Affinage

AP1M1

AP-1 complex subunit mu-1 · UniProt Q9BXS5

Length
423 aa
Mass
48.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
53 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

AP1M1 (μ1A-adaptin) is the medium subunit of the ubiquitously expressed AP-1A clathrin adaptor complex, functioning as a central cargo-recognition module that directs vesicular protein sorting between the trans-Golgi network (TGN), endosomes, and the plasma membrane. It recognizes YxxΦ tyrosine-based and dileucine-based sorting signals in the cytoplasmic tails of transmembrane cargo proteins—including mannose 6-phosphate receptors, kAE1, CAR, L-selectin, IRS-1, and PAM-1—and is essential for retrograde endosome-to-TGN retrieval of MPRs, basolateral sorting in polarized epithelia, somatodendritic protein sorting in neurons, secretory granule biogenesis in neuroendocrine cells, and endosome-to-lysosome transport (PMID:10811610, PMID:22958822, PMID:25040637, PMID:40588516). The N-terminal domain of μ1A governs AP-1 membrane–cytoplasm recycling dynamics, with the prolyl-oligopeptidase-like protein PREPL acting as a negative regulator of AP-1 membrane association through direct interaction with this domain (PMID:17988225, PMID:23321636). Mouse knockout of μ1A causes embryonic lethality at E13.5 with complete loss of AP-1 TGN recruitment and missorting of MPRs, and HIV-1 Nef and VZV ORF9p exploit the μ1A cargo-binding site via noncanonical motifs to redirect host membrane protein trafficking (PMID:10811610, PMID:22301137, PMID:29793951).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1994 Medium

    Cross-species transgenic rescue established that μ1A function is deeply conserved: the C. elegans ortholog unc-101 and mouse AP47 are functionally interchangeable, linking clathrin adaptor medium chain activity to developmental signaling.

    Evidence Transgenic rescue of unc-101 mutants with mouse AP47 in C. elegans with developmental phenotype analysis

    PMID:8288128

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which μ1A/UNC-101 regulates vulval signaling not defined at the molecular cargo level
    • No mammalian developmental phenotype characterized at this stage
  2. 1995 Medium

    Subunit assembly rules were defined: the N-terminal trunk of γ-adaptin directs AP-1 complex formation and co-assembly with μ1A (AP47) and σ1, establishing the heterotetrameric architecture.

    Evidence Chimeric adaptin constructs and yeast two-hybrid mapping of γ-adaptin–AP47 interaction

    PMID:7593184

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the γ–μ1A interface not resolved
    • Whether assembly is regulated in vivo unknown
  3. 1999 High

    The distinction between ubiquitous AP-1A (containing μ1A) and epithelial-specific AP-1B (containing μ1B) was established, resolving how a single adaptor family achieves tissue-specific cargo sorting at the TGN and endosomes.

    Evidence Stable expression in LLC-PK1 cells, immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, functional rescue

    PMID:10338135 PMID:10535737

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise cargo-recognition differences between μ1A and μ1B not yet mapped
    • Relative contributions to basolateral sorting unclear
  4. 2000 High

    Mouse knockout proved μ1A is essential for viability and for AP-1 TGN recruitment; loss reroutes mannose 6-phosphate receptors to endosomes, establishing AP-1A as the primary mediator of retrograde MPR retrieval.

    Evidence Targeted gene disruption in mouse, subcellular fractionation, receptor trafficking assays in knockout fibroblasts

    PMID:10811610

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other AP complexes partially compensate in specific tissues not addressed
    • Mechanism of embryonic lethality not dissected at the organ level
  5. 2001 High

    Quantitative analysis of μ1A-deficient fibroblasts revealed that loss of TGN-based AP-1A recycling indirectly increases MPR300 endocytosis sevenfold, demonstrating that TGN sorting and plasma membrane internalization are coupled through steady-state receptor distribution, while immunoEM showed AP-1A and AP-1B occupy distinct TGN subdomains.

    Evidence Receptor internalization kinetics in knockout fibroblasts, electron microscopy of coated pits, immunoEM colocalization

    PMID:11157985 PMID:11792812

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the enhanced endocytosis involves a specific plasma membrane adaptor compensatory mechanism unknown
    • Molecular basis for subdomain segregation of AP-1A vs AP-1B not defined
  6. 2007 Medium

    The N-terminal domain of μ1A was identified as the determinant of AP-1 membrane–cytoplasm recycling kinetics; replacing it with the μ2 N-terminus slowed recycling and caused MPR missorting.

    Evidence μ1A/μ2 chimeric proteins, FRAP, receptor trafficking assays

    PMID:17988225

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding partner for the μ1A N-terminal domain not yet identified at this stage
    • Structural basis of the recycling rate difference unknown
  7. 2010 High

    Direct recognition of the kidney anion exchanger kAE1 by μ1A through a YxxΦ motif was demonstrated, and μ1A knockdown caused intracellular kAE1 accumulation, extending the AP-1A cargo repertoire to renal ion transporters.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, YFP protein fragment complementation, siRNA knockdown

    PMID:20833140

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether AP-1A mediates biosynthetic or recycling route for kAE1 not distinguished
    • In vivo kidney phenotype not tested
  8. 2012 High

    A burst of studies expanded μ1A's functional reach: (i) AP-1A mediates somatodendritic sorting in hippocampal neurons affecting spine morphology and synapse number; (ii) μ1A and μ1B differentially sort CAR via the same YxxΦ motif; (iii) μ1A is required for HIV-1 Nef-mediated lysosomal targeting of CD4 and MHC-I downregulation via a noncanonical Nef motif binding the μ1A cargo site; and (iv) reciprocal co-IP confirmed μ1A–kAE1 interaction in vivo in mouse kidney.

    Evidence Dominant-negative/siRNA in primary neurons; mutagenesis + knockdown in polarized MDCK cells; Co-IP in infected T cells; reciprocal Co-IP in mouse kidney tissue

    PMID:22301137 PMID:22343291 PMID:22744004 PMID:22958822 PMID:27909244

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for Nef noncanonical motif recognition by μ1A awaits crystallographic confirmation
    • Whether neuronal AP-1A function is independent of AP-1B remains to be genetically separated in vivo
    • Endosome-to-lysosome transport role of μ1A (as opposed to retrograde TGN role) requires further dissection
  9. 2013 Medium

    Two key regulatory and specificity principles were clarified: μ1A and μ1B largely colocalize but differ in signal-recognition breadth (μ1B binds additional basolateral signals), and PREPL was identified as a direct interactor of the μ1A N-terminal 70 amino acids that modulates AP-1 membrane cycling.

    Evidence Improved colocalization, in vitro cargo peptide binding assays, yeast two-hybrid for PREPL, PREPL overexpression/knockdown with membrane fractionation

    PMID:23321636 PMID:23478262 PMID:24229647

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzymatic versus scaffolding role of PREPL in AP-1 regulation not distinguished
    • Whether PREPL deficiency in human (hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome) acts via AP-1 dysregulation not tested
    • IRS-1 trafficking via AP-1A confirmed in single lab only
  10. 2014 Medium

    μ1A was shown to be required for secretory granule biogenesis in neuroendocrine cells and for cooperative basolateral sorting of the Mg²⁺ transporter CNNM4 together with μ1B through dileucine motifs, broadening the functional scope beyond TGN-endosome retrieval.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown with metabolic labeling and secretion assays in neuroendocrine cells; double siRNA knockdown plus mutagenesis of dileucine motifs in MDCK cells; Y2H for PAM-1 interaction

    PMID:24698155 PMID:25040637 PMID:25449265

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether secretory granule defects reflect direct cargo missorting or indirect TGN disorganization not fully resolved
    • In vivo neuroendocrine phenotype of μ1A loss not tested
  11. 2017 Medium

    A novel basic-residue binding motif in the μ1A C-terminal domain was mapped for L-selectin recognition, with phosphorylation of the L-selectin tail acting as a switch that blocks AP-1 binding, revealing a regulated retrograde TGN transport pathway for immune adhesion molecules.

    Evidence Peptide pulldown with LC-MS, GST pulldown domain mapping, mutagenesis, molecular docking, colocalization

    PMID:28235798

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of blocking L-selectin–μ1A interaction on leukocyte rolling or homing not assessed
    • Whether phosphorylation-regulated sorting applies to other AP-1A cargoes unknown
  12. 2018 Medium

    VZV tegument protein ORF9p was shown to exploit the μ1A dileucine-binding site for secondary envelopment, establishing AP-1A as a host factor hijacked by herpesviruses for viral assembly.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP in VZV-infected cells, site-directed mutagenesis of dileucine motif, viral growth assays

    PMID:29793951

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural detail of ORF9p–μ1A interface not resolved
    • Whether other herpesvirus tegument proteins use the same mechanism not tested
  13. 2025 High

    An unbiased genome-wide CRISPR screen identified AP1M1 as a rate-limiting factor for endosome-to-lysosome transport: its knockout delays lysosomal delivery, prolongs endosomal residence of antisense oligonucleotides, and enhances their activity both in vitro and in vivo.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 screen with genetic splice reporter, endosome-to-lysosome transport assays in vitro and in vivo (mouse)

    PMID:40588516

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the endosome-to-lysosome delay is a direct trafficking defect or secondary to retrograde sorting disruption not fully distinguished
    • Therapeutic applicability of μ1A modulation for ASO delivery requires clinical evaluation

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include: the high-resolution structural basis for μ1A versus μ1B cargo-specificity differences; whether PREPL regulation of AP-1 cycling is enzymatic or scaffolding in nature; the precise mechanism by which μ1A loss delays endosome-to-lysosome transport; and in vivo tissue-specific consequences of conditional μ1A deletion beyond embryonic lethality.
  • No crystal structure of full-length μ1A in complex with AP-1 at atomic resolution
  • Conditional knockout studies in adult tissues not reported
  • PREPL enzymatic versus structural role in AP-1 regulation unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0038024 cargo receptor activity 7 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4
Localization
GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 5 GO:0005768 endosome 4 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 9 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 6 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 1
Partners
AP1G1AP1S1CNNM4IRS1PAMPREPLSELLSLC4A1
Complex memberships
AP-1A clathrin adaptor complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1999 AP1M1 (μ1A) is a subunit of the ubiquitously expressed AP-1A clathrin adaptor complex, which mediates protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes, distinct from the epithelial-specific AP-1B complex containing μ1B. Stable cell line expression, immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, functional rescue in LLC-PK1 cells Cell High 10338135 10535737
2000 Targeted disruption of the mouse μ1A-adaptin gene causes embryonic lethality at day 13.5; μ1A-deficient cells lack AP-1 binding to the TGN, and mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPR46 and MPR300) are rerouted to endosomes, establishing that AP-1/μ1A is required for retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport of MPR. Mouse knockout (targeted gene disruption), subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, receptor trafficking assays The EMBO journal High 10811610
2001 AP-1A (μ1A) and AP-1B (μ1B) localize to distinct subdomains of the TGN; only AP-1A colocalizes with furin, while AP-1B is found near recycling endosomes. AP-1B (but not AP-1A) expression also recruits exocyst subunits Sec8 and Exo70 required for basolateral transport. Immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, cell fractionation, epitope-tagged subunit expression The Journal of cell biology High 11157985 14581457
2001 In μ1A-deficient fibroblasts, MPR300 endocytosis is enhanced seven-fold due to an increased internalization rate, with more MPR300 concentrated in clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane, demonstrating that AP-1/μ1A-mediated TGN recycling indirectly controls MPR300 plasma membrane recycling rate. Receptor internalization kinetics assay, electron microscopy of coated pits, μ1A-knockout fibroblasts Journal of cell science High 11792812
2007 The N-terminal domain of μ1A regulates AP-1 membrane-to-cytoplasm recycling; a chimeric AP-1* complex bearing the μ2 N-terminal domain in place of the μ1A N-terminal domain shows slowed recycling kinetics and missorts mannose 6-phosphate receptors. Chimeric protein construction (μ1A/μ2 chimeras), FRAP, receptor trafficking assays Traffic Medium 17988225
2010 AP-1 μ1A interacts with the C-terminal region of kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) via a YXXØ motif (Y904DEV907); siRNA knockdown of μ1A decreases membrane localization of kAE1 and increases intracellular accumulation. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, GST pulldown, YFP-based protein fragment complementation assay, colocalization, siRNA knockdown Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 20833140
2012 AP-1/μ1A (AP-1A complex) mediates somatodendritic sorting of transmembrane receptors in rat hippocampal neurons by recognizing signals in cytosolic domains of cargo proteins; AP-1 with clathrin functions in the neuronal soma to exclude somatodendritic proteins from axonal transport carriers, and perturbation affects dendritic spine morphology and synapse number. Dominant-negative constructs, siRNA knockdown, live imaging, immunofluorescence in primary hippocampal neurons Neuron High 22958822
2012 AP-1A (μ1A) and AP-1B (μ1B) both interact via their μ1 subunits with the canonical YxxΦ motif (Y318xxV321) of the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR); AP-1A mediates biosynthetic sorting of CAR while AP-1B mediates basolateral recycling. Mutagenesis of sorting motifs, knockdown of μ1A/μ1B, co-immunoprecipitation, polarized sorting assays in MDCK cells Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 22343291
2012 AP-1 μ1A (AP1M1) and γ2 subunit of AP-1 are required for Nef-mediated lysosomal targeting of CD4; depletion of μ1A or γ2 (but not γ1) causes CD4 to accumulate in early endosomes after Nef-induced internalization, preventing lysosomal degradation. siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence Journal of cell science Medium 27909244
2012 A noncanonical tripartite hydrophobic motif (Trp13/Val16/Met20) in the N terminus of HIV-1 Nef acts as a noncanonical μ1A-binding motif that interacts with the tyrosine motif-binding site of μ1A and is required for MHC-I downregulation in T lymphocytes. Mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, molecular docking Journal of virology Medium 22301137
2012 AP-1A (μ1A) and AP-1B (μ1B) interact with kAE1 via reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation in epithelial cells and in vivo in mouse kidney; knockdown of endogenous μ1A prevents kAE1 trafficking to the plasma membrane and leads to its lysosomal degradation, establishing AP-1A as the primary regulator of basolateral kAE1 trafficking. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, cell surface biotinylation American journal of physiology. Cell physiology High 22744004
2013 μ1A and μ1B isoforms of AP-1 largely colocalize at both TGN and recycling endosome membranes; they differ primarily in signal-recognition specificity, with μ1B preferentially binding a subset of basolateral sorting signals unrecognized by μ1A, expanding the repertoire of cargo sorted to the basolateral surface. Improved immunofluorescence colocalization, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding assays with cargo peptides, siRNA knockdown Developmental cell High 24229647
2013 μ1A associates with IRS-1 via three YXXØ motifs in IRS-1; AP-1-dependent transport is required for IRS-1 localization to peripheral vesicles, and deletion of these AP-1 binding sites impairs IGF-I-induced cell proliferation and reduces IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3-kinase association. Co-immunoprecipitation, YXXØ motif mutagenesis, siRNA knockdown, subcellular fractionation, proliferation assays Molecular and cellular biology Medium 23478262
2013 PREPL (a cytoplasmic prolyl-oligopeptidase-like protein) interacts with the N-terminal 70 amino acids of μ1A via yeast two-hybrid; PREPL overexpression reduces AP-1 membrane binding while reduced PREPL expression increases membrane binding and impairs AP-1 recycling, identifying PREPL as a regulator of AP-1 membrane-cytoplasm recycling. Yeast two-hybrid, PREPL overexpression/knockdown, membrane fractionation, colocalization by immunofluorescence Journal of cell science Medium 23321636
2014 AP-1A (μ1A subunit) is required for secretory granule (SG) biogenesis in neuroendocrine cells; reduced μ1A levels cause loss of TGN cisternae and immature SGs, missorting of carboxypeptidase D (CPD) and PAM-1 into non-condensing granules, and impaired stimulated peptide secretion. Yeast two-hybrid demonstrated direct interaction of μ1A with the PAM-1 cytosolic domain. shRNA knockdown, metabolic labeling, secretion assays, immunofluorescence, yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation Traffic Medium 25040637
2014 AP-1A (μ1A) and AP-1B (μ1B) together mediate basolateral sorting of the Mg2+ transporter CNNM4; simultaneous knockdown of both μ1A and μ1B abrogates basolateral localization, and three conserved dileucine motifs in CNNM4 are required for interaction with both μ1A and μ1B. siRNA knockdown (single and double), mutagenesis of dileucine motifs, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence in MDCK cells Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 25449265
2015 Reduced AP-1/μ1A function alters endocytic trafficking of PAM (peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase), causing PAM-1 accumulation on the cell surface and impairing copper-dependent amidation activity; co-immunoprecipitation supports that PAM and Atp7a occupy the same subcellular compartment via AP-1-dependent trafficking. shRNA knockdown, cell surface biotinylation, co-immunoprecipitation, copper chelation assays, immunofluorescence The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 26170456
2017 The C-terminal domain of μ1A (AP1M1) binds the cytoplasmic tail of L-selectin via a novel basic binding motif (cluster of dibasic residues 356RR357, 359KK360, 362KK363 and 369DD370); L-selectin colocalizes with AP-1 at the TGN and phosphorylation of the L-selectin tail blocks this interaction, suggesting AP-1/μ1A mediates constitutive retrograde transport of L-selectin to a TGN reserve pool. Peptide pulldown combined with LC-MS, GST pulldown domain mapping, co-immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis, molecular docking, immunofluorescence colocalization The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 28235798
2018 VZV tegument protein ORF9p interacts with AP1M1 (μ1 subunit of AP-1); a leucine-231-containing dileucine motif in ORF9p is critical for this interaction, and mutation of this leucine impairs viral growth by preventing efficient secondary envelopment of the virus. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation in infected cells, site-directed mutagenesis, viral growth assays Journal of virology Medium 29793951
2025 AP1M1 knockout identified in an unbiased CRISPR/Cas9 screen as a modifier of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) activity; AP1M1 absence strongly increases ASO activity by delaying endosome-to-lysosome transport both in vitro and in vivo, prolonging ASO residence in the endosomal system and increasing endosomal escape. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen, genetic splice reporter, endosome-to-lysosome transport assays in vitro and in vivo Nature communications High 40588516
1995 The N-terminal region (approximately amino acids 130–350) of γ-adaptin determines AP-1 complex targeting and co-assembly with AP47 (μ1A) and AP19 (σ1), as shown by chimeras and yeast two-hybrid interactions between γ-adaptin and AP47. Adaptin chimera construction, immunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid The Journal of cell biology Medium 7593184
1994 The C. elegans unc-101 gene encodes a homolog of AP47 (μ1A); mouse AP47 and UNC-101 are functionally equivalent in transgenic nematodes, demonstrating conservation of clathrin-associated medium chain function. UNC-101 is required for negative regulation of vulval differentiation and multiple developmental processes. Genetic epistasis, transgenic rescue in C. elegans, sequence analysis Genes & development Medium 8288128
2014 AP-1 μ1A, AP-3 μ1, and AP-4 μ1 (but not AP-1 μ1B, PKD1, or PKD2) are required for intracellular sorting and trafficking of kAE1 from TGN to the basolateral membrane; AP-1 μ1A co-localizes with kAE1 in human kidney tissue. siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation, YFP-based protein fragment complementation assay, immunofluorescence on human kidney tissue Traffic Medium 24698155

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 53 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 An optimized grapevine RNA isolation procedure and statistical determination of reference genes for real-time RT-PCR during berry development. BMC plant biology 577 17105665
1999 A novel clathrin adaptor complex mediates basolateral targeting in polarized epithelial cells. Cell 431 10535737
2000 mu1A-adaptin-deficient mice: lethality, loss of AP-1 binding and rerouting of mannose 6-phosphate receptors. The EMBO journal 368 10811610
1999 Mu1B, a novel adaptor medium chain expressed in polarized epithelial cells. FEBS letters 212 10338135
2001 Distribution and function of AP-1 clathrin adaptor complexes in polarized epithelial cells. The Journal of cell biology 208 11157985
2003 The AP-1A and AP-1B clathrin adaptor complexes define biochemically and functionally distinct membrane domains. The Journal of cell biology 169 14581457
2011 Function of the DEMETER DNA glycosylase in the Arabidopsis thaliana male gametophyte. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 154 21518889
1995 Targeting signals and subunit interactions in coated vesicle adaptor complexes. The Journal of cell biology 135 7593184
2009 SPL28 encodes a clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1, medium subunit micro 1 (AP1M1) and is responsible for spotted leaf and early senescence in rice (Oryza sativa). The New phytologist 117 19825016
2013 Arabidopsis μ-adaptin subunit AP1M of adaptor protein complex 1 mediates late secretory and vacuolar traffic and is required for growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 23733933
1994 unc-101, a gene required for many aspects of Caenorhabditis elegans development and behavior, encodes a clathrin-associated protein. Genes & development 111 8288128
2012 Signal-mediated, AP-1/clathrin-dependent sorting of transmembrane receptors to the somatodendritic domain of hippocampal neurons. Neuron 95 22958822
1985 Differential control of U1 small nuclear RNA expression during mouse development. Science (New York, N.Y.) 94 2412294
1991 Heterologous expression of the allelic variant mu-class glutathione transferases mu and psi. The Biochemical journal 88 2049077
1994 Two rat homologs of clathrin-associated adaptor proteins. Gene 70 8076832
2012 Basolateral sorting of the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor through interaction of a canonical YXXPhi motif with the clathrin adaptors AP-1A and AP-1B. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 66 22343291
2013 The adaptor protein-1 μ1B subunit expands the repertoire of basolateral sorting signal recognition in epithelial cells. Developmental cell 63 24229647
2001 Mu 1A deficiency induces a profound increase in MPR300/IGF-II receptor internalization rate. Journal of cell science 59 11792812
1991 The medium chains of the mammalian clathrin-associated proteins have a homolog in yeast. European journal of biochemistry 53 1761056
2006 Sorting of Pmel17 to melanosomes through the plasma membrane by AP1 and AP2: evidence for the polarized nature of melanocytes. Journal of cell science 46 16492709
2015 Postharvest application of a novel chitinase cloned from Metschnikowia fructicola and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris to control brown rot of peaches. International journal of food microbiology 38 25632799
2016 CD4 downregulation by the HIV-1 protein Nef reveals distinct roles for the γ1 and γ2 subunits of the AP-1 complex in protein trafficking. Journal of cell science 32 27909244
2014 AP-1A controls secretory granule biogenesis and trafficking of membrane secretory granule proteins. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 28 25040637
2013 The AP-1 complex regulates intracellular localization of insulin receptor substrate 1, which is required for insulin-like growth factor I-dependent cell proliferation. Molecular and cellular biology 23 23478262
2013 Trans-Golgi network morphology and sorting is regulated by prolyl-oligopeptidase-like protein PREPL and the AP-1 complex subunit μ1A. Journal of cell science 22 23321636
1997 Identification of two new mu-adaptin-related proteins, mu-ARP1 and mu-ARP2. FEBS letters 22 9013859
2010 Human kidney anion exchanger 1 interacts with adaptor-related protein complex 1 μ1A (AP-1 mu1A). Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 20833140
1988 The embryonic and adult mouse U1 snRNA genes map to different chromosomal loci. Somatic cell and molecular genetics 19 2894719
2010 Characterization of the AP-1 μ1A and μ1B adaptins in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 18 20652956
2012 Adaptor protein 1 complexes regulate intracellular trafficking of the kidney anion exchanger 1 in epithelial cells. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 16 22744004
2018 Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF9p Binding to Cellular Adaptor Protein Complex 1 Is Important for Viral Infectivity. Journal of virology 15 29793951
2022 Discovery proteomics reveals potential protein signature associated with malignant phenotype acquisition in pleomorphic adenoma. Oral diseases 12 34902207
2007 AP-1 membrane-cytoplasm recycling regulated by mu1A-adaptin. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 12 17988225
2019 Proteomics characterisation of central nervous system metastasis biomarkers in triple negative breast cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 11 30792808
2019 HBV upregulates AP-1 complex subunit mu-1 expression via the JNK pathway to promote proliferation of liver cancer cells. Oncology letters 11 31289517
2014 Basolateral sorting of the Mg²⁺ transporter CNNM4 requires interaction with AP-1A and AP-1B. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 11 25449265
2017 The cytoplasmic tail of L-selectin interacts with the adaptor-protein complex AP-1 subunit μ1A via a novel basic binding motif. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 28235798
2015 Adaptor Protein-1 Complex Affects the Endocytic Trafficking and Function of Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase, a Luminal Cuproenzyme. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 26170456
2011 Human kidney anion exchanger 1 interacts with kinesin family member 3B (KIF3B). Biochemical and biophysical research communications 10 21871436
2001 Identification of clathrin-adaptor medium chains in Dictyostelium discoideum: differential expression during development. Gene 10 11179674
2013 Analysis of three μ1-AP1 subunits during zebrafish development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 9 24123392
2012 A noncanonical mu-1A-binding motif in the N terminus of HIV-1 Nef determines its ability to downregulate major histocompatibility complex class I in T lymphocytes. Journal of virology 9 22301137
1999 Cloning, mapping and tissue-specific expression of Drosophila clathrin-associated protein AP50 gene. Gene 9 10375633
2014 Role of adaptor proteins and clathrin in the trafficking of human kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) to the cell surface. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 8 24698155
1998 Cloning, expression pattern, and chromosomal assignment to 16q23 of the human gamma-adaptin gene (ADTG). Genomics 7 9653655
2016 Comparative Genomic Analysis of Enterovirus 71 Revealed Six New Potential Neurovirulence-associated Sites. Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 6 27927278
2005 Identification of T-cell epitopes on U1A protein in MRL/lpr mice: double-negative T cells are the major responsive cells. Immunology 6 15885135
2022 Adaptor complex-mediated trafficking of Newcastle disease virus fusion protein is regulated by the YLMY motif of its cytoplasmic tail. Virulence 5 36258290
2023 Deficiency of AP1 Complex Ap1g1 in Zebrafish Model Led to Perturbation of Neurodevelopment, Female and Male Fertility; New Insight to Understand Adaptinopathies. International journal of molecular sciences 4 37108275
1999 Genomic structure and chromosome mapping of the genes encoding clathrin-associated adaptor medium chains mu1A (Ap1m1) and mu1B (Ap1m2). Cytogenetics and cell genetics 4 10640811
2025 A CRISPR/Cas9 screen reveals proteins at the endosome-Golgi interface that modulate cellular anti-sense oligonucleotide activity. Nature communications 3 40588516
2025 Deciphering the molecular tapestry of schizophrenia: integrating transcriptomics, neuroimaging, and clinical data for precision medicine. Translational psychiatry 0 41271614
1995 Neuropeptide-like immunoreactivities and carboxypeptide H activity associated with bovine brain clathrin coated vesicles. Neuropeptides 0 7666953