| 1999 |
ACF consists of two subunits, Acf1 (Drosophila ortholog of BAZ1A) and ISWI, that function synergistically in ATP-dependent chromatin assembly; ISWI alone has ~3% of ACF activity, indicating Acf1 confers additional functionality to the ISWI motor. Acf1 contains two PHD fingers, one bromodomain, and WAC/DDT conserved regions. |
Biochemical purification, reconstitution of recombinant two-subunit complex, in vitro chromatin assembly assay |
Genes & development |
High |
10385622
|
| 2001 |
Acf1 (Drosophila BAZ1A ortholog) is the p175 subunit of CHRAC; its interaction with ISWI enhances nucleosome sliding efficiency ~10-fold and qualitatively modulates ISWI by altering directionality of nucleosome movements and histone tail requirements. CHRAC is molecularly defined as ISWI, Acf1, CHRAC-14, and CHRAC-16. |
Biochemical purification, reconstitution, in vitro nucleosome sliding assay, mass spectrometry identification |
The EMBO journal |
High |
11447119
|
| 2002 |
ACF1-SNF2H (ISWI) complex specifically localizes to replicating pericentromeric heterochromatin; RNAi depletion of ACF1 specifically impairs replication of pericentromeric heterochromatin and delays cell-cycle progression through late S phase. An ACF1 mutant unable to interact with SNF2H also interferes with condensed chromatin replication. |
RNAi depletion, BrdU incorporation/immunofluorescence localization, flow cytometry cell-cycle analysis, domain mutant expression |
Nature genetics |
High |
12434153
|
| 2002 |
Acf1 (Drosophila BAZ1A ortholog) binds DNA through a WAC motif in its N-terminus; interacts with ISWI through a DDT domain; an acidic region likely contacts histones during deposition. All three regions are required for full chromatin assembly activity of ACF. |
Systematic deletion/point mutagenesis of Acf1 domains, DNA-binding assays, in vitro chromatin assembly assay, ATPase assay |
Molecular and cellular biology |
High |
12192034
|
| 2000 |
Human ACF1 (hACF1/BAZ1A) is a subunit of human CHRAC (HuCHRAC), which also contains SNF2H (ISWI isoform) and two histone-fold proteins (human orthologs of CHRAC-14/16). The two small histone-fold proteins form a stable sub-complex that binds naked DNA but not nucleosomes. |
Biochemical purification of HuCHRAC, co-purification/co-immunoprecipitation, DNA binding assay |
The EMBO journal |
Medium |
10880450
|
| 2004 |
Deletion of the C-terminal PHD finger modules of ACF1 (Drosophila BAZ1A ortholog), or their disruption by zinc chelation, profoundly reduces nucleosome mobilization by associated ISWI. PHD fingers of ACF1 interact with core histone central domains, contributing to ACF nucleosome substrate binding. |
Domain deletion mutagenesis, in vitro nucleosome mobilization assay, zinc chelation, nucleosome binding assay |
The EMBO journal |
High |
15457208
|
| 2004 |
Loss of Acf1 (Drosophila BAZ1A ortholog) in vivo decreases periodicity and repeat length of nucleosome arrays in bulk chromatin, compromises transcriptional silencing in pericentric heterochromatin and Polycomb-dependent repression, and accelerates S-phase progression. ACF/CHRAC promotes formation (not disruption) of repressive chromatin in vivo. Genetic interaction with nap1 (NAP-1 histone chaperone) confirmed. |
Drosophila Acf1 null genetics, micrococcal nuclease nucleosome ladder analysis, position effect variegation assay, flow cytometry, genetic epistasis with nap1 |
Genes & development |
High |
14752009
|
| 2006 |
Human ACF1 (hACF1/BAZ1A) alters the remodeling strategy of SNF2h: it changes the DNA overhang requirement for nucleosome remodeling and alters the DNA accessibility profile of remodeled products, likely contributing to nucleosome spacing efficiency. |
Reconstitution of hACF complex, in vitro nucleosome remodeling assay with defined DNA overhang substrates, restriction enzyme accessibility assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
16877760
|
| 2007 |
Human Acf1 (BAZ1A) interacts with nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR (identified by yeast two-hybrid); hAcf1 is required for stabilizing the VDR-N-CoR repression complex at target gene promoters (IGFBP3, RANKL). Hormone (vitamin D3) treatment releases hAcf1 from target promoters, and hAcf1 depletion alters histone modification profiles (H3/H4) and histone occupancy at these genes. |
Yeast two-hybrid, ChIP, RNAi knockdown, histone modification analysis |
Molecular endocrinology |
Medium |
17519354
|
| 2008 |
ACF1 (Drosophila BAZ1A ortholog) and ISWI are required for basal repression of Wingless/Wnt target genes in Drosophila; ISWI localizes to Wg target gene chromatin at TCF binding sites while ACF1 distributes more broadly in a manner dependent on ISWI; they are required for TCF binding to chromatin and repress targets by antagonizing histone H4 acetylation. Wingless signaling reduces ACF1 binding to Wg target loci. |
Drosophila genetics (RNAi), ChIP, reporter assays, histone acetylation analysis |
Developmental biology |
Medium |
18786525
|
| 2010 |
ACF1 (BAZ1A) and SNF2H rapidly accumulate at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and are required for DSB repair in human cells. ACF1 directly interacts with KU70 and is required for KU70/80 accumulation at DSBs. The CHRAC complex (ACF1, SNF2H, CHRAC15, CHRAC17) becomes more associated with chromatin after DSB-inducing treatments. Depletion of either ACF1 or SNF2H significantly reduces both NHEJ and HR frequencies. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, laser microirradiation with live-cell imaging, RNAi knockdown, NHEJ/HR reporter assays, clonogenic survival |
Molecular cell |
High |
21172662
|
| 2011 |
hACF1 (BAZ1A) and SNF2H accumulate at laser-induced DNA damage sites; depletion of hACF1 compromises the G2/M checkpoint activated by UV and X-rays, reduces γH2AX and CHK2 phosphorylation signals, increases apoptosis, and causes cells to enter mitosis despite unresolved replication stress lesions (aphidicolin model), resulting in metaphase chromosome breaks. |
RNAi depletion, laser microirradiation/immunofluorescence, flow cytometry (cell cycle), γH2AX/CHK2ph immunofluorescence, clonogenic survival |
Nucleic acids research |
Medium |
21745822
|
| 2017 |
The PHD domain of BAZ1A (but not BAZ1B) has the non-canonical function of binding DNA. The BAZ1A bromodomain has a non-canonical gatekeeper residue and binds acetylated histone peptides relatively weakly. Both BAZ1A and BAZ1B recruit SMARCA5 to sites of DNA damage; structure-designed bromodomain and PHD mutants impair DNA damage recovery by disrupting ISWI factor loading at lesions. |
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, crystal structure determination, in vitro binding assays (DNA and acetyl-histone peptide), cell survival assays, structure-based mutagenesis |
Nature communications |
High |
29021563
|
| 2016 |
ACF1 expression is under strict developmental control in Drosophila, persisting at high levels in undifferentiated cells (germ cell precursors, larval neuroblasts); constitutive expression is lethal. Cell-specific ectopic ACF1 expression perturbs chromatin organization. ACF1-containing factors are involved in the initial establishment of heterochromatin structures during development. |
Immunostaining, transgenic expression, developmental staging, chromatin organization analysis |
Development |
Medium |
20843858
|
| 2022 |
BAZ1A/ACF1 is recruited to UV-damaged chromatin in an MLL1-dependent manner: HBO1 interacts with DDB2 at UV lesions, maintains phosphorylated MLL1 at those sites, and MLL1 catalyzes H3K4 methylation that recruits BAZ1A. Depletion of MLL1 suppresses BAZ1A accumulation at UV-irradiated sites and inhibits CPD removal, placing BAZ1A downstream of the DDB2-HBO1-MLL1 axis in global genome NER. |
ChIP, immunofluorescence at UV-irradiated sites, RNAi depletion, CPD removal assay |
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research |
Medium |
35940372
|
| 2024 |
ACF1 (BAZ1A) and SMARCA5 each accumulate at DNA breaks independently of each other in an ADP-ribosylation-dependent manner; their recruitment is not due to direct binding to ADP-ribose moieties but is facilitated by DNA binding at relaxed (ADP-ribosylated) chromatin. |
Live-cell imaging, laser microirradiation, ADP-ribosylation inhibitors, FRAP, domain mutant analysis |
Molecular biology of the cell |
Medium |
38170578
|
| 2019 |
BAZ1A knockdown induces cellular senescence phenotypes; mechanistically, BAZ1A depletion upregulates SMAD3, which in turn activates transcription of the p21-encoding gene CDKN1A, causing senescence-associated phenotypes in human cancer cells. |
shRNA knockdown, SA-β-Gal staining, EdU incorporation, CCK-8 assay, gene expression analysis |
Life sciences |
Low |
31085244
|
| 2025 |
USP10 physically interacts with BAZ1A, deubiquitinates it, and stabilizes BAZ1A protein levels. BAZ1A complexes with SOX2 to drive enhancer-promoter interactions and recruit BRD4, thereby activating cancer stem cell-related gene expression programs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), gene expression analysis |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
40204721
|
| 2024 |
BAZ1A interacts with E2F1; BAZ1A, E2F1, and SMARCA1/5 form a complex that binds the E2F1 promoter. BAZ1A depletion reduces DNaseI sensitivity at E2F1 binding regions of the E2F1 promoter and reduces E2F1-dependent transcription, leading to G1-phase arrest. ChIP-ReChIP confirmed co-occupancy of BAZ1A-bound chromatin by E2F1 at specific E2F1 promoter sites. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, ChIP-ReChIP, DNaseI sensitivity assay, RNAi knockdown, RNA-seq, orthotopic xenograft |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
bio_10.1101_2024.11.20.624462
|
| 2022 |
BAZ1A localizes to heterochromatin during spermatogenesis and interacts with DICER and major satellite repeat (MSR) chromatin in mouse testes, suggesting a role in heterochromatin regulation in the male germline. |
Immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP in mouse testis |
Reproduction |
Low |
36194437
|
| 2026 |
NAA20 interacts with ACF1 (BAZ1A), promotes its lactylation (enhanced by lactate), and this modification drives nuclear translocation of ACF1. Lactylated ACF1 increases H3K27ac and H3K4me3 at the GCLM promoter, recruiting Myc and activating GCLM-dependent glutathione synthesis in neuroblastoma. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase assay, immunofluorescence, RNAi knockdown, xenograft models |
Cell biology and toxicology |
Low |
41644856
|
| 2025 |
In yeast, the WAC-downWAC module (N-terminal region of Itc1, the BAZ1A ortholog) forms a conserved structural module predicted to interact with DNA; deletion of this module abolishes ISW2 complex function at target genes (nucleosome positioning at +1 positions) without affecting global nucleosome organization, functionally equivalent to a null allele. |
Yeast genetics, genome-wide nucleosome mapping (MNase-seq), structural prediction, growth assays |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
bio_10.1101_2025.04.27.650761
|