Affinage

ATG13

Autophagy-related protein 13 · UniProt O75143

Length
517 aa
Mass
56.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
93 papers in source corpus 41 papers cited in narrative 40 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ATG13 is a central scaffold of the autophagy initiation machinery, assembling with ULK1/2 and FIP200 into a constitutive ~3-MDa complex whose activity is gated by nutrient signaling and which is essential for autophagosome formation (PMID:19211835, PMID:19258318). ATG13 and FIP200 together stimulate ULK1 kinase activity and direct ULK1 to the pre-autophagosomal structure, and ATG13 also serves as the obligate bridge that incorporates ATG101 into the complex and stabilizes it (PMID:19258318, PMID:19597335, PMID:19287211). Architecturally the protein is bipartite: an N-terminal HORMA domain whose conserved Arg residues recruit the PI3-kinase subunit Atg14 and which directly binds Atg9 vesicles to deliver them to the PAS, and a large C-terminal intrinsically disordered region that engages ULK1, FIP200, Atg17, LC3 via a LIR motif, and acidic phospholipid membranes (PMID:23509291, PMID:24290141, PMID:25737544, PMID:31352862, PMID:40552710). The ATG13 HORMA domain pairs with ATG101 in a Mad2-like conformational heterodimer that anchors the complex to PI3P-enriched membranes through WIPI3/WIPI2 binding and positions the ULK1 kinase domain for substrate phosphorylation [PMID:26299944, PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.11.07.687251]. ATG13 activity is set by reversible phosphorylation: mTORC1 (Ser-258) and AMPK (Ser-224) phosphorylate ATG13 to inhibit initiation, while dephosphorylation switches autophagy on, with additional kinase inputs from PKA, CDK1/cyclin B during mitosis, and Mec1 coupling autophagy to nutrient and DNA-damage states (PMID:26801615, PMID:19805182, PMID:32516310, PMID:36574691). Beyond the canonical complex, an ATG13-ATG101 subcomplex regulates ATG9A distribution independently of ULK1, and ATG13 abundance is further controlled post-translationally by linear ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation and post-transcriptionally by mRNA stabilization (PMID:34369648, PMID:32543267, PMID:36148140, PMID:39414370). ATG13 function is broadly conserved from yeast Atg13 through Drosophila and C. elegans EPG-1 (PMID:15743910, PMID:19225150, PMID:19377305).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 26 steps
  1. 2009 High

    Established the mammalian autophagy initiation complex and its nutrient control: whether ATG13 acted within a stable complex and how nutrients controlled it was unknown; the work defined a constitutive ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 assembly directly phosphorylated by mTORC1.

    Evidence Co-IP, gel filtration, siRNA, rapamycin/starvation and in-cell phosphorylation in mammalian cells

    PMID:19211835 PMID:19258318

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve the structural basis of subunit contacts
    • Did not identify the specific mTORC1 phosphosites
  2. 2009 High

    Defined ATG13/FIP200 as activators of ULK1: it was unclear how the complex tuned kinase output; reconstitution showed both subunits are required for maximal ULK1 activity, localization, and stability.

    Evidence In vitro kinase reconstitution plus cellular Co-IP and microscopy

    PMID:19258318

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of kinase stimulation not structurally defined
  3. 2009 High

    Placed ATG13 as the scaffold for ATG101 incorporation: the metazoan-specific ATG101 lacked a known assembly route; ATG13 was shown to be required for ATG101 to join and stabilize the complex.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, siRNA, localization and proteasome-inhibition assays in mammalian cells

    PMID:19287211 PMID:19597335

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the ATG13-ATG101 interface not yet defined
    • How ATG101 reciprocally stabilizes ATG13 mechanistically unresolved
  4. 2010 High

    Demonstrated Atg13 dephosphorylation as the molecular switch for autophagy: it was unclear whether TORC1 phosphorylation directly gated Atg1 complex assembly; an unphosphorylatable mutant bypassed TORC1 to induce autophagy.

    Evidence In vitro TORC1 kinase assay and 8SA-mutant bypass in yeast

    PMID:20383061

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylation not identified here
    • Direct mammalian sites not yet mapped
  5. 2013 High

    Revealed the HORMA fold as a distinct functional module: domain assignment for ATG13's N-terminus was unknown; crystallography defined a HORMA domain with conserved Arg residues required for Atg14 recruitment but not Atg1 binding.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography (2.3 Å) plus yeast mutant and localization assays

    PMID:23509291

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the Arg residues bind phosphate directly was not demonstrated
    • HORMA conformational dynamics not characterized
  6. 2013 High

    Identified ATG13 as a direct LC3-family interactor: it was unknown whether ATG13 itself binds Atg8-family proteins; structures showed LIR-mediated binding to LC3A/B/C gated by an LC3 Lys49 gatekeeper.

    Evidence Crystal structures of LC3-ATG13 LIR complexes and cell-based puncta assays

    PMID:24290141

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of the LIR in autophagosome formation not fully dissected
    • Isoform selectivity in vivo not resolved
  7. 2015 High

    Assigned the HORMA domain a vesicle-recruitment role: how Atg9 vesicles reach the PAS was unclear; the Atg13 HORMA domain was shown to directly bind Atg9 and deliver vesicles, distinct from C-terminal scaffolding.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, localization and HORMA point-mutant autophagy assays

    PMID:25737544

    Open questions at the time
    • Atg9 binding surface on HORMA not structurally mapped
    • Coordination with ATG101 in vesicle recruitment not addressed
  8. 2015 High

    Defined the ATG13-ATG101 HORMA heterodimer architecture: how the two HORMA proteins assemble was unknown; the structure revealed a Mad2-like dimer with a sequestered WF finger suggesting regulated exposure.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of the human ATG13-ATG101 HORMA heterodimer

    PMID:26299944

    Open questions at the time
    • Trigger for WF finger exposure not identified
    • Functional partners docking on the hydrophobic pockets not yet found
  9. 2016 High

    Mapped the inhibitory mammalian phosphosites: the direct mTOR/AMPK targets on ATG13 were undefined; Ser-258 (mTOR) and Ser-224 (AMPK) were shown to suppress autophagy via ULK1 activity.

    Evidence In vitro mTOR kinase assay and ATG13-KO reconstitution with phospho-mutants

    PMID:26801615

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase reversing these sites in mammals not identified here
    • Full mammalian phosphosite map incomplete
  10. 2016 High

    Showed the IDR drives supramolecular complex self-assembly: how Atg1 complexes oligomerize at the PAS was unclear; the Atg13 IDR was found to carry two Atg17 sites linking subcomplexes and promoting Atg1 autophosphorylation and Atg9 recruitment.

    Evidence Crystallography, NMR, in vitro reconstitution, PAS assays, and HS-AFM in yeast

    PMID:27404361

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether mammalian ATG13 IDR mediates equivalent multimerization not tested here
  11. 2018 High

    Defined direct membrane engagement by the IDR: it was unknown whether Atg13 itself contacts lipid; the C-terminal IDR was shown to bind phospholipids electrostatically and via a Phe insertion, mutually exclusive with Vac8.

    Evidence ITC, lipid-binding, CD, and mutagenesis with yeast autophagy assays

    PMID:31352862

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo membrane-binding kinetics not resolved
    • Mammalian conservation of the membrane-binding residues not addressed
  12. 2009 High

    Established additional independent phospho-inputs: beyond TOR, whether other kinases regulate Atg13 was unknown; PKA was shown to directly phosphorylate Atg13 at distinct sites controlling PAS localization.

    Evidence In vitro PKA kinase assay, phospho-site mutants, PAS localization in yeast

    PMID:19805182

    Open questions at the time
    • Integration of PKA and TOR inputs not quantified
    • Mammalian PKA control of ATG13 not established here
  13. 2016 Medium

    Identified the activating phosphatase: how dephosphorylation is achieved after TORC1 inactivation was unclear; PP2A-Cdc55/Rts1 were shown to be required for Atg13 dephosphorylation and autophagy induction.

    Evidence PP2A deletion-mutant epistasis with non-phosphorylatable Atg13 in yeast

    PMID:27973551

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab study
    • Direct PP2A action on Atg13 not shown by in vitro phosphatase assay
    • Mammalian phosphatase counterpart not identified
  14. 2011 High

    Linked ATG13 phosphorylation to selective mitophagy: how ATG13 contributes to mitochondrial clearance was unknown; Hsp90-Cdc37-stabilized ULK1 phosphorylates ATG13 driving its release and recruitment to damaged mitochondria.

    Evidence Co-IP, Hsp90 inhibition, phosphorylation and mitochondrial clearance assays

    PMID:21855797

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphosite mediating release not mapped
    • Mitochondrial receptor coupling not defined here
  15. 2011 Medium

    Connected ATG13 to Atg1 homodimerization: the mechanism by which Atg13 activates Atg1 was unclear; Atg13 was shown to promote an Atg1-Atg1 self-interaction required for kinase activity and activation-loop autophosphorylation.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro kinase assay, heterologous dimerization rescue in yeast

    PMID:21712380

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Structural basis of the dimer not resolved
    • Conservation in mammalian ULK1 not tested
  16. 2011 High

    Separated FIP200- and ULK1-dependent functions: whether ATG13 acts solely through ULK1 was unknown; KO reconstitution showed FIP200 binding is essential while ULK1-binding-deficient ATG13 partially rescues, revealing ULK1-independent roles.

    Evidence ATG13-KO cells with domain-mutant reconstitution and flux assays

    PMID:22024743 PMID:26213203

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular nature of the ULK1-independent FIP200 function not defined here
  17. 2020 High

    Added cell-cycle phospho-control: whether autophagy initiation is coupled to mitosis was unknown; CDK1/cyclin B was shown to phosphorylate ULK1 and ATG13 to promote mitotic autophagy and proliferation.

    Evidence MS phospho-mapping, CDK1 kinase assay, ULK1/ATG13 double-KO cells and xenografts

    PMID:32516310

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrate consequences of mitotic ATG13 phosphosites not detailed
    • Relationship to mTOR/AMPK sites unresolved
  18. 2020 Medium

    Revealed ubiquitin control at the phagophore: how ATG13 is modified during maturation was unknown; LUBAC linear-ubiquitinates ATG13 (countered by OTULIN) to balance initiation versus maturation.

    Evidence siRNA, Co-IP, co-localization and ubiquitination assays

    PMID:32543267

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Ubiquitinated lysines not mapped
    • Mechanism linking ubiquitination to maturation block unclear
  19. 2021 High

    Defined a ULK1-independent ATG13-ATG101-ATG9A axis: whether the HORMA dimer functions outside the ULK1 complex was unknown; the dimer was shown to bind ATG9A independently of ULK1 and regulate its distribution.

    Evidence BioID, split-mVenus, KO/reconstitution with ULK1-binding-deficient mutant rescue

    PMID:34369648

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional output of altered ATG9A distribution incompletely defined
    • Direct ATG9A-HORMA contact not structurally resolved
  20. 2022 High

    Coupled DNA-damage sensing to PAS assembly: whether Mec1 acts directly on Atg13 was unknown; a direct Mec1-Atg13 interaction via defined MBR/ABR regions was shown to be required for PAS recruitment and starvation autophagy.

    Evidence In vitro binding, deletion/point mutants, PAS localization and autophagy assays in yeast

    PMID:36574691

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Mec1 phosphorylates Atg13 at the PAS not established
    • Mammalian conservation unaddressed
  21. 2022 Medium

    Defined autophagy termination via Atg13 re-phosphorylation: how prolonged autophagy is switched off was unknown; Atg1-mediated Atg13 re-phosphorylation (with PP2C and the vacuolar protein Tag1) was shown to disperse the PAS.

    Evidence Genetic screen, phosphorylation western blots, PAS microscopy in tag1Δ/kinase-dead mutants

    PMID:33536246

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Tag1 mechanism of action on Atg13 unresolved
    • Mammalian termination pathway not defined
  22. 2022 High

    Extended phosphatase control to meiosis: developmental regulation of Atg13 was unknown; Cdc14 was shown to dephosphorylate Atg13 in a spatiotemporal manner during meiotic anaphase to stimulate autophagy.

    Evidence In vitro Cdc14 phosphatase assay, localization and meiotic autophagy assays in yeast

    PMID:35238874

    Open questions at the time
    • Cdc14 target sites on Atg13 not mapped
    • Relationship to PP2A control unclear
  23. 2022 High

    Provided a comprehensive phospho-map and a balance principle: the full phospho-regulatory landscape was undefined; 48 Atg13 sites were mapped and reciprocal mutants showed both insufficient and excessive autophagy are detrimental.

    Evidence In vivo phosphoproteomics, reciprocal phospho-mutants, PAS assays, Atg11 epistasis in yeast

    PMID:38233718

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinase/phosphatase assignment for individual sites incomplete
    • Mammalian equivalence of the 48-site map unknown
  24. 2025 High

    Defined the core complex stoichiometry and interfaces: precise architecture of the ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 core was unknown; structure prediction plus validation established a 1:1:2 complex with ATG13 IDR engaging FIP200 UBL bases and the ULK1 MIT domain.

    Evidence AlphaFold prediction, in vitro binding with point mutants, cellular Co-IP and flux assays

    PMID:40552710

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length experimental structure not determined
    • Dynamics of the IDR contacts not resolved
  25. 2025 High

    Defined membrane anchoring and kinase positioning by WIPI binding: how the HORMA dimer couples to PI3P membranes and orients ULK1 was unknown; ATG13:ATG101 was shown to bind WIPI3/WIPI2, insert the ATG101 WF finger into membrane, and dock a ULK1 PVP motif to position the kinase for ATG16L1 phosphorylation.

    Evidence Biochemical reconstitution, MD simulations, cell-based phosphorylation and flux assays (preprint)

    PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.11.07.687251

    Open questions at the time
    • Preprint, not yet peer-reviewed
    • In vivo confirmation of WF finger membrane insertion limited
  26. 2024 Medium

    Established post-transcriptional control of ATG13 abundance: how ATG13 protein levels are set was undefined; YBX3 was shown to bind and stabilize ATG13 mRNA via its 3' UTR.

    Evidence RIP, mRNA stability and 3' UTR reporter assays, YBX3 depletion across cell lines

    PMID:39414370

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Physiological contexts where this control dominates unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the many phospho-, ubiquitin-, and abundance-control inputs are integrated to set a quantitatively correct autophagic response in mammalian cells, and the mechanistic basis of the proposed ATG101-dimerization feedback memory, remain open.
  • Cross-talk between kinase/phosphatase, ubiquitin, and mRNA-stability inputs not reconciled
  • ATG101-dimerization memory model awaits peer review and in vivo validation
  • Mammalian phosphosite-specific kinase/phosphatase assignments incomplete

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 1
Localization
GO:0005739 mitochondrion 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 3 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 3 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 1
Partners
ATG101ATG17ATG9AFIP200LC3BULK1WIPI2WIPI3
Complex memberships
ATG13-ATG101 HORMA heterodimerAtg1-Atg13-Atg17 complex (yeast)ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 (ULK initiation complex)

Evidence

Reading pass · 40 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2009 ATG13 forms a stable ~3-MDa complex with ULK1 and FIP200 in mammalian cells; this complex is constitutively assembled regardless of nutrient conditions (unlike the yeast counterpart). mTORC1 is incorporated into the ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex through ULK1 in a nutrient-dependent manner and directly phosphorylates both ULK1 and ATG13 to suppress autophagy. ATG13 localizes to the autophagosomal isolation membrane and is essential for autophagosome formation. Co-immunoprecipitation, gel filtration, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, rapamycin and starvation experiments, in-cell phosphorylation assays Molecular biology of the cell High 19211835 19258318
2009 FIP200 and ATG13 each enhance ULK1 kinase activity individually, but both are required for maximal ULK1 kinase activity stimulation, as demonstrated in cellular experiments and a de novo in vitro reconstituted reaction. ATG13 and FIP200 are also critical for correct localization of ULK1 to the pre-autophagosome and for ULK1 protein stability. In vitro kinase reconstitution assay, cellular co-immunoprecipitation, ULK1 localization by fluorescence microscopy, siRNA knockdown The Journal of biological chemistry High 19258318
2009 ATG101, a novel mammalian protein with no yeast homolog, directly interacts with ATG13 and associates with the ULK-ATG13-FIP200 complex. In ATG13 siRNA-treated cells, ATG101 is present only as a monomer, establishing ATG13 as the scaffold for ATG101 incorporation. ATG101 stabilizes ATG13 and ULK1 basal phosphorylation; its depletion blocks autophagosome formation. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, GFP-tagged protein localization, western blot Autophagy High 19287211 19597335
2009 ATG101 stabilizes ATG13 from proteasomal degradation and interacts with ULK1 in an ATG13-dependent manner, placing ATG13 as the bridge between ATG101 and ULK1 in the initiation complex. Co-immunoprecipitation, proteasome inhibitor treatment, siRNA knockdown, western blot Autophagy Medium 19287211
2004 In yeast, the Atg1-Atg13 signaling complex governs retrograde transport of Atg9 and Atg23 from the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS); Atg1 kinase activity is required specifically for Atg23 retrieval, while Atg9 recycling additionally requires Atg18 and Atg2. Genetic epistasis, fluorescence microscopy of Atg9/Atg23 trafficking, Atg1 kinase-dead mutants Developmental cell High 14723849
2005 In yeast, Atg17 physically associates with the Atg1-Atg13 complex; Atg17 binding to Atg1 requires Atg13 as an intermediary (Atg17-Atg1 interaction is lost in atg13Δ cells). A point mutation in Atg17 (C24R) reduces Atg13 affinity, impairs Atg1 kinase activity, and causes autophagy defects, demonstrating that Atg17-Atg13 complex formation is required for normal autophagosome formation and Atg1 activation. Two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, atg13Δ epistasis, Atg17 point mutant analysis, autophagy assays Molecular biology of the cell High 15743910
2009 In Drosophila, Atg1 and Atg13 form a complex; Atg13 phosphorylation is greatest under autophagic (starvation) conditions rather than being inhibitory as in yeast, and phosphorylation does not prevent Atg1-Atg13 association. Atg13 stimulates Atg1 autophagic activity and Atg1's inhibition of TOR signaling, in part by disrupting normal TOR trafficking. Excess Atg13 paradoxically inhibits autophagosome expansion. Genetic knockout, in vivo co-immunoprecipitation, epistasis, phosphorylation analysis in TOR/Atg1 kinase-dependent conditions Molecular biology of the cell High 19225150
2009 In yeast, both the Tor and PKA signaling pathways independently phosphorylate Atg13 to regulate autophagy. PKA directly phosphorylates Atg13 at sites distinct from Tor phosphorylation sites, and these PKA phosphorylation events regulate Atg13 localization to the preautophagosomal structure (PAS). In vitro kinase assay (PKA phosphorylation of Atg13), phosphorylation-site mutant analysis, PAS localization by fluorescence microscopy, genetic pathway analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 19805182
2010 In yeast, TORC1 directly phosphorylates Atg13 on at least eight serine residues. Expression of an unphosphorylatable Atg13 mutant (Atg13-8SA) bypasses the TORC1 pathway to induce autophagy in vegetatively growing cells, demonstrating that Atg13 dephosphorylation is a molecular switch for autophagy induction and Atg1 complex formation. In vitro TORC1 kinase assay, site-directed mutagenesis (8SA mutant), autophagy reporter assays, Atg1 complex formation analysis, PAS organization assays Autophagy High 20383061
2011 The Hsp90-Cdc37 chaperone complex stabilizes and activates ULK1, which in turn phosphorylates ATG13 causing its release from ULK1 and recruitment to damaged mitochondria. Hsp90-Cdc37, ULK1, and ATG13 phosphorylation are all required for efficient mitochondrial clearance (mitophagy). Co-immunoprecipitation, pharmacological Hsp90 inhibition, phosphorylation analysis, mitochondrial clearance assays, siRNA knockdown Molecular cell High 21855797
2011 ATG13 function in autophagy strictly depends on FIP200 binding; an ATG13-deficient cell line demonstrates that ATG13 is indispensable for autophagy induction. Furthermore, a short C-terminal peptide motif of ATG13 mediates ULK1/2 binding, but a ULK1/2 binding-deficient ATG13 variant can partially restore autophagic activity, indicating ATG13 has ULK1/2-independent functions mediated through FIP200. ATG13 knockout cells, domain-deletion and point-mutant reconstitution, autophagy flux assays, co-immunoprecipitation Autophagy High 22024743 26213203
2013 The N-terminal domain of Atg13 adopts a HORMA (Hop1, Rev7, Mad2) fold revealed at 2.3-Å resolution by X-ray crystallography. This HORMA domain is required for autophagy and for recruitment of the PI 3-kinase subunit Atg14 to the PAS, but is not required for Atg1 interaction or Atg13 recruitment to the PAS. Two conserved Arg residues in the HORMA domain (putative phosphate sensors) are essential for autophagy and Atg14 recruitment. X-ray crystallography (2.3 Å), yeast mutant analysis, autophagy assays, Atg14 localization assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 23509291
2013 ATG13 interacts with all three human LC3 isoforms (LC3A, LC3B, LC3C) via its LIR (LC3-interacting region) motif. Crystal structures of LC3A and LC3C complexed with the ATG13 LIR reveal that the side-chain of Lys49 in LC3 acts as a gatekeeper regulating LIR binding; mutation of Lys49 in LC3A significantly reduces LC3A-positive puncta formation. X-ray crystallography (LC3-ATG13 LIR complex structures), in vitro binding assays, cell-based LC3 puncta formation assay with Lys49 mutants Structure High 24290141
2015 The N-terminal HORMA domain of Atg13 directly binds Atg9 (a multispanning membrane protein on Atg9 vesicles). HORMA domain mutants unable to interact with Atg9 impair PAS localization of Atg9 vesicles and cause severe defects in starvation-induced autophagy. Thus, the Atg13 HORMA domain recruits Atg9 vesicles to the PAS as a mechanistically distinct step from complex scaffold formation by the C-terminal disordered region. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence microscopy of Atg9 localization, autophagy assays with HORMA domain point mutants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 25737544
2015 The human ATG13 HORMA domain and the full-length HORMA-domain-only protein ATG101 form a heterodimer whose crystal structure reveals an architecture conserved with the Mad2 conformational heterodimer and S. pombe Atg13-Atg101. The WF finger motif essential for ATG101 function is sequestered in a hydrophobic pocket, suggesting regulated exposure. Conserved hydrophobic pockets in the dimer surface are suggestive of additional protein-interaction sites. X-ray crystallography of human ATG13-ATG101 HORMA heterodimer Structure High 26299944
2016 mTOR directly phosphorylates ATG13 on Ser-258, while Ser-224 is modulated by the AMPK pathway. In ATG13-knockout cells reconstituted with unphosphorylatable ATG13, ULK1 kinase activity is more potent and starvation-induced ATG13/ULK1 translocation and autophagy are accelerated. Thus, ATG13 phosphorylation by mTOR and AMPK inhibits autophagy initiation. In vitro mTOR kinase assay, ATG13-KO cell reconstitution with phospho-mutants, ULK1 kinase activity assays, translocation analysis by imaging The Journal of biological chemistry High 26801615
2016 Atg13 contains a large intrinsically disordered region (IDR) with two distinct binding sites for Atg17 that mediate intercomplex linkages between Atg17-Atg29-Atg31 subcomplexes, driving supramolecular self-assembly of multiple Atg1 complexes. This assembly promotes Atg1 autophosphorylation, Atg9 vesicle recruitment, and Atg9 phosphorylation by Atg1. X-ray crystallography, NMR, in vitro reconstitution of Atg1 complex assembly, yeast PAS organization assays, high-speed atomic force microscopy Developmental cell High 27404361
2016 PP2A phosphatases (PP2A-Cdc55 and PP2A-Rts1), activated upon TORC1 inactivation, are required for sufficient Atg13 dephosphorylation and consequent autophagy induction. Overexpression of non-phosphorylatable Atg13 suppresses autophagy defects in PP2A mutants, placing PP2A-mediated Atg13 dephosphorylation upstream of Atg1 kinase activation and PAS formation. PP2A deletion mutant analysis, Atg13 phosphorylation-state western blot, PAS formation assay, epistasis with non-phosphorylatable Atg13 PloS one Medium 27973551
2011 Atg13 promotes formation of a specific Atg1-Atg1 self-interaction in yeast. This Atg1 homodimerization is correlated with autophagy induction, is required for Atg1 kinase activity, and facilitates autophosphorylation of Thr-226 in the Atg1 activation loop. Disruption of the Atg1-Atg1 complex results in diminished autophagy and Atg1 activity. Co-immunoprecipitation of Atg1-Atg1 complex, in vitro kinase assay, heterologous dimerization domain fusion, phosphorylation-site mutant analysis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 21712380
2018 The C-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of yeast Atg13 directly binds phospholipid membranes via electrostatic interactions (positively charged residues) and hydrophobic insertion of a Phe residue. Two sets of IDR residues mediating phospholipid binding overlap with the Vac8-binding domain, making Atg13 binding to phospholipids and Vac8 mutually exclusive; both interactions are required for efficient autophagy. Lipid-binding assays, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism, mutagenesis of binding residues, yeast autophagy assays Autophagy High 31352862
2018 The dynamic Atg13-free conformation of the Atg1 EAT domain is required for phagophore expansion. Atg1 is present on autophagic puncta at ~twice the stoichiometry of Atg13. An EAT domain mutant (ATG1DD) that selectively disrupts the Atg13-free state shows reduced PAS formation and fails to support phagophore expansion, demonstrating a second EAT domain function independent of Atg13. Crystal structure analysis, isothermal titration calorimetry, quantitative and superresolution microscopy, structure-based mutagenesis Molecular biology of the cell High 29540529
2020 LUBAC (E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, via RNF31/HOIP) mediates linear ubiquitination of ATG13 at the phagophore. OTULIN deubiquitinase counteracts this modification. In OTULIN-knockdown cells, excessively ubiquitinated ATG13 accumulates at the phagophore and blocks autophagosome maturation. LUBAC activity promotes autophagy initiation, while OTULIN is required for maturation. siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-localization, ubiquitination assays Autophagy Medium 32543267
2020 CDK1/cyclin B phosphorylates both ULK1 and ATG13 during mitosis. CDK1-induced ULK1-ATG13 phosphorylation promotes mitotic autophagy and cell cycle progression. Double knockout of ULK1 and ATG13 blocks cell cycle progression and decreases cancer cell proliferation in cell line and mouse models. Mass spectrometry phospho-mapping, site-directed mutagenesis, CDK1 kinase assays, ULK1/ATG13 double-KO cells and mouse xenograft models PLoS biology High 32516310
2021 ATG9A interacts with the ATG13-ATG101 dimer independently of ULK1, as shown by split-mVenus and knockout/reconstitution approaches. Deletion of ATG13 or ATG101 causes aberrant accumulation of ATG9A at stalled p62/ubiquitin clusters, rescuable by a ULK1 binding-deficient ATG13 mutant, establishing a ULK1-independent ATG13-ATG101-ATG9A axis that regulates ATG9A distribution. BioID quantitative proteomics, knockout/reconstitution, split-mVenus protein-protein interaction assay, fluorescence microscopy EMBO reports High 34369648
2022 In yeast, Mec1 (DNA damage sensor kinase) directly binds Atg13 through a Mec1-Binding Region (MBR) on Atg13 and an Atg13-Binding Region (ABR) on Mec1. Disruption of MBR or ABR impairs recruitment of both Mec1 and Atg13 to the PAS and blocks glucose starvation-induced autophagy, placing this direct Mec1-Atg13 interaction upstream of PAS assembly. In vitro direct binding assay, deletion/point mutant analysis, PAS localization by fluorescence microscopy, autophagy assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 36574691
2022 In yeast, autophagy termination during persistent starvation is mediated by re-phosphorylation of Atg13 by the Atg1 protein kinase (also modulated by PP2C phosphatases), leading to PAS dispersal. A vacuolar membrane protein Tag1 is required for this termination; tag1Δ cells show defective Atg13 re-phosphorylation and persistent PAS. Genetic screen, Atg13 phosphorylation western blot analysis, PAS microscopy in tag1Δ and Atg1 kinase-dead mutants Journal of cell science Medium 33536246
2022 Cdc14 phosphatase dephosphorylates Atg13 in a spatiotemporally controlled manner during meiotic anaphase I and II (following Cdc14 relocalization from nucleolus to cytoplasm), stimulating Atg1 kinase activity and autophagy to support meiotic progression and sporulation. In vitro Cdc14 phosphatase assay, subcellular localization analysis, meiotic autophagy assays, Atg13 phosphorylation state analysis The Journal of cell biology High 35238874
2022 Comprehensive phospho-mapping identifies 48 in vivo phosphorylation sites on yeast Atg13. Reciprocal phospho-mimetic and phospho-deficient mutants reveal that dynamic phospho-regulation of Atg13 is critical: insufficient or excessive autophagy from disrupted regulation are both detrimental to cell survival. Atg11 is found to contribute to bulk autophagy even during nitrogen starvation by cooperating with Atg1 in driving phase separation of the PAS. In vivo phosphoproteomics (MS), reciprocal phospho-mutant (mimetic and non-phosphorylatable) analysis, PAS formation assays, epistasis with Atg11 EMBO reports High 38233718
2023 PM2.5-induced downregulation of ALKBH5 promotes m6A methylation of ATG13 mRNA at site 767, enhancing ATG13 expression and ULK complex-regulated autophagy and epithelial inflammation in lung cells. m6A methylation analysis (MeRIP), ALKBH5 knockout mice, ATG13 m6A site mutagenesis, western blot, NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling readouts Journal of hazardous materials Medium 37295326
2022 LPS induces proteasomal degradation of ATG13 in hepatic stellate cells via p38 MAPK activation. Atg13 knockdown markedly inhibits autophagy and promotes LPS-induced inflammation. Ubiquitination of ATG13 leading to proteasomal degradation is dependent on p38 MAPK, positioning Atg13 as a mediator between autophagy and proteasomal pathways. Co-immunoprecipitation (ubiquitination assay), p38 MAPK inhibition, siRNA knockdown, proteasome inhibitor treatment, western blot Mediators of inflammation Medium 36148140
2021 ERK1/2 associates with ATG13 and FIP200 upon glucose starvation; ATG13 and FIP200 contain ERK consensus phosphorylation sites. Phospho-defective ATG13 mutants block glucose starvation-induced autophagy and sensitize renal cells to hypoglycemia-induced death, while phospho-mimetic ATG13 mutants induce autophagy and protect cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (ERK1/2-ATG13 interaction), phospho-defective/mimetic mutant reconstitution, autophagy flux assays, cell viability assays Journal of cellular physiology Medium 33682133
2021 HSBP1 (a small coiled-coil protein) physically interacts with FIP200 and ATG13 (binding via FIP200). HSBP1 depletion reduces stability of ULK kinase complex subunits and impairs autophagy induction. The FIP200-ATG13 subcomplex negatively regulates HSBP1's pro-picornaviral function during infections. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA/CRISPR knockdown/knockout, autophagy induction assays, viral replication assays Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Medium 34869056
2020 Live imaging and mathematical modeling of ATG13 translocation reveal that in nonselective autophagy ATG13 recruitment follows a normal distribution of intensity/duration, while mitophagy involves multiple, oscillatory ATG13 translocations whose number is directly proportional to the diameter of targeted mitochondrial fragments, consistent with successive phagophore nucleation events. Live fluorescence imaging, mathematical modeling, wortmannin perturbation, ivermectin-induced mitophagy model Autophagy Medium 32320309
2025 AlphaFold-based structure prediction and in vitro validation establish that the intrinsically disordered region of ATG13 engages the bases of two UBL domains in the FIP200 dimer via two phenylalanines, and also binds the tandem MIT domain of ULK1, yielding a 1:1:2 stoichiometry for the ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 core complex. Each pairwise interaction (ULK1-ATG13, ATG13-FIP200) additively contributes to autophagic flux. AlphaFold structure prediction, in vitro binding assays with point mutants, co-immunoprecipitation in cells, autophagy flux assays eLife High 40552710
2024 The RNA-binding protein YBX3 interacts with and stabilizes ATG13 mRNA via its 3' UTR, increasing ATG13 protein expression. YBX3 depletion reduces ATG13 mRNA and protein levels in multiple human cell lines, identifying posttranscriptional mRNA stabilization as a regulatory mechanism for ATG13 abundance. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), mRNA stability assays, 3' UTR reporter assays, YBX3 depletion with western blot/qPCR readouts FEBS letters Medium 39414370
2025 ATG13:ATG101 HORMA dimer forms a tight complex with WIPI3 (and WIPI2). Bound to WIPIs, ATG13:ATG101 aligns with membranes and inserts the ATG101 WF finger into the membrane. A PVP motif within the ULK1 IDR docks onto the ATG13:ATG101 HORMA surface, bringing the ULK1 kinase domain near the membrane for substrate phosphorylation. WIPI3:ATG13 engagement is required for ATG16L1 phosphorylation by ULK1, ATG13 puncta formation, and bulk autophagic flux. Biochemical reconstitution, molecular dynamics simulations, cell-based autophagy and phosphorylation assays, pulldown assays bioRxivpreprint High bio_10.1101_2025.11.07.687251
2025 ULK1 phosphorylates ATG101, triggering ATG101 homo-dimerization that dramatically accelerates ATG101 association with ATG13 and ATG9A to form the ATG9A-ATG13-ATG101 initiation complex. ATG101 dimers create a positive autocatalytic feedback propagating activation independently of further ULK1 activity, and this memory of activation persists for hours after dephosphorylation. Interaction kinetics measurements, biochemical reconstitution, ULK1 in vitro phosphorylation assay, homo-dimerization analysis bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2025.06.27.661946
2009 In C. elegans, the divergent ATG13 homolog EPG-1 (encoded by epg-1) directly interacts with the C. elegans Atg1 homolog UNC-51 and is required for autophagy-regulated processes including degradation of aggregate-prone proteins and survival under starvation. Genetic loss-of-function, co-immunoprecipitation (EPG-1 with UNC-51), autophagy phenotype assays in C. elegans Autophagy Medium 19377305
2012 In C. elegans, EPG-9 (ATG101 homolog) directly interacts with EPG-1 (ATG13 homolog) and is essential for autophagic degradation of protein aggregates and animal survival under starvation, establishing a conserved ATG101-ATG13 interaction across metazoans. Direct in vitro binding assay, genetic loss-of-function in C. elegans, autophagy phenotype assays Autophagy Medium 22885670
2024 Transmembrane mitophagy receptors BNIP3 and NIX can initiate autophagosome biogenesis via a WIPI-ATG13 complex independently of the FIP200/ULK1 complex, establishing that ATG13 participates in a ULK1-independent membrane recruitment pathway for selective mitophagy. Biochemical reconstitution, knockout/rescue experiments, localization assays, autophagy flux measurements bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2024.08.28.609967

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 93 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2009 Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy. Molecular biology of the cell 1661 19211835
2009 ULK1.ATG13.FIP200 complex mediates mTOR signaling and is essential for autophagy. The Journal of biological chemistry 1227 19258318
2004 The Atg1-Atg13 complex regulates Atg9 and Atg23 retrieval transport from the pre-autophagosomal structure. Developmental cell 399 14723849
2009 Atg101, a novel mammalian autophagy protein interacting with Atg13. Autophagy 397 19597335
2009 An Atg1/Atg13 complex with multiple roles in TOR-mediated autophagy regulation. Molecular biology of the cell 351 19225150
2008 Kinase-inactivated ULK proteins inhibit autophagy via their conserved C-terminal domains using an Atg13-independent mechanism. Molecular and cellular biology 349 18936157
2009 A novel, human Atg13 binding protein, Atg101, interacts with ULK1 and is essential for macroautophagy. Autophagy 338 19287211
2005 Atg17 functions in cooperation with Atg1 and Atg13 in yeast autophagy. Molecular biology of the cell 285 15743910
2009 The Tor and PKA signaling pathways independently target the Atg1/Atg13 protein kinase complex to control autophagy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 252 19805182
2011 Hsp90-Cdc37 chaperone complex regulates Ulk1- and Atg13-mediated mitophagy. Molecular cell 196 21855797
2016 Nutrient-regulated Phosphorylation of ATG13 Inhibits Starvation-induced Autophagy. The Journal of biological chemistry 183 26801615
2016 The Intrinsically Disordered Protein Atg13 Mediates Supramolecular Assembly of Autophagy Initiation Complexes. Developmental cell 182 27404361
2015 Atg13 HORMA domain recruits Atg9 vesicles during autophagosome formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 139 25737544
2020 CircMUC16 promotes autophagy of epithelial ovarian cancer via interaction with ATG13 and miR-199a. Molecular cancer 121 32111227
2011 Atg13 and FIP200 act independently of Ulk1 and Ulk2 in autophagy induction. Autophagy 116 22024743
2013 A HORMA domain in Atg13 mediates PI 3-kinase recruitment in autophagy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 23509291
2013 Structural basis of the autophagy-related LC3/Atg13 LIR complex: recognition and interaction mechanism. Structure (London, England : 1993) 94 24290141
2015 Structure of the Human Atg13-Atg101 HORMA Heterodimer: an Interaction Hub within the ULK1 Complex. Structure (London, England : 1993) 81 26299944
2020 LUBAC and OTULIN regulate autophagy initiation and maturation by mediating the linear ubiquitination and the stabilization of ATG13. Autophagy 69 32543267
2017 Moderate Autophagy Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence to Stabilize Progressed Atherosclerotic Plaque via the mTORC1/ULK1/ATG13 Signal Pathway. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 57 28713484
2009 epg-1 functions in autophagy-regulated processes and may encode a highly divergent Atg13 homolog in C. elegans. Autophagy 56 19377305
2016 Common variants at PVT1, ATG13-AMBRA1, AHI1 and CLEC16A are associated with selective IgA deficiency. Nature genetics 55 27723758
2015 Expression of a ULK1/2 binding-deficient ATG13 variant can partially restore autophagic activity in ATG13-deficient cells. Autophagy 51 26213203
2014 ATG13: just a companion, or an executor of the autophagic program? Autophagy 49 24879146
2011 An Atg13 protein-mediated self-association of the Atg1 protein kinase is important for the induction of autophagy. The Journal of biological chemistry 49 21712380
2020 ULK1-ATG13 and their mitotic phospho-regulation by CDK1 connect autophagy to cell cycle. PLoS biology 48 32516310
2016 Orchestrated Action of PP2A Antagonizes Atg13 Phosphorylation and Promotes Autophagy after the Inactivation of TORC1. PloS one 47 27973551
2012 The C. elegans ATG101 homolog EPG-9 directly interacts with EPG-1/Atg13 and is essential for autophagy. Autophagy 46 22885670
2023 Site-specific Atg13 methylation-mediated autophagy regulates epithelial inflammation in PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Journal of hazardous materials 44 37295326
2021 BioID reveals an ATG9A interaction with ATG13-ATG101 in the degradation of p62/SQSTM1-ubiquitin clusters. EMBO reports 42 34369648
2018 Long non-coding RNA HOTTIP affects renal cell carcinoma progression by regulating autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/Atg13 signaling pathway. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 41 30511250
2018 Systematic analysis of ATG13 domain requirements for autophagy induction. Autophagy 40 29173006
2022 Elevated ATG13 in serum of patients with ME/CFS stimulates oxidative stress response in microglial cells via activation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Molecular and cellular neurosciences 34 35487443
2022 14-3-3 proteins contribute to autophagy by modulating SINAT-mediated degradation of ATG13. The Plant cell 32 36053201
2018 Histamine deficiency aggravates cardiac injury through miR-206/216b-Atg13 axis-mediated autophagic-dependant apoptosis. Cell death & disease 32 29880830
2024 Novel exosomal circEGFR facilitates triple negative breast cancer autophagy via promoting TFEB nuclear trafficking and modulating miR-224-5p/ATG13/ULK1 feedback loop. Oncogene 31 38280941
2022 Circ-PKD2 promotes Atg13-mediated autophagy by inhibiting miR-646 to increase the sensitivity of cisplatin in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Cell death & disease 27 35220397
2018 Rapamycin induces autophagy to alleviate acute kidney injury following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion via the mTORC1/ATG13/ULK1 signaling pathway. Molecular medicine reports 26 30365078
2018 LicA induces autophagy through ULK1/Atg13 and ROS pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. International journal of molecular medicine 25 29484365
2023 Exosomal lncRNA GAS5 promotes M1 macrophage polarization in allergic rhinitis via restraining mTORC1/ULK1/ATG13-mediated autophagy and subsequently activating NF-кB signaling. International immunopharmacology 23 37343372
2013 CCCP-Induced LC3 lipidation depends on Atg9 whereas FIP200/Atg13 and Beclin 1/Atg14 are dispensable. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 23402761
2020 ATG13 dynamics in nonselective autophagy and mitophagy: insights from live imaging studies and mathematical modeling. Autophagy 22 32320309
2022 Mec1 regulates PAS recruitment of Atg13 via direct binding with Atg13 during glucose starvation-induced autophagy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 21 36574691
2021 Circulating Exosomal miR-1-3p from Rats with Myocardial Infarction Plays a Protective Effect on Contrast-Induced Nephropathy via Targeting ATG13 and activating the AKT Signaling Pathway. International journal of biological sciences 20 33867822
2022 Brucea javanica Oil Emulsion Promotes Autophagy in Ovarian Cancer Cells Through the miR-8485/LAMTOR3/mTOR/ATG13 Signaling Axis. Frontiers in pharmacology 18 35959437
2014 Detection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Atg13 by western blot. Autophagy 18 24430166
2022 Autophagy regulation of ATG13 and ATG27 on biofilm formation and antifungal resistance in Candida albicans. Biofouling 17 36476055
2019 The carboxy terminus of yeast Atg13 binds phospholipid membrane via motifs that overlap with the Vac8-interacting domain. Autophagy 16 31352862
2018 The dynamic Atg13-free conformation of the Atg1 EAT domain is required for phagophore expansion. Molecular biology of the cell 16 29540529
2017 The molecular mechanism of Atg13 function in autophagy induction: What is hidden behind the data? Autophagy 16 28118060
2018 Rapamycin Alleviates Hormone Imbalance-Induced Chronic Nonbacterial Inflammation in Rat Prostate Through Activating Autophagy via the mTOR/ULK1/ATG13 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 15 29675586
2021 Vacuolar protein Tag1 and Atg1-Atg13 regulate autophagy termination during persistent starvation in S. cerevisiae. Journal of cell science 14 33536246
2021 IRF1 Inhibits Autophagy-Mediated Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer via Targeting ATG13. Cancer investigation 13 34313498
2020 Antiviral responses of ATG13 to the infection of peste des petits ruminants virus through activation of interferon response. Gene 13 32531455
2010 Prime-numbered Atg proteins act at the primary step in autophagy: unphosphorylatable Atg13 can induce autophagy without TOR inactivation. Autophagy 13 20383061
2025 The triad interaction of ULK1, ATG13, and FIP200 is required for ULK complex formation and autophagy. eLife 12 40552710
2022 The emerging roles of ATG1/ATG13 kinase complex in plants. Journal of plant physiology 12 35255243
2022 Beclin1- and Atg13-dependent autophagy activation and morroniside have synergistic effect on osteoblastogenesis. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 12 35957534
2024 Decoding the function of Atg13 phosphorylation reveals a role of Atg11 in bulk autophagy initiation. EMBO reports 11 38233718
2022 Cdc14 spatiotemporally dephosphorylates Atg13 to activate autophagy during meiotic divisions. The Journal of cell biology 11 35238874
2020 Functional identification of Bombyx mori Atg13 in autophagy. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 11 32515853
2022 bta-miR-2904 inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by targeting viral-infection-induced autophagy via ATG13. Archives of virology 10 36576583
2015 Cloning, expression analysis, and RNA interference study of a HORMA domain containing autophagy-related gene 13 (ATG13) from the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Frontiers in physiology 10 26136688
2020 Klotho-mediated changes in the expression of Atg13 alter formation of ULK1 complex and thus initiation of ER- and Golgi-stress response mediated autophagy. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 9 31732843
2022 The effect of lactoferrin on ULK1 and ATG13 genes expression in breast cancer cell line MCF7 and bioinformatics studies of protein interaction between lactoferrin and the autophagy initiation complex. Cell biochemistry and biophysics 8 36169801
2021 The ERK1/2-ATG13-FIP200 signaling cascade is required for autophagy induction to protect renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death. Journal of cellular physiology 8 33682133
2020 The Effect of Shen-Yuan-Dan Capsule on Autophagy-Related Gene Atg13 Promoter Methylation and Genomic Methylation Levels in Atherosclerotic Mice. Acta Cardiologica Sinica 8 32425441
2021 Phospho-regulation and function of ULK1-ATG13 during the cell cycle. Autophagy 7 33666137
2021 HSBP1 Is a Novel Interactor of FIP200 and ATG13 That Promotes Autophagy Initiation and Picornavirus Replication. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 7 34869056
2018 Autophagy-related gene ATG13 is involved in control of xylose alcoholic fermentation in the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha. FEMS yeast research 7 29438555
2013 What the N-terminal domain of Atg13 looks like and what it does: a HORMA fold required for PtdIns 3-kinase recruitment. Autophagy 7 23670046
2025 PDGFR-β/Cav1-induced autophagy via mTOR/FIP200/ATG13 activation in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes the malignant progression of breast cancer. Journal of translational medicine 6 40646615
2023 The role of the HORMA domain proteins ATG13 and ATG101 in initiating autophagosome biogenesis. FEBS letters 6 37567770
2017 Silencing of NRAGE induces autophagy via AMPK/Ulk1/Atg13 signaling pathway in NSCLC cells. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 6 28639909
2025 High Glucose-Induced Senescent Fibroblasts-Derived Exosomal miR-497 Inhibits Wound Healing by Regulating Endothelial Cellular Autophagy via ATG13. Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) 5 39831298
2023 Exosomal circHIPK3 derived from umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances skin fibroblast autophagy by blocking miR-20b-5p/ULK1/Atg13 axis. Journal of diabetes investigation 4 37688345
2022 Lipopolysaccharide Inhibits Autophagy and Promotes Inflammatory Responses via p38 MAPK-Induced Proteasomal Degradation of Atg13 in Hepatic Stellate Cells. Mediators of inflammation 4 36148140
2021 OBHS impairs the viability of breast cancer via decreasing ERα and Atg13. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 4 34388457
2024 Sodium fluoride-induced autophagy of ameloblast-like cells via the p-ULk1/ATG13/LC3B pathway in vitro. Oral diseases 3 38321366
2025 Hyperoside suppresses NSCLC progression by inducing ATG13-mediated autophagy and apoptosis. Cellular immunology 2 40250077
2023 ATG13 is involved in immune response of pathogen invasion in blood clam Tegillarca granosa. Frontiers in veterinary science 2 36937017
2023 Metamorphosis by ATG13 and ATG101 in human autophagy initiation. Autophagy 2 37394799
2022 miR-137 modulates coelomocytes autophagy by targeting Atg13 in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Developmental and comparative immunology 2 35772590
2024 The autophagy initiation factor ATG13 mRNA is stabilized by the RNA-binding protein YBX3. FEBS letters 1 39414370
2023 Erratum: Circulating Exosomal miR-1-3p from Rats with Myocardial Infarction Plays a Protective Effect on Contrast-Induced Nephropathy via Targeting ATG13 and activating the AKT Signaling Pathway: Erratum. International journal of biological sciences 1 37928260
2016 An ultrasensitive assay format for detecting ULK1 inhibition by monitoring the phosphorylation status of Atg13. Analytical biochemistry 1 27387056
2026 Genetic depletion of the early autophagy protein ATG13 impairs mitochondrial energy metabolism, augments oxidative stress, induces the polarization of macrophages to the M1 inflammatory mode, and compromises myelin integrity in skeletal muscle. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 0 41591477
2026 Plant Virus and Vector Insect Regulate the Dual Phosphorylation of ATG1-ATG13 To Maintain a Moderate Autophagy for Viral Persistent Propagation. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 0 41877596
2026 Ferrodoxin 1 (FDX1) drives paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer via copper metabolism and ULK1/ATG13-mediated autophagy: overcome by pH/ROS-responsive PPD/PDP@si-FDX1 nanomicelles. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 0 42026685
2025 Genetic depletion of early autophagy protein ATG13 impairs mitochondrial energy metabolism, augments oxidative stress, induces the polarization of macrophages to M1 inflammatory mode, and compromises myelin integrity in skeletal muscle. Research square 0 40799759
2025 Inhibition of Atg13-mediated autophagy enhances the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of sirolimus by counteracting its pro-autophagic activity. Differentiation; research in biological diversity 0 40865278
2025 Evolutionary diversification of the autophagy initiation complex: reduced Atg101 dependency and changes in Atg9 binding to Atg13. Autophagy 0 40931865
2025 ULK1/2 Inhibitors that Degrade ATG13 Effectively Target KRAS-Mutant Cancers. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 41279975

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