Affinage

STMN1

Stathmin · UniProt P16949

Length
149 aa
Mass
17.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 24 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

STMN1 (Op18/stathmin) is a phosphorylation-regulated microtubule-destabilizing protein that controls microtubule dynamics during interphase migration, mitotic spindle assembly, and cell-cycle progression. It sequesters two tubulin heterodimers into assembly-incompetent ternary complexes driven by the hydrophobic effect and can also destabilize microtubules through direct lattice interaction independent of sequestration (PMID:12860982, PMID:12972559). Phosphorylation at four serine residues (Ser16, Ser25, Ser38, Ser63) by kinases including PAK1, Aurora B, p38/MAPK, Cdc2, and PKC inactivates its microtubule-destabilizing activity, while the PPP1R14B/PP1 phosphatase complex maintains phosphorylation status to reduce tubulin acetylation and promote cell-cycle progression (PMID:14645234, PMID:16537398, PMID:16110469, PMID:36484700, PMID:1500712). STMN1 transcription is positively regulated by NF-Y and FoxM1 and repressed by wild-type p53, while gain-of-function p53 mutations upregulate it; its phosphorylated form additionally participates in cell migration by complexing with GRP78 and with the PAK1-WAVE2-kinesin trafficking machinery to promote lamellipodia formation (PMID:16757134, PMID:33526768, PMID:10557083, PMID:27130664, PMID:19162178).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1992 Medium

    Establishing that STMN1 is a rapid phosphorylation target downstream of TCR signaling identified PKC as an early regulatory kinase, placing STMN1 within signal transduction cascades.

    Evidence Metabolic 32Pi labeling and pharmacological inhibitor panel in OKT3-stimulated PBLs

    PMID:1500712

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific PKC isoform(s) responsible not identified
    • Phosphosite(s) targeted by PKC not mapped in this study
  2. 1999 Medium

    Demonstrating that wild-type p53 transcriptionally represses STMN1 linked microtubule regulation to the tumor-suppressor checkpoint, explaining STMN1 overexpression in p53-mutant tumors.

    Evidence Northern and Western blot of stathmin levels after p53 induction by DNA damage across multiple cell lines

    PMID:10557083

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct p53 binding to the STMN1 promoter not demonstrated
    • Whether repression is direct or indirect was not resolved
  3. 2001 High

    Reconstitution in Xenopus egg extracts showed that phosphorylation-deficient STMN1 collapses spindle microtubules while a phosphomimetic mutant is inert, proving that phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of STMN1 is essential for spindle assembly, and implicating Plx1 as an upstream kinase.

    Evidence Mutant Op18 (AAA vs. EEE) in Xenopus egg extract spindle assembly assays with Plx1 immunodepletion

    PMID:11285281

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Plx1 phosphorylates STMN1 directly or acts via an intermediary kinase was unresolved
  4. 2002 High

    Discovery of the Q18E somatic mutation in human esophageal adenocarcinoma that renders STMN1 transforming demonstrated that dysregulated microtubule destabilization by STMN1 can be oncogenic.

    Evidence Tumor sequencing, NIH/3T3 focus formation, xenograft tumorigenesis, FACS

    PMID:12242154

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of how Q18E uncouples phosphorylation from inactivation was not determined
  5. 2003 High

    Biophysical characterization revealed that STMN1 binds two tubulin heterodimers with equal affinity via hydrophobic interactions, establishing the stoichiometry and thermodynamic basis of the sequestration mechanism.

    Evidence ITC, CD spectroscopy, and NMR on purified STMN1-tubulin complexes

    PMID:12860982

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural details at atomic resolution of the full ternary complex were not available
  6. 2003 Medium

    Membrane-targeting chimera experiments proved that STMN1 family members can destabilize microtubules both by tubulin sequestration and by a direct, sequestration-independent mechanism, resolving a long-standing debate about mode of action.

    Evidence CD2-chimera membrane targeting with quantitative tubulin immunofluorescence and spindle timing assays

    PMID:12972559

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular details of the direct destabilization mechanism (e.g., catastrophe promotion at the plus end) not structurally resolved
  7. 2003 High

    Identification of PAK1 as a Rac1-effector kinase that phosphorylates Ser16 and inactivates STMN1 connected Rho-family GTPase signaling to microtubule dynamics at the cell cortex.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay and constitutively active Rac1 transfection with microtubule assembly readouts

    PMID:14645234

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo contribution of PAK1-Ser16 phosphorylation relative to other kinases not quantified
  8. 2006 High

    Three parallel studies mapped additional upstream kinases: Aurora B phosphorylates Ser16/Ser63 for mitotic spindle assembly; p38/MAPK phosphorylates Ser25 downstream of ASK1; and NF-Y maintains basal STMN1 transcription via CCAAT boxes, revealing a convergent multikinase regulatory network and transcriptional control.

    Evidence Aurora B immunodepletion and ZM447439 in Xenopus extracts; in vitro p38 kinase assays with SB203580 in PC12 cells; EMSA and promoter-reporter assays

    PMID:16110469 PMID:16537398 PMID:16757134

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of each kinase at each phosphosite in a single cell type not systematically compared
    • Whether NF-Y regulation is cell-type-dependent not explored
  9. 2007 Medium

    Gain-of-function p53 mutations were shown to upregulate STMN1 (opposite to wild-type p53 repression), and STMN1 knockdown sensitized cancer cells to microtubule poisons, establishing a mechanistic link between mutant p53 and taxane resistance via STMN1.

    Evidence Differential siRNA knockdown of mutant vs. wild-type p53 with STMN1 expression and drug sensitivity readouts in HCC lines

    PMID:17663418

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether mutant p53 directly binds the STMN1 promoter was not tested
  10. 2009 Medium

    STMN1 was placed within a migration-specific trafficking complex: PAK1 phosphorylates tubulin-bound STMN1 at Ser38, linking it to the WAVE2-kinesin complex for HGF-driven lamellipodia formation, extending STMN1 function beyond microtubule regulation to directed membrane protrusion.

    Evidence Co-IP, siRNA knockdown, PAK1 inhibitor IPA-3, lamellipodia assays in response to HGF

    PMID:19162178

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding interface between STMN1 and WAVE2 not mapped
    • Whether STMN1 rides on kinesin as cargo or modulates kinesin activity is unclear
  11. 2016 Medium

    GRP78 was identified as a phospho-STMN1 (Ser25/Ser38) binding partner required for STMN1-driven migration, revealing a novel phosphorylation-dependent effector interaction.

    Evidence Co-IP of phospho-STMN1 mutants with GRP78, MEK inhibition, migration assays in breast cancer cells

    PMID:27130664

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether GRP78-STMN1 interaction occurs at the ER surface or in the cytosol is unknown
    • Structural basis of phospho-dependent recognition not determined
  12. 2017 Medium

    An AKT/FOXM1/STMN1 transcriptional axis was shown to drive drug resistance and cancer stemness in NSCLC, with ChIP-confirmed FoxM1 binding at the STMN1 promoter, integrating PI3K/AKT signaling with STMN1 transcriptional control.

    Evidence Sequential siRNA knockdowns, pathway inhibitors, ChIP assay, microarray, xenograft drug resistance models

    PMID:28850563 PMID:33526768

    Open questions at the time
    • FoxM1 binding site in STMN1 promoter not finely mapped
    • Whether AKT directly phosphorylates FoxM1 to drive STMN1 expression not shown
  13. 2023 High

    PPP1R14B was shown to maintain STMN1 phosphorylation by directing PP1α/γ away from dephosphorylating STMN1, establishing the phosphatase-side regulation of the STMN1 phospho-switch that controls microtubule stability and paclitaxel sensitivity.

    Evidence Co-IP, phosphomimetic/phospho-deficient STMN1 rescue, tubulin acetylation assays, xenograft models in TNBC

    PMID:36484700

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PPP1R14B inhibits PP1 catalytic activity toward STMN1 or redirects PP1 to other substrates is not fully resolved
    • Phosphosite specificity of the PPP1R14B/PP1 complex for STMN1 not determined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Major open questions include the atomic-resolution structure of full-length STMN1 in complex with two tubulin dimers in a cellular context, the relative quantitative contribution of each kinase at individual phosphosites during specific cell-cycle phases, and whether the direct microtubule-destabilizing activity and the sequestration mechanism are spatially or temporally segregated in cells.
  • No full-length STMN1–tubulin ternary complex structure at atomic resolution
  • Quantitative in vivo phosphosite occupancy across cell-cycle stages not mapped
  • Spatial segregation of sequestration vs. direct destabilization not resolved in living cells

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 3 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 4 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 3
Partners
HN1HSPA5PAK1PPP1CAPPP1R14BTUBA1ATUBBWASF2
Complex memberships
STMN1–tubulin ternary complex (1:2 stathmin:αβ-tubulin)

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2003 Op18/stathmin binds two tubulin heterodimers with equal affinity (K0 = 6.0 × 10^6 M−1 at 10°C), sequestering them into assembly-incompetent complexes; the hydrophobic effect is the major thermodynamic driving force, and at low temperatures stathmin adopts an extensively helical but unstable conformation that becomes stable only in complex with two tubulin subunits. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism spectroscopy, NMR The Journal of biological chemistry High 12860982
2003 PAK1, downstream of Rac1, phosphorylates Op18/stathmin specifically at serine 16 in vitro and inactivates its catastrophe-promoting activity; phosphorylation of either Ser16 or Ser63 alone is sufficient to inhibit Op18 microtubule-destabilizing activity in vitro. In cells, constitutively active Rac1(Q61L) partially overcomes Op18-mediated microtubule destabilization in a PAK-dependent manner. In vitro kinase assay, time-lapse microscopy microtubule assembly assays, dominant-active/dominant-negative transfections, immunofluorescence The Journal of biological chemistry High 14645234
2001 Non-phosphorylatable Op18 (AAA mutant) dramatically decreases microtubule length and density in Xenopus egg extracts, while a phosphomimetic mutant (EEE) does not affect spindle microtubules; the microtubule-destabilizing activity of Op18 correlates with its ability to bind tubulin. Polo-like kinase Plx1, recruited to chromatin, regulates Op18 phosphorylation and spindle assembly: depletion of Plx1 inhibits chromatin-induced Op18 hyperphosphorylation. Xenopus egg extract spindle assembly assays, affinity chromatography, Plx1 immunodepletion The Journal of cell biology High 11285281
2006 Aurora B kinase (not Aurora A) is required for mitotic chromatin-induced hyperphosphorylation of Op18/stathmin at Ser-16 (Xenopus) / Ser-63 (human) during spindle assembly; depletion of Aurora B from Xenopus egg extracts blocks Op18 hyperphosphorylation and prevents chromatin-induced spindle assembly. Aurora B immunodepletion from Xenopus egg extracts, Aurora kinase inhibitor ZM447439, phosphorylation assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16537398
2006 All four p38 isoforms directly phosphorylate Op18/stathmin primarily at serine 25 in vitro downstream of the ASK1-p38 MAP kinase cascade; in PC12 cells, constitutively active ASK1 increases Op18 phosphorylation in a p38-dependent manner (blocked by SB203580), linking ASK1-p38 signaling to regulation of microtubule dynamics through Op18. In vitro kinase assay, 2D electrophoresis, pharmacological inhibition with SB203580, constitutively active ASK1 expression Journal of cellular physiology High 16110469
2009 PAK1 constitutively associates with WAVE2 and is transported with it to the leading edge by HGF stimulation. PAK1 phosphorylates tubulin-bound stathmin/Op18 at Ser38 and promotes stathmin binding to the kinesin-WAVE2 complex; stathmin depletion inhibits HGF-induced WAVE2 transport and lamellipodia formation, establishing stathmin as a component of the PAK1-WAVE2-kinesin trafficking complex. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, pharmacological PAK1 inhibition (IPA-3), immunofluorescence, lamellipodia formation assays Cellular signalling Medium 19162178
2009 p38/MAPK activation by hypoxia leads to dephosphorylation of Op18/stathmin (as well as phosphorylation of MAP4), causing microtubule depolymerization; immunoprecipitation confirmed interaction between phospho-p38 and MAP4, and p38 inhibition (SB203580) increased cell viability under hypoxia. Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, pharmacological inhibition, MKK6(Glu) overexpression Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS Medium 19915797
2006 Overexpression of wild-type Op18/stathmin causes aneugenic effects (aberrant mitosis, polyploidization, chromosome loss) in K562 leukemia cells; a somatic Q18→E mutation dramatically potentiates this aneugenic activity and suppresses phosphorylation-inactivation of Op18 microtubule-destabilizing activity without altering phosphorylation status, while Op18 depletion does not affect mitotic spindle density. shRNA depletion, inducible overexpression of WT and Q18E mutant, FACS cell-cycle analysis, microtubule density measurements Molecular biology of the cell Medium 16624860
2002 The Q18→E somatic mutation in Op18/stathmin (identified in a human esophageal adenocarcinoma) transforms NIH/3T3 cells, causing foci formation and tumor growth in immunodeficient mice; mutant Op18-expressing cells show G2/M accumulation, reduced Op18-specific phosphorylation, and altered tubulin ultrastructure. Sequencing of tumor tissue, NIH/3T3 focus formation assay, xenograft tumor assay, FACS cell-cycle analysis, electron microscopy of tubulin Cancer cell High 12242154
1999 p53 induction transcriptionally down-regulates stathmin/Op18 expression; stathmin mRNA and protein levels decrease in human and murine immortalized/transformed cell lines following wild-type p53 induction by DNA-damaging stimuli. Northern blot, Western blot, p53 induction by multiple stimuli (DNA damage), cell line panel Oncogene Medium 10557083
2007 Gain-of-function p53 mutations (p53 Y220C and p53 R213Q) promote stathmin overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma; siRNA reduction of mutant p53 (but not wild-type p53) down-regulates stathmin expression. STMN1 siRNA reduces HCC cell viability, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis resistance, and increases sensitivity to paclitaxel and vinblastine. siRNA knockdown of stathmin and mutant/WT p53, cell viability/proliferation/migration assays, drug sensitivity assays Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Medium 17663418
2003 Op18/stathmin family members (Op18, SCG10, RB3) form ternary complexes with two head-to-tail-aligned tubulin heterodimers; plasma membrane-targeted SCG10 and RB3 chimeras sequester tubulin at the membrane (>35% reduction of cytosolic tubulin) and delay mitotic spindle formation, while membrane-targeted constitutively active Op18-tetraA destabilizes interphase microtubules without tubulin sequestration, indicating Op18 can destabilize microtubules by direct interaction as well as sequestration. CD2-chimera membrane targeting, quantitative tubulin immunofluorescence, spindle assembly timing assays Molecular biology of the cell Medium 12972559
2016 Phosphorylation of STMN1 at Ser25 and Ser38 is required to maintain cell migration capability; GRP78 is a novel binding partner of STMN1 that associates specifically with the phospho-Ser25/Ser38 form of STMN1 in a MEK kinase-dependent manner, and this complex is required for STMN1-mediated cell migration in breast cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation of phospho-STMN1 and GRP78, phosphomimetic/phospho-deficient mutants, MEK inhibitor treatment, migration assays Cancer letters Medium 27130664
2023 PPP1R14B maintains STMN1 in its phosphorylated (active) state by directing PP1 catalytic subunits α and γ to prevent STMN1 dephosphorylation; PPP1R14B-dependent STMN1 phosphorylation reduces α-tubulin acetylation and microtubule stability, promoting cell-cycle progression and paclitaxel resistance in TNBC. Rescue by WT but not phosphorylation-deficient STMN1 confirms the phosphorylation-dependency. Co-immunoprecipitation, gain- and loss-of-function assays, phosphomimetic/phospho-deficient STMN1 rescue, xenograft models, tubulin acetylation assays Cancer research High 36484700
2006 Expression of the Op18/stathmin gene is maintained by the NF-Y transcription factor binding to CCAAT boxes in the promoter; the proximal −65 CCAAT site accounts for >60% of Op18 basal expression and binds NF-Y with high affinity, while the −599 site also binds NF-Y but acts repressively. Promoter-reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), EMSA competition studies Gene Medium 16757134
2020 LOC553103 lncRNA directly binds and stabilizes STMN1 mRNA at its 3'UTR, protecting it from degradation; EBV-miR-BART6-3p suppresses LOC553103, thereby reducing STMN1 protein levels and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. RNA immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, proteomics, siRNA knockdown FASEB journal Medium 32306460
2020 HN1 protein interacts with STMN1, prevents STMN1 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation, increases STMN1 mRNA expression, and reduces α-tubulin acetylation in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells, driving tumor aggressiveness. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, HN1 knockdown/overexpression, xenograft models Cancer letters Medium 33359451
2014 miR-223 directly targets the 3'UTR of STMN1 mRNA, reducing STMN1 mRNA and protein levels; depletion of miR-223 or overexpression of STMN1 enhances dengue virus replication, while increased miR-223 or decreased STMN1 suppresses it, identifying STMN1 as a host factor required for dengue virus replication. Luciferase 3'UTR reporter assay, miR-223 overexpression/inhibition, STMN1 siRNA, viral replication assays Microbes and infection Medium 25181337
2009 EBV-encoded LMP1 upregulates cdc2 kinase activity; cdc2 then phosphorylates Op18/stathmin, promoting the interaction of cdc2 with Op18/stathmin and enhancing microtubule polymerization during mitosis in NPC cells. LMP1 inhibition attenuates cdc2-Op18/stathmin interaction and promotes microtubule depolymerization. Co-immunoprecipitation, kinase activity assays, LMP1 inhibition, microtubule polymerization assays International journal of cancer Medium 19048596
2016 STMN1 knockdown in endometrial carcinoma cells inhibits tumor growth and invasion by reducing expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, identifying a downstream effector pathway through which STMN1 promotes invasion. siRNA knockdown, forced expression, MMP-2/9 activity assays, invasion/migration assays Tumour biology Low 26815505
2017 TKI treatment activates an AKT/FOXM1/STMN1 signaling axis in NSCLC; FOXM1 transcriptionally upregulates STMN1, and this pathway drives cancer stem cell enrichment and multi-drug resistance. Silencing FOXM1 or STMN1, or blocking AKT, reverses TKI-induced drug resistance. siRNA knockdown, specific pathway inhibitors, RNA microarray, in vitro and in vivo drug resistance assays British journal of cancer Medium 28850563
2021 FoxM1 transcriptionally upregulates STMN1 (confirmed by ChIP assay); FoxM1-driven STMN1 expression promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. ChIP assay, lentiviral knockdown, cell viability/clone formation/soft agar assays, xenograft models Signal transduction and targeted therapy Medium 33526768
1992 Rapid phosphorylation of Op18/stathmin (generating the Op18c form) occurs within 2 minutes of T-cell receptor activation by OKT3 in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and this early phosphorylation is mediated by protein kinase C (blocked by calphostin C but not by inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases). Metabolic 32Pi labeling, 2D-PAGE/PhosphorImager analysis, pharmacological inhibitors (calphostin C, HA1004, cyclosporin A, RPM) Journal of immunology Medium 1500712
2021 PTEN loss promotes STMN1 expression via the PI3K/AKT pathway; PTEN knockdown ameliorates the inhibition of cell growth, migration, invasion, and drug sensitivity induced by STMN1 knockdown in lung cancer, establishing PTEN/PI3K/AKT as an upstream regulator of STMN1 oncogenic function. siRNA knockdown of STMN1 and PTEN, PI3K/AKT inhibitor, cell growth/migration/invasion assays, drug sensitivity assays Scientific reports Medium 34253824

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1999 A single nucleotide in the SMN gene regulates splicing and is responsible for spinal muscular atrophy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1268 10339583
1997 Correlation between severity and SMN protein level in spinal muscular atrophy. Nature genetics 918 9207792
2004 The SMN complex. Experimental cell research 224 15120993
2008 Regulation of SMN protein stability. Molecular and cellular biology 216 19103745
1996 Structure and organization of the human survival motor neurone (SMN) gene. Genomics 212 8838816
2012 FUS-SMN protein interactions link the motor neuron diseases ALS and SMA. Cell reports 211 23022481
2003 Regulation of microtubule destabilizing activity of Op18/stathmin downstream of Rac1. The Journal of biological chemistry 190 14645234
2000 Spindle assembly and the art of regulating microtubule dynamics by MAPs and Stathmin/Op18. Trends in cell biology 179 10856928
2012 Spinal muscular atrophy: the role of SMN in axonal mRNA regulation. Brain research 171 22330725
2018 The role of survival motor neuron protein (SMN) in protein homeostasis. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 167 29872871
2019 Age-dependent SMN expression in disease-relevant tissue and implications for SMA treatment. The Journal of clinical investigation 145 31589162
2014 SMN control of RNP assembly: from post-transcriptional gene regulation to motor neuron disease. Seminars in cell & developmental biology 138 24769255
2006 The Gemin5 protein of the SMN complex identifies snRNAs. Molecular cell 132 16857593
1998 The role of the SMN gene in proximal spinal muscular atrophy. Human molecular genetics 128 9735373
2022 Fatal thrombotic microangiopathy case following adeno-associated viral SMN gene therapy. Blood advances 123 35584395
2007 Molecular functions of the SMN complex. Journal of child neurology 123 17761654
2014 SMN regulates axonal local translation via miR-183/mTOR pathway. Human molecular genetics 117 25055867
1999 Down-regulation of the stathmin/Op18 and FKBP25 genes following p53 induction. Oncogene 110 10557083
2007 Protumorigenic overexpression of stathmin/Op18 by gain-of-function mutation in p53 in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 102 17663418
2006 Aurora B is required for mitotic chromatin-induced phosphorylation of Op18/Stathmin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 16537398
2021 Biodistribution of onasemnogene abeparvovec DNA, mRNA and SMN protein in human tissue. Nature medicine 90 34608334
1994 Costimulatory signals for human T-cell activation induce nuclear translocation of pp19/cofilin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 8183936
2009 A SMN missense mutation complements SMN2 restoring snRNPs and rescuing SMA mice. Human molecular genetics 83 19329542
2005 Gemins modulate the expression and activity of the SMN complex. Human molecular genetics 83 15843395
2017 Therapeutic strategies for spinal muscular atrophy: SMN and beyond. Disease models & mechanisms 80 28768735
2001 Regulation of Op18 during spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. The Journal of cell biology 76 11285281
2000 The phosphoprotein Op18/stathmin is differentially expressed in ovarian cancer. Cancer investigation 72 11107442
2009 The p38/MAPK pathway regulates microtubule polymerization through phosphorylation of MAP4 and Op18 in hypoxic cells. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 71 19915797
2016 Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein is required for normal mouse liver development. Scientific reports 62 27698380
2023 Protein Phosphatase 1 Subunit PPP1R14B Stabilizes STMN1 to Promote Progression and Paclitaxel Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer research 61 36484700
2020 Intragenic and structural variation in the SMN locus and clinical variability in spinal muscular atrophy. Brain communications 59 32954327
2011 SMN in spinal muscular atrophy and snRNP biogenesis. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA 59 21957043
2014 Presynaptic localization of Smn and hnRNP R in axon terminals of embryonic and postnatal mouse motoneurons. PloS one 58 25338097
2017 Activation of an AKT/FOXM1/STMN1 pathway drives resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. British journal of cancer 57 28850563
2020 Sam68 binds Alu-rich introns in SMN and promotes pre-mRNA circularization. Nucleic acids research 56 31777926
2014 miR-223 inhibits dengue virus replication by negatively regulating the microtubule-destabilizing protein STMN1 in EAhy926 cells. Microbes and infection 52 25181337
2011 Increasing expression and decreasing degradation of SMN ameliorate the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in mice. Human molecular genetics 52 21693563
1996 Inhibition of constitutive serine phosphatase activity in T lymphoma cells results in phosphorylation of pp19/cofilin and induces apoptosis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 52 8666784
2021 Aberrantly high activation of a FoxM1-STMN1 axis contributes to progression and tumorigenesis in FoxM1-driven cancers. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 51 33526768
2020 The Need for SMN-Independent Treatments of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) to Complement SMN-Enhancing Drugs. Frontiers in neurology 50 32117013
2014 Targeting SR proteins improves SMN expression in spinal muscular atrophy cells. PloS one 48 25506695
2004 The regulation and regulatory activities of alternative splicing of the SMN gene. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression 47 15663357
2002 Involvement of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein in cell death. Human molecular genetics 46 12374765
2020 Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miR-BART6-3p inhibits cancer cell proliferation through the LOC553103-STMN1 axis. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 44 32306460
2007 Congenital bone fractures in spinal muscular atrophy: functional role for SMN protein in bone remodeling. Journal of child neurology 44 17761651
1997 Quantitative analysis of Op18 phosphorylation in childhood acute leukemia. Leukemia 44 9324290
2017 Single-Cell Analysis of SMN Reveals Its Broader Role in Neuromuscular Disease. Cell reports 43 28178525
2009 Membrane transport of WAVE2 and lamellipodia formation require Pak1 that mediates phosphorylation and recruitment of stathmin/Op18 to Pak1-WAVE2-kinesin complex. Cellular signalling 41 19162178
2021 circST6GALNAC6 suppresses bladder cancer metastasis by sponging miR-200a-3p to modulate the STMN1/EMT axis. Cell death & disease 40 33568625
2016 The phosphorylation-specific association of STMN1 with GRP78 promotes breast cancer metastasis. Cancer letters 40 27130664
2018 miR-423-5p Inhibits Osteosarcoma Proliferation and Invasion Through Directly Targeting STMN1. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 38 30423576
2003 Thermodynamics of the Op18/stathmin-tubulin interaction. The Journal of biological chemistry 38 12860982
2000 Interferons and IRF-1 induce expression of the survival motor neuron (SMN) genes. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 38 11147573
1998 Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding human placental tissue protein 17 (PP17) variants. European journal of biochemistry 37 9874244
2020 HN1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma by interacting with STMN1. Cancer letters 34 33359451
1992 Dephosphorylation of pp19: a common second signal for human T cell activation mediated through different accessory molecules. International immunology 34 1472477
2001 Molecular analysis of SMN, NAIP and P44 genes of SMA patients and their families. Journal of the neurological sciences 33 11574104
2015 Anti-STMN1 therapy improves sensitivity to antimicrotubule drugs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 32 25944168
2011 Discovery, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel SMN protein modulators. Journal of medicinal chemistry 32 21819082
2009 EBV-encoded LMP1 regulates Op18/stathmin signaling pathway by cdc2 mediation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. International journal of cancer 32 19048596
1992 Activation of resting peripheral blood lymphocytes through the T cell receptor induces rapid phosphorylation of Op18. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 32 1500712
2023 A Novel Trojan Horse Nanotherapy Strategy Targeting the cPKM-STMN1/TGFB1 Axis for Effective Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 31 37789644
2020 Clinical phenotypes of spinal muscular atrophy patients with hybrid SMN gene. Brain & development 31 33036822
2018 Blocking p62-dependent SMN degradation ameliorates spinal muscular atrophy disease phenotypes. The Journal of clinical investigation 31 29672276
2006 Identification of Op18/stathmin as a potential target of ASK1-p38 MAP kinase cascade. Journal of cellular physiology 30 16110469
1983 Cyanogen bromide digestion of the avian myeloblastosis virus pp19 protein: isolation of an amino-terminal peptide that binds to viral RNA. Journal of virology 30 6300441
2004 Rpp20 interacts with SMN and is re-distributed into SMN granules in response to stress. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 29 14715275
2023 A spinal muscular atrophy modifier implicates the SMN protein in SNARE complex assembly at neuromuscular synapses. Neuron 27 36863345
2017 Developmental regulation of SMN expression: pathophysiological implications and perspectives for therapy development in spinal muscular atrophy. Gene therapy 27 28556834
2017 Nusinersen: antisense oligonucleotide to increase SMN protein production in spinal muscular atrophy. Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998) 27 28799578
2006 Aneugenic activity of Op18/stathmin is potentiated by the somatic Q18-->e mutation in leukemic cells. Molecular biology of the cell 27 16624860
2021 Interaction of 7SK with the Smn complex modulates snRNP production. Nature communications 26 33627647
2021 PTEN loss promotes oncogenic function of STMN1 via PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer. Scientific reports 26 34253824
2018 MiR-101 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer through targeting STMN1. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 26 30198871
2010 The SMN interactome includes Myb-binding protein 1a. Journal of proteome research 26 19928837
2014 Phosphoregulation of the human SMN complex. European journal of cell biology 25 24602413
2002 Transforming properties of a Q18-->E mutation of the microtubule regulator Op18. Cancer cell 25 12242154
1992 Differential expression of Op18 phosphoprotein during human thymocyte maturation. The Journal of clinical investigation 25 1401087
2018 High STMN1 Expression Is Associated with Tumor Differentiation and Metastasis in Clinical Patients with Pancreatic Cancer. Anticancer research 24 29374725
2016 SMN affects membrane remodelling and anchoring of the protein synthesis machinery. Journal of cell science 24 26743087
2016 SMN and coilin negatively regulate dyskerin association with telomerase RNA. Biology open 24 27215323
2018 Halofuginone-induced autophagy suppresses the migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells via regulation of STMN1 and p53. Journal of cellular biochemistry 23 29231257
2021 TOR signaling regulates liquid phase separation of the SMN complex governing snRNP biogenesis. Cell reports 22 34161763
2021 CircRNA ZNF609 promotes angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by regulating miR-145/STMN1 axis. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences 21 33943007
2021 Dual SMN inducing therapies can rescue survival and motor unit function in symptomatic ∆7SMA mice. Neurobiology of disease 21 34425216
2016 Elevated STMN1 promotes tumor growth and invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 21 26815505
2022 Targeted-Deletion of a Tiny Sequence via Prime Editing to Restore SMN Expression. International journal of molecular sciences 20 35887289
2011 LRRC4 inhibits the proliferation of human glioma cells by modulating the expression of STMN1 and microtubule polymerization. Journal of cellular biochemistry 20 21809374
2024 Hepatocyte-intrinsic SMN deficiency drives metabolic dysfunction and liver steatosis in spinal muscular atrophy. The Journal of clinical investigation 19 38722695
2016 ML372 blocks SMN ubiquitination and improves spinal muscular atrophy pathology in mice. JCI insight 19 27882347
2013 Spinal muscular atrophy and the antiapoptotic role of survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. Molecular neurobiology 19 23315303
2016 Altered mRNA Splicing in SMN-Depleted Motor Neuron-Like Cells. PloS one 18 27736905
2003 Deciphering the cellular functions of the Op18/Stathmin family of microtubule-regulators by plasma membrane-targeted localization. Molecular biology of the cell 18 12972559
2017 STMN1 is Overexpressed in Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Promotes a More Aggressive Phenotype In Vitro. Annals of surgical oncology 17 29214451
2016 miR-223 increases gallbladder cancer cell sensitivity to docetaxel by downregulating STMN1. Oncotarget 17 27577078
2023 The SMN Complex at the Crossroad between RNA Metabolism and Neurodegeneration. International journal of molecular sciences 16 36768569
2022 A small molecule antagonist of SMN disrupts the interaction between SMN and RNAP II. Nature communications 16 36114190
2020 Conditional deletion of SMN in cell culture identifies functional SMN alleles. Human molecular genetics 16 33075805
2020 SMN protein promotes membrane compartmentalization of ribosomal protein S6 transcript in human fibroblasts. Scientific reports 16 33149163
2006 Expression of the Op18 gene is maintained by the CCAAT-binding transcription factor NF-Y. Gene 16 16757134