Affinage

BANF1

Barrier-to-autointegration factor · UniProt O75531

Length
89 aa
Mass
10.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

BANF1 encodes Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF), a small homodimeric DNA-bridging protein that compacts chromatin by looping double-stranded DNA in a sequence-nonspecific manner and serves as a central organizer of post-mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly, innate immune suppression, and DNA damage repair pathway choice. BAF recruits LEM-domain inner nuclear membrane proteins (emerin, LAP2, MAN1) and lamin A/C to chromatin "core" regions during telophase, initiating nuclear envelope formation; this function is negatively regulated by VRK1/VRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Thr2/Thr3/Ser4, which reduces DNA affinity ~5000-fold without disrupting lamin or emerin binding, and is reversed by PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation through LEM4/ANKLE-2 (PMID:10908652, PMID:18628300, PMID:33744941, PMID:29254732). BAF outcompetes cGAS for binding genomic self-DNA exposed during nuclear envelope rupture, thereby suppressing cGAS-STING-mediated innate immune activation, and independently inhibits both PARP1 auto-ADP-ribosylation and DNA-PKcs kinase activity to modulate oxidative lesion repair and DSB repair pathway choice between NHEJ and homologous recombination (PMID:32792394, PMID:31796734, PMID:33660778). The homozygous A12T missense mutation selectively impairs the BAF–lamin A/C interaction, causing nuclear envelope fragility with recurrent ruptures and the premature aging disorder Néstor-Guillermo Progeria Syndrome (PMID:21549337, PMID:36039758).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1998 High

    Determining BAF's three-dimensional structure established that it forms a homodimer with a helix-turn-helix motif consistent with DNA binding, providing the first structural framework for understanding its chromatin-associated functions.

    Evidence NMR solution structure with dipolar couplings and mutagenesis validation

    PMID:9783751

    Open questions at the time
    • No co-crystal with DNA to confirm binding geometry
    • Stoichiometry of higher-order DNA complexes unknown
  2. 2000 High

    Demonstrating that BAF bridges dsDNA in a sequence-nonspecific manner and forms higher-order nucleoprotein complexes, while also binding the nuclear lamina protein LAP2, connected BAF's DNA-binding activity to nuclear organization.

    Evidence Biochemical reconstitution, analytical ultracentrifugation, and C. elegans RNAi

    PMID:10908652

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of DNA condensation (coating vs. looping) unresolved
    • In vivo stoichiometry unknown
  3. 2001 High

    Mapping the LEM domain of LAP2 as the BAF-interaction surface, and showing that BAF·DNA complexes are preferentially bound, established LEM-domain proteins as chromatin-tethered partners whose recruitment depends on BAF's DNA-bound conformation.

    Evidence Systematic mutagenesis of 17 LAP2-c mutants with in vitro binding assays and Xenopus nuclear assembly inhibition

    PMID:11285238

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether emerin and MAN1 use the same binding mode unresolved
    • Structural basis of conformational change upon DNA binding unknown
  4. 2002 High

    Showing that BAF competes with the transcriptional repressor GCL for emerin binding and co-assembles with lamin A expanded BAF's role from a structural to a regulatory organizer of nuclear envelope protein complexes.

    Evidence In vitro competition binding assays and co-immunoprecipitation from HeLa cells

    PMID:12493765

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of BAF–GCL competition on gene regulation unclear
    • Whether competition occurs in vivo at endogenous levels untested
  5. 2004 High

    Live-cell FRAP and FRET revealed that BAF is highly mobile during interphase but becomes immobilized with emerin at chromatin 'core' regions during telophase, establishing the dynamic regulation of BAF–nuclear envelope interactions across the cell cycle.

    Evidence FRAP, FLIP, and FRET in living HeLa cells combined with time-lapse imaging

    PMID:15109603 PMID:15546916

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular switch controlling interphase mobility versus telophase immobilization unidentified
    • Role of phosphorylation in this transition not yet tested
  6. 2006 High

    Identification of VRK1, VRK2, and vaccinia B1 kinase as BAF N-terminal phosphokinases that abolish DNA and LEM-domain binding resolved the molecular switch governing BAF's chromatin association and provided in vivo validation in C. elegans showing VRK is essential for nuclear envelope formation.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assays with mutagenesis, cellular localization changes, and C. elegans VRK depletion with NE phenotype

    PMID:16495336 PMID:17170708

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase responsible for BAF dephosphorylation not yet identified
    • Temporal regulation of VRK activity during mitosis unclear
  7. 2008 High

    RNAi of BAF in human cells eliminated core assembly of lamin A and emerin and delayed nuclear envelope formation, establishing BAF as the primary recruiter of nuclear envelope components to post-mitotic chromatin.

    Evidence Time-lapse imaging, FRAP, FRET, correlative light/electron microscopy, and RNAi in human cells

    PMID:18628300

    Open questions at the time
    • How BAF is itself targeted to 'core' regions first is unresolved
    • Redundancy with other chromatin-NE bridging factors not addressed
  8. 2009 High

    Single-molecule imaging demonstrated that BAF condenses DNA by looping rather than simple coating, resolving the mechanism of its higher-order DNA bridging activity.

    Evidence TIRF microscopy of individual DNA molecules

    PMID:19805345

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether looping mode is modulated by phosphorylation untested
    • Structure of looped BAF–DNA complex unresolved
  9. 2011 High

    Discovery that a homozygous A12T mutation in BANF1 causes Néstor-Guillermo Progeria Syndrome, with rescue by wild-type BANF1 expression, directly linked BAF function to human aging and nuclear lamina integrity.

    Evidence Exome sequencing, protein stability analysis, and nuclear morphology rescue in patient fibroblasts

    PMID:21549337

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise structural impact of A12T on partner interactions not yet characterized
    • Whether reduced BAF stability or altered interaction is the primary pathomechanism unclear
  10. 2017 High

    Identification of LEM4/ANKLE-2 as the adaptor that recruits PP2A phosphatase to dephosphorylate BAF after mitosis completed the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle governing BAF's post-mitotic chromatin association.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of LEM4/ANKLE-2 with time-lapse microscopy and domain-mapping rescue experiments

    PMID:29254732

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other phosphatases contribute in specific cell types unknown
    • Temporal coordination with VRK1 inactivation not resolved
  11. 2019 High

    Demonstrating that BAF directly binds and inhibits PARP1 auto-ADP-ribosylation upon oxidative damage expanded BAF's function beyond nuclear architecture to DNA damage repair, with NGPS patient cells showing defective PARP1 activity.

    Evidence Direct binding assay, PARP1 activity assay, and DNA damage repair assays in patient and knockdown cells

    PMID:31796734

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of BAF–PARP1 interaction unknown
    • Whether BAF inhibition of PARP1 is regulated by phosphorylation untested
  12. 2020 High

    Showing that BAF outcompetes cGAS for genomic DNA binding to suppress cGAS-STING innate immune signaling during nuclear envelope rupture established BAF as a guardian against autoimmune activation by self-DNA.

    Evidence In vitro competition binding assays, nuclear envelope rupture models, and cGAS enzymatic activity assays

    PMID:32792394

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether BAF-cGAS competition is regulated by post-translational modifications unclear
    • Contribution of BAF to cGAS suppression during mitotic chromosome exposure untested
  13. 2021 High

    Crystal structures of phosphorylated versus unphosphorylated BAF revealed that sequential VRK1 phosphorylation rigidifies the N-terminal helix via intramolecular contacts with helix α6, causing ~5000-fold loss of DNA affinity while preserving lamin A/C and emerin binding, providing an atomic-level explanation for the phospho-switch.

    Evidence Crystal structures, in vitro VRK1 kinase assays, and quantitative DNA/protein binding measurements

    PMID:33744941

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether intermediate mono-phosphorylated states have distinct biological roles unknown
    • No structure of the full BAF–DNA complex to map the disrupted interface
  14. 2021 High

    Discovery that BAF relocalizes to DNA double-strand breaks and inhibits DNA-PKcs activity, shifting repair from NHEJ toward homologous recombination, revealed a second DNA repair function and established BAF as a modulator of DSB repair pathway choice.

    Evidence Localization imaging, direct binding assay, DNA-PKcs activity assay, and NHEJ/HR pathway assays in knockdown cells

    PMID:33660778

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal triggering BAF relocalization to DSBs unidentified
    • Whether DNA-PKcs inhibition and PARP1 inhibition are coordinated unclear
  15. 2022 High

    Structural and cellular analysis of the NGPS A12T mutation showed it specifically weakens the BAF–lamin A/C interaction without altering BAF fold or VRK1 phosphorylation, causing nuclear envelope fragility with recurrent re-ruptures rather than failure of initial repair, pinpointing the disease mechanism.

    Evidence Crystal structure, in vitro binding assays, CRISPR/Cas9 reversion in patient fibroblasts, live-cell NE rupture imaging

    PMID:36039758

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether repeated NE ruptures activate downstream aging pathways (cGAS, PARP1) in NGPS untested
    • Tissue-specific consequences of weakened BAF–lamin interaction unclear
  16. 2023 Medium

    BANF1 knockout in tumor cells activated cGAS-STING signaling and enhanced anti-PD-1 immunotherapy efficacy in vivo, translating the BAF–cGAS competition mechanism into a potential therapeutic vulnerability.

    Evidence BANF1 knockout tumor lines in syngeneic mouse models with flow cytometry, RNA-seq, and immunotherapy combination

    PMID:37620043

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether BANF1 loss affects tumor cell-intrinsic fitness independent of immunity not fully controlled
    • Human tumor relevance not established
    • Single lab finding

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis of the BAF–DNA looped complex, how BAF's DNA repair functions (PARP1 and DNA-PKcs inhibition) are coordinated with its nuclear envelope roles, and whether the cGAS-suppressive function of BAF contributes to the NGPS aging phenotype.
  • No high-resolution structure of BAF–dsDNA looped complex
  • Coordination between NE repair and DNA damage repair functions of BAF uncharacterized
  • Whether cGAS hyperactivation contributes to NGPS pathology untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005635 nuclear envelope 4 GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 5 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 2
Partners
CGASEMDLMNAPARP1PRKDCTMPOVRK1VRK2

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 BAF (BANF1) solution structure solved by NMR: it forms a homodimer composed of five helices per subunit with an elongated shape; helices 4 and 5 form a helix-turn-helix motif similar to DNA-binding proteins; a model for DNA interaction consistent with structural and mutagenesis data was proposed. NMR spectroscopy with dipolar couplings and mutagenesis Nature structural biology High 9783751
2000 BAF (BANF1) bridges double-stranded DNA in a discrete, higher-order nucleoprotein complex: BAF is a dimer in solution but forms a dodecamer upon DNA binding at multiple discrete sites; DNA interactions are sequence-nonspecific; dual interaction with DNA and LAP2 (a nuclear lamina protein) suggests a role in chromosome organization. Biochemical reconstitution, analytical ultracentrifugation, RNA interference in C. elegans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10908652
2001 The LEM domain of LAP2 is required for direct binding to BAF·DNA complexes; BAF changes conformation when complexed with DNA; binding affinity of LAP2 is higher for BAF·DNA complexes than for BAF alone; variable regions of LAP2 isoforms modulate this affinity 9-fold. In vitro binding assays, mutagenesis of 17 LAP2-c mutants, Xenopus nuclear assembly inhibition assay The EMBO journal High 11285238
2002 Emerin binds directly to both BAF and the transcriptional repressor GCL via distinct domains; BAF competes with GCL for binding to emerin in vitro; emerin forms stable complexes with either lamin A plus GCL or lamin A plus BAF, suggesting regulation of emerin-repressor complexes by BAF. In vitro binding assays, co-immunoprecipitation from HeLa cells, binding affinity measurements The Journal of biological chemistry High 12493765
2003 BAF (BANF1) binds directly to HIV-1 p55 Gag and its cleaved product matrix with low micromolar affinity (~1.1–1.4 µM); BAF copurifies with HIV-1 virions (approximately 0–3 copies/virion); BAF is present in activated but not resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation, virion purification with subtilisin digestion, purified recombinant protein binding assays Journal of virology High 14645565
2004 BAF (BANF1) is dynamically mobile during interphase (FRAP half-time ~260 ms at nuclear envelope), in stark contrast to its immobile partners emerin, LAP2β, and MAN1; FRET confirmed direct binding of CFP-BAF to YFP-emerin at the inner nuclear membrane in living cells; during telophase, BAF and emerin colocalize at chromosome 'core' regions and both become slow-moving. FRAP, FLIP, and FRET analyses in living HeLa cells Journal of structural biology High 15109603
2004 LAP2alpha and BAF collaborate to organize the Moloney murine leukemia virus preintegration complex (PIC): LAP2alpha stabilizes BAF association with the PIC, stimulates intermolecular integration, and suppresses autointegration; depletion of LAP2alpha significantly inhibits viral replication. PIC biochemical reconstitution, LAP2alpha-knockdown cell lines, viral replication assays The EMBO journal High 15510219
2004 LAP2alpha and a subfraction of BAF transiently localize to telomeres in anaphase and form 'core' structures on chromatin adjacent to the spindle in telophase during nuclear assembly; BAF binds to LAP2alpha in vitro and in mitotic extracts. Live cell imaging, fluorescence microscopy, in vitro binding assays with mitotic extracts Journal of cell science High 15546916
2006 VRK1, VRK2, and vaccinia B1 kinase phosphorylate the extreme N-terminus of BAF (Ser4 and/or Thr2/Thr3); phosphorylation abrogates BAF interaction with DNA and reduces interaction with the LEM domain; coexpression of VRK1 with GFP-BAF disperses BAF from nuclear chromatin/matrix throughout the cell. In vitro kinase assays, mutagenesis, co-localization and subcellular fractionation in mammalian cells Molecular biology of the cell High 16495336
2006 C. elegans BAF-1 is directly involved in nuclear envelope (NE) formation; VRK (vaccinia-related kinase) phosphorylates BAF and regulates its localization; depletion of VRK results in impaired NE formation and BAF delocalization, demonstrating VRK-mediated phosphorylation plays an essential regulatory role in BAF association with chromatin and nuclear membrane proteins during NE formation. RNAi, temperature-sensitive baf-1 mutation, VRK depletion, live imaging in C. elegans embryos The EMBO journal High 17170708
2008 BAF assembles first at distinct 'core' regions of telophase chromosomes and forms an immobile complex by directly binding lamin A and emerin; spindle microtubules mediate BAF accumulation at the core; RNAi of BAF eliminates core assembly of lamin A and emerin, causes abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation of precursor NE membranes, and causes significant delay of NE assembly. Time-lapse imaging, FRAP, FRET, correlative light and electron microscopy, RNAi in human cells Journal of cell science High 18628300
2009 BAF condenses DNA by a looping mechanism (not simple coating); BAF dissociation from DNA shows multiphasic kinetics with an initial fast phase followed by a much slower phase; this looping behavior may account for BAF's association with retroviral preintegration complexes. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy of single DNA molecules Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 19805345
2011 A homozygous BANF1 mutation (p.Ala12Thr) causes a hereditary progeroid syndrome (Néstor-Guillermo Progeria Syndrome); the mutation dramatically reduces BAF protein levels (impairs stability), causes profound nuclear lamina abnormalities including blebs and abnormal emerin distribution; ectopic expression of wild-type BANF1 rescues nuclear abnormalities in patient fibroblasts. Exome sequencing, protein stability analysis, nuclear morphology rescue by ectopic BANF1 expression in patient fibroblasts American journal of human genetics High 21549337
2011 Banf1 is required for self-renewal of mouse and human embryonic stem cells; Banf1 associates with Sox2; knockdown promotes differentiation (primarily toward mesoderm/trophectoderm in mouse ESCs) and alters cell cycle distribution with an increase in G2-M phase cells. Proteomic screen for Sox2 partners, siRNA knockdown, differentiation marker analysis, cell cycle analysis Journal of cell science Medium 21750191
2015 BAF acts as a cytosolic DNA sensor: it binds exogenous dsDNA immediately after endosome breakdown in the cytosol; BAF-bound DNA-beads assemble a nuclear envelope-like membrane and avoid autophagy; knockdown of BAF reduces NE-like membrane assembly and increases autophagic membrane formation around the DNA-beads. Live-cell imaging with dsDNA-coated polystyrene beads, RNAi knockdown in human cells Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 25991860
2016 BAF involvement in prelamin A-dependent chromatin organization: BAF is necessary to mediate prelamin A effects on chromatin structure; when BAF cannot properly interact with prelamin A (via BAF mutant unable to bind prelamin A, siRNA depletion, or NGPS patient cells with A12T mutation), no prelamin A-dependent chromatin changes occur, including loss of H3K9me3 induction, HP1-alpha, and LAP2-alpha nuclear relocalization. Expression of BAF mutants in HEK293 cells, siRNA depletion, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy Oncotarget Medium 26701887
2017 VRK2A is a transmembrane kinase at the inner nuclear membrane that phosphorylates BAF; VRK2A is retained at the nuclear envelope by association with A-type (but not B-type) lamins; VRK2 phosphorylation of BAF subtly alters BAF's nuclear mobility. BioID proximity biotinylation, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, FRAP Molecular biology of the cell High 28637768
2019 Banf1 directly binds PARP1 upon oxidative DNA damage, leading to inhibition of PARP1 auto-ADP-ribosylation; increased Banf1 causes defective repair of oxidative lesions; NGPS patient cells (with BANF1 A12T mutation) have defective PARP1 activity and impaired repair of oxidative lesions. Co-immunoprecipitation, direct binding assay, PARP1 activity assays, DNA damage repair assays in patient and knockdown cells Nature communications High 31796734
2020 BAF (BANF1) dynamically outcompetes cGAS for DNA binding on genomic self-DNA, preventing formation of DNA-cGAS complexes required for enzymatic cGAS activity; upon acute loss of nuclear membrane integrity, BAF is necessary to restrict cGAS activity on exposed DNA. In vitro competition binding assays, nuclear envelope rupture experiments, cGAS activity assays, BAF depletion Science (New York, N.Y.) High 32792394
2021 Di-phosphorylation of BAF by VRK1 (sequentially on Ser4 then Thr3) strongly reduces the flexibility of the N-terminal helix α1 and loop α1α2 due to interactions between phosphorylated residues and the positively charged C-terminal helix α6; this causes a ~5000-fold loss of affinity for dsDNA but does not impair binding to lamin A/C Ig-fold domain or emerin nucleoplasmic region. Crystal structures of BAF before and after phosphorylation, in vitro VRK1 kinase assays, NMR/biophysical measurements of DNA binding affinity Nucleic acids research High 33744941
2021 Banf1 relocalizes from the nuclear envelope to sites of DNA double-strand breaks; Banf1 directly binds and inhibits DNA-PKcs activity; depletion of Banf1 increases non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and decreases homologous recombination (HR), attributed to unrestrained DNA-PKcs activity, thus Banf1 modulates DSB repair pathway choice. Localization imaging, direct binding assay, DNA-PKcs activity assay, NHEJ/HR pathway assays in knockdown cells Nucleic acids research High 33660778
2022 The BANF1 A12T (NGPS) mutation specifically decreases the interaction between BAF and lamin A/C without affecting BAF 3D structure or VRK1 phosphorylation; this impaired interaction does not prevent initial NE rupture repair but generates weak points leading to higher frequency of NE re-rupturing in NGPS patient cells, suggesting NE fragility underlies the premature aging phenotype. Crystal structure, in vitro binding assays, CRISPR/Cas9 reversion of A12T mutation, live-cell NE rupture imaging in patient fibroblasts Nucleic acids research High 36039758
2022 Nucleoplasmic lamin C rapidly accumulates at sites of nuclear envelope rupture; this accumulation requires both the immunoglobulin-like fold domain (which binds BAF) and a nuclear localization signal; accumulation of nuclear BAF and cytoplasmic cGAS at rupture sites is in part dependent on lamin A/C, indicating concerted recruitment of lamin C, BAF, and cGAS at NE rupture sites for rapid repair. Immunofluorescence, live-cell imaging with laser microirradiation-induced NE ruptures in mouse embryonic fibroblasts The Journal of cell biology Medium 36301259
2017 LEM4/ANKLE-2 deficiency impairs post-mitotic re-localization of BAF, LAP2α, and Lamin A to chromosomes; LEM4/ANKLE-2 binds BAF through its LEM-domain and mediates dephosphorylation of BAF through binding to phosphatase PP2A; loss of either PP2A binding or LEM-domain (BAF binding) in rescue mutants abolishes restoration of BAF telophase chromosome association, indicating PP2A-mediated BAF dephosphorylation is required for proper post-mitotic NE reassembly. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of LEM4/ANKLE-2, time-lapse video microscopy, truncation mutant rescue experiments European journal of cell biology High 29254732
2023 BANF1 knockout in tumor cells activates cGAS-STING-mediated antitumor immune responses; BANF1 deficiency leads to an immune-activating tumor microenvironment with increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and decreased MDSC enrichment; combining BANF1 depletion with anti-PD-1 enhances tumor control, and effects are absent in immunodeficient mice, confirming an immune-dependent mechanism. BANF1 knockout in tumor cell lines, syngeneic tumor models in immunocompetent vs immunodeficient mice, cGAS-STING pathway analysis, flow cytometry, RNA sequencing Journal for immunotherapy of cancer Medium 37620043
2023 TMIGD1 directly interacts with cytoplasmic BANF1 to inhibit NF-κB activation; TMIGD1 knockdown impairs intestinal barrier integrity and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production; exogenous BANF1 co-expression with TMIGD1 restores barrier function and inhibits inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, mass spectrometry, Tmigd1 intestinal-specific knockout mice, organoid experiments BMC medicine Medium 37542259

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 Rapid and phosphoinositol-dependent binding of the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex to chromatin after T lymphocyte receptor signaling. Cell 623 9845365
2019 BAF complex vulnerabilities in cancer demonstrated via structure-based PROTAC design. Nature chemical biology 434 31178587
2017 Cancer-Specific Retargeting of BAF Complexes by a Prion-like Domain. Cell 390 28844694
2017 AP-1 Transcription Factors and the BAF Complex Mediate Signal-Dependent Enhancer Selection. Molecular cell 345 29272704
2016 The Many Roles of BAF (mSWI/SNF) and PBAF Complexes in Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 338 27413115
2001 Regulation of CSF1 promoter by the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex. Cell 290 11509180
2020 Structure of nucleosome-bound human BAF complex. Science (New York, N.Y.) 269 32001526
2016 Dynamics of BAF-Polycomb complex opposition on heterochromatin in normal and oncogenic states. Nature genetics 242 27941796
2013 BAF complexes facilitate decatenation of DNA by topoisomerase IIα. Nature 224 23698369
2017 SMARCB1 is required for widespread BAF complex-mediated activation of enhancers and bivalent promoters. Nature genetics 223 28945250
2000 Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) bridges DNA in a discrete, higher-order nucleoprotein complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 223 10908652
2017 Degradation of the BAF Complex Factor BRD9 by Heterobifunctional Ligands. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 220 28418626
2002 Reciprocal regulation of CD4/CD8 expression by SWI/SNF-like BAF complexes. Nature 205 12110891
2006 The vaccinia-related kinases phosphorylate the N' terminus of BAF, regulating its interaction with DNA and its retention in the nucleus. Molecular biology of the cell 204 16495336
2002 Transcriptional repressor germ cell-less (GCL) and barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) compete for binding to emerin in vitro. The Journal of biological chemistry 204 12493765
2019 The BAF complex in development and disease. Epigenetics & chromatin 195 30898143
2019 Spliceosomal disruption of the non-canonical BAF complex in cancer. Nature 190 31597964
2008 Live cell imaging and electron microscopy reveal dynamic processes of BAF-directed nuclear envelope assembly. Journal of cell science 190 18628300
2006 Caenorhabditis elegans BAF-1 and its kinase VRK-1 participate directly in post-mitotic nuclear envelope assembly. The EMBO journal 181 17170708
2001 LAP2 binds to BAF.DNA complexes: requirement for the LEM domain and modulation by variable regions. The EMBO journal 179 11285238
2018 A non-canonical BRD9-containing BAF chromatin remodeling complex regulates naive pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature communications 174 30510198
2017 Chromatin Remodeling BAF (SWI/SNF) Complexes in Neural Development and Disorders. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 174 28824374
2004 LAP2alpha and BAF transiently localize to telomeres and specific regions on chromatin during nuclear assembly. Journal of cell science 169 15546916
2018 Vitamin D Switches BAF Complexes to Protect β Cells. Cell 168 29754817
2020 BAF restricts cGAS on nuclear DNA to prevent innate immune activation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 165 32792394
2011 Exome sequencing and functional analysis identifies BANF1 mutation as the cause of a hereditary progeroid syndrome. American journal of human genetics 163 21549337
2004 BAF: roles in chromatin, nuclear structure and retrovirus integration. Trends in cell biology 138 15130582
2021 Acute BAF perturbation causes immediate changes in chromatin accessibility. Nature genetics 125 33558760
2014 The role of BAF (mSWI/SNF) complexes in mammalian neural development. American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics 121 25195934
2004 Dynamic interaction between BAF and emerin revealed by FRAP, FLIP, and FRET analyses in living HeLa cells. Journal of structural biology 120 15109603
1998 Solution structure of the cellular factor BAF responsible for protecting retroviral DNA from autointegration. Nature structural biology 117 9783751
2019 Systematic characterization of BAF mutations provides insights into intracomplex synthetic lethalities in human cancers. Nature genetics 106 31427792
2012 SS18 together with animal-specific factors defines human BAF-type SWI/SNF complexes. PloS one 102 22442726
2015 Loss of BAF (mSWI/SNF) Complexes Causes Global Transcriptional and Chromatin State Changes in Forebrain Development. Cell reports 96 26655900
2014 Coffin-Siris syndrome and related disorders involving components of the BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex: historical review and recent advances using next generation sequencing. American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics 91 25169878
2004 The chromatin-remodeling BAF complex mediates cellular antiviral activities by promoter priming. Molecular and cellular biology 90 15121865
2018 Binding of TMPRSS2-ERG to BAF Chromatin Remodeling Complexes Mediates Prostate Oncogenesis. Molecular cell 86 30078722
2015 Barrier to Autointegration Factor (BANF1): interwoven roles in nuclear structure, genome integrity, innate immunity, stress responses and progeria. Current opinion in cell biology 80 26072104
2007 Nucleoplasmic lamins and their interaction partners, LAP2alpha, Rb, and BAF, in transcriptional regulation. The FEBS journal 79 17489094
2017 TOP2 synergizes with BAF chromatin remodeling for both resolution and formation of facultative heterochromatin. Nature structural & molecular biology 73 28250416
2014 Stochastic genome-nuclear lamina interactions: modulating roles of Lamin A and BAF. Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) 72 24717229
2020 MUC1-C Activates the BAF (mSWI/SNF) Complex in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer research 70 33323379
2018 Mutations in the BAF-Complex Subunit DPF2 Are Associated with Coffin-Siris Syndrome. American journal of human genetics 70 29429572
2023 The BAF chromatin remodeler synergizes with RNA polymerase II and transcription factors to evict nucleosomes. Nature genetics 69 38049663
2017 EBF2 transcriptionally regulates brown adipogenesis via the histone reader DPF3 and the BAF chromatin remodeling complex. Genes & development 69 28428261
2020 Merkel cell polyomavirus activates LSD1-mediated blockade of non-canonical BAF to regulate transformation and tumorigenesis. Nature cell biology 67 32284543
2014 The transcriptional regulator ADNP links the BAF (SWI/SNF) complexes with autism. American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics 64 25169753
2009 Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) condenses DNA by looping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 63 19805345
2023 The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes BAF and PBAF differentially regulate epigenetic transitions in exhausted CD8+ T cells. Immunity 59 37315535
2018 YY1 Positively Regulates Transcription by Targeting Promoters and Super-Enhancers through the BAF Complex in Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem cell reports 59 29503092
2012 The SWI/SNF-like BAF complex is essential for early B cell development. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 59 22427636
2022 BAF Complex Maintains Glioma Stem Cells in Pediatric H3K27M Glioma. Cancer discovery 56 36305736
2019 Unwinding chromatin at the right places: how BAF is targeted to specific genomic locations during development. Development (Cambridge, England) 51 31570369
2021 BAF complexes drive proliferation and block myogenic differentiation in fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma. Nature communications 50 34836971
2019 EWS-FLI1 modulated alternative splicing of ARID1A reveals novel oncogenic function through the BAF complex. Nucleic acids research 50 31392992
2019 Barrier-to-autointegration factor 1 (Banf1) regulates poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity following oxidative DNA damage. Nature communications 50 31796734
2020 Dual ARID1A/ARID1B loss leads to rapid carcinogenesis and disruptive redistribution of BAF complexes. Nature cancer 49 34386776
2018 Small Molecule Targeting of Specific BAF (mSWI/SNF) Complexes for HIV Latency Reversal. Cell chemical biology 49 30197195
2021 Interplay of BAF and MLL4 promotes cell type-specific enhancer activation. Nature communications 48 33712604
2004 LAP2alpha and BAF collaborate to organize the Moloney murine leukemia virus preintegration complex. The EMBO journal 48 15510219
2021 A Role for SMARCB1 in Synovial Sarcomagenesis Reveals That SS18-SSX Induces Canonical BAF Destruction. Cancer discovery 46 34078620
2003 Barrier-to-autointegration factor BAF binds p55 Gag and matrix and is a host component of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions. Journal of virology 46 14645565
2017 VRK2A is an A-type lamin-dependent nuclear envelope kinase that phosphorylates BAF. Molecular biology of the cell 45 28637768
2020 BICRA, a SWI/SNF Complex Member, Is Associated with BAF-Disorder Related Phenotypes in Humans and Model Organisms. American journal of human genetics 43 33232675
2016 Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) involvement in prelamin A-related chromatin organization changes. Oncotarget 43 26701887
2018 Epigenetic Regulation by BAF Complexes Limits Neural Stem Cell Proliferation by Suppressing Wnt Signaling in Late Embryonic Development. Stem cell reports 42 29779894
2021 BAF subunit switching regulates chromatin accessibility to control cell cycle exit in the developing mammalian cortex. Genes & development 41 33602870
2011 Banf1 is required to maintain the self-renewal of both mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Journal of cell science 41 21750191
2018 Germline variants in SMARCB1 and other members of the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex across human disease entities: a meta-analysis. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 40 29706634
2022 Altered BAF occupancy and transcription factor dynamics in PBAF-deficient melanoma. Cell reports 38 35385731
2016 The SWI/SNF BAF-A complex is essential for neural crest development. Developmental biology 38 26806701
2019 The BAF and PRC2 Complex Subunits Dpf2 and Eed Antagonistically Converge on Tbx3 to Control ESC Differentiation. Cell stem cell 37 30609396
2018 BAFfling pathologies: Alterations of BAF complexes in cancer. Cancer letters 37 29374542
2014 Roles of chromatin remodeling BAF complex in neural differentiation and reprogramming. Cell and tissue research 37 24496512
2022 Nucleoplasmic lamin C rapidly accumulates at sites of nuclear envelope rupture with BAF and cGAS. The Journal of cell biology 36 36301259
2015 BAF is a cytosolic DNA sensor that leads to exogenous DNA avoiding autophagy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 36 25991860
2013 BAF chromatin remodeling complex: cortical size regulation and beyond. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 36 23974113
2021 Intrinsically disordered Meningioma-1 stabilizes the BAF complex to cause AML. Molecular cell 35 33974912
2020 Long non-coding RNA uc.291 controls epithelial differentiation by interfering with the ACTL6A/BAF complex. EMBO reports 35 32017402
2020 HRP2-DPF3a-BAF complex coordinates histone modification and chromatin remodeling to regulate myogenic gene transcription. Nucleic acids research 35 32459350
2015 Small Molecule Inhibitors of BAF; A Promising Family of Compounds in HIV-1 Latency Reversal. EBioMedicine 35 26870822
2019 Siponimod (BAF-312) Attenuates Perihemorrhagic Edema And Improves Survival in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 34 31558140
2021 Di-phosphorylated BAF shows altered structural dynamics and binding to DNA, but interacts with its nuclear envelope partners. Nucleic acids research 33 33744941
2023 Canonical BAF complex activity shapes the enhancer landscape that licenses CD8+ T cell effector and memory fates. Immunity 31 37315534
2022 MUC1-C Dictates JUN and BAF-Mediated Chromatin Remodeling at Enhancer Signatures in Cancer Stem Cells. Molecular cancer research : MCR 31 35022313
2022 The BAF A12T mutation disrupts lamin A/C interaction, impairing robust repair of nuclear envelope ruptures in Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome cells. Nucleic acids research 31 36039758
2012 The BAF complex and HIV latency. Transcription 30 22771990
2022 The FUS::DDIT3 fusion oncoprotein inhibits BAF complex targeting and activity in myxoid liposarcoma. Molecular cell 28 35390276
2017 Expression of VRK1 and the downstream gene BANF1 in esophageal cancer. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 28 28298069
2021 The BAF chromatin remodeling complexes: structure, function, and synthetic lethalities. Biochemical Society transactions 27 34431497
2017 LEM4/ANKLE-2 deficiency impairs post-mitotic re-localization of BAF, LAP2α and LaminA to the nucleus, causes nuclear envelope instability in telophase and leads to hyperploidy in HeLa cells. European journal of cell biology 27 29254732
2021 Inability to switch from ARID1A-BAF to ARID1B-BAF impairs exit from pluripotency and commitment towards neural crest formation in ARID1B-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Nature communications 26 34753942
2019 Intrinsic Disorder of the BAF Complex: Roles in Chromatin Remodeling and Disease Development. International journal of molecular sciences 26 31652801
2001 Overexpression of E2F-1 leads to cytokine-independent proliferation and survival in the hematopoietic cell line BaF-B03. Blood 25 11133765
2009 Involvement of an inner nuclear membrane protein, Nemp1, in Xenopus neural development through an interaction with the chromatin protein BAF. Developmental biology 24 19167377
2023 Inhibition of tumor intrinsic BANF1 activates antitumor immune responses via cGAS-STING and enhances the efficacy of PD-1 blockade. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 23 37620043
2018 The role of ARID1B, a BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit, in neural development and behavior. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 23 30149092
2023 Decreased TMIGD1 aggravates colitis and intestinal barrier dysfunction via the BANF1-NF-κB pathway in Crohn's disease. BMC medicine 22 37542259
2021 Barrier-to-autointegration-factor (Banf1) modulates DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice via regulation of DNA-dependent kinase (DNA-PK) activity. Nucleic acids research 22 33660778
2020 Dose-dependent functions of SWI/SNF BAF in permitting and inhibiting cell proliferation in vivo. Science advances 22 32494730