Affinage

BARD1

BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 · UniProt Q99728

Length
777 aa
Mass
86.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 49 papers cited in narrative 48 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

BARD1 is the obligate heterodimeric partner of BRCA1 and the chromatin-targeting subunit of the BRCA1-BARD1 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, a complex central to homologous recombination and tumor suppression (PMID:11573085, PMID:18443292). The two proteins associate through their N-terminal RING domains, and heterodimerization reciprocally stabilizes both subunits and controls their abundance, localization, and activity (PMID:11573085, PMID:11593018). Within the complex the E2 enzyme UbcH5c docks exclusively on the BRCA1 RING, but catalysis requires the intact heterodimer, which assembles non-degradative (notably K6-linked) polyubiquitin and monoubiquitinates histone H2A/H2AX at DNA replication and double-strand break sites (PMID:12732733, PMID:11927591, PMID:14976165). Structural studies show that BARD1 reads post-replicative break chromatin by simultaneously engaging RNF168-deposited H2AK13/15ub through a tandem-BRCT BUDR motif and unmethylated H4K20 through its ankyrin repeats, positioning the RING-bound E2 over the nucleosome to ubiquitylate H2A C-terminal tail lysines (K125/127/129) (PMID:34321663, PMID:34321665, PMID:33589814); the BARD1 RING-nucleosome interface is itself required for both H2A ubiquitylation and transcriptional repression of estrogen-metabolism genes (PMID:29367421). This chromatin recognition directs the complex to repositioning 53BP1, recruiting PALB2-RAD51 and CtIP, and driving long-range DNA end resection through direct stimulation of EXO1- and DNA2/BLM/WRN-dependent pathways, with BARD1's own DNA-binding activity contributing to resection (PMID:27239795, PMID:34408138, PMID:39261728, PMID:39261729); BRCA1-BARD1 further promotes RAD51 synaptic complex formation and, in the presence of RAD51, switches to protecting stalled replication forks from nucleolytic degradation (PMID:28976962, PMID:31270457). Beyond recombination, BARD1 inhibits mRNA 3' polyadenylation via CstF-50 and targets the elongating form of RNA polymerase II for ubiquitin-dependent degradation after DNA damage, and independently of BRCA1 it localizes to mitochondria to drive Bax-dependent apoptosis and stabilizes p53 (PMID:10477523, PMID:15905410, PMID:15886201, PMID:17510055, PMID:11779501). BARD1 ubiquitylation activity also degrades nuclear receptor and cell-cycle substrates including ERα, LXRα, and Aurora B (PMID:20060929, PMID:19164445, PMID:19176389). The complex is regulated by CDK2-mediated phosphorylation, SIRT2 deacetylation of the BARD1 RING, BAP1 binding, and RNF19A-mediated ubiquitination that exposes a CRM1-dependent NES to drive cytoplasmic export (PMID:15665273, PMID:33789098, PMID:19117993, PMID:14647430, PMID:34789768).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 20 steps
  1. 1997 High

    Establishing that BARD1 colocalizes with BRCA1 in S-phase subnuclear foci tied BARD1 to BRCA1-mediated tumor suppression and cell-cycle-coupled function.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence with cell-cycle synchronization and fractionation in mammalian cells

    PMID:9342365

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the molecular activity at foci
    • Cause of S-phase specificity unresolved
  2. 1999 High

    Identification of the BARD1-CstF-50 interaction revealed an RNA-processing role, showing BARD1 can inhibit mRNA polyadenylation and contacts RNA polymerase II.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro polyadenylation assays

    PMID:10477523

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not connect to DNA damage signaling
    • In vivo relevance to transcription unclear at the time
  3. 2001 High

    Determining the RING-RING heterodimer structure and the reciprocal stability dependence defined BARD1-BRCA1 as an obligate complex and provided a framework for cancer mutations.

    Evidence Solution NMR structure; Xenopus reciprocal depletion experiments

    PMID:11573085 PMID:11593018

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not demonstrate catalytic mechanism
    • E2 specificity not yet mapped
  4. 2001 High

    Linking DNA-damage-induced CstF/BARD1/BRCA1 complex formation to a tumor mutant (Q564H) and showing BARD1 promotes apoptosis via p53 connected RNA processing and apoptotic signaling to tumor suppression.

    Evidence Cell extract polyadenylation assays, mutagenesis, overexpression/siRNA apoptosis assays, co-IP

    PMID:11257228 PMID:11779501

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of p53 stabilization not reconstituted
    • Apoptotic and repair roles not integrated
  5. 2003 High

    Mapping E2 binding (UbcH5c on the BRCA1 RING) and demonstrating BARD1's role in homology-directed repair established the heterodimer as a functional E3 ligase acting in DSB repair.

    Evidence NMR/mutagenesis with in vitro ligase assays; HDR reporter assay with dominant-negative BARD1

    PMID:12732733 PMID:14560035

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological ubiquitin substrates in HDR not yet identified
    • Binding vs activity distinction (UbcH7) unexplained mechanistically
  6. 2004 High

    Identifying K6-linked chains at replication/break sites, NPM as a stabilizing substrate, and conserved roles in C. elegans and p53 checkpoint signaling broadened the functional repertoire of the ligase.

    Evidence siRNA/foci analysis, MS substrate screen with in vitro/in vivo ubiquitination, C. elegans RNAi epistasis, siRNA checkpoint assays

    PMID:14711411 PMID:14976165 PMID:15159397 PMID:15184379

    Open questions at the time
    • Non-degradative ubiquitin signal function unresolved
    • How chain type is selected unknown
  7. 2005 Medium

    Showing CDK2-mediated phosphorylation disrupts ligase activity/localization and that BARD1 bridges p53 to its kinase defined cell-cycle and signaling regulation of the complex.

    Evidence In vitro/in vivo kinase and ubiquitination assays, fractionation, co-IP, phospho-immunoblotting

    PMID:15665273 PMID:15782130 PMID:15886201 PMID:15905410

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct p53 phosphorylation by a BARD1-bridged kinase not reconstituted
    • Physiological CDK2 sites incompletely mapped
  8. 2005 High

    Demonstrating that BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitylates the elongating RNAP IIO and that this degradation lies upstream of mRNA 3' processing inhibition unified the RNA-processing and DNA-damage functions.

    Evidence In vitro ligase assay, siRNA, immunoblotting, localization

    PMID:15886201 PMID:15905410

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo physiological importance of RNAP II turnover not quantified
    • Coupling to repair outcomes unclear
  9. 2006 Medium

    Defining BARD1 phosphorylation (Thr-714/734), nuclear-export regulation, DNA-binding stimulation, and roles in spindle assembly and damage super-complexes expanded the mechanistic and mitotic context.

    Evidence Mutagenesis with processing/RNAP II readouts; NES mapping/live imaging/apoptosis; EMSA; Xenopus spindle assays and co-IP

    PMID:14647430 PMID:16391231 PMID:16489000 PMID:16651405 PMID:17081976

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of mitotic vs repair roles unresolved
    • Structural basis of DNA binding not defined
  10. 2007 Medium

    Crystallizing the BRCT domain, defining ankyrin and BRCT motifs as each essential for HDR/chromosome stability, and identifying BRCA1-independent mitochondrial proapoptotic localization clarified domain function and BRCA1-independent activity.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography; Bard1-null complementation with HDR/stability assays; mitochondrial imaging and apoptosis assays

    PMID:17510055 PMID:17550235 PMID:17848578

    Open questions at the time
    • BRCT phospho-ligand identity in HDR ambiguous (mutants did not perturb HDR)
    • Mitochondrial targeting mechanism single-lab
  11. 2008 High

    Conditional knockout mouse genetics established that BARD1 and BRCA1 tumor suppression are mediated through the shared heterodimer, while structural work on the ankyrin domain and CstF-50 binding region refined domain architecture.

    Evidence Conditional Bard1/Brca1 knockout tumor comparison; ankyrin and BRCT crystal structures with SAXS and pulldowns

    PMID:18443292 PMID:18480049 PMID:18842000

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not isolate which heterodimer activity is tumor-suppressive
    • Degenerate BARD1 phospho-pocket function unclear
  12. 2009 Medium

    Discovery of BAP1 as a BARD1 RING-domain regulator and identification of isoform-specific (BARD1β/Aurora B) and substrate (LXRα) interactions revealed layered regulation and broader substrate scope.

    Evidence SPR, co-IP, in vitro ubiquitination with catalytic mutants; selective siRNA/co-IP for isoforms; co-IP/ubiquitination/ChIP for LXRα

    PMID:19117993 PMID:19164445 PMID:19176389

    Open questions at the time
    • BAP1 catalysis-independent inhibition mechanism undefined
    • Isoform-specific roles not validated in vivo
  13. 2010 Medium

    Establishing ERα as an in vivo ubiquitylation substrate, with the BARD1 C-terminus important for substrate recognition, extended the ligase to nuclear-hormone-receptor turnover.

    Evidence In vivo ubiquitination, siRNA, domain mapping

    PMID:20060929

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological setting of ERα turnover unclear
    • Single-lab finding
  14. 2016 High

    Showing H2A ubiquitination by BRCA1-BARD1 drives 53BP1 repositioning via SMARCAD1 and promotes resection mechanistically linked the histone mark to the HR/NHEJ choice.

    Evidence In vitro ligase assay, H2A-ubiquitin fusion rescue, SMARCAD1 CUE-domain interaction, HR assay

    PMID:27239795

    Open questions at the time
    • How H2Aub geometry directs SMARCAD1 unresolved at the time
    • Resection enzymology not yet reconstituted
  15. 2017 High

    Reconstituting BRCA1-BARD1 stimulation of RAD51 synaptic complex formation showed a direct recombinase-promoting role beyond chromatin signaling.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution, synaptic complex assay, interaction mapping, cellular HR

    PMID:28976962

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo contribution relative to other RAD51 mediators unclear
  16. 2018 High

    Separation-of-function mouse and structural studies established that the BARD1 RING-nucleosome interface and the BRCT domain support distinct activities (H2A ubiquitylation/transcription versus PAR-dependent fork protection separable from HDR).

    Evidence Knockin mouse fork-protection/HDR assays; CRISPR cell lines with nucleosome-binding RING mutants and transcription readout; meiotic localization in C. elegans

    PMID:29367421 PMID:30244837 PMID:30383754

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic basis of BRCT phospho-recognition in fork protection not fully resolved
    • Meiotic role single study
  17. 2019 High

    Demonstrating that BRCA1-BARD1, not BRCA1-PALB2, protects stalled forks under PIN1 isomerization control defined a distinct, separable replication-protection function with patient-variant relevance.

    Evidence Fork protection assays (iPOND, fiber), co-IP, RAD51 foci, variant characterization

    PMID:31270457

    Open questions at the time
    • How PIN1 isomerization is signaled remains open
    • Single-lab
  18. 2021 High

    Multiple cryo-EM/crystal structures and genetic epistasis established the molecular code by which BARD1 reads H2AK13/15ub (via BUDR) and H4K20me0 to target post-replicative break chromatin, orient the E2 for H2A C-tail ubiquitylation, and recruit PALB2-RAD51, while regulatory studies defined SIRT2 deacetylation and RNF19A-driven export.

    Evidence Cryo-EM and crystal structures with nucleosome/ubiquitylated nucleosome, mutagenesis, HR/PARPi assays, mouse epistasis, deacetylation and ubiquitination/export assays

    PMID:33589814 PMID:33789098 PMID:34102105 PMID:34321663 PMID:34321665 PMID:34408138 PMID:34789768

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo dynamics of multivalent chromatin engagement not directly observed
    • RNF19A and SIRT2 regulation single-lab
  19. 2023 High

    Showing with truly ligase-null and nucleosome-targeting-defective variants that ligase activity is required for both resection initiation and HDR completion corrected prior 'ligase-dead' reagents and cemented the catalytic requirement across HR.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution with full-length proteins, separation-of-function alleles, HDR and damage-sensitivity assays

    PMID:37797621

    Open questions at the time
    • The substrate(s) acted on during late HDR completion not fully defined
  20. 2024 High

    Full biochemical reconstitution showed BRCA1-BARD1 directly stimulates EXO1-, BLM/DNA2-, and WRN/DNA2-dependent long-range resection (synergizing with MRN/CtIP) and that RAD51 concentration toggles between resection and fork protection, with BARD1 DNA binding essential.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution with purified enzymes, single-molecule analysis, co-IP, BARD1 DNA-binding mutant cellular assays

    PMID:39261728 PMID:39261729

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo control of the RAD51-dependent resection/protection switch not characterized

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How BARD1's distinct activities—chromatin ubiquitylation, resection stimulation, fork protection, RNA-processing/RNAP II regulation, and mitochondrial apoptosis—are coordinated and prioritized within a cell remains unresolved.
  • No integrated model linking the BRCA1-dependent and BRCA1-independent roles
  • Spatiotemporal regulation of activity switching unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 5 GO:0016874 ligase activity 4 GO:0042393 histone binding 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 4 GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1 GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 1
Pathway
R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 5 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 4 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 4 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 3 R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
BAP1BRCA1CSTF-50EXO1PALB2RAD51RNF19ASIRT2
Complex memberships
BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer / RING E3 ubiquitin ligaseBRCA1-BARD1-MRN (Mre11/Rad50/NBS1) super-complexBRCA1-BARD1-TopBP1 super-complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 48 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 Solution NMR structure of the BRCA1-BARD1 RING-RING heterodimer was determined, revealing that the two RING domains form a specific heterodimeric complex and providing a structural model for ubiquitin ligase activity and explaining how cancer-causing mutations disrupt function. NMR structure determination (solution structure) Nature structural biology High 11573085
2003 The BRCA1-BARD1 RING heterodimer functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase; UbcH5c binds exclusively to the BRCA1 RING domain (not BARD1 RING), via the first and second Zn2+-loops and central alpha-helix, a surface disrupted by cancer-predisposing mutations. UbcH7 binds with similar affinity but is not active in ubiquitin-ligase assays, demonstrating that binding alone is insufficient for activity. NMR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro ubiquitin ligase assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 12732733
2002 The BRCA1-BARD1 complex catalyzes autoubiquitination and monoubiquitination of histone H2A/H2AX in vitro, assembling non-lysine-48-linked (non-degradative) polyubiquitin chains on both BRCA1 and BARD1 subunits; these chains were also detected in vivo upon co-expression. In vitro ubiquitin ligase reconstitution with purified proteins; co-expression in cells with immunoprecipitation The Journal of biological chemistry High 11927591
2004 BRCA1:BARD1 catalyzes the formation of K6-linked polyubiquitin conjugates at DNA replication structures (S-phase foci) and double-strand break repair sites in cells; siRNA knockdown of BRCA1:BARD1 abrogated these ubiquitin conjugates, and a K6 mutant of ubiquitin inhibited their formation. siRNA knockdown, immunohistochemistry with ubiquitin-specific antibodies, cell fractionation/foci analysis Human molecular genetics High 14976165
2004 Nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM) is a substrate of the BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase; NPM was identified by two independent mass spectrometry screens for BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitination substrates, interacts with N-terminal fragments of both BRCA1 and BARD1, and is ubiquitinated by BRCA1-BARD1 in vitro and in vivo, resulting in NPM stabilization rather than degradation. Mass spectrometry substrate screen, in vitro ubiquitin ligase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, in vivo ubiquitination assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 15184379
1999 BARD1 directly interacts with the polyadenylation factor CstF-50 in vitro and in intact cells; this interaction inhibits polyadenylation in vitro, and BARD1 also interacts with RNA polymerase II, suggesting BARD1-mediated inhibition of mRNA 3' processing. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro polyadenylation assay, protein interaction experiments Science High 10477523
2001 In response to DNA damage (hydroxyurea or UV), an increased CstF/BARD1/BRCA1 complex was detected and 3' cleavage was transiently inhibited in cell extracts; a tumor-associated BARD1 mutation (Q564H) reduced binding to CstF-50 and abrogated inhibition of polyadenylation, linking mRNA 3' processing inhibition to DNA damage response and tumor suppression. Cell extract polyadenylation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, site-directed mutagenesis Cell High 11257228
2005 BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitin ligase activity targets RNA polymerase II (RNAP IIO, elongating form phosphorylated on Ser-5 of the CTD heptapeptide repeat) for degradation; siRNA knockdown of BRCA1 or BARD1 stabilized RNAP II after DNA damage and reverted inhibition of mRNA 3' cleavage, placing RNAP II degradation upstream of mRNA processing inhibition. In vitro ubiquitin ligase assay, siRNA knockdown, immunoblotting, nuclear localization analysis Genes & development High 15886201 15905410
1997 BARD1 colocalizes with BRCA1 in discrete subnuclear foci ('BRCA1 nuclear dots') specifically during S phase but not G1, while BARD1 is nuclear in both phases; this cell-cycle-dependent colocalization indicates a role for BARD1 in BRCA1-mediated tumor suppression. Immunofluorescence/immunostaining, subcellular fractionation, cell cycle synchronization Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9342365
2001 In Xenopus laevis, depletion of either BARD1 or BRCA1 leads to depletion of the other protein due to decreased stability, and both proteins form functional heterodimers; each protein controls the abundance, stability, and function of the other in a heterodimerization-dependent manner. Xenopus embryo depletion experiments, immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 11593018
2003 BARD1 participates with BRCA1 in homology-directed repair (HDR) of chromosome breaks; expression of truncated BARD1 peptides that interact with BRCA1 caused HDR deficiency, most severely in cells harboring a Brca1 exon-11 deletion splice product. Homology-directed repair assay (fluorescent reporter), dominant-negative BARD1 truncation expression Molecular and cellular biology High 14560035
2004 In C. elegans, the BARD1 ortholog Ce-BRD-1 interacts with components of the sumoylation pathway, the TACC domain protein TAC-1, and Ce-BRC-1 (BRCA1 ortholog); depletion of Ce-brd-1 or Ce-brc-1 results in elevated p53-dependent germ cell death, chromosome fragmentation after irradiation, and impaired progeny survival, establishing a conserved role in DNA repair. Yeast two-hybrid, C. elegans RNAi depletion, genetic epistasis, survival/cytology assays Current biology High 14711411
2004 BRCA1-BARD1 complexes are required for ATM/ATR-mediated phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15 after ionizing and UV radiation; prior ATM/ATR-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA1 (at Ser-1423 or Ser-1524) is needed for efficient p53-Ser-15 phosphorylation, which in turn is necessary for p21 induction and the G1/S checkpoint arrest. siRNA knockdown of BRCA1 and BARD1, immunoblotting for phosphorylation events, flow cytometry cell cycle analysis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 15159397
2006 BRCA1/BARD1 is required for mitotic spindle-pole assembly and accumulation of TPX2 on spindle poles in mammalian cells and Xenopus egg extracts; this function is centrosome-independent, operates downstream of Ran GTPase, and depends on BRCA1/BARD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. BRCA1/BARD1 forms endogenous complexes with TPX2, NuMA, and XRHAMM and attenuates XRHAMM function. Co-immunoprecipitation, Xenopus egg extract spindle assembly assay, mammalian cell depletion, immunofluorescence Cell High 17081976
2006 Following genotoxic stress, BRCA1/BARD1 forms two distinct DNA damage-dependent super-complexes: one with TopBP1 and another with Mre11/Rad50/NBS1; their activation depends on specific checkpoint kinases (ATM/ATR), and each super-complex contributes to a distinct aspect of the DNA damage response. Co-immunoprecipitation, kinase inhibitor experiments, DNA damage treatment Genes & development Medium 16391231
2005 CDK2-cyclin A1/E1 phosphorylates BARD1 on its N-terminus in vivo and in vitro, and CDK2-cyclin E1 coexpression dramatically disrupts BRCA1-BARD1-mediated ubiquitination of NPM and autoubiquitination of BRCA1, likely by causing cytoplasmic export of BRCA1 and BARD1; CDK1-cyclin B1 phosphorylates BARD1 but does not inhibit ligase activity. In vitro kinase assay, in vivo ubiquitination assay, co-expression studies, subcellular fractionation Cancer research Medium 15665273
2006 BARD1 DNA-binding activity is stimulated by BARD1 itself despite BARD1 alone being unable to bind DNA; BARD1 enhances BRCA1 DNA binding in the heterodimer, and autoubiquitination of the heterodimer further enhances BRCA1 DNA affinity. The BRCA1-BARD1 interaction extends beyond the N-terminal RING domains; the BRCA1 C-terminus contributes to heterodimer stability. In vitro DNA binding assay (EMSA/filter binding), ubiquitination assay, protein interaction analysis Cancer research Medium 16489000
2006 DNA damage induces phosphorylation of BARD1 at Thr-714 in vivo; BARD1 T714A and T734A mutants abrogate the DNA damage functions of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex including inhibition of pre-mRNA polyadenylation and degradation of RNA polymerase II. In vivo phosphorylation mapping (site-directed mutagenesis), pre-mRNA processing assay, RNAP II degradation assay Cancer research Medium 16651405
2009 BAP1 (BRCA1-associated protein 1) interacts with the RING finger domain of BARD1 via residues 182-365, interferes with the BRCA1/BARD1 association (as shown by surface plasmon resonance), and inhibits BRCA1 autoubiquitination and NPM ubiquitination by BRCA1/BARD1 through both its deubiquitinase activity and a second, catalysis-independent mechanism. Co-immunoprecipitation, surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore), in vitro ubiquitination assay, catalytically inactive mutant (C91S) Cancer research High 19117993
2004 BARD1 has a CRM1-dependent nuclear export sequence (NES) near its N-terminal RING domain; coexpression of BRCA1 masks this NES, causing nuclear retention of BARD1. Silencing BRCA1 by siRNA or disrupting the BARD1/BRCA1 interaction increased cytoplasmic BARD1 and apoptosis, establishing that BRCA1 heterodimerization regulates BARD1 nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and proapoptotic activity. Nuclear export sequence mapping, live-cell imaging, siRNA knockdown, peptide competition, apoptosis assays Oncogene High 14647430
2007 BARD1 localizes to mitochondria independent of BRCA1, and mitochondrial targeting sequences map to both the N and C terminus of BARD1; ectopic BARD1 at mitochondria induces apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and Bax oligomerization, distinguishing its apoptotic mechanism from BRCA1. Immunofluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation, YFP-BARD1 live imaging, apoptosis assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 17510055
2001 BARD1 mediates proapoptotic signaling: overexpression induces apoptosis; BARD1-repressed cells are defective for the apoptotic response to genotoxic stress. The proapoptotic activity involves binding to and stabilization of p53; BRCA1 is not required but partially counteracts BARD1-induced apoptosis. A tumor-associated BARD1 mutation (Q564H) is defective in apoptosis induction. Overexpression assays, siRNA repression, apoptosis assays, co-immunoprecipitation (BARD1-p53) Molecular cell Medium 11779501
2005 BARD1 binds both unphosphorylated and Ser-15-phosphorylated p53 and also binds Ku-70 (regulatory subunit of DNA-PK); upregulation of BARD1 alone is sufficient to stabilize p53 and promote its phosphorylation at Ser-15 in multiple cell types, suggesting BARD1 catalyzes p53 phosphorylation by bridging the kinase and substrate. Co-immunoprecipitation (BARD1-p53, BARD1-Ku70), overexpression, immunoblotting for p53-Ser-15 phosphorylation, apoptosis assay Oncogene Medium 15782130
2008 Crystal structure of the BARD1 ankyrin repeat domain (2.0 Å) reveals four ankyrin repeats with a non-canonical C-terminal capping repeat and an extended loop; conserved surface features include an acidic patch and acidic pocket. Cancer-associated mutations N470S and V507M do not cause observable structural defects. X-ray crystallography (2.0 Å resolution) The Journal of biological chemistry High 18480049
2007 Crystal structure of human BARD1 BRCT repeats (residues 568-777) at 1.9 Å resolution; the BARD1 phosphoserine-binding pocket P1 is similar to BRCA1 and MDC1 BRCT domains, but P2 contains distinct histidine residues (His685, His686) whose protonation state may regulate ligand recognition; cancer-associated mutations C645R, V695L, and S761N likely disrupt BARD1 structure/function. X-ray crystallography (1.9 Å resolution), structural analysis Biochemistry High 17550235
2008 CstF-50 binds to the BARD1 ankyrin-BRCT linker region (not requiring the ankyrin or BRCT domains per se); the BARD1 BRCT domain has a degenerate phosphopeptide-binding pocket lacking the key arginine for phosphopeptide interaction; ankyrin and BRCT domains are linked by a flexible tether with no fixed relative orientation. Crystal structure of BARD1 BRCT domain, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), limited proteolysis, protein pulldown with deletion mutants Biochemistry High 18842000
2009 Full-length BARD1 co-immunoprecipitates with BRCA1, whereas the cancer-associated isoform BARD1β co-immunoprecipitates with Aurora B and BRCA2. Selective siRNA depletion showed FL BARD1 mediates Aurora B ubiquitination and degradation; BARD1β scaffolds Aurora B and BRCA2 at the midbody. Loss of FL BARD1 causes Aurora B upregulation. Selective siRNA depletion, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence (midbody localization), cell growth assays Cancer research Medium 19176389
2010 Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a substrate of the BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase in vivo; BRCA1 and BARD1 are required for ERα ubiquitination and degradation. The ubiquitin ligase activity maps to the N-terminal RING finger domains, but the BARD1 C-terminus is important for substrate recognition. A BARD1 isoform lacking the RING domain binds and stabilizes ERα. In vivo ubiquitination assay, siRNA knockdown, immunoblotting, domain mapping The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology Medium 20060929
2015 The BARD1 BRCT domain interacts with HP1γ through a conserved HP1-binding motif in an ATM-dependent but RNF168-independent manner after DNA damage, mediated by recognition of H3K9me2. This interaction is required for BARD1 retention at DSB sites; loss of this interaction disrupts BARD1, BRCA1, and CtIP retention at DSBs and allows ectopic RIF1 accumulation at damaged loci in S-phase. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding assay, mutagenesis, immunofluorescence, chromatin fractionation, pharmacological inhibition Cancer research High 25634209
2016 BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase activity is required for repositioning 53BP1 on damaged chromatin and promoting DNA resection and homologous recombination; H2A ubiquitination by BRCA1-BARD1 promotes DNA resection; the chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1 binds H2A-ubiquitin via its CUE domains and is required for 53BP1 repositioning downstream of BRCA1-BARD1. In vitro ubiquitin ligase assay, H2A-ubiquitin fusion rescue experiments, SMARCAD1 domain interaction analysis, HR repair assay, immunofluorescence Nature structural & molecular biology High 27239795
2017 Both BRCA1 and BARD1 subunits bind DNA and interact with RAD51; BRCA1-BARD1 enhances RAD51 recombinase activity by promoting assembly of the synaptic complex, an essential intermediate in RAD51-mediated DNA joint formation. BRCA1-BARD1 mutants with weakened RAD51 interactions show compromised DNA joint formation and impaired HR in cells. In vitro biochemical reconstitution with purified proteins, synaptic complex assay, RAD51-BRCA1-BARD1 interaction mapping, HR reporter assay in cells Nature High 28976962
2018 BARD1 RING domain mutations that disrupt nucleosome binding (Cys53Trp, Cys71Tyr, Cys83Arg) abolish H2A ubiquitylation and nucleosome binding while retaining heterodimer formation with BRCA1; these mutations also cause loss of transcriptional repression of estrogen metabolism genes CYP1A1 and CYP3A4, identifying BARD1 RING domain-nucleosome interaction as critical for both functions. In vitro ubiquitin ligase assay with nucleosome substrate, co-immunoprecipitation, CRISPR cell line editing, RT-qPCR transcription assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 29367421
2019 BRCA1-BARD1 (not the canonical BRCA1-PALB2 interaction) is required for protection of stalled replication forks from degradation; this function is regulated by PIN1-mediated prolyl isomerization of BRCA1, which enhances BRCA1-BARD1 interaction with RAD51 and increases RAD51 at stalled forks. Cancer-associated BRCA1-BARD1 variants can show impaired fork protection while retaining HR proficiency. Replication fork protection assay (iPOND, fiber assay), co-immunoprecipitation, RAD51 foci analysis, patient variant characterization Nature High 31270457
2021 BARD1 contains a tandem BRCT-domain-associated ubiquitin-dependent recruitment (BUDR) motif that engages H2AK15ub to recruit BRCA1 to DSBs; BARD1 also binds unmethylated H4K20 through its ankyrin repeat domain; multivalent coordinated binding of H2AK15ub and H4K20me0 provides high-affinity recognition of post-replicative chromatin at DSBs. Disruption of BUDR compromises HR and sensitizes cells to PARP inhibition. Epistasis confirms the need for BARD1 chromatin-binding activities is relieved by RNF168 or 53BP1 deletion. Cryo-EM structure, genetic epistasis, BARD1 BUDR mutagenesis, HR reporter assay, PARP inhibitor sensitivity assay, nucleosome binding assay Nature High 34321663
2021 Cryo-EM structure of BARD1 ankyrin repeat and tandem BRCT domains bound to a nucleosome core particle shows BARD1 simultaneously recognizes H2AK13/K15ub and unmethylated H4K20; RING domains of BRCA1-BARD1 orient E2 (UbcH5c) atop the nucleosome for ubiquitin transfer to H2A C-terminal tails. Recognition of monoubiquitin by BARD1 at H2A N-terminus cooperatively promotes ubiquitylation at H2A C-terminus and blocks polyubiquitin chain formation. Cryo-EM structure determination, biochemical ubiquitylation assay, mutagenesis Nature High 34321665
2021 Cryo-EM structure of BARD1 bound to a ubiquitinated nucleosome (H2AK15ub) at 3.1 Å reveals BARD1 simultaneously recognizes H2AK15ub and H4K20me0; the BARD1-NCPUb complex is stabilized by BARD1-nucleosome, BARD1-ubiquitin, and ARD-BRCT domain interactions. Disease-causing BARD1 mutations disrupt BARD1-NCPUb interactions and impair HR. Cryo-EM, in vitro nucleosome binding, in vivo HR assay, mutagenesis of cancer-associated variants Molecular cell High 34102105
2021 BRCA1/BARD1 site-specific ubiquitylation targets H2A lysines 125, 127, and 129 in the flexible C-terminal tail; crystal structure of BRCA1/BARD1 RING heterodimer with UbcH5c and nucleosome reveals a novel BARD1-histone interface that repositions UbcH5c compared to the PRC1 E3 ligase. The BARD1-histone interface is sensitive to H3K79 methylation status and cancer-associated mutations. Cryo-EM/crystal structure, biochemical ubiquitylation assay, NMR (dynamics of H2A C-terminal tail), mutagenesis Nature structural & molecular biology High 33589814
2021 SIRT2 deacetylase complexes with BRCA1-BARD1 and deacetylates conserved lysines in the BARD1 RING domain at the BRCA1 interface, promoting BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimerization and consequently their mutual stability, nuclear retention, and localization to DNA damage sites, contributing to efficient HR. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro deacetylation assay, acetylation site mapping, nuclear localization analysis, HR reporter assay, SIRT2 knockdown/overexpression Cell reports Medium 33789098
2021 RNF168-generated H2AK13/15ub recruits BARD1 through its BRCT domain BUDR; BARD1-BRCA1 then accumulates PALB2-RAD51 at DNA breaks via the coiled-coil domain BRCA1-PALB2 interaction. Epistasis analysis in mice showed that Rnf168 and Brca1-CC (coiled-coil) alleles interact to disrupt development and reduce Palb2-Rad51 localization. Genetic epistasis in mice (Brca1CC and Rnf168 alleles), co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence foci analysis Nature communications High 34408138
2021 RNF19A ubiquitinates BARD1, causing dissociation of the BRCA1-BARD1 complex and exposing the nuclear export sequence (NES) of BARD1 that is normally masked by BRCA1, resulting in cytoplasmic export of BARD1 and suppression of HR. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, nuclear export analysis, HR reporter assay, RNF19A overexpression/knockdown Nature communications Medium 34789768
2018 The BARD1 BRCT domain (phospho-recognition by BARD1) is required for poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent recruitment of BRCA1/BARD1 to stalled replication forks and fork protection; Bard1 BRCT mutations (S563F, K607A) ablate fork protection without affecting HDR, while the Brca1 BRCT mutation (S1598F) abrogates both HDR and fork protection. Mouse knockin models (Bard1S563F, Bard1K607A, Brca1S1598F), DNA fiber assay for fork protection, HR assay, chromosome instability analysis, PARP recruitment assay Molecular cell High 30244837
2009 LXRα interacts with the BRCA1/BARD1 E3 ligase complex in the absence of ligand; BRCA1/BARD1 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of LXRα; LXR ligand disrupts the LXRα-BARD1 interaction, preventing ubiquitination and allowing LXRα accumulation at target gene promoters. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, siRNA knockdown, promoter recruitment (ChIP), immunoblotting Molecular endocrinology Medium 19164445
2023 BRCA1-BARD1 E3 ligase activity is required not only for DNA resection initiation but also for later stages of homology-directed repair (HDR) completion; a truly ligase-null BRCA1-BARD1 variant and a variant specifically impaired in targeting nucleosomal histones both sensitize cells to DNA-damaging agents. The study established that previously used 'ligase-dead' mutants retained significant residual activity. In vitro ubiquitylation reconstitution with full-length proteins, mutagenesis (separation-of-function alleles), HDR reporter assay, DNA damage sensitivity assay Molecular cell High 37797621
2024 BRCA1-BARD1 directly promotes long-range DNA end resection by stimulating EXO1- and DNA2-dependent pathways; in the DNA2 pathway, BRCA1-BARD1 stimulates DNA unwinding by WRN or BLM helicase. Together with MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 and phospho-CtIP (forming the BRCA1-C complex), the stimulation is synergistic. A CtIP-S327A mutation disrupting BRCT-CtIP binding inhibits resection. In the presence of RAD51, BRCA1-BARD1 instead inhibits DNA degradation (fork protection), with RAD51 concentration determining the balance. In vitro reconstitution with purified proteins (EXO1, DNA2, BLM, WRN, MRN, CtIP, RAD51), single-molecule analysis, mutagenesis Nature High 39261728
2024 BRCA1-BARD1 physically interacts with EXO1, BLM, and WRN and upregulates the activity of all three long-range DNA end resection pathways (EXO1-, BLM/DNA2-, and WRN/DNA2-dependent); BRCA1 and BARD1 harbor stand-alone modules that contribute to overall functionality; BARD1 DNA-binding activity is important for end resection both in vitro and in cells. In vitro reconstitution with highly purified proteins, single-molecule analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, BARD1 DNA-binding mutant cellular assay Nature High 39261729
2018 In C. elegans meiosis, BRC-1 and BRD-1 (BRCA1/BARD1 orthologs) localize dynamically during meiotic prophase I to regions surrounding crossover sites, co-localizing with COSA-1, MSH-5, and ZHP-3; they form in vivo complexes with the synaptonemal complex component SYP-3 and crossover factor MSH-5; BRC-1 is required for stage-specific RAD-51 recruitment/stabilization at DSBs when synapsis is impaired. Immunofluorescence (meiotic chromosome spreads), co-immunoprecipitation in vivo, RAD-51 foci analysis, genetic analysis PLoS genetics Medium 30383754
2008 Mouse mammary carcinomas resulting from conditional inactivation of Bard1 are indistinguishable from those caused by Brca1 inactivation (identical frequency, latency, histopathology, and cytogenetic features, including triple-negative status and chromosomal instability), and double-mutant Bard1/Brca1 mice develop the same tumors, establishing that tumor suppressor activities of both genes are mediated through the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer. Conditional knockout mouse model (Cre/loxP), comparative tumor analysis, histopathology, cytogenetics Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 18443292
2007 Structural requirements for BARD1 tumor suppressor function in chromosomal stability and HDR were defined: both ankyrin and BRCT motifs are each essential for chromosome stability and HDR in Bard1-null mammary carcinoma cells; mutations predicted to ablate BRCT phospho-recognition did not perturb HDR, and cancer-associated missense mutations (C557S, Q564H, V695L, S761N) did not affect HDR activity. Complementation of Bard1-null mouse mammary carcinoma cells, HDR reporter assay, chromosomal stability analysis, domain deletion and mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 17848578

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Structure of a BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimeric RING-RING complex. Nature structural biology 434 11573085
2015 Germline Mutations in the BRIP1, BARD1, PALB2, and NBN Genes in Women With Ovarian Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 330 26315354
2017 BRCA1-BARD1 promotes RAD51-mediated homologous DNA pairing. Nature 307 28976962
2003 Binding and recognition in the assembly of an active BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitin-ligase complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 300 12732733
2020 The antitumorigenic roles of BRCA1-BARD1 in DNA repair and replication. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology 283 32094664
2006 Multifactorial contributions to an acute DNA damage response by BRCA1/BARD1-containing complexes. Genes & development 261 16391231
2016 Human BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase activity counteracts chromatin barriers to DNA resection. Nature structural & molecular biology 230 27239795
2006 The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer modulates ran-dependent mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 228 17081976
2004 BRCA1 : BARD1 induces the formation of conjugated ubiquitin structures, dependent on K6 of ubiquitin, in cells during DNA replication and repair. Human molecular genetics 226 14976165
2002 Autoubiquitination of the BRCA1*BARD1 RING ubiquitin ligase. The Journal of biological chemistry 182 11927591
2009 BRCA1-associated protein 1 interferes with BRCA1/BARD1 RING heterodimer activity. Cancer research 180 19117993
2001 The BARD1-CstF-50 interaction links mRNA 3' end formation to DNA damage and tumor suppression. Cell 179 11257228
1997 Cell cycle-dependent colocalization of BARD1 and BRCA1 proteins in discrete nuclear domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 152 9342365
1999 Functional interaction of BRCA1-associated BARD1 with polyadenylation factor CstF-50. Science (New York, N.Y.) 145 10477523
2021 BARD1 reads H2A lysine 15 ubiquitination to direct homologous recombination. Nature 144 34321663
2005 BRCA1/BARD1 inhibition of mRNA 3' processing involves targeted degradation of RNA polymerase II. Genes & development 128 15905410
2005 BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitinate phosphorylated RNA polymerase II. The Journal of biological chemistry 125 15886201
2004 BRCA1/BARD1 orthologs required for DNA repair in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current biology : CB 125 14711411
2001 Functional communication between endogenous BRCA1 and its partner, BARD1, during Xenopus laevis development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 124 11593018
2004 BRCA1-BARD1 complexes are required for p53Ser-15 phosphorylation and a G1/S arrest following ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. The Journal of biological chemistry 118 15159397
2004 Nucleophosmin/B23 is a candidate substrate for the BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase. The Journal of biological chemistry 118 15184379
2018 Tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells are resistant to DNA-damaging chemotherapy because of upregulated BARD1 and BRCA1. Nature communications 114 29686231
2021 Mechanisms of BRCA1-BARD1 nucleosome recognition and ubiquitylation. Nature 113 34321665
2019 Isomerization of BRCA1-BARD1 promotes replication fork protection. Nature 107 31270457
2008 The basal-like mammary carcinomas induced by Brca1 or Bard1 inactivation implicate the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer in tumor suppression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 18443292
2006 Is there more to BARD1 than BRCA1? Nature reviews. Cancer 99 16633366
2003 BARD1 participates with BRCA1 in homology-directed repair of chromosome breaks. Molecular and cellular biology 93 14560035
2002 Germline mutations of the BRCA1-associated ring domain (BARD1) gene in breast and breast/ovarian families negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 93 11807980
2001 Identification of BARD1 as mediator between proapoptotic stress and p53-dependent apoptosis. Molecular cell 92 11779501
2015 Interaction of BARD1 and HP1 Is Required for BRCA1 Retention at Sites of DNA Damage. Cancer research 81 25634209
2011 Cancer predisposing BARD1 mutations in breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast cancer research and treatment 75 21344236
2010 Cancer predisposing missense and protein truncating BARD1 mutations in non-BRCA1 or BRCA2 breast cancer families. Human mutation 73 20077502
2004 Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of BARD1 contributes to its proapoptotic activity and is regulated by dimerization with BRCA1. Oncogene 72 14647430
2022 Moderate penetrance genes complicate genetic testing for breast cancer diagnosis: ATM, CHEK2, BARD1 and RAD51D. Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) 69 35772246
2021 Structural insight into BRCA1-BARD1 complex recruitment to damaged chromatin. Molecular cell 69 34102105
2009 Distinct roles of BARD1 isoforms in mitosis: full-length BARD1 mediates Aurora B degradation, cancer-associated BARD1beta scaffolds Aurora B and BRCA2. Cancer research 67 19176389
2005 BARD1 induces apoptosis by catalysing phosphorylation of p53 by DNA-damage response kinase. Oncogene 67 15782130
2021 BRCA1/BARD1 site-specific ubiquitylation of nucleosomal H2A is directed by BARD1. Nature structural & molecular biology 66 33589814
2018 The BRCT Domains of the BRCA1 and BARD1 Tumor Suppressors Differentially Regulate Homology-Directed Repair and Stalled Fork Protection. Molecular cell 65 30244837
2014 Long non-coding RNA and microRNAs might act in regulating the expression of BARD1 mRNAs. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 64 25008968
2004 BARD1 regulates BRCA1 apoptotic function by a mechanism involving nuclear retention. Experimental cell research 63 15265711
2005 Regulation of BRCA1, BRCA2 and BARD1 intracellular trafficking. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology 62 16108063
2013 The BRCA1/BARD1-interacting protein OLA1 functions in centrosome regulation. Molecular cell 61 24289923
2015 New concepts on BARD1: Regulator of BRCA pathways and beyond. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 60 26738429
2022 Enhancing the BOADICEA cancer risk prediction model to incorporate new data on RAD51C, RAD51D, BARD1 updates to tumour pathology and cancer incidence. Journal of medical genetics 58 36162851
2021 RNF168-mediated localization of BARD1 recruits the BRCA1-PALB2 complex to DNA damage. Nature communications 57 34408138
2007 Oncogenic BARD1 isoforms expressed in gynecological cancers. Cancer research 55 18089818
2019 MiR-210-3p protects endometriotic cells from oxidative stress-induced cell cycle arrest by targeting BARD1. Cell death & disease 54 30760709
2007 Crystal structure of the BARD1 BRCT domains. Biochemistry 52 17550235
2006 BRCA1 DNA-binding activity is stimulated by BARD1. Cancer research 52 16489000
2006 The BARD1 Cys557Ser variant and breast cancer risk in Iceland. PLoS medicine 51 16768547
2018 BRCA1-BARD1 associate with the synaptonemal complex and pro-crossover factors and influence RAD-51 dynamics during Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis. PLoS genetics 50 30383754
2006 A homologue of the breast cancer-associated gene BARD1 is involved in DNA repair in plants. The EMBO journal 48 16957774
2024 Mechanism of BRCA1-BARD1 function in DNA end resection and DNA protection. Nature 46 39261728
2018 BARD1 is necessary for ubiquitylation of nucleosomal histone H2A and for transcriptional regulation of estrogen metabolism genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 46 29367421
2017 BARD1 Gene Polymorphisms Confer Nephroblastoma Susceptibility. EBioMedicine 46 28161399
2005 Down-regulation of BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase by CDK2. Cancer research 46 15665273
2011 BARD1: an independent predictor of survival in non-small cell lung cancer. International journal of cancer 45 21815143
2005 Identification and characterization of missense alterations in the BRCA1 associated RING domain (BARD1) gene in breast and ovarian cancer. Journal of medical genetics 45 16061562
2020 BGL3 lncRNA mediates retention of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex at DNA damage sites. The EMBO journal 44 32347575
2018 Circlular RNA BARD1 (Hsa_circ_0001098) overexpression in breast cancer cells with TCDD treatment could promote cell apoptosis via miR-3942/BARD1 axis. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 44 30521417
2007 Structural requirements for the BARD1 tumor suppressor in chromosomal stability and homology-directed DNA repair. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 17848578
2021 The BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitin ligase and its substrates. The Biochemical journal 42 34591954
2017 Dualistic Role of BARD1 in Cancer. Genes 42 29292755
2011 BARD1 expression predicts outcome in colon cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 40 21693656
2010 Negative feedback loop of BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase on estrogen receptor alpha stability and activity antagonized by cancer-associated isoform of BARD1. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 40 20060929
2008 Crystal structure of the BARD1 ankyrin repeat domain and its functional consequences. The Journal of biological chemistry 38 18480049
2007 BARD1 translocation to mitochondria correlates with Bax oligomerization, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 38 17510055
2020 Literature Review of BARD1 as a Cancer Predisposing Gene with a Focus on Breast and Ovarian Cancers. Genes 37 32726901
2013 HDAC inhibitors repress BARD1 isoform expression in acute myeloid leukemia cells via activation of miR-19a and/or b. PloS one 36 24349422
2022 BARD1 mystery: tumor suppressors are cancer susceptibility genes. BMC cancer 34 35650591
2012 Expression of oncogenic BARD1 isoforms affects colon cancer progression and correlates with clinical outcome. British journal of cancer 34 22814582
2021 SIRT2 promotes BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimerization through deacetylation. Cell reports 33 33789098
2006 DNA damage-induced BARD1 phosphorylation is critical for the inhibition of messenger RNA processing by BRCA1/BARD1 complex. Cancer research 33 16651405
2016 Expression of an Oncogenic BARD1 Splice Variant Impairs Homologous Recombination and Predicts Response to PARP-1 Inhibitor Therapy in Colon Cancer. Scientific reports 32 27197561
2009 Liver X receptor ligands suppress ubiquitination and degradation of LXRalpha by displacing BARD1/BRCA1. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 32 19164445
1998 Conservation of function and primary structure in the BRCA1-associated RING domain (BARD1) protein. Oncogene 32 9798686
2024 Promotion of DNA end resection by BRCA1-BARD1 in homologous recombination. Nature 31 39261729
2023 Crucial roles of the BRCA1-BARD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in homology-directed DNA repair. Molecular cell 31 37797621
2006 Ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of BRCA1 and BARD1 during steroidogenesis in human ovarian granulosa cells. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 31 17185394
2017 Tuning BRCA1 and BARD1 activity to investigate RING ubiquitin ligase mechanisms. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 30 27977889
2015 Functional Analysis of BARD1 Missense Variants in Homology-Directed Repair of DNA Double Strand Breaks. Human mutation 30 26350354
2024 Germline pathogenic variants in neuroblastoma patients are enriched in BARD1 and predict worse survival. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 29 37688579
2016 The Association between GWAS-identified BARD1 Gene SNPs and Neuroblastoma Susceptibility in a Southern Chinese Population. International journal of medical sciences 29 26941572
2012 Identification of functional SNPs in BARD1 gene and in silico analysis of damaging SNPs: based on data procured from dbSNP database. PloS one 29 23056176
2022 Metformin alleviates ionizing radiation-induced senescence by restoring BARD1-mediated DNA repair in human aortic endothelial cells. Experimental gerontology 28 35085707
2019 Functional analysis of BARD1 missense variants in homology-directed repair and damage sensitivity. PLoS genetics 28 30925164
2016 Phosphorylated STAT5 regulates p53 expression via BRCA1/BARD1-NPM1 and MDM2. Cell death & disease 27 28005077
2008 The BARD1 C-terminal domain structure and interactions with polyadenylation factor CstF-50. Biochemistry 27 18842000
2007 Identification of BARD1 splice-isoforms involved in human trophoblast invasion. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 27 17556008
2010 The RING heterodimer BRCA1-BARD1 is a ubiquitin ligase inactivated by the platinum-based anticancer drugs. Breast cancer research and treatment 26 20878461
2005 Nuclear targeting and cell cycle regulatory function of human BARD1. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 15632137
2002 BRCA1-dependent and independent functions of BARD1. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 26 11943588
2024 BARD1 germline variants induce haploinsufficiency and DNA repair defects in neuroblastoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 24 37688570
2021 A synergetic effect of BARD1 mutations on tumorigenesis. Nature communications 24 33623049
2012 The BARD1 Cys557Ser variant and risk of familial breast cancer in a South-American population. Molecular biology reports 24 22544576
2004 BARD1 expression during spermatogenesis is associated with apoptosis and hormonally regulated. Biology of reproduction 24 15240424
2021 RNF19A-mediated ubiquitination of BARD1 prevents BRCA1/BARD1-dependent homologous recombination. Nature communications 23 34789768
2018 BRCA1-Interacting Protein OLA1 Requires Interaction with BARD1 to Regulate Centrosome Number. Molecular cancer research : MCR 23 29858377
2020 Summary of BARD1 Mutations and Precise Estimation of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks Associated with the Mutations. Genes 22 32679805

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for BARD1? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.