Affinage

HMGA1

High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y · UniProt P17096

Length
107 aa
Mass
11.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 42 papers cited in narrative 42 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HMGA1 is a non-histone architectural chromatin protein that binds the narrow minor groove of AT-rich DNA through conserved AT-hook motifs, adopts defined conformations only upon substrate binding, and nucleates stereospecific multiprotein 'enhanceosome' complexes on gene regulatory regions (PMID:11406267, PMID:8414980). Beyond simple recognition, it actively reshapes DNA and chromatin: a discrete cross-linking domain lets it bridge separate DNA molecules into loops and supercoils (PMID:21596776), and at genome scale it organizes high-order 3D chromatin compartments, sequestering HMGA1-dense loci into interactive networks whose loss reverses compartmentalization and amplifies senescence-associated inflammatory signaling (PMID:39134516). Acting as a recruiting scaffold, HMGA1 directly occupies the promoters/enhancers of a broad target set and tunes their output by deploying co-activators or histone-mark machinery—activating IGF-IR via Sp1 while antagonizing p53 (PMID:20335021), inducing FoxO1 (PMID:29052178), RAD51 (PMID:34716319), GATA2 through active H3K4me3/H3K27Ac at the +9.5 enhancer (PMID:35286385), FGF19 (PMID:36919699), and facilitating ATF4 loading at SLC7A11 and SREBP1 activity at FASN (PMID:38383528, PMID:39548107)—and repressing targets such as GATA-1 and NUMB, the latter by counteracting C/EBPβ (PMID:12824305, PMID:31116627). It also cooperates with the SWI/SNF remodeler BRG1 at positioned nucleosomes (PMID:17723105) and competes with HDAC1 for the RB pocket to relieve RB-mediated repression of E2F targets, driving cell-cycle entry and enabling adipocyte differentiation (PMID:17877762, PMID:19633359). Through these activities HMGA1 governs cell-cycle progression and spindle-assembly-checkpoint gene expression (PMID:11389094, PMID:26009897), stem-cell self-renewal via Wnt/β-catenin amplification and Sox9 induction (PMID:28452345), and tumor-promoting programs spanning invasion, metabolism, and DNA-damage resistance. HMGA1 function is constrained by post-translational and RNA-based regulation: Cdc2 phosphorylates the AT-hooks to lower DNA-binding affinity during the cell cycle (PMID:9552376), ATM phosphorylates an SQ motif after DNA damage (PMID:18783938), GRP75 binding blocks ubiquitin-mediated degradation (PMID:33755320), NAT10-catalyzed ac4C modification stabilizes its mRNA (PMID:38922788), and 7SK snRNA loop 2 binds AT-hook 1 in direct competition with DNA to reroute thousands of target genes and to deliver the inactive 7SK/P-TEFb snRNP to promoters (PMID:21087998, PMID:24623795). HMGA1 additionally shuttles to mitochondria in late S/G2 to bind mtDNA and modulate mtDNA repair, mitochondrial mass, and ROS (PMID:19687300), and when secreted acts extracellularly as a RAGE ligand activating pERK to promote cancer cell invasion (PMID:30135148).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 21 steps
  1. 1993 High

    Establishing the gene architecture explained how a single locus generates the HMG-I/HMG-Y isoforms and that each AT-hook DNA-binding domain is encoded on a separate exon, framing HMGA1 as a modular, inducibly expressed DNA-binding protein.

    Evidence Molecular cloning, sequencing, RT-PCR, and induction experiments in human lymphoid cells

    PMID:8414980

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the in vivo DNA targets of the isoforms
    • Functional differences between HMG-I and HMG-Y isoforms not resolved
  2. 1995 Medium

    Identifying Cdc2 phosphorylation of the DNA-binding domains showed that HMGA1 DNA-binding affinity is cell-cycle-regulated, providing the first post-translational control switch for its architectural activity.

    Evidence In vivo/in vitro kinase assays and DNA binding assays (review of experimental work)

    PMID:9552376

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific phosphorylated residues and quantitative affinity change not detailed in this source
    • Functional consequence on specific target genes not tested
  3. 2001 High

    Biochemical and structural characterization established the core mechanism—AT-hook recognition of the AT-rich minor groove, disorder-to-order transition upon binding, and assembly of enhanceosomes—and linked it directly to transcription via the insulin receptor promoter and to cell-cycle/apoptosis control via defined domains.

    Evidence In vitro DNA binding and protein interaction studies; INSR promoter purification, EMSA, CAT reporter and antisense; overexpression with AT-hook 3 and K60 mutagenesis in rat thyroid cells

    PMID:11156965 PMID:11389094 PMID:11406267

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structure of HMGA1 on DNA not resolved
    • How enhanceosome co-factor selection is determined not defined
  4. 2002 High

    Loss-of-function showed HMGA1 is required for oncogenic transformation, establishing it as a functional driver rather than a passive chromatin component, with AP-1 transcriptional activity as a downstream readout.

    Evidence Antisense HMGA1 with soft-agar, athymic mouse tumor formation, and AP-1 reporter in Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed thyroid cells

    PMID:12082527

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct HMGA1 target genes mediating transformation not pinpointed
    • Mechanistic link to AP-1 not at the DNA-binding level
  5. 2003 High

    Knockout-and-rescue established HMGA1 as a direct negative transcriptional regulator of GATA-1 controlling hematopoietic lineage choice, demonstrating physiological developmental function.

    Evidence Hmga1-null ES cell differentiation, expression analysis, and re-expression rescue

    PMID:12824305

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct promoter occupancy at GATA-1 not shown here
    • Co-factors mediating repression not identified
  6. 2006 High

    In vivo mouse genetics showed Hmga1 dosage controls cardiomyocyte growth and lymphoid genome integrity (RAG1/2, IgH rearrangement), expanding its role to tissue homeostasis and tumor suppression at reduced dosage.

    Evidence Hmga1 heterozygous/homozygous knockout mice with cardiac and hematologic phenotyping

    PMID:16510570

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets driving each phenotype not all defined
    • Mechanism of RAG1/2 derepression unresolved
  7. 2007 High

    Demonstrating HMGA1 binding to the RB pocket in competition with HDAC1, and cooperation with BRG1, established HMGA1 as a regulator of the RB-E2F axis and a partner of chromatin-remodeling machinery.

    Evidence Co-IP, cyclin E and CRYAB promoter reporters, G0 arrest assay, ChIP, and BRG1 overexpression

    PMID:17723105 PMID:17877762

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of RB/HDAC1/HMGA1 competition not quantified
    • Whether BRG1 cooperation generalizes beyond CRYAB not tested
  8. 2008 High

    Identifying ATM phosphorylation of an HMGA1 SQ motif placed HMGA1 within the DNA-damage response and tied its expression to radiation survival.

    Evidence In vitro/in vivo kinase assays, confocal colocalization with ATM S1981p, clonogenic survival after ionizing radiation

    PMID:18783938

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of SQ phosphorylation on DNA binding or chromatin not defined
    • Downstream repair targets not connected here
  9. 2009 High

    Mechanistic dissection in adipogenesis showed HMGA1 displaces HDAC1 from RB-E2F1 to activate CDC25A/CDC6 and cooperates with RB and C/EBPβ on leptin/Id1, while a parallel study revealed cell-cycle-coupled mitochondrial shuttling and mtDNA regulation, broadening HMGA1 beyond nuclear chromatin.

    Evidence Co-IP, multiple promoter reporters, Hmga1-/- ES adipocyte differentiation; inducible MCF-7 system with mitochondrial fractionation, mtDNA/ROS/repair assays

    PMID:19633359 PMID:19687300

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism targeting HMGA1 to mitochondria not defined
    • How loss of regulated shuttling in cancer is established not explained
  10. 2010 High

    ChIP and interaction studies established HMGA1 as a direct IGF-IR promoter activator that antagonizes p53 and enhances Sp1, and the discovery of 7SK snRNA binding AT-hook 1 revealed a competitive RNA switch governing thousands of target genes.

    Evidence ChIP, promoter assays, Co-IP with p53/Sp1; RNA-protein interaction mapping to 7SK loop 2 with transcriptome profiling

    PMID:20335021 PMID:21087998

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of 7SK loop 2/AT-hook 1 recognition not resolved
    • Genome-wide rules for DNA-versus-7SK occupancy not defined
  11. 2011 High

    Showing HMGA1 forms 7SK complexes with P-TEFb and possesses an intrinsic DNA cross-linking domain connected its transcriptional output to elongation control and revealed direct DNA-bridging/looping as a structural mechanism.

    Evidence RNA-IP of HMGA1/P-TEFb 7SK complexes, dominant-negative Cdk9, transcriptome profiling; cross-linking assay, point mutagenesis, dSTORM and electron microscopy

    PMID:21596776 PMID:21957495

    Open questions at the time
    • How gene-by-gene plasticity between initiation and elongation is decided not defined
    • Physiological extent of DNA cross-linking in vivo not quantified
  12. 2013 Medium

    Demonstrating HMGA1 binding to HIV-1 TAR in competition with Tat, and 7SK competition with TAR, extended the competitive AT-hook/RNA model to viral transcriptional control.

    Evidence RNA binding and competition assays, HIV-1 promoter reporters, HMGA1 knockdown

    PMID:23392246

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab finding awaiting independent confirmation
    • Physiological relevance during infection not established
  13. 2014 High

    ChIP and double-knockdown epistasis established that HMGA1 recruits the inactive CTIP2/7SK/HEXIM1/P-TEFb snRNP to cellular and HIV-1 promoters, defining a direct mechanism for delivering elongation machinery to chromatin.

    Evidence ChIP, siRNA double knockdown, luciferase reporter assays

    PMID:24623795

    Open questions at the time
    • Trigger for converting recruited P-TEFb from inactive to active not defined
    • Generality across the genome not mapped
  14. 2015 High

    ChIP plus live-cell imaging showed HMGA1 directly activates spindle-assembly-checkpoint genes (Ttk, Mad2l1, Bub1, Bub1b), linking its transcriptional role to mitotic fidelity.

    Evidence ChIP, siRNA knockdown, live-cell microscopy, expression analysis

    PMID:26009897

    Open questions at the time
    • Co-factors at SAC gene promoters not identified
    • Whether mitotic defects are direct or secondary not fully resolved
  15. 2017 High

    Multiple in vivo and metabolic studies positioned HMGA1 as a hub linking stem-cell niche formation, hepatic insulin signaling, and the secretome—amplifying Wnt and inducing Sox9, activating FoxO1, lying downstream of G9a, and directly driving PLAU/SERPINE1.

    Evidence Hmga1 transgenic mice, organoids, ChIP/RNA-seq; ChIP and rescue in Hmga1-/- hepatocytes; G9a knockdown rescue and db/db mice; secretome iTRAQ LC-MS/MS with promoter assays

    PMID:28452345 PMID:28924209 PMID:29052178 PMID:29101051

    Open questions at the time
    • How a single chromatin factor selects such distinct programs in different tissues not defined
    • Some links (G9a, secretome) from single labs
  16. 2018 High

    Identifying secreted HMGA1 as a RAGE ligand activating pERK established an extracellular, receptor-mediated function distinct from its chromatin role.

    Evidence Blocking antibodies, RAGE binding and pERK assays, migration/invasion, xenografts, microscopy in triple-negative breast cancer

    PMID:30135148

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of HMGA1 secretion not defined
    • Structural basis of HMGA1-RAGE binding not resolved
  17. 2019 Medium

    A cluster of cancer studies wired HMGA1 into PD-L1, NUMB/NOTCH, and miR-222/PI3K-Akt-MMP9 circuits, showing both upstream regulation of HMGA1 and its function as a chromatin-level effector counteracting C/EBPβ at NUMB.

    Evidence Co-IP (PD-L1), tumorsphere and rescue assays; ChIP at NUMB with C/EBPβ competition and miR-146a/MSI1 analysis; miR-222 mimic/inhibitor with xenografts

    PMID:30776481 PMID:31116627 PMID:31394192

    Open questions at the time
    • PD-L1-HMGA1 interaction rests on a single Co-IP without reciprocal validation
    • Directness of HMGA1 effects on miR-222 not established
  18. 2021 High

    ChIP-defined direct activation of RAD51 and identification of GRP75 as a stabilizer blocking HMGA1 ubiquitination connected HMGA1 to DNA-repair-mediated radioresistance and to control of its own protein turnover.

    Evidence ChIP at RAD51 response elements, RAD51-inhibitor rescue, clonogenic survival; Co-IP, ubiquitination assay, JNK/c-JUN pathway analysis

    PMID:33755320 PMID:34716319

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase targeting HMGA1 not identified
    • GRP75 axis from a single Medium-confidence study
  19. 2022 High

    ChIP-seq and genetic rescue established HMGA1 transactivation of GATA2 at the +9.5 enhancer with deposition of active histone marks as a driver of myeloproliferative neoplasm progression, and a parallel HCC study tied HMGA1 to NF-κB/CCL2-driven macrophage recruitment.

    Evidence CRISPR/shRNA/knockout, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, JAK2V617F mice, GATA2 rescue; NF-κB inhibition, CCL2 quantification, clodronate macrophage depletion, orthotopic HCC model

    PMID:35286385 PMID:35785026

    Open questions at the time
    • How HMGA1 directs histone-mark machinery to specific enhancers not defined
    • HCC NF-κB axis from a single Medium-confidence study
  20. 2023 High

    ChIP showed HMGA1 directly induces FGF19 by recruiting active histone marks, with FGF19/FGFR4 mediating tumor growth and desmoplastic stroma, reinforcing HMGA1 as an organizer of active chromatin states at growth-factor loci.

    Evidence RNA-seq, ChIP at FGF19, siRNA and FGFR4 inhibitor (BLU9931), KPC and xenograft pancreatic cancer models

    PMID:36919699

    Open questions at the time
    • The writer machinery HMGA1 recruits for H3K4me3/H3K27Ac not identified
    • Whether FGF19 induction is fully cell-autonomous not resolved
  21. 2024 High

    A convergent set of studies defined HMGA1 as a chromatin-remodeling facilitator of metabolic and 3D-genome programs—loading ATF4 at SLC7A11 to suppress ferroptosis, boosting SREBP1 at FASN for lipogenesis, shaping high-order chromatin compartments, and being stabilized at the mRNA level by NAT10-mediated ac4C.

    Evidence ChIP and ferroptosis assays with KO mouse models (SLC7A11); conditional KO/KI mice and FASN reporter/orlistat (FASN); ChIP-seq/Hi-C senescence model; ac4C and mRNA stability assays with NAT10 manipulation

    PMID:38383528 PMID:38922788 PMID:39134516 PMID:39548107

    Open questions at the time
    • How HMGA1 linear distribution is read into 3D compartmentalization mechanistically not defined
    • NAT10/ac4C regulation from a single Medium-confidence study

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A unifying mechanism for how a single AT-hook architectural protein selects its enormous, context-specific target repertoire—and how its phosphorylation, ubiquitination, ac4C, and 7SK-RNA inputs are integrated to switch between DNA bending, co-factor recruitment, and active-mark deposition—remains undefined.
  • No high-resolution structure of HMGA1 engaging chromatin or co-factors
  • No predictive rule for tissue-specific target selection
  • Mechanism of mitochondrial import and secretion uncharacterized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 11 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 9 GO:0003723 RNA binding 4 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 5 GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 2 GO:0005576 extracellular region 1 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 7 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 5 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 3 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 2
Partners
ATF4CEBPBGRP75HDAC1RAGERB1SP1TP53
Complex memberships
7SK/P-TEFb snRNP (HMGA1-recruited, with CTIP2/HEXIM1)HMGA1-enhanceosome

Evidence

Reading pass · 42 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 HMGA1 proteins bind preferentially to the narrow minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences via conserved peptide motifs called 'AT hooks', and can also interact with various protein transcription factors both in vitro and in vivo, forming stereospecific multiprotein complexes ('enhanceosomes') on gene promoter/enhancer regions. The proteins have little secondary structure in solution but assume distinct conformations when bound to DNA or other proteins. In vitro DNA binding assays, protein-protein interaction studies, structural analysis Biochimica et biophysica acta High 11406267
1993 The human HMG-I(Y) gene produces HMG-I and HMG-Y isoform proteins via alternative splicing of precursor mRNAs, with each of the three different DNA-binding AT-hook domains encoded by sequences on separate exons. Gene transcription is inducible in human lymphoid cells by phorbol esters and calcium ionophores. Gene cloning, sequencing, RT-PCR, chromosomal localization, induction experiments Nucleic acids research High 8414980
2001 HMGA1(Y) protein directly binds to AT-rich sequences in the 5' regulatory region of the human insulin receptor (INSR) gene, and is required for proper transcription of the INSR gene. Antisense HMGA1(Y) specifically inhibits insulin receptor promoter function and insulin receptor protein expression. Chromatographic purification, EMSA, immunoblot, CAT reporter gene assay, hormone binding studies with antisense RNA cells FASEB journal High 11156965
2001 HMGA1b protein overexpression deregulates the cell cycle (cells enter S-phase earlier, G2-M transition delayed) and induces apoptosis through caspase-3 activation in normal rat thyroid cells. The third AT-hook domain and acetylation site K60 are required for induction of apoptosis. Overexpression in PC Cl 3 cells, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays, caspase-3 activity measurement, site-directed mutagenesis of AT-hook domain and K60 acetylation site Cancer research High 11389094
1995 HMG-I(Y) proteins are in vivo substrates for cell cycle-regulated Cdc2 kinase, which phosphorylates the DNA-binding domain(s), decreasing their substrate binding affinity. This reversible phosphorylation during the cell cycle regulates HMGA1 biological function. In vivo and in vitro kinase assays, DNA binding assays Progress in cell cycle research Medium 9552376
2002 HMGA1 protein synthesis is required for thyroid cell transformation by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Blockage of HMGA1 via antisense construct prevents the malignant phenotype (anchorage-independent growth, tumor formation) and correlates with absence of AP-1 transcriptional activity induction. Antisense HMGA1 cDNA transfection, soft agar colony formation assay, tumor formation in athymic mice, AP-1 reporter assay Oncogene High 12082527
2003 HMGA1 proteins directly control GATA-1 transcription, negatively regulating it. Loss of HMGA1 in embryonic stem cells causes overexpression of GATA-1, resulting in altered hematopoietic differentiation (reduced monocyte/macrophage population, increased megakaryocyte precursors, increased erythropoiesis). Re-expression of HMGA1 in null ES cells restores wild-type phenotype. Hmga1-null ES cell differentiation assays, gene expression analysis, re-expression rescue experiment FASEB journal High 12824305
2006 HMGA1 directly regulates cardiomyocytic cell growth; haploinsufficiency of Hmga1 in mice causes cardiac hypertrophy. HMGA1 loss also leads to increased RAG1/2 endonuclease expression, abnormal IgH rearrangements, B cell expansion, and hematologic malignancies (B cell lymphoma and myeloid leukemia). Hmga1 heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice, cardiac phenotyping, hematologic analysis, gene expression studies Cancer research High 16510570
2007 HMGA1 physically binds the small pocket domain of retinoblastoma protein (RB) and competes with HDAC1 for RB binding. HMGA1 overexpression abolishes RB-mediated repression of E2F-activated transcription from the cyclin E promoter and abrogates RB-mediated G0 arrest under serum starvation. Co-immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assay (cyclin E promoter), serum starvation G0 arrest assay, overexpression in T98G cells Cancer science High 17877762
2008 HMGA1 protein is a novel target of the ATM kinase. An SQ motif on HMGA1 is effectively phosphorylated by ATM in vitro and in vivo. HMGA1 colocalizes with activated ATM (ATM S1981p) and HMGA1 ectopic expression decreases cell survival following ionizing radiation. In vitro and in vivo kinase assays, confocal microscopy colocalization, clonogenic survival assay after ionizing radiation European journal of cancer High 18783938
2009 HMGA1 physically interacts with retinoblastoma protein (RB), C/EBPbeta, and HDAC1. The HMGA1/RB interaction is required for adipocyte differentiation: HMGA1 displaces HDAC1 from the RB-E2F1 complex, enabling CDC25A and CDC6 promoter activation. RB, C/EBPbeta, and HMGA1 cooperate to regulate Id1 and leptin gene transcription. Hmga1-/- ES cells fail to undergo adipocyte differentiation. Co-immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assays (leptin, Id1, CDC25A, CDC6 promoters), Hmga1-/- ES cell differentiation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 19633359
2009 HMGA1 reversibly migrates from nuclei to mitochondria during late S/G2 phases of the cell cycle in normal cells, where it binds mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In cancer cells, this controlled shuttling is lost and HMGA1 is found in mitochondria throughout the cell cycle. Elevated HMGA1 levels inversely correlate with mtDNA levels and mitochondrial mass, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decrease efficiency of oxidatively damaged mtDNA repair. Inducible transgenic HMGA1 expression system in MCF-7 cells, mitochondrial fractionation, mtDNA quantification, ROS measurement, mtDNA repair assay Molecular and cellular biology High 19687300
2010 HMGA1 is a positive regulator of IGF-IR gene transcription. HMGA1 binds directly to the IGF-IR promoter (ChIP assay) and associates with p53 and Sp1. HMGA1 antagonizes p53 inhibitory activity while enhancing Sp1 stimulatory activity on the igf-ir promoter. Silencing HMGA1 decreases IGF-IR expression; forced HMGA1 overexpression increases it. ChIP assay, promoter activity assays, Co-immunoprecipitation (association with p53 and Sp1), siRNA knockdown and overexpression European journal of cancer High 20335021
2010 7SK small nuclear RNA directly interacts with HMGA1, specifically through the loop 2 (7SK L2) region binding to the first AT-hook motif of HMGA1, competing with DNA binding to the same domain. This interaction regulates over 1500 HMGA1 target genes and affects HMGA1-dependent cell differentiation and proliferation. RNA-protein interaction assays, transcriptome-wide profiling, 7SK substructure inhibition experiments Nucleic acids research High 21087998
2011 HMGA1 and P-TEFb cooperate in transcriptional activation of select target genes. 7SK RNA complexes containing simultaneously HMGA1 and P-TEFb were identified. 7SK RNA establishes gene-dependent plasticity between HMGA1 chromatin remodeling/transcription initiation and P-TEFb transcription elongation. Transcriptome profiling, dominant-negative Cdk9 inhibition, RNA immunoprecipitation of 7SK complexes containing both HMGA1 and P-TEFb RNA biology Medium 21957495
2011 HMGA1a can cross-link different DNA molecules simultaneously through a novel DNA cross-linking domain identified by point mutagenesis. Overexpression of HMGA1a-eGFP causes chromatin aggregation. Electron microscopy showed HMGA1 creates DNA loops and supercoils in linearized DNA. dSTORM super-resolution microscopy, DNA cross-linking assay, point mutagenesis, electron microscopy Nucleic acids research High 21596776
2012 HMGA1 binds directly to the COX-2 promoter at an AT-rich region in vivo in pancreatic cancer cell lines (ChIP assay) and induces COX-2 expression. Knockdown of HMGA1 represses COX-2. HMGA1 cooperates with activated K-RAS to induce migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. ChIP assay (in vivo promoter binding), siRNA knockdown, overexpression, migration/invasion assays, xenograft tumor formation Pancreatology High 22898640
2013 HMGA1 specifically binds to the HIV-1 TAR element, with the binding interface overlapping the Tat binding site. HMGA1 and Tat compete for TAR binding. 7SK RNA competes with TAR for HMGA1. HMGA1 negatively influences expression from HIV-1 promoter in a TAR-dependent manner in the presence and absence of Tat. RNA binding assays, competition experiments, HIV-1 promoter reporter assays, HMGA1 knockdown RNA biology Medium 23392246
2014 HMGA1 recruits the inactive 7SK/P-TEFb snRNP to cellular gene promoters and the HIV-1 promoter. CTIP2 represses P-TEFb activity in a complex containing 7SK RNA and HEXIM1. HMGA1 knockdown causes loss of CTIP2/7SK/P-TEFb snRNP recruitment to these promoters as shown by ChIP. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), siRNA double knockdown, luciferase reporter assay Nucleic acids research High 24623795
2015 HMGA1 proteins are able to increase the expression of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) genes Ttk, Mad2l1, Bub1, and Bub1b by binding to their promoter regions. HMGA1 depletion causes SAC gene downregulation and mitotic defects including unaligned chromosomes in metaphase, reduced prometaphase time, delayed anaphase, and cytokinesis failure. ChIP assay (promoter binding), siRNA knockdown, live-cell microscopy, gene expression analysis Oncotarget High 26009897
2016 miR-296-5p is repressed in a DNA methylation-dependent manner in glioblastoma stem cells. HMGA1 functions as a downstream effector of miR-296-5p and regulates Sox2 expression by modifying chromatin architecture at the Sox2 promoter, thereby regulating glioblastoma stem cell self-renewal. miR-296-5p overexpression/inhibition, HMGA1 knockdown, chromatin architecture assay at Sox2 promoter, glioma xenograft model Oncogene Medium 26898758
2016 miR-26 silences HMGA1 (and MALT1), thereby dampening NF-κB signaling and TNF-α-induced IL-6 transcription. Knocking down both HMGA1 and MALT1 by RNAi produces NF-κB gene silencing similar to miR-26 overexpression. Transcriptome-wide miR-26 manipulation, RNAi knockdown of HMGA1 and MALT1, NF-κB reporter assay, IL-6 expression analysis Nucleic acids research Medium 27025651
2017 Hmga1 amplifies Wnt/β-catenin signaling to enhance intestinal stem cell self-renewal by upregulating genes encoding Wnt agonist receptors and downstream Wnt effectors. Hmga1 also directly induces Sox9, which is required for Paneth cell differentiation, thereby 'building' an intestinal stem cell niche. Hmga1 transgenic mouse model, gene expression analysis (RNA-seq), ChIP, intestinal organoid assays, in vivo tumor/crypt analysis Nature communications High 28452345
2017 HMGA1 is a novel transcriptional regulator of the FoxO1 gene. HMGA1 binds directly to the FoxO1 gene promoter (ChIP) and activates FoxO1 gene transcription, increasing FoxO1 mRNA and protein levels in hepatocytes. Forced HMGA1 expression in Hmga1-/- primary hepatocytes rescues FoxO1 expression. Reporter gene assays, ChIP, qRT-PCR, Western blot, primary hepatocyte culture from Hmga1-/- mice, siRNA knockdown Endocrine High 29052178
2017 G9a/EHMT2 histone methyltransferase modulates hepatic insulin signaling through regulation of HMGA1 expression. G9a knockdown reduces HMGA1 levels and impairs insulin receptor/AKT signaling; overexpression of HMGA1 normalizes impaired insulin signaling in G9a knockdown cells. In db/db mice, restoring G9a upregulates HMGA1 and improves hepatic insulin signaling. G9a siRNA knockdown, HMGA1 overexpression rescue, insulin signaling assays (p-AKT, insulin receptor), in vivo db/db mouse model Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease Medium 29101051
2017 HMGA1 directly regulates the transcription of PLAU (urokinase) and SERPINE1 (PAI-1), key components of the Plasminogen activation system. HMGA1 silencing alters the breast cancer cell secretome, reducing pro-migratory and pro-invasive secreted factors. Inducible HMGA1 silencing, iTRAQ LC-MS/MS secretome profiling, promoter binding assays Scientific reports Medium 28924209
2018 Extracellular HMGA1 (eHMGA1) becomes a ligand for the receptor RAGE (Advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor), inducing pERK signaling and increasing migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Antibodies blocking HMGA1 in the extracellular space impair migration and invasion. HMGA1-blocking antibodies, RAGE receptor binding assays, pERK signaling assay, migration/invasion assays, xenograft models, fluorescence microscopy Clinical cancer research High 30135148
2019 PD-L1 directly interacts with HMGA1 in colorectal cancer cells, and HMGA1 upregulation by PD-L1 activates PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways to promote cancer stem cell expansion and self-renewal. HMGA1 downregulation rescues PD-L1-induced cancer stem cell phenotypes. Co-immunoprecipitation (PD-L1-HMGA1 interaction), Western blot (pathway analysis), tumorsphere assays, HMGA1 knockdown rescue experiments, xenograft mouse model Cancer letters Medium 30776481
2019 HMGA1 negatively regulates NUMB expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in glioblastoma stem cells. At the transcriptional level, HMGA1 binds the NUMB promoter and counteracts C/EBP-β. At the post-transcriptional level, HMGA1 regulates MSI1 and miR-146a expression. HMGA1 knockdown-induced NUMB upregulation leads to downregulation of the NOTCH1 pathway. ChIP (HMGA1 binding to NUMB promoter), C/EBP-β competition assay, miR-146a/MSI1 expression analysis, shRNA knockdown, NOTCH1 pathway analysis Cell cycle Medium 31116627
2020 HMGA1 overexpression in cardiomyocytes aggravates LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis by upregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 inhibitor alleviates this aggravation. HMGA1 knockdown attenuates inflammation but aggravates apoptosis via downregulation of STAT3; STAT3 agonist reverses the anti-inflammatory effect of HMGA1 knockdown but ameliorates LPS-induced apoptosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated HMGA1 overexpression in mouse heart, siRNA knockdown in H9c2 cells, COX-2 inhibitor treatment, STAT3 agonist treatment, LPS stimulation, cardiac function assay International journal of biological sciences Medium 32398950
2021 HMGA1 transcriptionally activates RAD51 by binding directly to its promoter through two HMGA1 response elements. HMGA1 overexpression promotes radioresistance in cholangiocarcinoma, while HMGA1 knockdown causes radiosensitivity. Inhibition of RAD51 reverses the effect of HMGA1 on radioresistance. ChIP assay (HMGA1 binding to RAD51 promoter through response elements), RAD51 inhibition rescue experiments, clonogenic survival assay after X-ray irradiation, overexpression/knockdown experiments Cell death discovery High 34716319
2022 HMGA1 chromatin regulators transactivate GATA2 through sequences near the developmental +9.5 enhancer, increasing chromatin accessibility and recruiting active histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K27Ac). Silencing GATA2 recapitulates most phenotypes of HMGA1 depletion in MPN, and GATA2 re-expression partially rescues leukemogenesis. HMGA1 depletion prevents MPN progression to myelofibrosis in JAK2V617F mice. CRISPR/Cas9, shRNA, and genetic deletion; RNA-sequencing; ChIP-sequencing (HMGA1 occupancy and histone marks); JAK2V617F mouse model; GATA2 rescue experiments Blood High 35286385
2023 HMGA1 directly induces FGF19 expression by recruiting active histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K27Ac) to the FGF19 gene, increasing FGF19 secretion. Disrupting FGF19 (by gene silencing or FGFR4 inhibitor BLU9931) recapitulates HMGA1 deficiency phenotypes: decreased tumor growth and reduced desmoplastic stroma formation in pancreatic cancer models. RNA-sequencing, ChIP (HMGA1 binding and histone marks at FGF19), siRNA gene silencing, FGFR4 inhibitor treatment, KPC mouse model, orthotopic/subcutaneous xenograft models The Journal of clinical investigation High 36919699
2024 HMGA1 acts as a chromatin remodeling factor that promotes binding of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) to the SLC7A11 promoter, enhancing SLC7A11 transcription and maintaining intracellular glutathione homeostasis, thereby suppressing ferroptosis and conferring cisplatin resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Transcriptome analysis, ChIP assay (HMGA1 and ATF4 at SLC7A11 promoter), ferroptosis assays (MDA measurement, glutathione levels), HMGA1 knockout in syngeneic allograft and genetically engineered mouse models Cell death & disease High 38383528
2024 HMGA1 increases transcriptional activity of SREBP1 on the FASN promoter, leading to increased lipid accumulation and fatty acid synthesis. Conditional knockout of Hmga1 in intestinal epithelium reduces FASN expression and tumor development in a CRC mouse model, while pharmacological FASN inhibition by orlistat reduces tumor growth in HMGA1-overexpressing mice. Conditional knockout (Hmga1△IEC) and knock-in (Hmga1IEC-OE/+) mouse models, AOM/DSS-induced CRC model, dual-luciferase reporter assay (FASN promoter), Western blot, orlistat treatment Nature communications High 39548107
2024 NAT10 enhances HMGA1 mRNA stability by catalyzing N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of HMGA1 mRNA, thereby promoting cell cycle progression and prostate cancer cell proliferation. ac4C acetylation assays, mRNA stability assays, NAT10 knockdown/overexpression, prostate cancer cell proliferation assays Advanced science Medium 38922788
2024 HMGA1 drives a specific 3D chromatin organization: HMGA1-dense loci form highly interactive networks, sequestering genes into 3D networks. HMGA1 heterogeneous linear distribution controls high-order chromatin compartmentalization. In the absence of HMGA1, this 3D organization is largely reversed and inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) signaling is amplified. Functional genomics (ChIP-seq, Hi-C/3D genome analysis), graph theory analysis, oncogene-induced senescence model, HMGA1 depletion Nature communications High 39134516
2021 GRP75 directly binds to HMGA1 protein and inhibits ubiquitination-mediated HMGA1 degradation, thereby stabilizing HMGA1 and causing its upregulation. The GRP75/HMGA1 axis activates JNK/c-JUN signaling in lung adenocarcinoma. Co-immunoprecipitation (GRP75-HMGA1 interaction), ubiquitination assay, GRP75/HMGA1 overexpression and knockdown, JNK/c-JUN pathway analysis, mRNA-sequencing Thoracic cancer Medium 33755320
2019 HMGA1 promotes expression of miR-222, which in turn activates PI3K/Akt/MMP9 pathway in uveal melanoma. HMGA1 positively regulates both miR-222 and the PI3K/Akt/MMP9 pathway components in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting, RT-PCR, immunochemistry, xenograft mouse model, miR-222 mimic/inhibitor transfection Cellular signalling Medium 31394192
2016 HMGA1 is a polymorphic regulator of VEGFA expression. The HMGA1 rs139876191 variant adversely affects HMGA1 protein expression and function, leading to downregulation of VEGFA expression and protection against proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Case-control association study, HMGA1 variant functional analysis, VEGFA expression assays Scientific reports Medium 27991577
2007 HMGA1 is required for maximal activation of the CRYAB (alphaB-crystallin) promoter by the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex BRG1. HMGA1 binds in vitro and in vivo to an AT-rich sequence within a 30 bp BRG1-response element located at the edge of a positioned nucleosome upstream of the transcription start site. ChIP (HMGA1 binding in vivo), in vitro DNA binding assays, HMGA1 knockdown, promoter mutational analysis, BRG1 overexpression DNA and cell biology Medium 17723105
2022 HMGA1 promotes macrophage recruitment in hepatocellular carcinoma by activating NF-κB signaling, which in turn drives CCL2 expression. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of NF-κB blocks CCL2 upregulation in HMGA1-overexpressing HCC cells. Macrophage depletion with clodronate liposomes abrogates the tumor-promoting effects of HMGA1. NF-κB pharmacological/genetic inhibition, CCL2 quantification (ELISA, qRT-PCR, Western blot), clodronate liposome macrophage depletion, orthotopic HCC xenograft model Journal of immunology research Medium 35785026

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 HMGI/Y proteins: flexible regulators of transcription and chromatin structure. Biochimica et biophysica acta 313 11406267
1993 Organization, inducible-expression and chromosome localization of the human HMG-I(Y) nonhistone protein gene. Nucleic acids research 185 8414980
2019 PD-L1 promotes colorectal cancer stem cell expansion by activating HMGA1-dependent signaling pathways. Cancer letters 166 30776481
2016 The High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) Transcriptome in Cancer and Development. Current molecular medicine 102 26980699
2000 Structure and function of the HMGI(Y) family of architectural transcription factors. Environmental health perspectives 96 11035986
2006 Haploinsufficiency of the Hmga1 gene causes cardiac hypertrophy and myelo-lymphoproliferative disorders in mice. Cancer research 93 16510570
2019 HMGA1 in cancer: Cancer classification by location. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 89 30614613
2016 MiR-26 down-regulates TNF-α/NF-κB signalling and IL-6 expression by silencing HMGA1 and MALT1. Nucleic acids research 88 27025651
2001 Transcriptional regulation of human insulin receptor gene by the high-mobility group protein HMGI(Y). FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 84 11156965
2011 HMGA1 drives stem cell, inflammatory pathway, and cell cycle progression genes during lymphoid tumorigenesis. BMC genomics 77 22053823
2002 Thyroid cell transformation requires the expression of the HMGA1 proteins. Oncogene 77 12082527
2014 HMGA1 pseudogenes as candidate proto-oncogenic competitive endogenous RNAs. Oncotarget 74 25268743
2011 Functional variants of the HMGA1 gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 72 21364139
2010 Regulation of HMGA1 expression by microRNA-296 affects prostate cancer growth and invasion. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 72 21138859
2009 HMGA1 is induced by Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and maintains cell proliferation in gastric cancer. The American journal of pathology 72 19729480
2003 HMGA1 protein over-expression is a frequent feature of epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 71 12807722
2017 HMGA1 amplifies Wnt signalling and expands the intestinal stem cell compartment and Paneth cell niche. Nature communications 70 28452345
2003 Loss of Hmga1 gene function affects embryonic stem cell lympho-hematopoietic differentiation. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 69 12824305
2004 HMGA1 protein overexpression in human breast carcinomas: correlation with ErbB2 expression. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 66 15569996
1998 HMGIY is the target of 6p21.3 rearrangements in various benign mesenchymal tumors. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 64 9824199
2016 Epigenetic modulation of a miR-296-5p:HMGA1 axis regulates Sox2 expression and glioblastoma stem cells. Oncogene 61 26898758
2022 High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1): Structure, Biological Function, and Therapeutic Potential. International journal of biological sciences 57 35864955
2018 Extracellular HMGA1 Promotes Tumor Invasion and Metastasis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 57 30135148
2023 HMGA1 augments palbociclib efficacy via PI3K/mTOR signaling in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Biomarker research 54 36978140
2018 Lessons from the Crypt: HMGA1-Amping up Wnt for Stem Cells and Tumor Progression. Cancer research 52 29618461
2018 Transcriptional Regulation of Glucose Metabolism: The Emerging Role of the HMGA1 Chromatin Factor. Frontiers in endocrinology 48 30034366
2010 7SK small nuclear RNA directly affects HMGA1 function in transcription regulation. Nucleic acids research 48 21087998
2020 The effect of HMGA1 in LPS-induced Myocardial Inflammation. International journal of biological sciences 47 32398950
2014 HMGA1 recruits CTIP2-repressed P-TEFb to the HIV-1 and cellular target promoters. Nucleic acids research 47 24623795
2023 HMGA1 induces FGF19 to drive pancreatic carcinogenesis and stroma formation. The Journal of clinical investigation 43 36919699
2024 NAT10 Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Acetylating mRNAs of HMGA1 and KRT8. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 40 38922788
2017 Histone methyltransferase G9a modulates hepatic insulin signaling via regulating HMGA1. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 38 29101051
2016 HMGA1-pseudogenes and cancer. Oncotarget 38 26895108
2014 HMGA1-pseudogene overexpression contributes to cancer progression. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 38 25483074
2001 Overexpression of proteins HMGA1 induces cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis in normal rat thyroid cells. Cancer research 38 11389094
2000 Expression of the HMGI(Y) gene products in human neuroblastic tumours correlates with differentiation status. British journal of cancer 38 11076660
2024 HMGA1 drives chemoresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing ferroptosis. Cell death & disease 37 38383528
2017 TGF-β1 induces HMGA1 expression: The role of HMGA1 in thyroid cancer proliferation and invasion. International journal of oncology 36 28393241
2016 miR-625 suppresses cell proliferation and migration by targeting HMGA1 in breast cancer. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 35 26806308
2016 The association between S100A13 and HMGA1 in the modulation of thyroid cancer proliferation and invasion. Journal of translational medicine 35 27008379
2016 HMGA1 silencing reduces stemness and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma stem cells. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 35 27486901
2011 HMGA1 expression in human gliomas and its correlation with tumor proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. Journal of neuro-oncology 35 21984063
2019 HMGA1 exacerbates tumor progression by activating miR-222 through PI3K/Akt/MMP-9 signaling pathway in uveal melanoma. Cellular signalling 34 31394192
2022 HMGA1 chromatin regulators induce transcriptional networks involved in GATA2 and proliferation during MPN progression. Blood 33 35286385
2012 The HMGA1-COX-2 axis: a key molecular pathway and potential target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) ... [et al.] 33 22898640
2010 HMGA1 protein is a positive regulator of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 32 20335021
2017 HMGA1 regulates the Plasminogen activation system in the secretome of breast cancer cells. Scientific reports 31 28924209
2016 A polymorphism of HMGA1 protects against proliferative diabetic retinopathy by impairing HMGA1-induced VEGFA expression. Scientific reports 31 27991577
2015 RNA-Mediated Regulation of HMGA1 Function. Biomolecules 31 26117853
2012 Expression and role of HMGA1 in renal cell carcinoma. The Journal of urology 31 22503056
2015 HMGA1 overexpression in adipose tissue impairs adipogenesis and prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Scientific reports 30 26411793
2001 Sequence and analysis of the murine Hmgiy (Hmga1) gene locus. Gene 30 11410365
1999 Expression of the HMGI(Y) gene in human colorectal cancer. International journal of cancer 30 10404089
1999 Expression of HMGIY in three uterine leiomyomata with complex rearrangements of chromosome 6. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 30 10526529
2020 HMGA1-Regulating microRNAs Let-7a and miR-26a are Downregulated in Human Seminomas. International journal of molecular sciences 28 32344629
2011 7SK snRNA-mediated, gene-specific cooperativity of HMGA1 and P-TEFb. RNA biology 28 21957495
2008 HMGA1 protein is a novel target of the ATM kinase. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 28 18783938
2019 HMGA1 promoting gastric cancer oncogenic and glycolytic phenotypes by regulating c-myc expression. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 27 31229266
2016 HMGA1 is a novel candidate gene for myocardial infarction susceptibility. International journal of cardiology 27 27839822
2009 HMGA1 levels influence mitochondrial function and mitochondrial DNA repair efficiency. Molecular and cellular biology 27 19687300
2020 Downregulation of HMGA1 Mediates Autophagy and Inhibits Migration and Invasion in Bladder Cancer via miRNA-221/TP53INP1/p-ERK Axis. Frontiers in oncology 26 32477928
2018 HMGA1/E2F1 axis and NFkB pathways regulate LPS progression and trabectedin resistance. Oncogene 26 29980789
2007 High mobility group protein HMGA1 inhibits retinoblastoma protein-mediated cellular G0 arrest. Cancer science 26 17877762
2024 High mobility group A1 (HMGA1) promotes the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer by increasing lipid synthesis. Nature communications 25 39548107
1995 Cell cycle regulation and functions of HMG-I(Y). Progress in cell cycle research 25 9552376
2019 HMGA1 negatively regulates NUMB expression at transcriptional and post transcriptional level in glioblastoma stem cells. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 24 31116627
2019 Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1 in Breast Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences 24 31779212
2017 Regulatory Axis of miR-195/497 and HMGA1-Id3 Governs Muscle Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. International journal of biological sciences 24 28255268
2013 HMGA1 directly interacts with TAR to modulate basal and Tat-dependent HIV transcription. RNA biology 24 23392246
2011 Cross-linking of DNA through HMGA1 suggests a DNA scaffold. Nucleic acids research 24 21596776
2020 Circ_0067835 sponges miR-324-5p to induce HMGA1 expression in endometrial carcinoma cells. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 23 33169939
2015 Deregulation of HMGA1 expression induces chromosome instability through regulation of spindle assembly checkpoint genes. Oncotarget 23 26009897
2015 Association of SIRT1 and HMGA1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology letters 23 26834854
2010 Increased expression of HMGA1 correlates with tumour invasiveness and proliferation in human pituitary adenomas. Histopathology 23 20459557
2021 HMGA1 promotes gastric cancer growth and metastasis by transactivating SUZ12 and CCDC43 expression. Aging 22 34167089
2017 HMGA1 is a novel transcriptional regulator of the FoxO1 gene. Endocrine 22 29052178
2005 Molecular mechanism of HMGA1 deregulation in human neuroblastoma. Cancer letters 22 15923078
2024 HMGA1 orchestrates chromatin compartmentalization and sequesters genes into 3D networks coordinating senescence heterogeneity. Nature communications 20 39134516
2022 MicroRNA-24-3p promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration by regulating HMGA1. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 20 35238991
2022 HMGA1 Promotes Macrophage Recruitment via Activation of NF-κB-CCL2 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal of immunology research 20 35785026
2018 The Linker Histone GH1-HMGA1 Is Involved in Telomere Stability and DNA Damage Repair. Plant physiology 20 29622687
2011 HMGA1-dependent and independent 7SK RNA gene regulatory activity. RNA biology 20 21282977
2023 TFAP2A activates HMGA1 to promote glycolysis and lung adenocarcinoma progression. Pathology, research and practice 19 37586214
2018 HMGA2, but not HMGA1, is overexpressed in human larynx carcinomas. Histopathology 19 29266325
2017 Analysis of Ki67, HMGA1, MDM2, and RB expression in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Journal of neuro-oncology 19 28255749
2007 HMGA1 mediates the activation of the CRYAB promoter by BRG1. DNA and cell biology 19 17723105
2023 ST8SIA6-AS1 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting miR-142-3p/HMGA1 axis. Scientific reports 18 36635290
2022 3'RNA and whole-genome sequencing of archival uterine leiomyomas reveal a tumor subtype with chromosomal rearrangements affecting either HMGA2, HMGA1, or PLAG1. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 18 35822448
2021 GRP75-mediated upregulation of HMGA1 stimulates stage I lung adenocarcinoma progression by activating JNK/c-JUN signaling. Thoracic cancer 18 33755320
2020 HMGA1 Promotes Hepatic Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer by Inducing Expression of Glucose Transporter 3 (GLUT3). Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 18 32989212
2021 LncRNA ITGB2-AS1 promotes the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by modulating miR-328-5p/HMGA1 axis. Human cell 17 34170494
2021 Overexpression of HMGA1 confers radioresistance by transactivating RAD51 in cholangiocarcinoma. Cell death discovery 17 34716319
2021 miR-142-3p simultaneously targets HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, and HMGB3 and inhibits tumorigenic properties and in-vivo metastatic potential of human cervical cancer cells. Life sciences 17 34973275
2015 The Association between HMGA1 rs146052672 Variant and Type 2 Diabetes: A Transethnic Meta-Analysis. PloS one 17 26296198
2023 Targeting HMGA1 contributes to immunotherapy in aggressive breast cancer while suppressing EMT. Biochemical pharmacology 16 37146833
2022 HMGA1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation, migration, and regulates cell cycle via miR-195-5p. Anti-cancer drugs 16 34407055
2022 Mast cells impair melanoma cell homing and metastasis by inhibiting HMGA1 secretion. Immunology 16 36352838
2017 HMGA1 participates in MHCC97H cell proliferation and invasion through the ILK/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Molecular medicine reports 16 29152644
2015 Increases urinary HMGA1 in serous epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 16 25586095
2009 Interaction between HMGA1 and retinoblastoma protein is required for adipocyte differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 15 19633359

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