Affinage

HDAC1

Histone deacetylase 1 · UniProt Q13547

Round 2 corrected
Length
482 aa
Mass
55.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 54 papers cited in narrative 50 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HDAC1 is the founding member of the class I zinc-dependent histone deacetylase family and serves as a catalytic engine of transcriptional repression by removing acetyl, lactyl, and succinyl groups from histone and non-histone protein lysine residues within the Sin3, NuRD, and CoREST co-repressor complexes (PMID:8602529, PMID:9150134, PMID:9790534, PMID:16140033, PMID:35044827, PMID:37580347). Recruited to chromatin by sequence-specific transcription factors including Rb, NF-κB p50, SNAI1, GFI1, and FRA1:c-JUN, HDAC1 couples histone deacetylation with DNA methylation (via DNMT1), histone demethylation (via LSD1), and histone methylation (via SUV39H1), establishing layered repressive chromatin states; it also deacetylates non-histone substrates such as p53, FoxO3a, RORγt, JAK1, and β-catenin, thereby regulating cell cycle progression, apoptosis, immune polarization, and metabolic signaling (PMID:9468139, PMID:10615135, PMID:11571273, PMID:24463822, PMID:26549310, PMID:36067301). HDAC1 activity and stability are regulated by CK2 and EGFR phosphorylation (activating/stabilizing), auto-acetylation and K412 lactylation (modulatory), and ubiquitin-dependent degradation by MDM2 (K74) and TRIM46; endogenous metabolites sphingosine-1-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate directly inhibit its catalytic activity (PMID:19729656, PMID:37667133, PMID:26832969, PMID:34459501, PMID:16762839, PMID:39888307). In vivo, HDAC1 is essential—often redundantly with HDAC2—for epidermal stratification, Schwann cell myelination, intestinal stem cell homeostasis, and T cell-mediated immunity, and acts as a tumor suppressor in epidermis while being non-redundantly required in glioma stem cells (PMID:21093383, PMID:21423190, PMID:25648995, PMID:24240174, PMID:34494550).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1996 High

    The identity of the mammalian histone deacetylase had been unknown; trapoxin-affinity purification identified HDAC1 as the catalytic subunit, homologous to yeast Rpd3p, establishing that a single enzyme family mediates eukaryotic histone deacetylation.

    Evidence Trapoxin affinity chromatography, peptide sequencing, and cDNA cloning from human cells

    PMID:8602529

    Open questions at the time
    • No crystal structure available at this stage
    • Substrate specificity beyond bulk histones undefined
    • Whether additional deacetylases exist was unknown
  2. 1998 High

    How HDAC1 is targeted to specific genes was unclear; identification of the Sin3 and NuRD co-repressor complexes as its obligate functional platforms, and demonstration that Rb recruits HDAC1 to E2F-regulated promoters via an LXCXE motif, established the paradigm that HDAC1 lacks intrinsic DNA-binding activity and relies on protein–protein interactions for chromatin targeting.

    Evidence Biochemical purification of Sin3 and NuRD complexes with mass spectrometry; Co-IP of Rb–HDAC1 with mutant mapping and reporter assays

    PMID:9150134 PMID:9468139 PMID:9790534 PMID:9885572

    Open questions at the time
    • CoREST complex not yet identified
    • Structural basis of HDAC1–complex assembly unknown
    • Whether HDAC1 has complex-independent functions unresolved
  3. 2000 High

    The relationship between DNA methylation and histone deacetylation was mechanistically unexplained; the discovery that DNMT1 physically binds HDAC1 and that a DNMT1–Rb–E2F1–HDAC1 complex operates at E2F promoters provided a direct biochemical link between these two epigenetic silencing mechanisms.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation and co-purification of DNMT1 with HDAC1; transcriptional repression assays

    PMID:10615135 PMID:10888886

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the DNMT1–HDAC1 interaction is direct or bridged was uncertain
    • Genome-wide extent of co-localization unknown
  4. 2002 High

    NF-κB was known as a transcriptional activator but how the same pathway could repress genes was unclear; the finding that p50 homodimers recruit HDAC1 to NF-κB sites in resting cells, displaced by phospho-p65/CBP upon stimulation, revealed an HDAC1-dependent repression-to-activation switch governing inflammatory gene expression.

    Evidence Co-IP, DNA-binding assays, and reporter assays in resting versus stimulated cells

    PMID:11931769

    Open questions at the time
    • Which specific NF-κB target genes are regulated by the p50–HDAC1 complex genome-wide was not mapped
    • Kinetics of complex displacement in vivo unresolved
  5. 2005 High

    How lysine demethylation and deacetylation are coordinated was unknown; identification of the LSD1–CoREST–HDAC1/2 complex and demonstration that HDAC1/2-mediated deacetylation is prerequisite for efficient nucleosomal demethylation by LSD1 established a sequential epigenetic erasing mechanism within a shared complex.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro demethylation on nucleosomal substrates, TSA sensitivity

    PMID:16140033

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of sequential activity not resolved
    • Whether CoREST complex acts independently of Sin3/NuRD at distinct loci unclear
  6. 2006 High

    Whether HDAC1 itself is subject to regulatory post-translational modification was unexplored; demonstration that HDAC1 undergoes auto-acetylation upon GR association—inactivating its deacetylase activity—defined an intrinsic feedback mechanism controlling the enzyme's catalytic competence on chromatin.

    Evidence ChIP, in vitro deacetylase assays with acetylated HDAC1, acetylation-site mutagenesis

    PMID:16762839

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetyltransferase responsible for HDAC1 acetylation not identified in this study
    • Scope of auto-acetylation across different complex contexts unknown
  7. 2009 High

    Whether endogenous small molecules regulate HDAC1 was unknown; discovery that nuclear sphingosine-1-phosphate produced by SphK2 directly binds and inhibits HDAC1/2, increasing histone acetylation at p21 and c-fos promoters, established a lipid signaling–epigenetic axis.

    Evidence Direct S1P binding assay, in vitro HDAC activity inhibition, ChIP for SphK2 and histone acetylation

    PMID:19729656

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural mechanism of S1P binding to HDAC1 unresolved
    • Physiological contexts beyond p21/c-fos not explored
  8. 2010 High

    Whether HDAC1 and HDAC2 have overlapping or distinct developmental roles was uncertain; conditional knockout studies demonstrated that HDAC1 specifically controls Schwann cell survival via β-catenin regulation and that HDAC1/2 are essential for p63-mediated epidermal stratification, establishing isoform-specific and redundant functions in tissue morphogenesis.

    Evidence Conditional mouse knockouts in Schwann cells and ectoderm with molecular phenotype analysis

    PMID:21093383 PMID:21423190

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct deacetylation substrates responsible for Schwann cell survival not identified
    • Whether HDAC1-specific functions depend on complex context (Sin3 vs NuRD) unresolved
  9. 2013 High

    Whether HDAC1 acts as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in vivo was debated; genetic dosage experiments in epidermis showed that HDAC1 loss accelerates skin tumor formation in a Sin3A/c-Myc-dependent manner, establishing HDAC1 as a bona fide tumor suppressor in this tissue.

    Evidence Multi-allele conditional knockout series in mouse epidermis with tumor incidence tracking

    PMID:24240174

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether tumor-suppressive role extends to other epithelia not tested
    • Mechanism linking Sin3A impairment to c-Myc upregulation not fully defined
  10. 2016 High

    HDAC1 regulation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system was not characterized; identification of MDM2-mediated K74 ubiquitination targeting HDAC1 for degradation, and NLK-mediated S421 phosphorylation connecting HDAC1 to Wnt pathway attenuation, expanded the catalog of regulatory post-translational modifications controlling HDAC1 stability and pathway-specific function.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis (K74, S421), ubiquitination assays, kinase-dead NLK mutant, in vivo calcification model

    PMID:26832969 PMID:27903773

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether MDM2 and NLK-mediated regulation interact or are independent pathways unknown
    • Phosphatase(s) reversing S421 phosphorylation not identified
  11. 2022 High

    HDAC1 was considered exclusively a deacetylase; systematic enzymatic profiling revealed that HDAC1 robustly removes L-lactyl and succinyl marks from histones, redefining it as a multi-specificity acyl-lysine eraser and establishing enzymatic regulation of histone lactylation and succinylation.

    Evidence Systematic in vitro enzyme screen with acylated peptide/nucleosome substrates, cell-based confirmation, catalytic mutant controls, ChIP-seq for succinylation

    PMID:35044827 PMID:37580347

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of deacetylation versus delactylation/desuccinylation to gene regulation not dissected
    • Whether different HDAC1 complexes have distinct acyl specificity unknown
  12. 2025 High

    How targeted protein degraders engage HDAC1 structurally was unknown; cryo-EM of the KBTBD4–UM171–LSD1–HDAC1–CoREST complex revealed that the molecular glue UM171 induces a high-affinity ternary interaction between dimeric KBTBD4 KELCH propellers and the HDAC1 catalytic domain, with inositol hexakisphosphate serving as a second glue, providing the first atomic-resolution view of HDAC1 in a degrader complex.

    Evidence Cryo-EM structure, base editor scanning of interaction surfaces, proteomics

    PMID:39939761

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this degrader mechanism applies equally to HDAC2 not structurally resolved
    • Therapeutic index of UM171-based HDAC1 degradation in vivo needs further characterization

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Major open questions remain: how distinct HDAC1 co-repressor complexes (Sin3, NuRD, CoREST) achieve target specificity genome-wide; the structural basis of HDAC1's expanded acyl-substrate repertoire (lactyl, succinyl); whether HDAC1's non-histone substrates are processed within or outside co-repressor complexes; and how HDAC1-specific versus HDAC2-redundant functions are determined at the molecular level.
  • No full-length HDAC1 structure in the context of all three major complexes
  • Relative in vivo contribution of each acyl-removal activity to transcription unknown
  • HDAC1 vs HDAC2 functional divergence mechanism unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 7 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 6 GO:0042393 histone binding 5 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 5 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 3 GO:0005694 chromosome 3
Pathway
R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 9 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 7 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
CHD4DNMT1HDAC2KDM1AMDM2RB1RCOR1SIN3A
Complex memberships
CoREST complexNuRD/Mi-2 complexSin3 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 50 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 HDAC1 (HD1) was identified as the catalytic subunit of histone deacetylase by affinity purification using a trapoxin matrix, and the cloned protein was found to be highly similar to the yeast transcriptional regulator Rpd3p, establishing its role as a key regulator of eukaryotic transcription through histone deacetylation. Trapoxin affinity matrix purification, peptide microsequencing, cDNA cloning Science High 8602529
1997 HDAC1 and HDAC2 associate in vivo with the corepressor mSin3A, and the Mad-Max-mSin3A-HDAC complex has histone deacetylase activity; trichostatin A abolishes Mad repression, placing HDAC1/2 as effectors of mSin3-mediated transcriptional repression. Co-immunoprecipitation, histone deacetylase activity assay, TSA inhibitor studies Cell High 9150134
1998 HDAC1 physically interacts with the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) through the Rb pocket domain via an LXCXE motif on HDAC1; this interaction is disrupted by naturally occurring Rb mutations and by HPV oncoprotein E7, and Rb recruits HDAC1 to E2F-regulated promoters to repress cyclin E transcription in a TSA-sensitive manner. Co-immunoprecipitation, reporter assays, TSA inhibition, chromatin-integrated promoter assays Nature High 9468139 9468140 9491888
1998 HDAC1 and HDAC2 are core subunits of two distinct multi-protein complexes: the NuRD complex (containing Mi2β, MTA proteins, RbAp46/48, MBD3) and the Sin3 complex, both of which have histone deacetylase activity; the NuRD complex additionally contains ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling activity via Mi2β. Biochemical purification, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, enzymatic activity assays Cell / Molecular Cell / Genes & Development High 10444591 9790534 9885572
1999 The NuRD complex subunit MTA2 modulates HDAC1/2 enzymatic activity, and MBD3 mediates the association of MTA2 with the HDAC1/2 core complex; MBD2, which binds methylated DNA, recruits the NuRD/HDAC1 complex to methylated DNA, linking DNA methylation to histone deacetylation-dependent gene silencing. Biochemical subunit analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, deacetylase activity assays Genes & Development High 10444591 10471499
1999 Cdk4/6 phosphorylation of Rb displaces HDAC1 from the Rb pocket domain, blocking active transcriptional repression; subsequent Cdk2-mediated pocket phosphorylation disrupts pocket structure, establishing a sequential mechanism by which Cdk phosphorylation progressively inactivates Rb-HDAC1-mediated repression as cells traverse G1. Biochemical binding assays, phosphorylation-site mutagenesis, reporter assays Cell High 10499802
2000 HDAC1 associates with DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 in vivo, and DNMT1 co-purifies with HDAC1 activity; DNMT1 contains a transcriptional repression domain that recruits histone deacetylase activity, establishing a direct biochemical link between DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Co-immunoprecipitation, affinity purification, transcriptional repression assays Nature Genetics High 10615135 10888886
2000 DNMT1 forms a complex with Rb, E2F1, and HDAC1 that represses transcription from E2F-responsive promoters, integrating DNA methylation, histone deacetylase activity, and sequence-specific DNA binding in a shared repressor complex. Co-purification, co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assays Nature Genetics High 10888886
2001 In Drosophila, the histone methyltransferase SU(VAR)3-9 and HDAC1 physically associate via immunoaffinity purification; the two activities cooperate to methylate pre-acetylated histones (deacetylation preceding methylation), and both genetically interact as modifiers of position effect variegation, suggesting a coupled deacetylation-methylation mechanism for permanent transcriptional silencing. Immunoaffinity purification, enzymatic cooperation assay, genetic interaction (PEV modifier screen) EMBO Reports High 11571273
2001 VHL functions as a transcriptional corepressor by recruiting histone deacetylases (including HDAC1) to inhibit HIF-1α transactivation function, providing an O2-independent mechanism for suppressing HIF-1 target gene expression. Co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assays, HDAC inhibitor studies Genes & Development Medium 11641274
2002 In resting cells, transcriptionally inactive nuclear NF-κB p50 homodimers associate with HDAC1 and bind DNA to suppress NF-κB-dependent gene expression; upon stimulation, phosphorylated p65 enters the nucleus, associates with CBP, and displaces the p50-HDAC1 complexes, demonstrating that p65 phosphorylation determines whether NF-κB associates with HDAC1 (repression) or CBP (activation). Co-immunoprecipitation, DNA binding assay, transcriptional reporter assays, phosphorylation-site analysis Molecular Cell High 11931769
2003 Activity-dependent BDNF transcription in neurons correlates with dissociation of the MeCP2-HDAC1-mSin3A repressor complex from the Bdnf promoter and decreased CpG methylation, linking HDAC1-containing repressor complex dynamics to activity-dependent gene regulation and neural plasticity. ChIP, bisulfite sequencing, co-immunoprecipitation, reporter assays Science High 14593184
2005 LSD1 (KDM1A) associates with HDAC1/2 and CoREST; CoREST enables LSD1 to demethylate nucleosomal substrates and protects LSD1 from proteasomal degradation; hyperacetylated nucleosomes are less susceptible to CoREST/LSD1 demethylation, suggesting HDAC1/2 and LSD1 collaborate sequentially to generate a repressive chromatin state. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro demethylation assay on nucleosomal templates, proteasome inhibition, TSA treatment Molecular Cell High 16140033
2006 The ING2 PHD domain binds trimethylated H3K4 (H3K4me3) and thereby stabilizes the mSin3a-HDAC1 complex at promoters of proliferation genes in response to DNA damage, establishing a mechanism whereby an active histone mark (H3K4me3) can recruit a repressor complex containing HDAC1. PHD domain binding assay, ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, reporter and growth assays Nature High 16728974
2006 HDAC1 serves as a coactivator for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR); a subfraction of HDAC1 becomes acetylated after GR association, and this acetylation inactivates its deacetylase activity in vitro; highly acetylated HDAC1 is found on repressed chromatin while low-acetylation HDAC1 is on active chromatin; mutation of critical acetylation sites abrogates HDAC1 function in vivo, defining an acetylation-based autoregulatory mechanism. ChIP, in vitro deacetylase activity assay with acetylated HDAC1, site-directed mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation Molecular Cell High 16762839
2009 Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), produced by SphK2, directly binds HDAC1 and HDAC2 in the nucleus and inhibits their enzymatic activity, preventing histone deacetylation; SphK2 associates with HDAC1/2 in repressor complexes and is enriched at p21 and c-fos promoters where it enhances local histone H3 acetylation and transcription. In vitro HDAC activity assay with S1P, direct S1P binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP Science High 19729656
2010 In Schwann cells, HDAC1 controls Schwann cell survival by regulating active β-catenin levels, while HDAC2 activates the myelination transcriptional program in synergy with Sox10; conditional double knockout of Hdac1/2 in Schwann cells causes massive cell loss and virtual absence of peripheral myelin, with greatly reduced Sox10 and Krox20 expression. Conditional mouse knockout, immunofluorescence, Western blot, gene expression analysis Nature Neuroscience High 21423190
2010 Deletion of ectodermal Hdac1 and Hdac2 phenocopies loss of p63 by causing failure of hair follicle specification and epidermal stratification; HDAC1/2 directly mediate repressive functions of p63 (repressing p21, 14-3-3σ, p16/INK4a targets) and suppress p53 activity by preventing its acetylation, which would otherwise oppose p63 function. Conditional mouse knockout, ChIP, HDAC inhibitor treatment, gene expression analysis Developmental Cell High 21093383
2011 Genome-wide ChIP revealed that HDAC1 predominantly occupies actively transcribed genes in embryonic stem (ES) and trophoblast stem (TS) cells, including pluripotency regulators Oct4, Nanog, and Klf4; a subset of HDAC1-occupied sequences co-occupied by MBD3, a NuRD subunit, in ES cells, indicating that HDAC1 operates within the NuRD complex at active gene loci. ChIP-seq, genome-wide expression analysis (Hdac1 knockout ES cells, TSA-treated cells), co-occupancy analysis Nucleic Acids Research Medium 22156375
2013 Deletion of a single Hdac2 allele in HDAC1 epidermis-specific knockout mice causes severe epidermal defects including alopecia, hyperproliferation, and spontaneous tumor formation, revealing a dosage-dependent genetic interaction; HDAC1 ablation specifically accelerates skin tumor development, identifying HDAC1 as a tumor suppressor in the epidermis, partly through impaired Sin3A co-repressor function and elevated c-Myc protein. Conditional mouse knockout (multiple allele combinations), tumor incidence tracking, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation EMBO Journal High 24240174
2014 HDAC1 is sufficient to activate FoxO transcription factors and induce skeletal muscle atrophy in vivo; this requires HDAC1 deacetylase activity and is linked to deacetylation of FoxO3a, enabling induction of atrogin-1 and other atrophy genes; dominant-negative HDAC1 blocks disuse atrophy. In vivo electroporation of wild-type and dominant-negative HDAC1 plasmids, muscle fiber cross-section measurement, gene expression analysis Journal of Cell Science High 24463822
2015 HDAC1 and HDAC2 are redundantly required for intestinal stem cell homeostasis; simultaneous deletion in adult mouse intestine causes rapid loss of homeostasis and loss of stemness markers in intestinal organoids; treatment with class I-selective HDACi MS-275 phenocopies genetic deletion. Inducible conditional knockout mouse, intestinal organoid culture, BrdU labeling, gene expression FASEB Journal High 25648995
2015 HDAC1/2-dependent P0 expression in adult Schwann cells is required for paranodal/nodal integrity; P0 was identified as a novel binding partner of both neurofascin 155 and neurofascin 186 in vivo and by adhesion assay; HDAC1/2 ablation in adult SCs reduces P0 by half, causing mislocalization of NFasc155/186, loss of Caspr and septate-like junctions, and subsequent demyelination. Conditional adult-stage knockout, in vitro adhesion binding assay, immunofluorescence, behavioral testing PLoS Biology High 26406915
2015 HDAC1 interacts with and deacetylates RORγt, opposing p300-mediated acetylation at K81 of RORγt; acetylation of RORγt by p300 promotes Th17 transcriptional activation of IL-17, while HDAC1 reduces RORγt acetylation, thereby dampening RORγt-mediated IL-17 expression. Co-immunoprecipitation, acetylation assays, reporter assays, knockdown in Th17 cells Scientific Reports Medium 26549310
2016 MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates HDAC1 ubiquitination at K74, targeting it for proteasomal degradation during vascular calcification; loss of HDAC1 activity or protein enhances vascular calcification, while MDM2 inhibition or a K74 decoy peptide prevents calcification in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibition, site-directed mutagenesis (K74), animal calcification model Nature Communications High 26832969
2016 NLK kinase phosphorylates HDAC1 at serine 421; this phosphorylation event requires catalytically active NLK and results in negative regulation of Wnt/β-catenin-Lef1 transcriptional activity; NLK-deficient fibroblasts show sustained β-catenin/Lef1 interaction and enhanced Wnt reporter activity. NLK knockout primary fibroblasts, luciferase reporter, kinase-dead NLK mutant, phosphorylation-site analysis Molecular Biology of the Cell Medium 27903773
2016 HDAC1 inhibition by HDAC1/2 inhibitors or genetic depletion induces massive and widespread degradation of poly(A) RNA through a mechanism requiring the acetyltransferases p300/CBP, which acetylate the exoribonuclease CAF1a (a catalytic subunit of the CCR4-CAF1-NOT deadenylase complex), establishing a posttranscriptional role for HDAC1/2 in controlling global poly(A) RNA stability. HDAC inhibitor treatment, siRNA knockdown, RNA stability assays, CAF1a acetylation assay Molecular Cell High 27635759
2016 Multiple myeloma-induced GFI1 binding to the Runx2 promoter recruits HDAC1, LSD1, and EZH2 to establish and maintain repressive chromatin at Runx2, preventing osteoblast differentiation; ectopic GFI1 is sufficient to recruit HDAC1 to Runx2; GFI1 knockdown blocks HDAC1 recruitment; HDAC1 inhibition reverses the repressive chromatin architecture and rescues osteoblast differentiation. ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, GFI1 knockdown, HDAC1 inhibitor treatment, osteogenic differentiation assay Molecular Cancer Research Medium 28119431
2016 HDAC1 occupies the TP53 promoter in pancreatic cancer cells along with HDAC2 and MYC; inhibition or genetic elimination of HDAC1/2 reduces mutant p53 mRNA and protein levels; MYC recruitment to the TP53 gene drops upon HDAC inhibitor treatment, revealing a class I HDAC/MYC-dependent transcriptional control of the TP53 locus. ChIP, siRNA/CRISPR knockout, RT-PCR, Western blot with HDAC inhibitors Oncogene Medium 27721407
2017 USP19 deubiquitinase physically interacts with HDAC1/2 and specifically regulates their K63-linked ubiquitination; USP19 translocates to the nucleus upon irradiation and is required for proper DNA damage response and prevention of anaphase bridge formation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitin linkage-type analysis, siRNA knockdown, irradiation experiments, anaphase bridge quantification Oncotarget Medium 27517492
2017 DNTTIP1 recruits HDAC1 to the DUSP2 promoter, maintaining histone H3K27 in a deacetylated state to repress DUSP2 transcription; DUSP2 downregulation leads to aberrant ERK signaling and elevated MMP2, promoting NPC metastasis; HDAC inhibitor chidamide suppresses this axis. ChIP, co-IP, RT-qPCR, luciferase reporter, in vitro and in vivo metastasis assays EBioMedicine Medium 35689852
2017 MIER2 (but not MIER3) recruits HDAC1 and HDAC2 through its ELM2 domain in a cell-line-dependent manner; MIER2 complexes have associated deacetylase activity; W228 in the ELM2 domain is a critical residue for HDAC recruitment, analogous to MIER1. Co-immunoprecipitation, histone deacetylase activity assay, deletion analysis, site-directed mutagenesis PLoS One Medium 28046085
2017 SP1 recruits HDAC1 to the miR-326 gene promoter, causing histone deacetylation and transcriptional inhibition of miR-326, which in turn activates the SMO/Hedgehog pathway to promote osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis. ChIP, DNA affinity precipitation (DAPA), siRNA knockdown, reporter assays, in vivo xenograft Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Medium 32743904
2019 SNAI1 recruits HDAC1 and HDAC2 to E-box sequences in the SNAI2 promoter, leading to histone H3 deacetylation and transcriptional repression of SNAI2 during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; HDAC inhibition partially rescues SNAI2 expression in SNAI1-overexpressing cells. ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, HDAC inhibitor treatment, reporter assays Scientific Reports Medium 31165775
2020 HDAC1 and HDAC2 activity (but not other HDACs) promotes chromatin compaction that restricts CRISPR/Cas9 access; inhibition of HDAC1/2 opens chromatin and enhances Cas9 binding to target DNA, increasing gene knockout by NHEJ and knock-in by HDR frequencies; conversely, HDAC3 inhibition decreases editing efficiency. HDAC isoform-specific inhibitors, CRISPR/Cas9 editing frequency assays, chromatin accessibility assays Nucleic Acids Research Medium 31799598
2020 Cholesterol and its derivative 27-hydroxycholesterol induce dephosphorylation of HDAC1 at conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser392, Ser421, Ser423) through inhibition of MTORC1 signaling, causing nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of HDAC1 and autophagy activation; phospho-site mutations in HDAC1 attenuate phosphorylation, lead to cytoplasmic localization, and activate autophagy. Phosphorylation-site mutagenesis, nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation, MTOR inhibition, autophagy assays in silkworm and mammalian cells Autophagy Medium 32013726
2021 HDAC1 deacetylates JAK1 at lysine 1109, stabilizing it; HDAC inhibitor SAHA increases JAK1 K1109 acetylation, promotes its proteasomal degradation, and subsequently reduces STAT3-driven FGL1 transcription, thereby enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in lung adenocarcinoma. Mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, acetylation-site mutagenesis, ChIP, proteasome inhibition experiments Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer Medium 39384195
2021 BAP1 forms a trimeric complex with HMGB1 and HDAC1 that modulates HMGB1 acetylation; reduced BAP1 levels increase ubiquitylation and degradation of HDAC1, leading to increased HMGB1 acetylation and its active secretion, promoting mesothelial cell transformation in the context of asbestos exposure. Co-immunoprecipitation (trimer identification), ubiquitination assay, acetylation measurement, serum HMGB1 detection PNAS Medium 34815344
2021 TRIM46 ubiquitin ligase targets HDAC1 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation; TRIM46 overexpression (driven by a breast cancer risk SNP rs4971059 acting as an enhancer) reduces HDAC1 protein levels and deregulates DNA replication and repair gene expression, promoting breast cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance. CRISPR/Cas9 SNP editing, Co-IP ubiquitination assay, proteomics, ChIP-seq EMBO Journal Medium 34459501
2021 EGFR phosphorylates HDAC1 at tyrosine 72, promoting HDAC1 protein stability; this phosphorylation is necessary for HDAC1's anti-apoptotic function; disruption of Y72 phosphorylation destabilizes HDAC1 and sensitizes cells to apoptosis. Kinase assay, phospho-site mutagenesis (Y72), protein stability analysis, apoptosis assay Cell Death & Disease Medium 33976119
2022 Class I HDACs (HDAC1, 2, 3) function as histone delactylases in vitro and in cells, robustly cleaving ε-N-L-lactyllysine [K(L-la)], K(D-la), and diverse short-chain acyl modifications from histones; HDAC1 and HDAC3 de-L-lactylase activity was confirmed in cells, demonstrating that histone lactylation is enzymatically regulated rather than a product of spontaneous chemistry. Systematic in vitro enzyme screen (zinc-dependent and NAD-dependent HDACs), cell-based de-lactylation assay Science Advances High 35044827
2022 HDAC1 T cell-specific knockout mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis; HDAC1-deficient CD4+ T cells show impaired IL-6-driven upregulation of CCR6, implicating HDAC1 in Th17 cell differentiation and the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Conditional T cell-specific knockout mouse, CIA model, cytokine measurements, flow cytometry, RNA-seq Journal of Autoimmunity Medium 31883829
2022 HDAC1 is the non-redundant, essential class I deacetylase in glioma stem cells (unlike neural stem cells where HDAC2 is indispensable); HDAC1 knockdown has profound p53-dependent effects on glioma stem cell phenotype and markedly suppresses tumor growth in patient-derived xenograft models. siRNA knockdown, CRISPR KO, patient-derived xenograft models, transcriptomic analysis, cell-based assays JCI Insight Medium 34494550
2022 FRA1:c-JUN:HDAC1 forms a ternary complex at the FLG promoter AP1 response element upon TNFα+IFNγ stimulation; this complex (replacing the earlier c-FOS:c-JUN complex) drives histone deacetylation and transcriptional repression of filaggrin in keratinocytes; HDAC1 knockdown abrogates the inhibitory effect. DNA affinity precipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, siRNA knockdown, reporter assays, mouse skin inflammation models PNAS Medium 36067301
2023 HDAC1/2/3 are the primary histone desuccinylases in mammalian cells; inhibition or depletion of HDAC1/2/3 markedly increases global histone succinylation; ectopic expression of HDAC1/2/3 but not their catalytic mutants reduces histone succinylation; HDAC1/2/3 complexes have robust histone desuccinylase activity in vitro; histone succinylation is enriched at gene promoters and correlates positively with transcriptional activity. In vitro desuccinylase assay with HDAC complexes, catalytic mutant controls, siRNA/CRISPR depletion, ChIP-seq for succinylation genome-wide Cell Discovery High 37580347
2023 ENO2-derived phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) selectively inhibits HDAC1 enzymatic activity, increasing β-catenin acetylation and activating the β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer; this provides resistance to antiangiogenic therapy, and enolase inhibitors synergize with antiangiogenic drugs. In vitro HDAC1 activity assay with PEP, β-catenin acetylation measurement, xenograft models, metabolic tracing Nature Metabolism Medium 37667133
2023 HDAC1 and HDAC2 are synthetically lethal when one paralog is hemizygously deleted; targeted HDAC2 degradation in HDAC1-deficient neuroblastoma degrades several NuRD complex members, reduces chromatin accessibility at HDAC2-NuRD-bound sites, and impairs enhancer-associated transcription, revealing a collateral lethality mechanism exploitable in cancers with HDAC1 chromosomal deletion. dTAG-mediated targeted protein degradation, CRISPR genetic disruption, ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq, xenograft models Nature Structural & Molecular Biology High 37488358
2025 UM171 acts as a molecular glue inducing high-affinity interactions between the CRL3 substrate receptor KBTBD4 and HDAC1/2 to promote corepressor degradation; cryo-EM of dimeric KBTBD4 bound to UM171 and LSD1-HDAC1-CoREST shows an asymmetric assembly where a single UM171 molecule enables a pair of KELCH-repeat propellers to recruit the HDAC1 catalytic domain; one propeller partially masks the HDAC1 active site rim while the other strengthens binding cooperatively; inositol hexakisphosphate acts as a second molecular glue to further buttress the interaction. Cryo-EM structure determination, proteomics, chemical inhibitor studies, base editor scanning of KBTBD4 and HDAC1 interaction surfaces Nature High 39939761
2025 Lactylation of HDAC1 at K412 is required for ferroptosis resistance in colorectal cancer; HDAC inhibitors SAHA and TSA specifically diminish HDAC1-K412 lactylation, reducing ferroptosis suppressor protein FSP1 by promoting FTO/ALKBH5-mediated m6A demethylation of FSP1 mRNA and its subsequent degradation. Drug screening, immunoprecipitation for lactylation, ChIP for H3K27ac, m6A methylation analysis, in vivo xenograft Advanced Science Medium 39888307
2025 NF-κB signaling recruits HDAC1 and HDAC3 to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the ferroportin (Slc40a1) promoter in macrophages upon inflammatory stimulation; pan-HDAC inhibition abrogates inflammation-driven Slc40a1 mRNA repression, and HDAC1/3 recruitment is NF-κB-dependent. ChIP, RNA interference screen, HDAC inhibitor pharmacology, NF-κB pathway inhibition Blood Medium 39656097

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell 2861 17081983
2005 A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 1704 16169070
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