Affinage

CNBP

CCHC-type zinc finger nucleic acid binding protein · UniProt P62633

Length
177 aa
Mass
19.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 30 papers cited in narrative 30 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CNBP is a conserved multi-zinc-knuckle, RGG-box nucleic acid chaperone that operates at the interface of transcription, translation, and mRNA trafficking by binding G-rich single-stranded DNA and RNA sequences and unfolding G-quadruplex (G4) structures. At the transcriptional level, CNBP binds G4-containing promoter elements to regulate expression of c-Myc, KRAS, IL-6, IL-12β, and HuR, and undergoes phosphorylation-dependent nuclear translocation in response to immune stimuli to selectively activate c-Rel-dependent and NF-κB-dependent gene programs; nuclear CNBP condensates interact with SWI/SNF complex subunits (SMARCC2, SMARCC1/SMARCA4) to modulate rRNA processing gene expression (PMID:23774591, PMID:31219592, PMID:28168305, PMID:30442645, PMID:37186134). At the translational level, CNBP associates with polysomes and stimulates cap-independent/IRES-dependent translation of ODC, CCND1, and dMyc mRNAs through direct 5′UTR or 3′UTR binding, and cooperates with the lncRNA LAST to stabilize CCND1 mRNA (PMID:17327219, PMID:20174632, PMID:24275942, PMID:29199958). CNBP also functions as a motor-adaptor linking KIF1C kinesin to GA-rich 3′UTR sequences for microtubule-dependent mRNA transport to cell protrusions, promoting cell migration (PMID:39982819). Loss of CNBP causes forebrain truncation and neural crest defects across vertebrates, and haploinsufficiency in mice produces a myotonic dystrophy type 2-like phenotype with Clc1 downregulation and impaired ODC translation (PMID:12588852, PMID:17335846, PMID:34517941).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1995 Medium

    Establishing that CNBP is a sequence-specific nucleic acid-binding protein with preference for G-rich single-stranded DNA and RNA resolved the basic biochemical activity of this multi-zinc-knuckle protein.

    Evidence In vitro binding assay with recombinant GST-CNBP fusion protein

    PMID:7788528

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural basis for G-rich specificity
    • In vivo relevance of G-rich binding unproven
  2. 1998 High

    Demonstrating that CNBP binds ribosomal protein mRNA 5′UTRs as a dimer, competing with La protein, established CNBP as a post-transcriptional regulator of TOP-containing mRNAs and revealed its capacity for multimerization.

    Evidence In vitro RNA-binding with competition experiments and mutational analysis of 5′UTR

    PMID:9710533

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of CNBP vs La competition on ribosomal protein translation not directly measured
    • Identity of RNA-containing ancillary factor not fully resolved
  3. 2003 High

    Knockout and overexpression studies in mice and cultured cells placed CNBP upstream of c-Myc in forebrain induction and identified it as a nuclear transcriptional activator of the c-myc promoter that drives cell proliferation, establishing its first in vivo developmental role.

    Evidence Cnbp knockout mouse with transgenic rescue, CAT reporter assay, cell proliferation assay, in situ hybridization

    PMID:12588852 PMID:12706888

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct DNA-binding mechanism at c-myc promoter unresolved
    • Whether CNBP acts directly as a transcription factor or via chromatin remodeling unknown
  4. 2003 Medium

    Showing that CNBP stimulates cap-independent translation from IRES elements and relieves TOP-mediated translational repression established a dual transcriptional/translational regulatory function.

    Evidence Transgenic CHO cell reporter assay with IRES-based translation readout

    PMID:12432575

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding to IRES not demonstrated
    • Mechanism of IRES activation not defined
  5. 2006 High

    Replication of the forebrain phenotype in chick embryos, with CNBP controlling BF-1, Six3, and Hesx1 but not Otx2, placed CNBP in a conserved vertebrate pathway parallel to Otx2 for forebrain specification.

    Evidence RNAi silencing and retroviral misexpression in chick embryos with in situ hybridization

    PMID:16626683

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CNBP directly regulates these forebrain transcription factors or acts indirectly via Myc unknown
  6. 2007 High

    Three concurrent advances linked CNBP to disease and translation mechanism: Znf9 haploinsufficiency produced myotonic dystrophy-like phenotypes with Clc1 loss (rescued by transgene), CNBP/PCBP2 were identified as an ITAF complex driving ODC IRES translation, and CNBP depletion in zebrafish caused forebrain truncation with neural crest loss.

    Evidence Znf9+/− mouse with EMG/ECG and transgenic rescue; proteomic screen with RNA Co-IP and functional translation assay; zebrafish morpholino knockdown with proliferation/apoptosis assays

    PMID:17327219 PMID:17335846 PMID:17471504

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism linking CNBP to Clc1 expression not defined
    • Whether ODC IRES function is the primary pathogenic mechanism in DM2 not established
  7. 2008 High

    Domain dissection revealed that the RGG box is essential for RNA binding and nucleic acid chaperone activity, while individual zinc knuckles are dispensable; truncated forms act as dominant negatives in neural crest development, linking biochemical domains to in vivo function.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant CNBP with in vitro binding/chaperone assays and Xenopus embryo gain/loss-of-function

    PMID:18703071

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution structure of CNBP bound to nucleic acid
    • Precise zinc knuckle contributions not individually quantified in vivo
  8. 2010 High

    Polysome profiling demonstrated that CNBP associates with actively translating ribosomes and directly binds the ODC IRES, with this activity reduced in DM2 patient myoblasts, directly linking translational deficiency to human disease.

    Evidence Polysome profiling, ribosome isolation, IRES binding assays, ZNF9 knockdown in primary human myoblasts and DM2 patient cells

    PMID:20174632

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether reduced CNBP-IRES activity is the primary driver of DM2 pathology versus other mechanisms (e.g., RNA foci) not resolved
  9. 2013 High

    Biophysical and ChIP studies established CNBP as a bona fide G-quadruplex-interacting protein that binds the c-myc NHE III1 G4 element and cooperates with NM23-H2 to activate c-myc transcription, while parallel work showed direct G4-containing promoter binding in zebrafish developmental targets.

    Evidence EMSA, CD spectroscopy, FRET, SPR, ChIP, luciferase reporter, Co-IP (c-myc); yeast one-hybrid, EMSA, ChIP, morpholino (zebrafish targets)

    PMID:23667590 PMID:23774591

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CNBP unfolds or stabilizes G4 at the c-myc promoter was debated
    • Genome-wide G4 target repertoire not mapped
  10. 2013 High

    Drosophila studies showed CNBP promotes IRES-dependent translation (not transcription) of dMyc, and genetic rescue by dMyc confirmed translational regulation of Myc as an evolutionarily conserved CNBP function.

    Evidence Drosophila RNAi knockdown with western blot distinguishing mRNA from protein, dMyc genetic rescue

    PMID:24275942

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CNBP directly binds dMyc IRES not shown
    • Structural basis of IRES recognition unknown
  11. 2017 High

    Two studies expanded CNBP's nuclear functions: it was shown to cooperate with lncRNA LAST to bind and stabilize CCND1 mRNA post-transcriptionally, and to undergo phosphorylation-dependent nuclear translocation upon LPS stimulation to directly bind the IL-6 promoter for sustained cytokine production via NF-κB-dependent autoregulation.

    Evidence RIP-seq, RNA-seq, CNBP depletion/overexpression with xenograft (CCND1); ChIP, nuclear translocation assay, zebrafish infection model (IL-6)

    PMID:28168305 PMID:29199958

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinase responsible for CNBP phosphorylation not identified
    • Full RIP-seq target landscape not functionally validated
  12. 2018 High

    Using Cnbp knockout mice, CNBP was shown to be selectively required for c-Rel nuclear translocation and DNA binding—but dispensable for canonical NF-κB/p65—establishing it as a non-redundant innate immune regulator of IL-12β transcription critical for anti-Toxoplasma defense.

    Evidence Cnbp KO mice, c-Rel nuclear translocation and DNA-binding assays, cytokine measurement, in vivo Toxoplasma infection

    PMID:30442645

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which CNBP enables c-Rel nuclear translocation unknown
    • Whether CNBP directly contacts c-Rel not tested
  13. 2019 High

    In vitro reconstitution demonstrated that CNBP is a G4-unfolding protein (not merely a G4 binder), resolving the earlier ambiguity; CNBP unfolds G4 in KRAS and NOGGIN promoters with opposing transcriptional outcomes, showing context-dependent transcriptional regulation.

    Evidence In vitro G4 unfolding assays with CD/FRET, CNBP depletion in cellulo, zebrafish transcription reporter

    PMID:31219592

    Open questions at the time
    • Determinants of whether G4 unfolding activates or represses a given promoter unknown
    • No genome-wide G4-unfolding profiling
  14. 2021 High

    Demonstrating that Drosophila CNBP controls polyamine metabolism by translational regulation of ODC—with locomotor defects rescued by polyamine supplementation—provided a direct metabolic mechanism for DM2-associated myopathy.

    Evidence Drosophila muscle-specific RNAi, polyamine measurements, mRNA binding, genetic rescue with dOdc and polyamine supplementation, validated in DM2 patient muscle

    PMID:34517941

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether polyamine supplementation rescues DM2 pathology in mammalian models not tested
    • Other translational targets contributing to muscle dysfunction not identified
  15. 2023 Medium

    Discovery that CNBP undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form nuclear condensates that differentially interact with SWI/SNF subunits (repressing SMARCC2, activating SMARCC1/SMARCA4) revealed a chromatin-remodeling axis for rRNA processing gene regulation, with nuclear import mediated by KPNB1.

    Evidence Co-IP, mass spectrometry, ChIP, sequential ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter, cell-penetrating peptide blocking phase separation

    PMID:37186134

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab finding; LLPS functional significance not independently confirmed
    • How CNBP condensates select between SWI/SNF subcomplexes mechanistically unclear
    • Relationship between G4-unfolding activity and phase separation not explored
  16. 2025 High

    Identification of CNBP as a motor-adaptor linking KIF1C kinesin to GA-rich 3′UTR sequences for microtubule-dependent mRNA transport to cell protrusions established a new cytoplasmic trafficking function beyond translation and transcription.

    Evidence KIF1C-CNBP Co-IP/pulldown, direct RNA binding to 3′UTR, CNBP depletion with live imaging/FISH for mRNA localization, cell migration assay

    PMID:39982819

    Open questions at the time
    • Full repertoire of transported mRNAs not defined
    • Whether trafficking and translational functions of CNBP are coordinated or separable unknown
    • Structural basis of KIF1C-CNBP interaction not resolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the identity of the kinase(s) mediating CNBP phosphorylation-dependent nuclear translocation, a high-resolution structure of CNBP in complex with G-quadruplex DNA or RNA, the genome-wide map of CNBP G4-unfolding targets, and whether CNBP's translational, transcriptional, and mRNA trafficking functions are coordinated or independently regulated.
  • No high-resolution structure of CNBP-G4 complex
  • Kinase for nuclear translocation unidentified
  • Genome-wide G4 target map absent
  • Integration of transcriptional, translational, and trafficking functions not addressed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003723 RNA binding 9 GO:0003677 DNA binding 7 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 7 GO:0045182 translation regulator activity 5 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005840 ribosome 2
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 5 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 1
Partners
KIF1CKPNB1NME2PCBP2RELASMARCC2
Complex memberships
CNBP-NM23-H2 complexCNBP-PCBP2 ITAF complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 30 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 CNBP binds to a downstream region of the 5'UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs (distinct from the pyrimidine tract bound by La), can multimerise and binds as a dimer; its binding is mutually exclusive with La binding and requires an ancillary factor involving the Ro60 autoantigen; CNBP-RNA binding is assisted by an RNA-containing factor. In vitro RNA-binding assays, competition experiments, mutational analysis of 5'UTR, factor identification via protease sensitivity Journal of molecular biology High 9710533
1995 CNBP binds to G-rich single-stranded RNA and DNA in a sequence-specific manner, as shown using recombinant GST-CNBP fusion protein. In vitro binding assay with recombinant GST-CNBP fusion protein produced in E. coli DNA research Medium 7788528
2003 CNBP is required for forebrain formation in mice; loss of CNBP prevents anterior visceral endoderm movement and anterior definitive endoderm formation, reduces cell proliferation in anterior regions, and abolishes Myc expression in rostral head, placing CNBP upstream of Myc in forebrain induction. Promoter-trap knockout mouse, Cnbp transgenic rescue, in situ hybridization, cell proliferation assays Development High 12588852
2003 CNBP protein localizes to the nucleus of cells and overexpression strongly stimulates cell proliferation and increases c-myc promoter activity, consistent with a role as a transcription factor targeting c-Myc. CAT reporter assay, cell proliferation assay, subcellular localization by microscopy Gene Medium 12706888
2003 CNBP and La proteins stimulate cap-independent translation from polioviral IRES elements; CNBP binding to TOP hairpin structures in ribosomal protein mRNA 5'UTRs relieves TOP-mediated translational repression. Transgenic CHO cell reporter assay, SEAP expression, IRES-based translation assay Biotechnology and bioengineering Medium 12432575
2006 CNBP regulates forebrain formation in chick embryos during organogenesis by controlling expression of BF-1, Six3 and Hesx1 (but not Otx2); RNAi silencing causes forebrain truncation and loss of these markers, while misexpression induces ectopic expression of these markers in hindbrain, placing CNBP in a pathway parallel to Otx2. RNAi silencing, retroviral misexpression in chick embryos, in situ hybridization Developmental biology High 16626683
2007 Haploinsufficiency of Znf9 in mice causes myotonic dystrophy-like phenotype including muscle histological abnormalities, myotonic discharges, and heart conduction abnormalities; Clc1 expression is dramatically decreased in Znf9+/- mice, and Znf9 transgenic rescue normalizes both Znf9, Clc1, and the phenotype, placing Znf9 upstream of Clc1. Znf9+/- mouse model, EMG, ECG, transgenic rescue, gene expression analysis Journal of molecular biology High 17335846
2007 ZNF9 is part of an IRES trans-acting factor (ITAF) complex that promotes cap-independent translation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA; ZNF9 and PCBP2 associate with each other and with the wild-type ODC IRES (but not a mutant inactive IRES), and stimulate ODC IRES-mediated translation. Proteomic screen, RNA co-immunoprecipitation, biochemical IRES binding assays, functional translation assays Molecular & cellular proteomics High 17327219
2007 CNBP depletion in zebrafish causes forebrain truncation with reduction in cell proliferation and increase in cell death in anterior regions, and depletes neural crest derivatives, indicating CNBP mediates neural crest expansion via controlling proliferation and survival. Antisense morpholino knockdown in zebrafish, in situ hybridization, cell death and proliferation assays Journal of cellular biochemistry High 17471504
2008 The RGG box of CNBP is essential for RNA-protein binding and nucleic acid chaperone activity; Zn knuckles are required but not individually essential for CNBP biochemical activities; removal of N-terminal region or RGG box alone creates dominant negative forms in vivo during neural crest development. Site-directed mutagenesis, recombinant protein purification from E. coli, in vitro binding and chaperone assays, gain- and loss-of-function in Xenopus embryos Journal of molecular biology High 18703071
2010 ZNF9 associates with actively translating ribosomes and functions as an activator of cap-independent translation of human ODC mRNA through direct binding to its IRES in the 5'UTR; this activity is reduced in myoblasts from DM2 patients. Polysome profiling, ribosome isolation, IRES binding assays, ZNF9 knockdown in primary human myoblasts, DM2 patient cells PloS one High 20174632
2011 Yeast ortholog Gis2 interacts with ribosomes and translation machinery; expression of Gis2p in human HEK293T cells activates cap-independent ODC IRES-mediated translation, confirming functional orthology of ZNF9/CNBP as a cap-independent translation factor. Protein purification and mass spectrometry, polysome profiling, ribosome isolation, functional translation assay in HEK293T cells Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 21277287
2012 CNBP (Gis2 in yeast) accumulates in stress granules and processing bodies and associates with the poly(A) binding protein and eIF4G in an RNA-dependent manner, implicating CNBP in mRNA handling and translational repression during stress. Co-immunoprecipitation (RNA-dependent), live cell imaging of stress granules, fractionation PloS one Medium 23285195
2013 CNBP specifically binds the G-rich single-strand sequence at the c-myc NHE III1 region and promotes G-quadruplex formation; CNBP-induced G-quadruplex promotes transient decrease then increase in c-myc transcription; CNBP interacts with NM23-H2, and this interaction is responsible for increased c-myc transcription. EMSA, CD spectroscopy, FRET, ChIP, RNA interference, luciferase reporter, SPR, co-immunoprecipitation, co-transfection Biochimica et biophysica acta High 23774591
2013 CNBP directly binds G-rich/G-quadruplex-containing sequences in promoters of tbx2b and smarca5 (upregulating them) and wnt5b (downregulating it) in zebrafish development; direct binding was confirmed by EMSA and ChIP. Yeast one-hybrid, EMSA, ChIP, loss-of-function in zebrafish (morpholino) PloS one High 23667590
2013 Drosophila CNBP promotes IRES-dependent translation of dMyc protein (without affecting dMyc mRNA levels); CNBP knockdown in wing territory reduces wing size by lowering dMyc protein; reintroduction of dMyc rescues the wing size phenotype. RNAi knockdown in Drosophila, western blot (protein vs. mRNA levels), genetic rescue with dMyc Cell cycle High 24275942
2013 CNBP forms homodimers independently of nucleic acid binding; has secondary structure dominated by random-coil and β-sheet; structural stability increases upon single-stranded nucleic acid binding; a conserved tryptophan residue is exposed to solvent and involved in nucleic acid binding. Size-exclusion HPLC, circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy with purified recombinant tag-free CNBP Protein expression and purification Medium 24161561
2014 CNBP up-regulates transcription of Wnt signaling pathway components cdk14, ptk7 and tcf7l2 in a dose-dependent fashion in zebrafish; this in turn regulates c-myc, ccnd1 and axin2 expression, and CNBP also down-regulates wnt5 transcription. Zebrafish loss-of-function (morpholino), in vivo gene expression analysis, bioinformatic target prediction with experimental validation Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 25151948
2016 Cnbp overexpression in zebrafish rescues Treacher Collins Syndrome (tcof1 knockdown) craniofacial phenotype in a dose-dependent manner through a ROS-cytoprotective mechanism that prevents redox-responsive gene upregulation, without normalizing rRNA synthesis; Treacle depletion reduces Cnbp abundance. Zebrafish morpholino knockdown + cnbp transgenic overexpression rescue, antioxidant treatment, expression analysis Cell death & disease Medium 27711076
2017 CNBP cooperates with LAST lncRNA to bind the 5'UTR of CCND1 mRNA and protect it from nuclease-mediated degradation, stabilizing CCND1 mRNA; CNBP RIP-seq identified CCND1 and three other mRNAs as post-transcriptional targets. RIP-seq, RNA-seq, RNA immunoprecipitation, CNBP depletion/overexpression, xenograft model eLife High 29199958
2017 CNBP acts as a transcription regulator of sustained IL-6 expression; LPS induces CNBP nuclear translocation through phosphorylation-mediated dimerization; nuclear CNBP binds specific motifs in the IL-6 promoter; LPS-induced cnbp expression occurs via NF-κB-dependent manner and a positive autoregulatory mechanism. ChIP, promoter binding assays, CNBP nuclear translocation assay, cnbp-depleted zebrafish infection model Nucleic acids research High 28168305
2018 CNBP resides in the cytosol of macrophages and translocates to the nucleus in response to microbial stimuli; nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity of c-Rel require CNBP; CNBP-deficient macrophages show impaired c-Rel activation but normal canonical NF-κB/Rel signaling, placing CNBP as a selective regulator of c-Rel-dependent IL-12β transcription. Cnbp knockout mice, c-Rel nuclear translocation and DNA-binding assays, cytokine measurement, in vivo infection (toxoplasmosis) The Journal of experimental medicine High 30442645
2019 CNBP acts as a G-quadruplex (G4)-unfolding protein in vitro on tetramolecular G4 (TG4T) and on G4 structures in promoters of several oncogenes (KRAS, NOGGIN); CNBP depletion reduces KRAS transcription; in zebrafish, CNBP represses NOGGIN transcription by G4 unwinding. In vitro G4 unfolding assays, CNBP depletion in cellulo, zebrafish in vivo experiments, transcription reporter assays Nucleic acids research High 31219592
2019 Circ-HuR interacts with CNBP and restrains CNBP binding to the HuR promoter, resulting in down-regulation of HuR expression; this identifies CNBP as a transcriptional activator of HuR that is negatively regulated by circ-HuR. Biotin-labeled RNA pull-down, mass spectrometry, RIP, RNA EMSA, in vitro binding assay, ChIP, dual-luciferase assay Molecular cancer High 31718709
2020 CNBP binding to lncRNA Braveheart (Bvht) remodels its 3-D structure in solution; CNBP binding requires multiple domains of Bvht and the RHT/AGIL RNA motif, which contains a highly flexible loop surrounded by ordered helices. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) structural study of Bvht RNA and Bvht-CNBP complex Nature communications High 31919376
2021 CNBP binds and unfolds G-quadruplex structures formed by SARS-CoV-2 positive- and negative-sense RNA genome strands in vitro, as demonstrated by biophysical techniques; CNBP is the main human cellular protein bound to SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. Multiple biophysical techniques (CD, FRET, etc.) for G4 confirmation and unfolding; molecular binding assays International journal of molecular sciences Medium 33807682
2021 Drosophila CNBP controls polyamine metabolism by binding dOdc mRNA and regulating its translation; CNBP depletion in muscles reduces ODC protein and polyamine levels without affecting Odc mRNA; locomotor defects from CNBP depletion are rescued by polyamine supplementation or dOdc overexpression. Drosophila muscle-specific RNAi, polyamine measurement, mRNA binding assays, genetic rescue experiments eLife High 34517941
2022 CNBP undergoes phosphorylation-dependent nuclear translocation upon RNA sensing in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, then binds IFNβ enhancer DNA to drive IFNβ transcription; CNBP also directly binds SARS-CoV-2 RNA and competes with nucleocapsid (N) protein to prevent viral RNA-N protein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS); CNBP-deficient mice have higher viral loads and succumb rapidly to infection. CNBP KO cells and mice, IFNβ reporter assay, direct RNA binding assay, LLPS competition assay, viral load measurement Research square (preprint)preprint Medium 35547851
2023 CNBP undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) forming condensates; nuclear CNBP condensates interact with SWI/SNF subunit SMARCC2, repressing SMARCC2 activity while alternatively increasing SMARCC1/SMARCA4 binary complex activity to facilitate 18S rRNA processing gene expression; KPNB1 (karyopherin β1) is responsible for nuclear transport of CNBP. Co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, ChIP, sequential ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter, gain- and loss-of-function, cell-penetrating peptide blocking phase separation Clinical and translational medicine Medium 37186134
2025 CNBP acts as a motor-adaptor between KIF1C kinesin and mRNA cargo for transport to cell protrusions; CNBP binds directly to GA-rich sequences in the 3'UTR of protrusion-targeted mRNAs; CNBP interacts with KIF1C and is required for KIF1C recruitment to mRNAs and their microtubule-dependent trafficking to the cell periphery, which is important for cell migration. KIF1C-CNBP interaction (Co-IP/pulldown), direct RNA binding to 3'UTR sequences, CNBP depletion (loss-of-function) with mRNA localization readout by live imaging/FISH, cell migration assay Cell reports High 39982819

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Myotonic dystrophy type 2 caused by a CCTG expansion in intron 1 of ZNF9. Science (New York, N.Y.) 936 11486088
2002 Three proteins, MBNL, MBLL and MBXL, co-localize in vivo with nuclear foci of expanded-repeat transcripts in DM1 and DM2 cells. Human molecular genetics 372 11929853
2019 Circ-HuR suppresses HuR expression and gastric cancer progression by inhibiting CNBP transactivation. Molecular cancer 180 31718709
2005 Aneurysmal bone cyst variant translocations upregulate USP6 transcription by promoter swapping with the ZNF9, COL1A1, TRAP150, and OMD genes. Oncogene 161 15735689
2006 Myotonic dystrophy: emerging mechanisms for DM1 and DM2. Biochimica et biophysica acta 153 16876389
2003 Histopathological differences of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and PROMM/DM2. Neurology 129 12796551
2011 Population frequency of myotonic dystrophy: higher than expected frequency of myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) mutation in Finland. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 103 21364698
2002 Structural and enzymatic characterization of Drosophila Dm2-MMP, a membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase with tissue-specific expression. The Journal of biological chemistry 85 11967260
1999 Clinical and genetic characteristics of a five-generation family with a novel form of myotonic dystrophy (DM2). Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 83 10063831
2017 LAST, a c-Myc-inducible long noncoding RNA, cooperates with CNBP to promote CCND1 mRNA stability in human cells. eLife 78 29199958
1985 Dichloromethane dehalogenase of Hyphomicrobium sp. strain DM2. Journal of bacteriology 76 3988708
2007 Haploinsuffciency for Znf9 in Znf9+/- mice is associated with multiorgan abnormalities resembling myotonic dystrophy. Journal of molecular biology 72 17335846
2005 Similar brain tau pathology in DM2/PROMM and DM1/Steinert disease. Neurology 66 16301494
2020 Zinc-finger protein CNBP alters the 3-D structure of lncRNA Braveheart in solution. Nature communications 65 31919376
2003 The zinc-finger protein CNBP is required for forebrain formation in the mouse. Development (Cambridge, England) 64 12588852
1998 Involvement of the Xenopus laevis Ro60 autoantigen in the alternative interaction of La and CNBP proteins with the 5'UTR of L4 ribosomal protein mRNA. Journal of molecular biology 64 9710533
2010 Mutant (CCTG)n expansion causes abnormal expression of zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9) in myotonic dystrophy type 2. The American journal of pathology 61 20971734
2010 Differences in aberrant expression and splicing of sarcomeric proteins in the myotonic dystrophies DM1 and DM2. Acta neuropathologica 59 20066428
2009 Absence of a differentiation defect in muscle satellite cells from DM2 patients. Neurobiology of disease 58 19632331
2010 CNBP: a multifunctional nucleic acid chaperone involved in cell death and proliferation control. IUBMB life 57 20960530
2019 CNBP controls transcription by unfolding DNA G-quadruplex structures. Nucleic acids research 49 31219592
2004 Biomolecular identification of (CCTG)n mutation in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) by FISH on muscle biopsy. European journal of histochemistry : EJH 48 15718211
2007 The myotonic dystrophy type 2 protein ZNF9 is part of an ITAF complex that promotes cap-independent translation. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 46 17327219
2006 Muscleblind-like protein 1 nuclear sequestration is a molecular pathology marker of DM1 and DM2. European journal of histochemistry : EJH 42 16920640
2012 Co-segregation of DM2 with a recessive CLCN1 mutation in juvenile onset of myotonic dystrophy type 2. Journal of neurology 41 22407275
2005 Effect of the [CCTG]n repeat expansion on ZNF9 expression in myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2). Biochimica et biophysica acta 41 16376058
2017 CNBP acts as a key transcriptional regulator of sustained expression of interleukin-6. Nucleic acids research 40 28168305
2013 Mechanistic studies for the role of cellular nucleic-acid-binding protein (CNBP) in regulation of c-myc transcription. Biochimica et biophysica acta 39 23774591
2003 Molecular cloning, developmental expression, promoter analysis and functional characterization of the mouse CNBP gene. Gene 38 12706888
2021 CNBP Binds and Unfolds In Vitro G-Quadruplexes Formed in the SARS-CoV-2 Positive and Negative Genome Strands. International journal of molecular sciences 37 33807682
2018 CNBP controls IL-12 gene transcription and Th1 immunity. The Journal of experimental medicine 36 30442645
2014 Alternative splicing alterations of Ca2+ handling genes are associated with Ca2+ signal dysregulation in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) myotubes. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology 36 23888875
2011 Selective inhibition of MBNL1-CCUG interaction by small molecules toward potential therapeutic agents for myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). Nucleic acids research 35 21768123
2007 CNBP mediates neural crest cell expansion by controlling cell proliferation and cell survival during rostral head development. Journal of cellular biochemistry 35 17471504
2007 The UCP1 gene polymorphism A-3826G in relation to DM2 and body composition in Czech population. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 35 17516293
2004 New methods for molecular diagnosis and demonstration of the (CCTG)n mutation in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 35 15019706
1991 CD3+ T cells in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice. II. Transplantation of dm2 lymphoid cells into semi-allogeneic scid mice. European journal of immunology 35 1829409
2011 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gis2 interacts with the translation machinery and is orthogonal to myotonic dystrophy type 2 protein ZNF9. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 33 21277287
2011 RNA Foci, CUGBP1, and ZNF9 are the primary targets of the mutant CUG and CCUG repeats expanded in myotonic dystrophies type 1 and type 2. The American journal of pathology 33 21889481
1995 Cloning and characterization of rat cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) cDNA. DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes 32 7788528
2016 Cnbp ameliorates Treacher Collins Syndrome craniofacial anomalies through a pathway that involves redox-responsive genes. Cell death & disease 31 27711076
2006 CNBP regulates forebrain formation at organogenesis stage in chick embryos. Developmental biology 31 16626683
2002 A fluorescence polarization assay for the identification of inhibitors of the p53-DM2 protein-protein interaction. Analytical biochemistry 31 11779115
2003 Novel CNBP- and La-based translation control systems for mammalian cells. Biotechnology and bioengineering 30 12432575
2004 A non-DM1, non-DM2 multisystem myotonic disorder with frontotemporal dementia: phenotype and suggestive mapping of the DM3 locus to chromosome 15q21-24. Brain : a journal of neurology 28 15215218
2010 ZNF9 activation of IRES-mediated translation of the human ODC mRNA is decreased in myotonic dystrophy type 2. PloS one 26 20174632
2008 Dissecting CNBP, a zinc-finger protein required for neural crest development, in its structural and functional domains. Journal of molecular biology 26 18703071
2013 Altered expression and splicing of Ca(2+) metabolism genes in myotonic dystrophies DM1 and DM2. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology 25 22758909
2012 Yeast Gis2 and its human ortholog CNBP are novel components of stress-induced RNP granules. PloS one 25 23285195
2011 Myotonia congenita and myotonic dystrophy in the same family: coexistence of a CLCN1 mutation and expansion in the CNBP (ZNF9) gene. Clinical genetics 24 21204798
2014 CNBP modulates the transcription of Wnt signaling pathway components. Biochimica et biophysica acta 23 25151948
2004 A long PCR-based molecular protocol for detecting normal and expanded ZNF9 alleles in myotonic dystrophy type 2. Diagnostic molecular pathology : the American journal of surgical pathology, part B 23 15322428
2018 Distribution and Structure of DM2 Repeat Tract Alleles in the German Population. Frontiers in neurology 21 29973908
2011 Upgrading molecular diagnostics of myotonic dystrophies: multiplexing for simultaneous characterization of the DMPK and ZNF9 repeat motifs. Molecular and cellular probes 21 21550396
2010 Validation of sensitivity and specificity of tetraplet-primed PCR (TP-PCR) in the molecular diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 21 20616365
2021 What's new about CNBP? Divergent functions and activities for a conserved nucleic acid binding protein. Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects 20 34474118
2005 Expression pattern and developmental behaviour of cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) during folliculogenesis and oogenesis in fish. Gene 20 16002243
2000 cDNA cloning and developmental expression of cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) gene in Xenopus laevis. Gene 20 10607896
2022 Characterization of full-length CNBP expanded alleles in myotonic dystrophy type 2 patients by Cas9-mediated enrichment and nanopore sequencing. eLife 19 36018009
2003 Assessment of cardiovascular autonomic function in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2/PROMM). Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 19 12868497
2021 Translational control of polyamine metabolism by CNBP is required for Drosophila locomotor function. eLife 17 34517941
2013 Beyond the binding site: in vivo identification of tbx2, smarca5 and wnt5b as molecular targets of CNBP during embryonic development. PloS one 16 23667590
2013 CNBP regulates wing development in Drosophila melanogaster by promoting IRES-dependent translation of dMyc. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 16 24275942
2009 The myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) gene product zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9) is associated with sarcomeres and normally localized in DM2 patients' muscles. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology 16 20102514
2006 DM2 CCTG*CAGG repeats are crossover hotspots that are more prone to expansions than the DM1 CTG*CAG repeats in Escherichia coli. Journal of molecular biology 16 16753177
2023 Therapeutic targeting of CNBP phase separation inhibits ribosome biogenesis and neuroblastoma progression via modulating SWI/SNF complex activity. Clinical and translational medicine 15 37186134
2009 Comparative transcriptional and biochemical studies in muscle of myotonic dystrophies (DM1 and DM2). Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 14 19326042
2007 Effect of the combination of the variants -75G/A APOA1 and Trp64Arg ADRB3 on the risk of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Clinical endocrinology 14 17727676
2004 More fibrosis and thrombotic complications but similar expression patterns of markers for coagulation and inflammation in symptomatic plaques from DM2 patients. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 14 15314081
2022 CircPACRGL promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion as well as inhibited cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer via regulation of the miR-330-3p/CNBP axis. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 13 36459268
2019 Comparative Genome Characterization of a Petroleum-Degrading Bacillus subtilis Strain DM2. International journal of genomics 13 31205931
2017 (CCUG)n RNA toxicity in a Drosophila model of myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) activates apoptosis. Disease models & mechanisms 13 28623239
2017 Expanded [CCTG]n repetitions are not associated with abnormal methylation at the CNBP locus in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) patients. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 13 29291944
2010 Analysis of MTMR1 expression and correlation with muscle pathological features in juvenile/adult onset myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). Experimental and molecular pathology 13 20685272
2001 A novel locus for autosomal dominant, non-syndromic hearing impairment (DFNA18) maps to chromosome 3q22 immediately adjacent to the DM2 locus. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 12 11313754
2018 CNBP Homologues Gis2 and Znf9 Interact with a Putative G-Quadruplex-Forming 3' Untranslated Region, Altering Polysome Association and Stress Tolerance in Cryptococcus neoformans. mSphere 11 30089646
2010 APP(DeltaNL695) expression in murine tissue downregulates CNBP expression. Neuroscience letters 11 20621159
2000 Protection induced in mice vaccinated with recombinant collagen-binding protein (CnBP) and alpha-toxoid against intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology and immunology 11 10888356
2020 Upregulation of lncRNA SUMO1P3 promotes proliferation, invasion and drug resistance in gastric cancer through interacting with the CNBP protein. RSC advances 9 35497433
2011 Dutch myotonic dystrophy type 2 patients and a North-African DM2 family carry the common European founder haplotype. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 8 21224892
2000 Proof of genetic heterogeneity in the proximal myotonic myopathy syndrome (PROMM) and its relationship to myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 8 10996776
2022 CircFMN2 Boosts Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Upregulating CNBP by Restraining Ubiquitination. Journal of oncology 7 35909906
2024 OSBPL10-CNBP axis mediates hypoxia-induced pancreatic cancer development. BioFactors (Oxford, England) 6 39329194
2013 Novel high-performance purification protocol of recombinant CNBP suitable for biochemical and biophysical characterization. Protein expression and purification 6 24161561
2025 A KIF1C-CNBP motor-adaptor complex for trafficking mRNAs to cell protrusions. Cell reports 5 39982819
2008 Expression pattern of cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) during embryogenesis and spermatogenesis of gibel carp. Molecular biology reports 5 18758991
2024 STAU1-mediated CNBP mRNA degradation by LINC00665 alters stem cell characteristics in ovarian cancer. Biology direct 4 39080743
2022 CNBP restricts SARS-CoV2 by regulating IFN and disrupting RNA-protein condensates. Research square 4 35547851
2021 A 14-Year Italian Experience in DM2 Genetic Testing: Frequency and Distribution of Normal and Premutated CNBP Alleles. Frontiers in genetics 4 34234810
2009 Intra-periaqueductal grey microinjections of an imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivative, DM2, affects rostral ventromedial medulla cell activity and shows antinociceptive effect. Neuropharmacology 4 19944111
2025 Global dysregulation of circular RNAs in frontal cortex and whole blood from DM1 and DM2. Human genetics 3 39903274
2024 CircPRMT5 promotes progression of osteosarcoma by recruiting CNBP to regulate the translation and stability of CDK6 mRNA. PloS one 3 38626179
2024 circTADA2A inhibited SLC38A1 expression and suppresses melanoma progression through the prevention of CNBP trans-activation. PloS one 3 38635778
2022 Expression of concern: Upregulation of lncRNA SUMO1P3 promotes proliferation, invasion and drug resistance in gastric cancer through interacting with the CNBP protein. RSC advances 3 35427101
2004 Characterization of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the ZNF9 gene and analysis of association with myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2) in the Italian population. Molecular and cellular probes 3 15652222
2024 Co-occurrence of CAPN3 homozygous mutation and CCTG expansion in the CNBP gene in a patient with muscular dystrophy. Postepy psychiatrii neurologii 2 39119544
2021 United States immigration detention amplifies disease interaction risk: A model for a transnational ICE-TB-DM2 syndemic. Global public health 2 33945403
2018 Evidence for a relatively high proportion of DM2 mutations in a large group of Polish patients. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska 2 29588063
2008 [Characterization of a thermophilic Geobacillus strain DM-2 degrading hydrocarbons]. Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue 2 19256400
2025 Modulating CCTG repeat expansion toxicity in DM2 Drosophila model through TDP1 inhibition. EMBO molecular medicine 1 40133672