology 65 9159347
1992 P53 and Ki-67 immunoreactivity in human prostate cancer and benign hyperplasia. British journal of urology 65 1379102
2001 The expression of Ki-67, MCM3, and p27 defines distinct subsets of proliferating, resting, and differentiated cells. The Journal of pathology 64 11745678
2017 Ki-67 and the Chromosome Periphery Compartment in Mitosis. Trends in cell biology 59 28838621
2004 Expression of Melan-A and Ki-67 in desmoplastic melanoma and desmoplastic nevi. The American Journal of dermatopathology 57 15618925
2016 The Ki-67 and RepoMan mitotic phosphatases assemble via an identical, yet novel mechanism. eLife 55 27572260
2013 MiR-7 triggers cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition by targeting multiple genes including Skp2 and Psme3. PloS one 54 23762407
2011 REG-γ associates with and modulates the abundance of nuclear activation-induced deaminase. The Journal of experimental medicine 53 22042974
2019 Optimized Ki-67 staining in murine cells: a tool to determine cell proliferation. Molecular biology reports 45 31093875
2018 Ki-67 and condensins support the integrity of mitotic chromosomes through distinct mechanisms. Journal of cell science 45 29487178
2016 The 11S Proteasome Subunit PSME3 Is a Positive Feedforward Regulator of NF-κB and Important for Host Defense against Bacterial Pathogens. Cell reports 45 26776519
2007 Immunohistochemical expression of p16 and Ki-67 correlates with degree of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. The American journal of surgical pathology 45 17414102
2015 Significance of p53 and ki-67 expression in prostate cancer. Urology annals 42 26692671
2009 KI, WU and Merkel cell polyomaviruses: a new era for human polyomavirus research. Seminars in cancer biology 42 19416753
2018 Ki-67 labeling index in glioblastoma; does it really matter? Hematology/oncology and stem cell therapy 40 30552865
2013 Expression of Ki-67 and p53 in meningiomas. Neoplasma 37 23790165
2022 Lung carcinoid tumours: histology and Ki-67, the eternal rivalry. Histopathology 36 36239545
2006 Expression of cyclooxygenase-2, p53 and Ki-67 in gastric cancer. Journal of Korean medical science 36 17043422
1997 Sequence and expression of mouse proteasome activator PA28 and the related autoantigen Ki. Immunogenetics 33 9162094
2024 Ki-67 is necessary during DNA replication for fork protection and genome stability. Genome biology 31 38649976
2002 p53 protein and Ki-67 overexpression in urothelial dysplasia of bladder. Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM 31 12607601
1999 Expression of p53 protein and Ki-67 antigen in gingival hyperplasia induced by nifedipine and phenytoin. Journal of periodontology 31 10397512
1997 p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Ki-67 expression in extrauterine leiomyosarcomas. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 31 9127313
2018 Expression and significance of Ki-67 in lung cancer. Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie 30 29940632
2014 Dusp3 and Psme3 are associated with murine susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection and human sepsis. PLoS pathogens 28 24901344
2014 Expression of cytokeratin 8, vimentin, syndecan-1 and Ki-67 during human tooth development. Journal of molecular histology 28 25120060
2012 Ki-67 expression predicts radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 28 22591716
2006 Ki-1/57 interacts with PRMT1 and is a substrate for arginine methylation. The FEBS journal 28 16879614
2003 MEKK3 interacts with the PA28 gamma regulatory subunit of the proteasome. The Biochemical journal 28 12650640
1996 Expression of p53 protein and Ki-67 reactivity in ovarian neoplasms. Correlation with histopathology. American journal of clinical pathology 28 8602615
1998 Expression of bcl-2, p53 and Ki-67 in arsenical skin cancers. Journal of cutaneous pathology 27 9821074
1994 Ki-67 expression in vulvar carcinoma. International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists 27 7928052
2017 PSME3 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition with inducing the expression of CSC markers and immunosuppression in breast cancer. Experimental cell research 26 28529105
1999 Differential expression of CD34 and Ki-M1p in pleomorphic fibroma and dermatofibroma with monster cells. The American Journal of dermatopathology 26 10535568
2021 To Ki or Not to Ki: Re-Evaluating the Use and Potentials of Ki-67 for T Cell Analysis. Frontiers in immunology 25 33897702
2004 Purification procedures determine the proteasome activation properties of REG gamma (PA28 gamma). Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 25 15111123
2015 Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium. Journal of postgraduate medicine 24 25511212
2022 Dynamic chromosomal interactions and control of heterochromatin positioning by Ki-67. EMBO reports 23 36245428
2011 Syndecan-1 (CD138) and Ki-67 expression in odontogenic cystic lesions. Brazilian dental journal 23 21915520
2012 Expression of minichromosome maintenance 2, Ki-67, and geminin in oral nevi and melanoma. Annals of diagnostic pathology 22 22652151
2006 Galectin-3 and Ki-67 expression in multiglandular parathyroid lesions. American journal of clinical pathology 22 16753595
1992 Nuclear protein content and Ki-67 immunoreactivity in nonneoplastic and neoplastic thyroid cells. Analytical and quantitative cytology and histology 22 1388566
2020 Tumors escape immunosurveillance by overexpressing the proteasome activator PSME3. Oncoimmunology 20 32923122
2019 Immunohistochemical expression of P53, Ki-67, and CD34 in psoriasis and psoriasiform dermatitis. BioMedicine 20 31724940
2015 Ki-67 and p53 immunostaining assessment of proliferative activity in salivary tumors. Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie 20 26743291
2023 SUMOylation-mediated PSME3-20S proteasomal degradation of transcription factor CP2c is crucial for cell cycle progression. Science advances 18 36706181
2014 Expression of cyclinD1 and Ki-67 proteins in gliomas and its clinical significance. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 18 24610618
1995 Expression of p53 protein, PCNA, and Ki-67 in osteosarcomas of bone. Journal of Korean medical science 18 8750062
2019 Downregulated miR-585-3p promotes cell growth and proliferation in colon cancer by upregulating PSME3. OncoTargets and therapy 17 31616162
2019 Silencing PSME3 induces colorectal cancer radiosensitivity by downregulating the expression of cyclin B1 and CKD1. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 17 31630568
2016 The role of Ki-67 in breast cancer. South African journal of surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir chirurgie 17 28240498
2015 P63 and Ki-67 Expression in Dentigerous Cyst and Ameloblastomas. Journal of dentistry (Shiraz, Iran) 17 26636120
2018 Ki-67 and Survivin as Predictive Factors for Rectal Cancer Treated with Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy. Anticancer research 16 29491110
2015 Immunohistochemistry of p53 and Ki-67 and p53 mutation analysis in renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 16 26464702
2014 The significance of immunohistochemical expression of merlin, Ki-67, and p53 in meningiomas. Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM 16 23455188
2020 Conjunctival nevi and melanoma: multiparametric immunohistochemical analysis, including p16, SOX10, HMB45, and Ki-67. Human pathology 15 32707054
2019 PSME3 Promotes TGFB1 Secretion by Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Induce Pancreatic Stellate Cell Proliferation. Journal of Cancer 15 31205573
2010 Comparative analysis of REG{gamma} expression in mouse and human tissues. Journal of molecular cell biology 15 20494959
2005 Expression of cyclins D1, D2, and D3 and Ki-67 in Leukemia. Leukemia & lymphoma 15 16334487
2003 Expression of Ki-67 and cytokeratin 20 in hyperplastic polyps of the colorectum. Journal of clinical pathology 15 12610098
2022 The Biomarker Ki-67: Promise, Potential, and Problems in Breast Cancer. Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM 14 36730064
2013 The expression and clinical significance of PA28 γ in colorectal cancer. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 14 24113729
2023 The Expression of Testin, Ki-67 and p16 in Cervical Cancer Diagnostics. Current issues in molecular biology 13 36661518
2021 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 maintains mouse stem cell pluripotency by impairing P-body homeostasis. Cell reports 13 34260942
2018 Diagnostic Utility of Twist1, Ki-67, and E-Cadherin in Diagnosing Molar Gestations and Hydropic Abortions. American journal of clinical pathology 13 29562309
2016 The expression and significance of p53 protein and Ki-67 protein in pterygium. Vojnosanitetski pregled 13 26964379
2014 Expression of Ki-67, p53 and VEGF in pediatric neuroblastoma. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 13 24815448
2021 Chromosome clustering in mitosis by the nuclear protein Ki-67. Biochemical Society transactions 12 34783345
2014 Expression of Ki-67, Bax and p73 in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 12 24934361
2021 Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 suppresses cell viability in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via modulating miR-324-5p-targeted PSME3. Human & experimental toxicology 11 34002647
2016 Expression of SATB1, MTI/II and Ki-67 in Mycosis Fungoides. Anticancer research 11 26722043
2016 PTTG and Ki-67 expression in pituitary adenomas. Przeglad lekarski 11 27197423
2009 P63 and Ki-67 expression in trophoblastic disease and spontaneous abortion. Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 11 21772911

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for PSME3? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.