Affinage

HMGN2

Non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17 · UniProt P05204

Length
90 aa
Mass
9.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 31 papers cited in narrative 31 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HMGN2 (formerly HMG-17) is a nucleosome-binding non-histone chromosomal protein that modulates higher-order chromatin structure to regulate transcription, replication, and DNA repair (PMID:7649479, PMID:8107104). It binds nucleosome core particles through a discrete 30-residue nucleosome-binding domain that functions as an independent module, requiring the histone tails for binding and occupying defined sites flanking the dyad axis, with two molecules per nucleosome that overlap the linker-histone H1/H5 footprint (PMID:8107104, PMID:1453455). HMGN2-containing nucleosomes are organized in clusters of ~6 contiguous particles segregated into nuclear domains distinct from the related HMG-14, and localize downstream of active transcription start sites at sites of RNA polymerase II activity (PMID:3665881, PMID:9417927, PMID:9843505). Functionally, HMGN2 acts as a chromatin-specific coactivator: incorporated into chromatin during assembly, it unfolds chromatin to enhance activator-dependent transcription initiation and to stimulate replication, effects seen only with chromatin and not naked DNA templates (PMID:7649479, PMID:9545265, PMID:8404854). Mechanistically it counteracts the linker histone, facilitating dissociation of H1 to grant transcription-factor access, and shapes histone modification landscapes by binding acetylated and H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and restraining p300-mediated H3 acetylation (PMID:28035005, PMID:41325801). HMGN2 chromatin affinity is tuned by post-translational modifications mapping to its N-terminus and binding domain: PCAF acetylation at K2 reduces nucleosome binding while HDAC6-mediated K2 deacetylation promotes Stat5a-driven transcription; PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation at K17/K35 and succinylation at K30 both reduce nucleosome binding and increase DNA accessibility (PMID:10207070, PMID:27358110, PMID:24872413, PMID:34458839). Beyond chromatin, HMGN2 binds homeodomain and HMG-box transcription factors including PITX2 and Lef-1 and inhibits their DNA binding, acting as a Wnt/beta-catenin-reversible repressive switch, and it contributes to global-genome nucleotide excision repair by facilitating repair-protein access to lesions in chromatin (PMID:18045789, PMID:35872015, PMID:19843163). Hmgn2 loss causes embryonic lethality and perturbs the histone-modification state and pluripotency program of stem cells (PMID:18045789, PMID:31831052, PMID:41325801).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 29 steps
  1. 1981 Medium

    Established the basic nucleic-acid binding preference of HMGN2, framing it as a chromatin-associated protein with single-stranded DNA affinity.

    Evidence Sequential affinity chromatography of purified protein on immobilized ss- and dsDNA columns

    PMID:7279673

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not define the physiological binding substrate (nucleosome vs. free DNA)
    • Single method, no structural mapping
  2. 1983 Medium

    Showed HMGN2 can influence DNA topology by facilitating topoisomerase-mediated catenation, hinting at an architectural role on DNA.

    Evidence In vitro catenation assays with topoisomerases I and II, gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy

    PMID:6326673

    Open questions at the time
    • Biological relevance to chromatin in cells unclear
    • Mechanism of catenation enhancement not defined
  3. 1987 High

    Answered where HMGN2 acts within genes, placing it specifically in coding regions downstream of transcription start sites rather than upstream regulatory elements.

    Evidence Monoclonal antibody immunoisolation of oligonucleosomes with gene-specific hybridization in chicken liver and oviduct

    PMID:3665881

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not establish causality between localization and transcription
    • Limited to three genes
  4. 1992 High

    Defined the modular nucleosome-binding domain of HMGN2 and showed binding requires the histone tails, establishing the structural basis of nucleosome recognition.

    Evidence EMSA, thermal denaturation, DNase I footprinting with synthetic peptides and trypsin-stripped nucleosomes

    PMID:1453455

    Open questions at the time
    • No atomic structure of the domain-nucleosome interface
    • Functional consequence in cells addressed separately
  5. 1993 High

    Demonstrated that HMGN2 incorporated during chromatin assembly stabilizes nucleosome structure and increases transcriptional potential, linking assembly-coupled deposition to function.

    Evidence Xenopus egg extract replication/assembly system with in vitro transcription and nucleosomal ladder analysis

    PMID:8404854

    Open questions at the time
    • Timing requirement mechanism not resolved
    • Does not identify transcription machinery contacted
  6. 1995 High

    Established HMGN2 as a chromatin-specific transcriptional coactivator acting at initiation, defining its core mechanistic role.

    Evidence Reconstituted nucleosomal-array in vitro transcription with GAL4-VP16, chromatin vs. naked DNA controls

    PMID:7649479

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not identify the molecular target unfolded
    • Activator-dependence mechanism not detailed
  7. 1994 High

    Mapped the precise nucleosomal contacts of HMGN2 and showed two molecules bind per core near the dyad, overlapping the linker-histone site — predicting antagonism with H1.

    Evidence Hydroxyl radical footprinting on nucleosome cores and chromatosomes

    PMID:8107104

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional H1 antagonism shown only later
    • No information on higher-order fiber arrangement
  8. 1997 High

    Revealed HMGN2 occupies clustered, contiguous nucleosomes in discrete nuclear domains distinct from HMG-14, indicating non-random genomic and spatial organization.

    Evidence Confocal immunofluorescence and reciprocal immunofractionation of defined oligonucleosomes

    PMID:9417927

    Open questions at the time
    • Determinants of cluster targeting unknown
    • Functional meaning of HMGN segregation unclear
  9. 1998 High

    Connected HMGN2 chromatin association to ongoing transcription and to cell-cycle-regulated nuclear import, establishing it as a dynamic, importin-alpha-dependent chromatin factor.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence across cell cycle, peptide displacement in permeabilized cells, transcription inhibition, importin-alpha-dependent reconstituted nuclear import assays

    PMID:9843505 PMID:9852141

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not define how transcription state controls chromatin retention
    • Import signal characterized but upstream regulation unknown
  10. 1998 High

    Extended the coactivator role to DNA replication, showing assembly-coupled HMGN2 incorporation enhances replication of chromatin templates.

    Evidence In vitro SV40 minichromosome replication assay with chromatin vs. naked DNA and timing controls

    PMID:9545265

    Open questions at the time
    • Replication machinery contacts not identified
    • In vivo replication role untested
  11. 1999 High

    Identified PCAF acetylation of HMGN2 at K2 as a regulatory modification that lowers nucleosome affinity, providing the first PTM-based control of chromatin binding and ordering it before histone acetylation.

    Evidence In vitro PCAF acetyltransferase assay, mass-spec site mapping, equilibrium dialysis binding, deletion mutants

    PMID:10207070

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo acetylation dynamics not fully resolved
    • Functional consequence for transcription shown later
  12. 2002 Medium

    Showed an N-terminal HMGN2 fragment functions as a tumor-homing, cell-penetrating peptide, revealing an unexpected extracellular/delivery property.

    Evidence In vivo phage-display tumor homing selection and fluorescent peptide internalization in xenografts

    PMID:12032302

    Open questions at the time
    • Relationship to nuclear chromatin function unclear
    • Receptor/uptake mechanism unknown
  13. 2005 Medium

    Demonstrated a distinct antimicrobial function residing in the HMGN2 alpha-helical domain, separable from chromatin binding.

    Evidence Domain peptide synthesis and antimicrobial MIC/MEC/MBC assays against bacteria and fungi

    PMID:16115376

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of microbial killing not defined
    • In vivo relevance of secreted/extracellular HMGN2 unclear
  14. 2007 Medium

    Established HMGN2 as a beta-catenin-reversible molecular switch controlling homeodomain transcription factor DNA binding, broadening its role to Wnt-pathway signaling.

    Evidence Co-IP, DNA-binding and luciferase assays with PITX2 and beta-catenin; Hmgn2 knockout mouse (embryonic lethal)

    PMID:18045789

    Open questions at the time
    • Full reconstitution of ternary switch not shown
    • Causal link of lethality to PITX2 axis untested
  15. 2009 High

    Placed HMGN2 in the global-genome nucleotide excision repair subpathway, acting by facilitating repair-protein access to chromatin rather than the repair chemistry.

    Evidence DT40 chicken knockouts, UV survival, G2-M checkpoint, lesion-removal and host-cell reactivation assays

    PMID:19843163

    Open questions at the time
    • Species-specific (later contradicted in human cells)
    • Repair factors recruited not identified
  16. 2011 Medium

    Linked HMGN2 to receptor signaling, showing phosphorylation-dependent binding to nuclear PRLr enables Stat5a-responsive transcription and growth.

    Evidence Co-IP of nuclear PRLr with HMGN2, ChIP, transcriptional reporter assays

    PMID:21816901

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab, no reciprocal structural validation
    • Generality across Stat5 targets unclear
  17. 2011 Medium

    Showed HMGN2 amplifies NF-kB-driven beta-defensin induction by prolonging p65 nuclear retention and modification, connecting it to innate immune transcription.

    Evidence HMGN2 knockdown/overexpression, p65 localization, HAT activity, phosphorylation, ChIP at HBD-2 promoter

    PMID:21518253

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. indirect effect on p65 not resolved
    • Single cell-line system
  18. 2013 Medium

    Provided structural evidence that HMGN2 alters nucleosomal DNA winding, with quantitatively different effects from HMGN1, indicating paralog-specific remodeling capacity.

    Evidence Circular dichroism spectroscopy of reconstituted nucleosomes with recombinant HMGN1/HMGN2

    PMID:23772392

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of winding change not tested
    • Single biophysical method
  19. 2014 High

    Identified PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation at K17/K35 within the binding domain as a signal-responsive PTM that lowers nucleosome affinity, with SENP1 as the eraser.

    Evidence In vitro SUMOylation, site mutagenesis, E3/deSUMOylase identification, nucleosome binding with purified SUMOylated protein

    PMID:24872413

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo SUMOylation stoichiometry unclear
    • Downstream transcriptional effect characterized later
  20. 2016 Medium

    Connected the K2 acetylation switch to disease, showing HDAC6 deacetylation of HMGN2 promotes Stat5a transcription and breast cancer growth.

    Evidence HDAC6 inhibition in vitro and in vivo, K2 acetylation measurement, Stat5a activity and tumor growth assays, patient tissue analysis

    PMID:27358110

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct HDAC6-HMGN2 enzyme-substrate kinetics not shown
    • Other HDAC6 substrates may contribute
  21. 2016 Medium

    Resolved the mechanism of HMGN2 coactivation in PRL signaling: it promotes STAT5 access by facilitating linker-histone H1 dissociation, fulfilling the prediction from its dyad-overlapping footprint.

    Evidence HMGN2 and H1 knockdown epistasis, STAT5 ChIP, PRL-induced transcription and proliferation assays

    PMID:28035005

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct competition with H1 on nucleosomes not biochemically reconstituted
    • Genome-wide scope untested
  22. 2019 Medium

    Demonstrated HMGN2 maintains the histone-modification landscape and pluripotency program of stem cells, with loss shifting bivalent to repressive chromatin and triggering differentiation.

    Evidence Hmgn2 knockout embryonal carcinoma cells, ChIP for multiple histone marks at pluripotency/lineage loci, differentiation profiling

    PMID:31831052

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking HMGN2 to specific mark changes unclear
    • Single cell model
  23. 2019 Medium

    Extended HMGN2 to macrophage immune regulation, where its deficiency promotes M1 polarization and antimycobacterial responses via NF-kB/MAPK signaling.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in macrophages, NTM infection, polarization markers, signaling and NO assays

    PMID:31596045

    Open questions at the time
    • Chromatin-based vs. signaling mechanism not separated
    • Direct gene targets not defined
  24. 2020 High

    Established that, in human cells, HMGN1/HMGN2 are NOT required for transcription-coupled repair, refining the repair role to global-genome NER and revealing species or pathway specificity.

    Evidence Human cell KO/KD, UV and Illudin S sensitivity, transcription restart, GFP-HMGN1 recruitment imaging, TCR complex Co-IP (negative result)

    PMID:32152397

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not test global-genome NER in human cells directly
    • Reconciliation with DT40 GG-NER finding incomplete
  25. 2021 High

    Added succinylation at K30 to the PTM repertoire, showing this modification reduces nucleosome binding and increases DNA accessibility via entry/exit unwrapping.

    Evidence Amber-suppression installation of succinyl-lysine analogue, mononucleosome binding and DNA accessibility assays

    PMID:34458839

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular enzymes adding/removing K30 succinyl unknown
    • Transcriptional consequence not tested
  26. 2022 High

    Generalized the transcription-factor inhibitory switch beyond PITX2, showing HMG-box-mediated binding to Lef-1, Dlx2 and FoxJ1 inhibits their DNA binding and that miR-23a/b regulate Hmgn2 to control amelogenin expression in vivo.

    Evidence BiFC, pull-down, Co-IP, EMSA, histone-mark ChIP, miRNA target validation, Hmgn2 knockout mouse

    PMID:35872015

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of HMG-box-TF interaction not resolved
    • Switch reversibility for these factors not shown
  27. 2024 Medium

    Showed locus-specific coactivation in cancer, with HMGN2 stabilizing H3K27ac at the CDC20 promoter to enhance transcription and glioma proliferation.

    Evidence ChIP for HMGN2 and H3K27ac at CDC20 promoter, knockdown/overexpression, reporter and proliferation assays

    PMID:40092489

    Open questions at the time
    • How HMGN2 stabilizes the mark mechanistically unclear
    • Single tumor type
  28. 2025 Medium

    Linked HMGN2 SUMOylation to inflammatory disease, showing PIAS1-driven SUMOylation enhances HMGN2-PAX5 binding to inhibit PAX5, drive M1 polarization, and promote atherosclerosis.

    Evidence PIAS1 knockdown, SUMOylation measurement, HMGN2-PAX5 Co-IP, polarization and cytokine assays, ApoE-/- atherosclerosis model

    PMID:40834970

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct SUMO-dependent structural basis of PAX5 binding not shown
    • In vivo causality is correlative
  29. 2025 High

    Refined the chromatin-shaping mechanism, showing HMGN1/2 prefer acetylated and H2A.Z nucleosomes, restrain p300 acetylation, and protect against H3K27 methylation to maintain cell-identity gene expression.

    Evidence mESC Hmgn1/2 knockouts, modified/variant nucleosome binding, in vitro p300 assays, epiproteomic MS, RNA-seq

    PMID:41325801

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking HMGN binding to H3K27me protection not defined
    • Direct PRC2 antagonism untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How HMGN2's diverse activities — nucleosome-affinity tuning by PTMs, linker-histone antagonism, transcription-factor sequestration, and histone-modification shaping — are integrated and selectively deployed across cell types remains unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of HMGN2 on the nucleosome
  • Genome-wide rules for cluster targeting and TF-switch deployment unknown
  • Reconciliation of pro- and anti-tumor / pro- and anti-inflammatory roles across contexts

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0042393 histone binding 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication 2
Partners
LEF1PAX5PIAS1PITX2PRLRRELASTAT5A

Evidence

Reading pass · 31 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1999 PCAF acetyltransferase specifically acetylates HMGN2 (HMG-17) at lysine 2 (K2), but not the closely related HMG-14. This acetylation is confirmed as a predominant in vivo modification site. Acetylation of HMGN2 reduces its binding affinity to nucleosome core particles (measured by equilibrium dialysis). Conversely, binding of HMGN2 to nucleosome cores inhibits PCAF-mediated acetylation of histone H3, suggesting that HMGN2 acetylation precedes histone acetylation in transcriptionally active chromatin. In vitro acetyltransferase assay with PCAF, mass spectrometry sequence analysis to identify K2 acetylation site, equilibrium dialysis to measure nucleosome binding affinity, HMG-17 deletion mutants and competition studies Molecular and cellular biology High 10207070
1995 HMGN2 (HMG17) functions as a chromatin-specific transcriptional coactivator that increases the efficiency of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. This effect requires incorporation of HMGN2 into chromatin (not naked DNA templates) during chromatin assembly and depends on the presence of a sequence-specific activator (GAL4-VP16). HMGN2 in chromatin produced 7- to 40-fold stimulation of activated transcription but had no effect on transcriptional elongation. In vitro transcription assay using reconstituted chromatin templates (regularly spaced nucleosomal arrays) with and without HMGN2, structural analysis of HMG17-containing chromatin, comparison of chromatin vs. non-nucleosomal templates Genes & development High 7649479
1994 Hydroxyl radical footprinting mapped the positions of HMGN2 (HMG-17) and HMG-14 on nucleosome cores and H1/H5-depleted chromatosomes. Both proteins occupy identical sites: protecting DNA ~25 bp from the end of nucleosomal DNA and in each of the two major grooves flanking the dyad axis. Two molecules of HMGN2 bind per nucleosome core, bridging two adjacent DNA strands on the surface of the particle. Binding sites near the dyad overlap with those of linker histones H1/H5. Hydroxyl radical footprinting of HMG-14 and HMG-17 bound to isolated nucleosome cores and chromatosomes Journal of molecular biology High 8107104
1992 The nucleosome-binding domain of HMGN2 (HMG-17), a 30 amino acid peptide, functions as an independent module. This peptide specifically shifts nucleosome core mobility, elevates the Tm of core particles, and protects the same DNase I cleavage sites as the intact protein. Binding of both the peptide and intact protein requires the histone tails (lost upon trypsin digestion). The nucleosomal binding sites of the peptide are identical to those of the intact protein, establishing the modular architecture of HMGN2. Mobility shift assay, thermal denaturation (Tm measurement), DNase I digestion protection assay with synthetic peptides corresponding to HMGN2 domains; trypsin digestion of histone tails Journal of molecular biology High 1453455
1998 HMGN2 (HMG-17) stimulates replication efficiency of a chromatin template. HMGN2 incorporated into SV40 minichromosomes during assembly induces extended chromatin structure and enhances the rate of replication in an in vitro SV40 replication system. The effect is chromatin-specific (not seen with protein-free DNA) and requires HMGN2 incorporation during, not after, chromatin assembly. In vitro SV40 replication assay using Xenopus egg extract-assembled minichromosomes with or without HMGN2; structural analysis of chromatin The Journal of biological chemistry High 9545265
1993 HMGN2 (HMG-17) is incorporated into nascent chromatin during replication in Xenopus egg extracts, prior to completion of chromatin assembly. It stabilizes nucleosomal core structure, improves the periodicity of nucleosomal spacing in nascent chromatin, and significantly increases the transcriptional potential of assembled chromatin (5S RNA gene and satellite I chromatin). The increase in transcriptional potential is observed only when HMGN2 is incorporated during chromatin assembly, not after. Cell-free Xenopus egg extract replication system; in vitro transcription assays; nucleosomal ladder analysis The EMBO journal High 8404854
1998 HMGN2 (HMG-17) is released from chromatin during mitosis (not present on metaphase/anaphase chromosomes) and actively reimported into the nucleus in late telophase concomitant with nuclear envelope formation. Import is energy-dependent, requires importin alpha, and is mediated by an intrinsic bipartite nuclear localization signal in HMGN2. Thus, the cell-cycle-regulated association of HMGN2 with chromatin is dependent on nuclear import processes. Immunofluorescence colocalization across cell cycle stages, reconstituted nuclei and permeabilized cell nuclear import assays, energy depletion and importin alpha inhibition experiments The Journal of cell biology High 9852141
1998 In transcriptionally active cells, HMGN2 (HMG-17) colocalizes with sites of active RNA polymerase II transcription. A peptide corresponding to the nucleosome-binding domain of HMGN2 displaces HMGN2 from chromatin and arrests RNA polymerase II transcription in permeabilized cells. Upon transcriptional inhibition (by alpha-amanitin or actinomycin D), HMGN2 is released from chromatin and redistributes to interchromatin granule clusters (with splicing factor SC35), demonstrating dynamic, transcription-dependent association of HMGN2 with chromatin. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in tissue culture cells; peptide displacement experiment in permeabilized cells; transcriptional inhibition with alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D The EMBO journal High 9843505
1987 HMGN2 (HMG17) is distributed exclusively downstream from the transcription start point in actively transcribed chromatin. Monoclonal antibody-based immunofractionation of oligonucleosomes from transcriptionally active chicken liver and oviduct chromatin showed that HMG17 is absent from upstream regulatory regions and present only in the coding regions of the vitellogenin II, lysozyme, and ovalbumin genes. Monoclonal antibody-based immunoisolation of HMG17-containing oligonucleosomes; hybridization with gene-specific probes to determine position relative to transcription start The EMBO journal High 3665881
1997 HMGN2 (HMG-17)-containing nucleosomes are organized in clusters along the chromatin fiber, with an average cluster size of ~6 contiguous HMG-17-containing nucleosomes. HMG-14 and HMG-17 segregate into distinct, non-overlapping nuclear domains. Immunofractionation shows that HMG-17-containing oligonucleosomes are devoid of HMG-14. Each nucleosome in the cluster contains either two or zero molecules of HMG-17. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, immunofractionation of defined-length oligonucleosomes with affinity-purified antibodies, quantitative analysis Journal of molecular biology High 9417927
2007 HMGN2 (HMG-17) acts as a molecular switch regulating homeodomain (HD) transcription factor activity. HMGN2 forms a high-affinity complex with PITX2 homeodomain protein and inhibits PITX2 DNA-binding activity. Beta-catenin (activated by Wnt signaling) forms a ternary complex with PITX2/HMGN2, converting the repressor complex to an activator complex. Without beta-catenin, HMGN2 physically removes PITX2 from DNA to inhibit transcription. Homozygous Hmgn2 knockout mice show early embryonic lethality. Co-immunoprecipitation, DNA-binding assays, luciferase reporter transcription assays, chromatin studies; Hmgn2 knockout mouse generation Nucleic acids research Medium 18045789
2011 HMGN2 inducibly binds a novel transactivation domain within the nuclear prolactin receptor (PRLr). This binding is activated by ligand-induced phosphorylation of the PRLr transactivation domain. The PRLr/HMGN2 association enables Stat5a-responsive promoter binding and facilitates transcriptional activation, promoting anchorage-independent growth. Co-immunoprecipitation of nuclear PRLr with HMGN2, identification of novel transactivation domain, phosphorylation-dependent binding assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assays Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) Medium 21816901
2016 HDAC6 deacetylates HMGN2 at lysine K2, and this deacetylation promotes Stat5a-mediated transcription and breast cancer growth. HDAC6 inhibition increases HMGN2 K2 acetylation and concomitantly reduces Stat5a-mediated signaling. HMGN2 is highly acetylated at K2 in normal breast tissue but deacetylated in primary breast tumors and lymph node metastases. In vitro and in vivo HDAC6 inhibition experiments; measurement of HMGN2 K2 acetylation levels; Stat5a transcriptional activity assays; breast cancer growth assays Molecular cancer research : MCR Medium 27358110
2016 HMGN2 specifically promotes STAT5 accessibility at promoter DNA by facilitating dissociation of the linker histone H1 in response to prolactin (PRL) signaling. Knockdown of H1 rescues the decrease in PRL-induced transcription following HMGN2 knockdown, demonstrating that HMGN2 acts upstream of H1 dissociation to allow STAT5 binding. H1 and STAT5 function antagonistically in regulating PRL-induced transcription and breast cancer cell biology. HMGN2 knockdown, H1 knockdown, STAT5 ChIP assays, PRL-induced gene transcription assays, cell proliferation assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 28035005
2014 HMGN2 is SUMOylated by the E3 ligase PIAS1 at lysine residues K17 and K35 within the nucleosome-binding domain in response to pro-inflammatory signals. SENP1 can deSUMOylate HMGN2. SUMOylated HMGN2 (SUMO1-conjugated, purified from a basal SUMOylation system in E. coli) shows significantly decreased binding affinity to nucleosome core particles compared to unSUMOylated HMGN2. In vitro SUMOylation assay, site-directed mutagenesis of K17 and K35, identification of PIAS1 as E3 ligase and SENP1 as deSUMOylase, nucleosome binding affinity assay with SUMO1-conjugated HMGN2 purified from E. coli The Journal of biological chemistry High 24872413
2009 HMGN2 is a component of the global genome repair subpathway of nucleotide excision repair. DT40 cells lacking HMGN2 (or HMGN1a+HMGN2) are hypersensitive to UV irradiation, show increased UV-induced G2-M checkpoint arrest and apoptosis, and display slower removal of UV-induced DNA lesions from native chromatin. Nucleotide excision repair itself (measured by host cell reactivation) remains intact, indicating that HMGN2 facilitates access of repair proteins to chromatin rather than the repair chemistry itself. Gene knockout in DT40 chicken cells, UV survival assay, G2-M checkpoint assay, apoptosis assay, UV-induced lesion removal assay from native chromatin, host cell reactivation assay for NER The FEBS journal High 19843163
2011 HMGN2 modulates LPS-induced HBD-2 (beta-defensin-2) expression in A549 epithelial cells by prolonging nuclear NF-κB p65 retention, enhancing p65 acetylation through increased histone acetyltransferase activity, and promoting p65-Ser536 phosphorylation. HMGN2 and p65 synergistically bind the HBD-2 promoter as shown by ChIP assay. HMGN2 knockdown/overexpression, NF-κB p65 nuclear localization assay, histone acetyltransferase activity assay, phosphorylation analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of HMGN2 and p65 at HBD-2 promoter The FEBS journal Medium 21518253
2021 Lysine succinylation (Ksucc) at K30 within the HMGN2 nucleosome-binding domain (NBD) reduces HMGN2 binding to mononucleosomes and increases nucleosomal DNA accessibility by promoting DNA unwrapping in the entry/exit region. A succinyl lysine analogue (Kcsucc) was site-specifically installed at K30 using amber suppression to generate defined succinylated HMGN2. Site-specific installation of succinyl lysine analogue via amber suppression, mononucleosome binding assay, nucleosomal DNA accessibility/unwrapping assay RSC chemical biology High 34458839
2013 Both HMGN1 and HMGN2 increase the winding angle of nucleosomal DNA as measured by circular dichroism spectroscopy using reconstituted nucleosomes, but the magnitude of structural changes induced by HMGN1 and HMGN2 differs significantly, suggesting they have different abilities to facilitate nucleosome remodeling. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy of nucleosomes reconstituted from recombinant unmodified histones and synthetic DNA, binding with HMGN1 and HMGN2 FEBS open bio Medium 23772392
2022 HMGN2 interacts with the transcription factor Lef-1 through its HMG-box domain (and also with Dlx2, FoxJ1, and Pitx2), and this interaction inhibits Lef-1 DNA-binding activity as demonstrated by EMSA. HMGN2 associates with H4K5ac and H3K4me2 chromatin marks at the Dlx2 promoter. MiR-23a and miR-23b directly target Hmgn2 mRNA, and ablation of Hmgn2 in mice results in increased amelogenin expression due to increased Pitx2, Dlx2, Lef-1, and FoxJ1 transcriptional activity. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, EMSA, ChIP for histone marks, miRNA target validation, Hmgn2 knockout mouse The Journal of biological chemistry High 35872015
1983 HMG17 greatly facilitates the catenation of double-stranded DNA rings by DNA topoisomerases (type I and type II). Even at low DNA concentrations where catenanes are not otherwise formed, HMG17 promotes catenation of >95% of input DNA into large networks. This is demonstrated by gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. In vitro DNA catenation assay with DNA topoisomerases I and II, gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, restriction enzyme cleavage Archives of biochemistry and biophysics Medium 6326673
1981 HMGN2 (HMG-17) and HMG-14 bind preferentially to single-stranded DNA compared to double-stranded DNA, as demonstrated by sequential chromatography on immobilized ss- and dsDNA columns. Sequential affinity chromatography on immobilized ssDNA and dsDNA columns with purified HMG-17 protein Nucleic acids research Medium 7279673
2019 Loss of HMGN2 in pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells leads to a global reduction in H3K9 acetylation and disrupts the H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H3K122ac profile at the Nanog and Oct4 loci. At endodermal/mesodermal genes, Hmgn2-knockout cells show a switch from bivalent to repressive chromatin configuration. Loss of HMGN2 leads to increased spontaneous neuronal differentiation and loss of pluripotency markers. Hmgn2 knockout in embryonal carcinoma cells, ChIP for multiple histone marks at specific loci, gene expression analysis, differentiation marker profiling Epigenetics & chromatin Medium 31831052
2002 An N-terminal fragment of HMGN2 (F3, residues corresponding to a 31 amino acid peptide) homes to tumor vasculature and tumor cell nuclei in vivo after intravenous injection. Fluorescein-labeled F3 peptide is internalized by tumor cells, appearing first in cytoplasm then in nuclei of tumor endothelial cells and tumor cells. Phage-displayed cDNA library screening with in vivo tumor homing selection, fluorescein-labeled peptide internalization in tumor cell lines and in vivo xenograft models Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 12032302
2025 HMGN1 and HMGN2 preferentially bind nucleosomes containing acetylated H3 tail residues and nucleosomes with the histone variant H2A.Z. Binding of HMGN1 and HMGN2 to nucleosomes reduces p300-mediated acetylation of H3K18, H3K23, and H3K27 in vitro. Loss of both HMGN1 and HMGN2 in mouse embryonic stem cells leads to increased steady-state levels of H3K27me2 and H3K27me3, but not H3 tail acetylation, and downregulation of ~1000 genes including cell identity genes. mESC knockout of Hmgn1 and/or Hmgn2 using gene engineering, nucleosome binding assays with modified/variant nucleosomes, in vitro p300 acetylation assays, epiproteomic mass spectrometry for histone modifications, RNA-seq for gene expression The Journal of biological chemistry High 41325801
2024 HMGN2 binds to histones at the CDC20 promoter and promotes the stability of H3K27ac acetylation in the CDC20 promoter region, thereby enhancing CDC20 transcriptional activity and increasing glioma cell proliferation. ChIP assay confirmed HMGN2 occupancy at the CDC20 promoter. ChIP assay for HMGN2 and H3K27ac at CDC20 promoter, HMGN2 knockdown and overexpression, CDC20 transcription reporter, cell proliferation assays Genes & diseases Medium 40092489
2005 The alpha-helical domain of HMGN2 (residues 18-48) is necessary and sufficient for its antimicrobial activity. Synthetic peptides corresponding to this domain had the same minimal inhibitory concentrations against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans as the full-length protein. N-terminal and C-terminal fragments lacking this domain had no antimicrobial activity. Structure prediction, synthesis of HMGN2 domain peptides, antimicrobial assays (MIC, MEC, MBC) with purified recombinant and synthetic peptides Acta pharmacologica Sinica Medium 16115376
2017 HMGN2 facilitates nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf2 upon pyocyanin (PCN) stimulation in A549 lung epithelial cells, thereby elevating antioxidant gene expression and reducing intracellular ROS. HMGN2 also regulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in both PCN-dependent and independent manners, and specifically attenuates PCN-mediated Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization via ROS elimination. HMGN2 knockdown/overexpression in A549 cells, Nrf2 nuclear localization assay, ROS measurement, actin cytoskeleton imaging, PA internalization assay Free radical biology & medicine Medium 28408162
2019 HMGN2 deficiency in macrophages promotes M1 polarization and enhances NF-κB and MAPK signaling in response to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, resulting in enhanced NO production and reduced NTM survival within macrophages. HMGN2 knockdown thus enhances the antimycobacterial innate immune response. HMGN2 siRNA knockdown in macrophages, NTM infection assay, M1/M2 polarization marker measurement, NF-κB and MAPK signaling analysis, NO production assay, intracellular NTM survival assay Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Medium 31596045
2025 HMGN2 SUMOylation (mediated by PIAS1) enhances HMGN2 interaction with the transcription factor PAX5, thereby inhibiting PAX5 activity and driving macrophage polarization toward pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. PIAS1 knockdown reduces HMGN2 SUMOylation, suppresses HMGN2-PAX5 binding, reduces inflammatory cytokine release, and reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice. PIAS1 knockdown, HMGN2 SUMOylation measurement, Co-IP of HMGN2 and PAX5, macrophage polarization assay, NF-κB signaling analysis, ELISA for cytokines, in vivo ApoE-/- atherosclerosis model Experimental cell research Medium 40834970
2020 Knockout or knockdown of human HMGN1 alone or in combination with HMGN2 does not render human cells sensitive to UV light or transcription-blocking DNA lesions, does not impair transcription restart after UV, and GFP-HMGN1 is not recruited to UV-induced DNA damage sites nor to the TCR complex. This indicates that human HMGN1 and HMGN2 are NOT required for transcription-coupled DNA repair (negative finding). HMGN1/HMGN2 knockout and knockdown in human cells, UV and Illudin S sensitivity assays, transcription restart assay, GFP-HMGN1 recruitment to UV damage sites, Co-IP with TCR complex components Scientific reports High 32152397

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 A fragment of the HMGN2 protein homes to the nuclei of tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 206 12032302
1982 Autoantibodies to nucleosomal proteins: antibodies to HMG-17 in autoimmune diseases. Science (New York, N.Y.) 84 6460317
1999 Specific acetylation of chromosomal protein HMG-17 by PCAF alters its interaction with nucleosomes. Molecular and cellular biology 81 10207070
1987 Chromatin from transcribed genes contains HMG17 only downstream from the starting point of transcription. The EMBO journal 73 3665881
1995 HMG17 is a chromatin-specific transcriptional coactivator that increases the efficiency of transcription initiation. Genes & development 69 7649479
1992 Nucleosome core binding region of chromosomal protein HMG-17 acts as an independent functional domain. Journal of molecular biology 66 1453455
1986 Chromosomal protein HMG-17. Complete human cDNA sequence and evidence for a multigene family. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 3754870
1994 The footprint of chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 on chromatin subunits. Journal of molecular biology 60 8107104
1993 Deposition of chromosomal protein HMG-17 during replication affects the nucleosomal ladder and transcriptional potential of nascent chromatin. The EMBO journal 54 8404854
1998 Chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 are released from mitotic chromosomes and imported into the nucleus by active transport. The Journal of cell biology 52 9852141
1998 Dynamic relocation of chromosomal protein HMG-17 in the nucleus is dependent on transcriptional activity. The EMBO journal 51 9843505
1998 Stimulation of replication efficiency of a chromatin template by chromosomal protein HMG-17. The Journal of biological chemistry 50 9545265
1986 Isolation of oligonucleosomes from active chromatin using HMG17-specific monoclonal antibodies. Nucleic acids research 49 3703677
1997 Clusters of nucleosomes containing chromosomal protein HMG-17 in chromatin. Journal of molecular biology 48 9417927
2011 Expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 in gingival tissues, GCF and PICF of periodontitis patients and peri-implantitis. Archives of oral biology 46 21570059
1986 Immunofractionation of DNA sequences associated with HMG-17 in chromatin. Experimental cell research 46 3743668
1983 Affinity of HMG17 for a mononucleosome is not influenced by the presence of ubiquitin-H2A semihistone but strongly depends on DNA fragment size. Nucleic acids research 45 6298725
1997 H1 and HMG17 extracted from calf thymus nuclei are efficient DNA carriers in gene transfer. Gene therapy 40 9231075
2007 Chromatin-associated HMG-17 is a major regulator of homeodomain transcription factor activity modulated by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Nucleic acids research 39 18045789
1979 The complete amino-acid sequence of a trout-testis non-histone protein, H6, localized in a subset of nucleosomes and its similarity to calf-thymus non-histone proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17. European journal of biochemistry 39 456349
1981 Immunochemical detection of chromosomal protein HMG-17 in chromatin subunits. Biochemistry 37 6452161
1987 Retropseudogenes for human chromosomal protein HMG-17. Journal of molecular biology 36 3441004
2016 HDAC6 Deacetylates HMGN2 to Regulate Stat5a Activity and Breast Cancer Growth. Molecular cancer research : MCR 35 27358110
2005 HMGN2: a novel antimicrobial effector molecule of human mononuclear leukocytes? Journal of leukocyte biology 35 16204630
1991 Recombinant human chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17. Nucleic acids research 31 2057367
1989 Human non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17: identification, characterization, chromosome localization and RFLPs of a functional gene from the large multigene family. Nucleic acids research 30 2565024
2016 Histone H1 and Chromosomal Protein HMGN2 Regulate Prolactin-induced STAT5 Transcription Factor Recruitment and Function in Breast Cancer Cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 29 28035005
1981 Nonhistone chromatin proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 bind preferentially to single-stranded DNA. Nucleic acids research 29 7279673
1992 Autoantibodies to the chromosomal protein HMG-17 in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 28 1567496
1980 The isolation, characterization and partial sequences of the chicken erythrocyte non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG14 and HMG17. Comparison with the homologous calf thymus proteins. The Biochemical journal 28 7396821
2019 Maintenance of active chromatin states by HMGN2 is required for stem cell identity in a pluripotent stem cell model. Epigenetics & chromatin 26 31831052
1993 Identification and genetic mapping of the murine gene and 20 related sequences encoding chromosomal protein HMG-17. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 26 8094303
1987 Cell cycle regulated synthesis of an abundant transcript for human chromosomal protein HMG-17. Nucleic acids research 25 3575100
1986 Chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17. Distinct multigene families coding for similar types of transcripts. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 3782108
1984 HMG17 protein facilitates the DNA catenation reaction catalyzed by DNA topoisomerases. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 25 6326673
2002 Modulation of HMG-N2 binding to chromatin by butyrate-induced acetylation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. International journal of cancer 24 11807779
1988 Single copy gene for the chicken non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 2831214
2011 HMGN2 inducibly binds a novel transactivation domain in nuclear PRLr to coordinate Stat5a-mediated transcription. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 21 21816901
2014 HMGN2, a new anti-tumor effector molecule of CD8⁺ T cells. Molecular cancer 20 25060707
2001 HMG-17 is an early marker of inductive interactions in the developing mouse kidney. Differentiation; research in biological diversity 20 11683498
1998 HMG-17, a chromosomal non-histone protein, shows developmental regulation during organogenesis. The International journal of developmental biology 20 9727833
1977 Physicochemical studies of non-histone protein HMG17 with DNA. Biochimica et biophysica acta 20 911836
2019 HMGN2 regulates non-tuberculous mycobacteria survival via modulation of M1 macrophage polarization. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 19 31596045
2009 Inhibitory effect of HMGN2 protein on human hepatitis B virus expression and replication in the HepG2.2.15 cell line. Antiviral research 19 19150374
2017 Nuclear protein HMGN2 attenuates pyocyanin-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling and inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization in A549 cells. Free radical biology & medicine 18 28408162
2009 The nucleosome-binding protein HMGN2 modulates global genome repair. The FEBS journal 18 19843163
2018 Effect of HMGN2 on proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncology letters 17 30655878
1988 Chicken chromosomal protein HMG-14 and HMG-17 cDNA clones: isolation, characterization and sequence comparison. Gene 15 3384337
2014 High mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2) SUMOylation by the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 decreases the binding affinity to nucleosome core particles. The Journal of biological chemistry 14 24872413
2014 Nucleosome-binding protein HMGN2 exhibits antitumor activity in human SaO2 and U2-OS osteosarcoma cell lines. Oncology reports 14 25530340
2013 Nucleosome-binding protein HMGN2 exhibits antitumor activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology letters 14 24348831
1990 Mapping the human gene coding for chromosomal protein HMG-17. Human genetics 13 2394451
2012 The chromosomal protein HMGN2 mediates the LPS-induced expression of β-defensins in mice. Inflammation 12 21594618
2011 The chromosomal protein HMGN2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of β-defensins in A549 cells. The FEBS journal 12 21518253
2011 High-mobility group protein N2 (HMGN2) inhibited the internalization of Klebsiella pneumoniae into cultured bladder epithelial cells. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 12 21778192
1997 Neither HMG-14a nor HMG-17 gene function is required for growth of chicken DT40 cells or maintenance of DNaseI-hypersensitive sites. Nucleic acids research 12 9016555
1993 Autoantibodies to HMG-17 nucleosomal protein in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Correlation with systemic lupus erythematosus clinical activity and with antibodies to double-stranded DNA. Arthritis and rheumatism 12 8318042
1995 The chicken HMG-17 gene is dispensable for cell growth in vitro. Molecular and cellular biology 11 7565703
1991 Differentiation-dependent alteration in the chromatin structure of chromosomal protein HMG-17 gene during erythropoiesis. Journal of molecular biology 11 1988681
1982 Effect of high mobility group nonhistone proteins HMG-20 (ubiquitin) and HMG-17 on histone deacetylase activity assayed in vitro. Nucleic acids research 11 6280157
2018 Non-histone nuclear protein HMGN2 differently regulates the urothelium barrier function by altering expression of antimicrobial peptides and tight junction protein genes in UPEC J96-infected bladder epithelial cell monolayer. Acta biochimica Polonica 10 29549670
2013 Nucleosome structural changes induced by binding of non-histone chromosomal proteins HMGN1 and HMGN2. FEBS open bio 10 23772392
2011 Expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 in gingival tissues, GCF and PICF of periodontitis patients and peri-implantitis. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] 10 24031744
1999 Deletion of HMG17 in uterine leiomyomas with ring chromosome 1. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 10 9973936
2022 HMGN2 represses gene transcription via interaction with transcription factors Lef-1 and Pitx2 during amelogenesis. The Journal of biological chemistry 9 35872015
2021 Prolactin Drives a Dynamic STAT5A/HDAC6/HMGN2 Cis-Regulatory Landscape Exploitable in ER+ Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 9 33589921
2018 HMGN2: An Antitumor Effector Molecule of γδT Cells. Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997) 9 29401165
1994 Autoantibodies to HMG-17 nucleosomal protein in patients with scleroderma. Journal of autoimmunity 9 8037838
2016 Knockdown of HMGN2 increases the internalization of Klebsiella pneumoniae by respiratory epithelial cells through the regulation of α5β1 integrin expression. International journal of molecular medicine 8 27460641
2005 Alpha-helical domain is essential for antimicrobial activity of high mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2). Acta pharmacologica Sinica 8 16115376
1990 Expression of chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 in transformed human cells. Cancer research 8 2317791
2020 Human HMGN1 and HMGN2 are not required for transcription-coupled DNA repair. Scientific reports 7 32152397
1993 Isolation by a new method and sequence analysis of chromosomal HMG-17 protein from porcine thymus. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 7 8512325
2024 HMGN2 accelerates the proliferation and cell cycle progression of glioblastoma by regulating CDC20 expression. Genes & diseases 6 40092489
2022 Recombinant jurkat cells (HMGN2-T cells) secrete cytokines and inhibit the growth of tumor cells. Journal of molecular histology 6 35861945
2021 Lysine succinylation on non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17 (HMGN2) regulates nucleosomal DNA accessibility by disrupting the HMGN2-nucleosome association. RSC chemical biology 6 34458839
2014 HMGN2 protein inhibits the growth of infected T24 cells in vitro. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics 6 25022381
2017 Evidence For Hmgn2 Involvement in Mouse Embryo Implantation and Decidualization. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 5 29216626
1984 Conformation of the HMG17-nucleosome complex. Biochimica et biophysica acta 5 6477923
2020 Exogenous HMGN2 inhibits the migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cell lines. Translational cancer research 4 35117527
2004 Content of the HMG-17 chromosomal protein in porcine tissues. Protein and peptide letters 4 15579118
1994 Sera from JRA patients contain antibodies against a defined epitope in chromosomal protein HMG-17. Autoimmunity 4 7517709
1990 Protein HMG-17 is hyper-expressed in rat glucagonoma. Single-step isolation and sequencing. European journal of biochemistry 4 2169420
2023 HMGN2 and Histone H1.2: potential targets of a novel probiotic mixture for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Frontiers in microbiology 3 37869664
2012 Ectopic expression of Hmgn2 antagonizes mouse erythroid differentiation in vitro. Cell biology international 3 21988615
2002 Rabbit anti-HMG-17 antibodies recognize similar epitopes on the HMG-17 molecule as lupus autoantibodies. Relation with histone H1 defined epitopes. Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society 3 12523645
2025 HMGN1 and HMGN2 are recruited to acetylated and histone variant H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes to regulate chromatin state and transcription. The Journal of biological chemistry 1 41325801
2005 [E. coli-based production of recombinant HMG-17 and its antibacterial domain]. Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi 1 16156270
1996 Chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 are synthesized throughout the S-phase in Burkitt's lymphoma. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1 8670211
1990 Expression of human chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experimental cell research 1 2226652
2026 HMGN2 induces pyroptosis in tumour cells by modulating the STT3B/PD‑L1/caspase‑1/GSDMD axis. Molecular medicine reports 0 41574665
2026 Antitumor effects of STING agonists on nervous system tumors via tumor-intrinsic STING-STAT1-mediated HMGN2 expression. Cancer biology & medicine 0 41700809
2026 HMGN2 deficiency drives DLBCL progression through impaired R-loop formation and PI3K-AKT hyperactivation. Journal of translational medicine 0 42050655
2025 Inhibition of HMGN2 SUMOylation ameliorates atherosclerosis by activating PAX5 expression to induce macrophage M2 polarization. Experimental cell research 0 40834970
2025 Deficiency of HMGN2 enhances antibacterial activity of macrophages by promoting H3 histone modification-mediated CD14/iNOS expression. Frontiers in immunology 0 41246296
2024 An evolutionarily distinct Hmgn2 variant influences shape recognition in Medaka Fish. Communications biology 0 39179658
2024 [Corrigendum] Nucleosome‑binding protein HMGN2 exhibits antitumor activity in human SaO2 and U2‑OS osteosarcoma cell lines. Oncology reports 0 39422077
2016 [The Role of HMGN2 in the Development of Periodontitis Dental Plaque]. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition 0 28591948
2010 [Isolation and purification of antimicrobial polypeptide HMGN2 from human lymph node and analysis of its distribution]. Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi 0 20842856
2005 [Production of HMGN2 polyclonal antibody by immunization with recombinant GST-HMGN2 fusion protein and its application to analysis of HMGN2 distribution in human monocytes]. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition 0 16078558

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