| 1997 |
Nup93 is a vertebrate homologue of yeast Nic96p and localizes to the nuclear basket and near the nuclear entry of the gated channel by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. A small fraction physically interacts with nucleoporin p62 (by immunoprecipitation), while a large fraction forms a stable complex with a newly discovered 205-kDa protein (NUP205) in both mammalian and Xenopus extracts. Immunodepletion of the Nup93 complex from Xenopus nuclear reconstitution extracts caused defective nuclear pore assembly, establishing Nup93 as required for correct NPC assembly. |
Immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, mass spectrometry, Xenopus nuclear reconstitution/immunodepletion assay |
Molecular biology of the cell |
High |
9348540
|
| 2003 |
In C. elegans, depletion of Nup93 (or Nup205) by RNAi caused failure in nuclear exclusion of non-nuclear macromolecules of ~70 kDa without preventing active nuclear protein import or nuclear envelope assembly, demonstrating that Nup93 and Nup205 are required for normal NPC size-exclusion function in vivo. |
RNAi depletion in C. elegans, in vivo nuclear exclusion assays, nuclear import assays |
Molecular biology of the cell |
High |
12937276
|
| 2005 |
Human Nup53 physically interacts with Nup93, Nup155, and Nup205 (shown by cell fractionation and in vitro binding). siRNA depletion of Nup53 decreases cellular levels of Nup93, Nup155, Nup205, and Mad1, and severely alters nuclear morphology, positioning Nup93 within a Nup53-anchored NPC subcomplex near the pore membrane and lamina. |
Cell fractionation, in vitro binding assays, siRNA knockdown, nuclear morphology analysis |
Molecular biology of the cell |
High |
15703211
|
| 2011 |
The C-terminal domain of Nup93 is necessary and sufficient for assembly of a minimal structural backbone of NPCs, while full-length Nup93 is additionally required for recruitment of the Nup62 complex and establishment of transport-competent NPCs, placing Nup93 as a connector between the structural scaffold and the central transport channel. |
Domain truncation analysis, NPC assembly assays, functional transport assays |
Molecular biology of the cell |
High |
22171326
|
| 2016 |
NUP93 mutations in SRNS patients disrupt NPC assembly. NUP93 knockdown reduced NUP205 presence in the NPC; reciprocally, a NUP205 alteration abrogated NUP93 interaction. NUP93 and exportin 5 (XPO5) interact with SMAD4, and NUP93 mutations abrogated this interaction and interfered with BMP7-induced SMAD transcriptional reporter activity. |
Patient genetics, NPC assembly assays, siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation, SMAD transcriptional reporter assay |
Nature genetics |
High |
26878725
|
| 2016 |
Nup93, together with its interacting partners Nup188 and Nup205, associates with promoters of HOXA1, HOXA3, and HOXA5 (~1 kb upstream of TSS). Depletion of the Nup93 sub-complex upregulates HOXA gene expression, disengages the HOXA locus from the nuclear periphery, increases active histone marks (H3K9ac), decreases repressive marks (H3K27me3) on HOXA1 promoter, and increases elongation marks (H3K36me3) within HOXA1. |
ChIP-on-chip/ChIP, siRNA knockdown, 3D-FISH, histone mark analysis |
Epigenetics & chromatin |
Medium |
27980680
|
| 2019 |
Nup93 forms a complex with TBK1 (shown by co-immunoprecipitation), and Nup93 overexpression enhances TBK1-mediated IFNβ promoter activation. Nup93-deficient cells show decreased TBK1 activation and impaired IRF3 nuclear translocation during RLR signaling, placing Nup93 as a positive regulator of antiviral innate immunity upstream of IRF3 nuclear entry. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, Nup93-deficient RAW264.7 cells (CRISPR or siRNA), IRF3 nuclear translocation assay, IFNβ promoter reporter assay, viral infection |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
31733835
|
| 2019 |
SARS-CoV nsp1 expression in HEK cells disrupts Nup93 localization at the nuclear envelope (without triggering proteolytic degradation), while nuclear lamina remains unperturbed, and this is accompanied by altered nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution of the RNA-binding protein nucleolin. |
Immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation/affinity purification of nsp1-associated proteins, Western blot |
Biochemistry and cell biology |
Medium |
30943371
|
| 2019 |
A NUP93 intronic variant (c.2137-18G>A) causes exon 20 skipping, demonstrated by RNA sequencing and in vitro minigene splicing assay. The resulting protein shows aberrant subcellular localization with small punctate vesicles in the cytoplasm rather than normal nuclear envelope distribution. |
RNA sequencing, in vitro minigene splicing assay, Western blot, immunofluorescence subcellular localization |
Journal of human genetics |
Medium |
31015583
|
| 2019 |
A NUP93 missense variant p.R537W results in a protein that does not localize to NPCs and cannot functionally replace wild-type NUP93, whereas p.F699L apparently supports NPC assembly, indicating domain-specific requirements for NPC incorporation. |
Functional complementation assay, immunofluorescence localization of mutant proteins |
Cerebellum |
Medium |
30741391
|
| 2020 |
Nup93 depletion in triple-negative breast cancer cells induces stress fiber formation, reduces cell migration and proliferation, and impairs expression of mesenchymal-like genes. ChIP analysis showed Nup93 chromatin interaction partially modulates expression of genes associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling (including upregulation of LIMCH1). Silencing LIMCH1 partially restored the invasive phenotype, placing Nup93 upstream of LIMCH1 in actin remodeling. |
siRNA knockdown, ChIP, functional invasion/migration assays, gene expression analysis, in vivo tumor assay |
Life science alliance |
Medium |
31959624
|
| 2021 |
Nup93 and CTCF show overlapping chromatin peaks (ChIP-seq) at the HOXA locus, with Nup93 associated with 3′ and CTCF with 5′ HOXA genes. Nup93 depletion disengages the HOXA locus from the nuclear periphery and upregulates 3′ HOXA genes during differentiation, while CTCF depletion has the opposite effect on 5′ HOXA genes, indicating Nup93 and CTCF antagonistically modulate HOXA expression by tethering versus looping mechanisms. |
ChIP sequencing, siRNA knockdown, 3D-FISH, gene expression analysis during differentiation |
Journal of cell science |
Medium |
34746948
|
| 2023 |
Knockdown of Nup93 in cardiomyocytes does not affect overall mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm but regulates transcription of many mRNAs (mainly oxidative phosphorylation and ribosome genes). Nup93 directly binds promoters of down-regulated genes including YAP1; overexpression of YAP1 partially rescues the cardiomyocyte death phenotype induced by Nup93 knockdown, placing Nup93-YAP1 transcriptional regulation downstream in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury. |
siRNA knockdown, overexpression, RNA-seq, ChIP (promoter binding), YAP1 rescue experiment |
Acta pharmacologica Sinica |
Medium |
36807413
|
| 2025 |
Loss of NUP93 in mature podocytes (conditional knockout mouse) reduces NPC density, causes cytoplasmic redistribution of podocyte-specific transcription factors (reducing their nuclear abundance), and alters transcriptional programs affecting cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton regulators, leading to progressive FSGS, podocyte loss, and accumulation of genomic damage activating the DNA damage response. |
Conditional knockout mouse (NPHS2-Cre), STED microscopy (NPC density), transcriptomics, proteomics, immunofluorescence |
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |
High |
41563289
|
| 2025 |
Lycorine specifically interferes with de novo synthesis of Nup93, thereby disrupting nuclear export of influenza viral nucleoprotein (NP), defining Nup93 synthesis as required for NPC-mediated viral NP export during influenza replication. |
Time-of-addition assays, viral mRNA/titer measurement, protein expression analysis across multiple cell lines |
International journal of molecular sciences |
Low |
40508167
|
| 2025 |
Reduction of Nup93 in vascular smooth muscle cells under diabetic atherosclerotic stress impairs nuclear import of splicing regulators SRSF1 and SRSF3, leading to abnormal alternative splicing of SerpinE2, enhancing SerpinE2 mRNA stability and promoting VSMC proliferation. |
Spatial proteomics, RNA sequencing, siRNA knockdown, nuclear import assay for SRSF1/SRSF3 |
Molecular & cellular proteomics |
Medium |
40633766
|
| 2026 |
METTL3 localizes at NPCs and functionally associates with NUP93 to promote efficient nuclear export of m6A-modified mRNPs; disruption of METTL3–NUP93 association impairs overall mRNP export efficiency. A disease-associated NUP93 variant (p.Arg388Trp) fails to associate with METTL3, causing defective nuclear export of key methylated mRNAs required for kidney function. |
Single-molecule imaging of mRNA export, co-immunoprecipitation/functional association assay, mutant NUP93 analysis |
Nature cell biology |
High |
41786887
|
| 2026 |
NUP93 interacts with transcription factor SOX2 (recognizing its nuclear localization sequence) and facilitates SOX2 nuclear import. Nuclear SOX2 transcriptionally activates G3BP1, which stabilizes RAD51 mRNA to promote DNA damage repair and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. In vivo disruption of the NUP93/SOX2/G3BP1 axis suppressed tumor growth and synergized with gemcitabine. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, nuclear import assay, transcriptional activation assay (ChIP/reporter), mRNA stability assay, in vivo tumor model |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
41896201
|
| 2023 |
Loss of Nup93 in endothelial cells leads to nuclear accumulation of YAP and downstream inflammation; endothelial Nup93 protein levels are reduced in aged mouse vasculature, identifying impaired NPC transport via Nup93 loss as a mechanism for endothelial cell senescence. |
In vitro Nup93 knockdown, aged mouse vascular analysis, YAP localization assay, NPC transport assay |
bioRxivpreprint |
Low |
38014013
|
| 2025 |
Targeted loss of endothelial Nup93 significantly reduces Sun1 protein levels, leading to increased RhoA activity, decreased eNOS expression and NO production, and impaired vasodilatory responses. Restoring Sun1 in Nup93-deficient endothelial cells rescues RhoA activity and eNOS/NO levels, establishing a Nup93→Sun1→RhoA→eNOS signaling axis. |
Endothelial-specific Nup93 knockout mice, siRNA knockdown in human ECs, Sun1 rescue experiment, RhoA activity assay, eNOS/NO measurement, vasodilation assay |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
40777343
|