| 2001 |
TRPS1 is a nuclear protein that binds GATA sequences but represses (rather than activates) transcription mediated by other GATA factors. Repression does not occur through competition for DNA binding but depends on a C-terminal region related to repressive domains found in Ikaros proteins. Truncating mutations identified in TRPS patients encode dominant inhibitors of wild-type TRPS1 function. |
Nuclear localization studies, GATA-dependent reporter assays, domain deletion analysis, transactivation assays in mammalian cells |
The EMBO journal |
High |
11285235
|
| 2002 |
Deletion of the GATA-type zinc finger domain of TRPS1 in mice causes absence of vibrissae, facial anomalies, thoracic skeletal defects, and generalized bone dysplasia, directly implicating the GATA zinc finger in bone and hair development. |
Conditional knock-in mouse model (TRPS1 GATA domain deletion), histological and skeletal analysis |
Molecular and cellular biology |
High |
12446778
|
| 2003 |
The dynein light chain LC8a physically interacts with two distinct regions of TRPS1 (residues 635-723 and 1182-1281) and co-localizes with TRPS1 in dot-like nuclear structures. LC8a interaction reduces TRPS1 binding to the GATA consensus sequence (EMSA) and suppresses TRPS1-mediated transcriptional repression in reporter assays. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, EMSA, luciferase reporter assay, confocal microscopy |
Human molecular genetics |
Medium |
12761050
|
| 2003 |
RING finger protein RNF4 interacts with TRPS1 (binding region in TRPS1 amino acids 985-1184) via yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation from both transfected and native mammalian cells. RNF4 co-localizes with TRPS1 in distinct nuclear structures. RNF4 overexpression inhibits TRPS1 transcriptional repression activity in luciferase reporter assays. |
Yeast two-hybrid screen, co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, confocal laser-scanning microscopy |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
12885770
|
| 2003 |
TRPS1 overexpression in androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells inhibits transcription of a PSA enhancer/promoter-driven luciferase reporter and reduces androgen-induced endogenous PSA secretion. TRPS1 binds to an inverse GATA motif overlapping ARE III in the PSA enhancer. |
Luciferase reporter assay, PSA ELISA from conditioned medium, GATA motif analysis |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
14680804
|
| 2004 |
Two missense mutations in the RRRTRKR motif of TRPS1 (arginine to histidine or cysteine) prevent nuclear translocation of the mutant protein when expressed in COS7 cells, identifying RRRTRKR as the functional nuclear localization signal of TRPS1. |
Subcellular localization studies of mutant TRPS1 constructs in COS7 cells, patient mutation identification |
European journal of human genetics |
Medium |
14560312
|
| 2007 |
Trps1 directly represses Stat3 expression by binding to GATA-binding sites in the Stat3 gene promoter. In Trps1-deficient chondrocytes, elevated Stat3 drives increased cyclin D1 and Bcl2, causing diminished proliferation and decreased apoptosis. siRNA-mediated Stat3 depletion in Trps1-deficient chondrocytes normalizes cyclin D1 and Bcl2 levels. Mutation of GATA-binding sites in the Stat3 promoter abrogates Trps1 binding and repression. |
Trps1 knockout mouse, siRNA knockdown of Stat3, Trps1 overexpression in ATDC5 cells, mutational analysis of GATA-binding sites in Stat3 promoter, ChIP, Western blot |
Developmental biology |
High |
17997399
|
| 2007 |
TRPS1 is SUMOylated at multiple sites in vivo and in vitro through interaction with UBC9. SUMOylation at the C-terminal repression domain (primarily K1201/S5, secondarily K1192/S4) is required for TRPS1-mediated transcriptional repression; mutation of both S4 and S5 almost completely abolishes repressive activity. |
In vitro and in vivo SUMOylation assays, site-directed mutagenesis of SUMO acceptor sites, luciferase reporter assays, UBC9 overexpression |
Biological chemistry |
High |
17391059
|
| 2008 |
Trps1 interacts specifically with the transactivation domain of Gli3 activator form (Gli3A) but not the repressor form, both in vitro and in vivo. A 185 aa region of Trps1 containing three predicted zinc fingers is sufficient for this interaction. Genetic analysis using mouse models indicates Trps1 and Gli3 repressor activity cooperate in distal chondrocytes and have activating functions in columnar proliferating chondrocytes. |
In vitro binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation in vivo, domain mapping with truncated constructs, mouse genetic models (double mutants) |
Developmental biology |
High |
19389374
|
| 2008 |
Trps1 directly binds the PTHrP promoter and suppresses PTHrP transcription. Loss of Trps1 leads to expanded PTHrP expression in the growth plate and elongated proliferative zones, demonstrating that Trps1 directly represses PTHrP to regulate chondrocyte organization. |
ChIP assay, promoter luciferase assay, quantitative RT-PCR, Trps1 knockout mouse, tibial organ culture |
Bone |
High |
18456591
|
| 2008 |
GDF5 induces Trps1 protein upregulation and nuclear translocation via p38 MAPK signaling downstream of ALK6 in ATDC5 chondrocytes. Trps1 acts downstream of GDF5 signaling to promote chondrogenic differentiation and apoptosis; effects are blocked by dominant-negative ALK6 or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. |
Treatment with GDF5, dominant-negative ALK6 overexpression, SB203580 inhibitor, Western blot, immunofluorescence, differentiation assays, apoptosis assays |
Genes to cells |
Medium |
18363966
|
| 2009 |
TRPS1 directly binds the osteocalcin promoter through a GATA binding sequence and represses osteocalcin transcription. Mutation of the GATA binding site in the mouse or human osteocalcin promoter abrogates TRPS1 binding. TRPS1 regulates osteocalcin expression in osteosarcoma cells and primary bone marrow stromal cells, and modulates mineralized bone matrix formation. |
Proteomic identification of TRPS1 at OSE2 sequence, EMSA, reporter assays, promoter mutagenesis, ChIP, siRNA knockdown, mineralization assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
19759027
|
| 2009 |
Trps1 functions downstream of BMP7 in kidney development. BMP7-deficient kidneys show virtual absence of Trps1 expression. BMP7 induces Trps1 and E-cadherin expression and downregulates vimentin in metanephric mesenchymal cells. siRNA knockdown of Trps1 inhibits BMP7-induced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. |
Trps1 knockout mouse, Bmp7 knockout mouse analysis, in vitro metanephric mesenchymal cell culture with BMP7 treatment, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization |
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |
High |
19820125
|
| 2010 |
Trps1 haploinsufficiency promotes TGF-β1-induced EMT and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Trps1+/- cells have elevated Arkadia (an E3 ubiquitin ligase), increased Smad3 phosphorylation, and decreased Smad7 protein. Arkadia knockdown inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT in Trps1+/- cells, placing Trps1 upstream of Arkadia-mediated Smad7 degradation. |
Trps1 heterozygous knockout mouse, unilateral ureteral obstruction model, siRNA knockdown of Arkadia, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, primary tubular cell culture |
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |
Medium |
20507941
|
| 2011 |
miR-221/222 target the 3'UTR of TRPS1 to reduce its expression, and TRPS1 inhibits EMT by directly repressing ZEB2 expression. Knockdown of TRPS1 mimics miR-221/222-induced EMT, and TRPS1 overexpression rescues the EMT phenotype. FOSL1/Fra-1 drives miR-221/222 transcription downstream of the RAS/MEK pathway. |
3'UTR luciferase reporter assay, TRPS1 knockdown/overexpression, qRT-PCR, migration/invasion assays, Western blot |
Science signaling |
High |
21673316 21868360
|
| 2011 |
Trps1 can directly bind the promoters of its target genes in the developing vibrissa follicle to activate transcription (of Wnt inhibitors and transcription factors), in addition to its established role as a transcriptional repressor. Trps1 regulates the Wnt signaling pathway in early hair follicle progenitors. |
Microarray hybridization, ChIP on vibrissa follicle tissue, in vivo target gene expression validation in Trps1 GATA domain deletion mice |
Development |
Medium |
22115758
|
| 2012 |
Trps1 directly represses Sox9 expression in the developing hair follicle, as demonstrated by ChIP showing Trps1 occupancy at the Sox9 promoter and functional assays showing that Trps1 loss leads to elevated Sox9 and increased epithelial proliferation. |
ChIP, Trps1 GATA domain deletion mouse model (Trps1Δgt), immunofluorescence, proliferation assays |
PLoS genetics |
Medium |
23133399
|
| 2012 |
Seven RUNX2-targeting miRNAs (miR-23a, miR-30c, miR-34c, miR-133a, miR-135a, miR-205, miR-217) also target TRPS1 through its 3'UTR, effectively blocking maturation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes and redirecting mesenchymal stem cells toward adipogenic fate. |
3'UTR reporter assays, miRNA overexpression in osteoblasts and chondrocytes, cell differentiation assays |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
22544738
|
| 2013 |
Trps1 interacts with histone deacetylases Hdac1 and Hdac4, increasing their activity. Loss of Trps1 results in histone H3 hyperacetylation maintained during mitosis, impairing chromatin condensation and HP1 binding, leading to prometaphase arrest. Overexpression of Hdac4 rescues the mitotic defect in Trps1-deficient chondrocytes. |
Trps1 knockout mouse, co-immunoprecipitation (Trps1-Hdac1/Hdac4), HDAC activity assays, histone acetylation Western blot, mitotic index analysis, Hdac4 overexpression rescue |
Cell cycle |
High |
23892436
|
| 2013 |
Loss of Trps1 suppresses ureteric bud branching through activation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, including upregulation of Rb1cc1 and Arkadia, increased Smad3 phosphorylation, and decreased Smad7 and c-Ski. Addition of Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 restores branching in Trps1-deficient ureteric buds in organ culture. |
Trps1 knockout mouse, DNA microarray of cultured ureteric buds, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL, PCNA staining, SIS3 inhibitor rescue in organ culture |
Developmental biology |
Medium |
23537899
|
| 2014 |
Trps1 serves dual context-dependent functions in dentin mineralization: Trps1 is required for odontoblast maturation (supports expression of Alpl and Phospho1 needed to initiate mineralization), while in mature odontoblasts Trps1 represses mineralization-related genes (downregulates phosphate homeostasis genes). Both loss and overexpression of Trps1 impair mineralization. |
Stable Trps1-deficient and Trps1-overexpressing odontoblastic cell lines, alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, qRT-PCR of target genes |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
25128529
|
| 2015 |
Nuclear cathepsin D (Cath-D) interacts with TRPS1 and they co-localize in the nucleus of ER+ breast cancer cells where both are associated with chromatin. Cath-D enhances TRPS1-mediated transcriptional repression (including of PTHrP) in a non-proteolytic manner. BAT3 controls Cath-D nuclear targeting. Co-silencing of Cath-D and TRPS1 impairs cell cycle progression and soft agar colony formation. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization by microscopy, LexA-VP16 reporter assay, microarray after Cath-D/TRPS1 silencing, siRNA knockdown, soft agar assay |
Oncotarget |
Medium |
26183398
|
| 2016 |
TRPS1 acts as a transcriptional activator of FOXA1 by directly binding the FOXA1 promoter, thereby suppressing EMT. TRPS1 knockdown decreases FOXA1 expression and promotes EMT, migration, invasion, and in vivo metastasis; ectopic FOXA1 expression blocks EMT enhancement caused by TRPS1 silencing. miR-373 binding to the TRPS1 3'UTR reduces TRPS1 expression. |
Quantitative proteomics, ChIP, TRPS1 knockdown/overexpression, FOXA1 overexpression rescue, invasion/migration assays, in vivo metastasis model, luciferase 3'UTR assay |
The Journal of pathology |
Medium |
26969828
|
| 2018 |
TRPS1 is a potent repressor of YAP/TEAD-dependent transcription in breast cancer. TRPS1 binds a large set of joint genomic enhancers with YAP and recruits corepressor complexes, reducing H3K27 acetylation. Loss of TRPS1 (identified by genome-wide CRISPR screen) leads to enhancer activation, altered promoter-enhancer interaction landscape, and increased YAP-dependent transcription. |
Genome-wide CRISPR screen, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, Hi-C/promoter-enhancer interaction analysis, TRPS1 knockout |
Nature communications |
High |
30082728
|
| 2018 |
TRPS1 associates with the NuRD and coREST histone deacetylation complexes (identified by proteomic and genomic approaches). TRPS1 is required for repressing spurious ER binding and removing histone acetylation at cis-regulatory elements in breast cancer cells, thereby regulating cell proliferation. |
Focused siRNA screen (330 chromatin regulators), proteomics (mass spectrometry), ChIP-seq for ER and TRPS1, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, TRPS1 knockdown |
Oncogene |
High |
29895970
|
| 2018 |
TRPS1 knockdown results in perturbed mitosis, apoptosis, and reduced tumor growth in breast cancer cells. Integrated analysis reveals TRPS1 associates with the NuRD repressor complex and regulates a transcriptional network essential for breast cancer cell survival. |
Targeted shRNA screen across 59 cell lines, TRPS1 knockdown, cell cycle/apoptosis assays, transcriptional target analysis, chromatin binding assays, protein interaction studies |
Cell reports |
Medium |
30380416
|
| 2018 |
TRPS1 directly inhibits SUZ12 transcription by binding to the SUZ12 promoter (demonstrated by ChIP). Loss of TRPS1 results in increased SUZ12 binding and H3K27 tri-methylation at the CDH1 (E-cadherin) promoter, thereby repressing E-cadherin and promoting EMT. |
ChIP assay for TRPS1 at SUZ12 promoter, H3K27me3 ChIP at CDH1 promoter, TRPS1 knockdown/overexpression, Western blot, migration assays |
Translational oncology |
Medium |
29471243
|
| 2019 |
TRPS1 mediates suppression of interferon signaling to promote mammary epithelial proliferation and lactogenic differentiation. TRPS1 loss combined with E-cadherin inactivation causes persistent proliferation of mammary organoids and accelerates mammary tumor formation in mice, demonstrating context-dependent tumor suppressor activity. |
In vitro and in vivo Trps1 loss-of-function, mammary organoid culture, conditional mouse knockout models, RNA-seq for interferon pathway genes |
Genes & development |
High |
31879358
|
| 2019 |
Trps1 and the Gli3 activator form cooperate to activate Wnt5a expression by binding to an upstream regulatory sequence (URS1) in the Wnt5a promoter, as shown by ChIP and reporter assays. Loss of both Trps1 and Gli3 decreases endogenous Wnt5a mRNA and protein during chondrocyte differentiation. |
ChIP, reporter gene assays, Trps1/Gli3 double knockout mouse analysis, Wnt5a mRNA/protein measurement |
Developmental biology |
Medium |
31550480
|
| 2019 |
TRPS1 is an important factor for zygotic genome activation during mouse preimplantation development. TRPS1 protein peaks at the two/four-cell stage; Trps1 knockdown reduces developmental rate (~30%), increases ZGA marker genes (MuERV-L, Zscan4d) and decreases H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 histone marks, suggesting TRPS1 normally suppresses ZGA markers through epigenetic regulation. |
Trps1 siRNA microinjection into mouse embryos, qRT-PCR of ZGA markers, immunofluorescence for histone marks, embryo developmental rate analysis |
Cell cycle |
Medium |
30712485
|
| 2021 |
TRPS1 promotes breast carcinogenesis by regulating DNA replication. TRPS1 occupies H3K9me3-marked heterochromatic replication origins and promotes chromatin loading of APC/C, resulting in uncontrolled origin refiring. TRPS1 reads H3K9me3 through its GATA and IKAROS domains. TRPS-related mutations reduce chromatin binding, replication boosting, and tumorigenicity. Overexpression of wild-type but not TRPS-associated mutant TRPS1 drives cancer genome amplifications. |
Epigenomic decomposition/ChIP-seq, replication origin analysis, APC/C chromatin loading assay, mutagenesis of GATA/IKAROS domains, overexpression studies, tumor xenograft models |
Cell reports |
High |
33691114
|
| 2007 |
Overexpression of TRPS1 in DU145 prostate cancer cells decreases expression of antioxidant proteins (superoxide dismutase, protein disulfide isomerase A3, endoplasmin, annexin A2), mitochondria-associated proteins, glycolytic enzymes, and apoptosis-related proteins, suggesting TRPS1 involvement in oxidative stress response. |
2D electrophoresis, mass spectrometry of stably inducible TRPS1-expressing DU145 cells vs parental cells |
Biochimica et biophysica acta |
Low |
17467349
|
| 2010 |
Trps1 directly binds the P2 promoter of Runx1 via its GATA domain and represses Runx1 expression in growth plate chondrocytes, as demonstrated by luciferase reporter assay and ChIP. Runx1 is aberrantly expressed in Trps1-null mouse growth plate cartilage. |
DNA array (ATDC5 cells), luciferase promoter assay, ChIP, in situ hybridization in Trps1-null mice |
Experimental and molecular pathology |
Medium |
21122804
|
| 2007 |
TRPS1 mRNA and protein expression in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells is down-regulated by androgens via the androgen receptor (AR), as demonstrated by androgen withdrawal/castration experiments in prostate cancer xenografts where castration increases TRPS1 protein. |
Androgen withdrawal (castration) in xenograft models, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot/IHC in xenograft tissue |
Endocrine-related cancer |
Medium |
15613454
|
| 2007 |
TRPS1 forms an AML1-TRPS1 fusion protein in a t(8;21)(q24;q22) leukemia that represses AML1 and GATA-1 transcriptional activity by two mechanisms: competition at cognate DNA-binding sites and physical sequestration of AML1 and GATA-1. The fusion stimulates proliferation of hematopoietic colony-forming cells. |
Identification of chimeric gene by molecular cloning, luciferase reporter assay for AML1 and GATA-1 activity, co-immunoprecipitation for physical interaction, hematopoietic colony-forming assay |
Blood |
Medium |
17244685
|
| 2012 |
Transcriptional repression of Dspp by Trps1 is the molecular basis for dentinogenesis imperfecta in Col1a1-Trps1 transgenic mice. Sustained high Trps1 levels in odontoblasts directly inhibit the Dspp promoter, reducing DSP and DPP protein levels and impairing dentin mineralization. |
Col1a1-Trps1 transgenic mouse, ChIP (Trps1 at Dspp promoter), micro-CT, histology, biochemical analysis of dentin matrix proteins |
Journal of bone and mineral research |
Medium |
22508542
|
| 2016 |
Trps1 directly activates Pde4d transcription by binding to its regulatory elements (shown by ChIP-seq and dual luciferase assay). Trps1 promotes renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation after ischemia-reperfusion injury through the Pde4d/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; Pde4d knockdown or PI3K inhibition abolishes Trps1-induced proliferation. |
ChIP-seq, dual luciferase assay, Trps1 knockdown/overexpression in rats, Pde4d siRNA, wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), in vivo renal I/R model |
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |
Medium |
27466160
|
| 2014 |
TRPS1 promotes angiogenesis in breast cancer by directly binding the VEGFA promoter (demonstrated by ChIP) to activate VEGFA expression; TRPS1 overexpression increases HUVEC migration and VEGFA levels, while knockdown decreases both. |
ChIP assay for TRPS1 at VEGFA promoter, TRPS1 overexpression/knockdown, HUVEC migration assay, VEGFA qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry for CD31/MVD |
Experimental biology and medicine |
Medium |
24595984
|
| 2024 |
TRPS1 R544Q mutation (enriched in liver metastases of colon cancer) significantly increases CRC invasion and migration in vitro and in vivo through a TRPS1R544Q/ZEB1 axis. |
Single-cell exome sequencing, functional in vitro invasion/migration assays, in vivo xenograft, identification of TRPS1-ZEB1 axis |
Signal transduction and targeted therapy |
Medium |
39307879
|
| 2021 |
Trps1 regulates Leydig cell proliferation by binding the Srcin1 promoter to regulate its transcription, influencing Src phosphorylation levels, and thereby controlling the Src/Akt/Ccnd1 signaling pathway. Trps1 knockdown suppresses Src and Akt phosphorylation and Ccnd1 expression. |
ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR for Trps1 at Srcin1 promoter, RNA-seq, Trps1 siRNA knockdown in Leydig cells, Western blot |
Andrology |
Medium |
34185441
|
| 2020 |
TRPS1 regulates BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein) expression; TRPS1 overexpression upregulates BCRP while knockdown decreases BCRP, conferring multidrug resistance of breast cancer cells. |
TRPS1 overexpression/knockdown, Western blot for BCRP, MTT drug sensitivity assay, immunohistochemistry in 180 breast cancer samples |
Frontiers in oncology |
Low |
32695669
|
| 2020 |
TRPS1 directly represses SerpinB2 expression in osteogenic cells by occupying regulatory elements in the SerpinB2 gene; Trps1 occupancy changes in response to inorganic phosphate (Pi). Transgenic Trps1 overexpression (2.3Col1a1-Trps1) decreases SerpinB2 in osteoblasts and odontoblasts in vivo. |
ChIP assay for Trps1 at SerpinB2 regulatory elements, Trps1 overexpressing cell lines, 2.3Col1a1-Trps1 transgenic mice, Western blot, mineralization assay |
Bone |
Medium |
33022456
|
| 2022 |
TRPS1 expression in synovial sarcoma is driven at least in part by the SS18-SSX fusion oncoprotein; ChIP-seq shows enrichment of SS18-SSX at the TRPS1 locus with co-localization of RNA pol II and active histone marks, and repression of SS18::SSX in synovial sarcoma cell lines reduces TRPS1 transcript levels. |
Immunohistochemistry on 165 synovial sarcoma cases, publicly available gene expression datasets, ChIP-seq data analysis, SS18::SSX knockdown cell line data |
Human pathology |
Low |
36162599
|