Affinage

TES

Testin · UniProt Q9UGI8

Length
421 aa
Mass
48.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 27 papers cited in narrative 27 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TES (Testin) is a multidomain LIM-domain scaffold protein that organizes the actin cytoskeleton at focal adhesions, stress fibres, and cell-cell junctions, where it acts as a mechanosensitive adaptor and tumour suppressor (PMID:12571287, PMID:12695497, PMID:16033868). Its three C-terminal LIM domains target focal adhesions and strained actin while its N-terminal PET-containing region directs it to stress fibres; an intramolecular interaction between the N-terminus and LIM3 (involving Tyr288 and dimerization-region phosphorylation) holds TES in a 'closed' conformation that gates its localization and partner binding, with active RhoA driving relocation to stress fibres and conferring mechanosensitivity (PMID:12571287, PMID:18696217, PMID:28542564, PMID:34038160). TES is recruited to focal adhesions and tension-bearing cadherin-based junctions in a zyxin-dependent, tension-sensitive hierarchy (zyxin → VASP → TES), and it is required for RhoA-dependent stress fibre integrity (PMID:12695497, PMID:15662727, PMID:26611125, PMID:26509500). Through an atypical LIM3–EVH1 interaction that occludes the canonical FPPPP-binding site, TES binds Mena (but not VASP or Evl) and displaces Mena from the leading edge, blocking the Mena–Lamellipodin interaction to suppress cell migration and invasion (PMID:18158903, PMID:30728082). TES additionally engages cytoskeletal and junctional partners including alphaII-spectrin, actin, alpha-actinin, paxillin, and Arp7A (PMID:12695497, PMID:21278383, PMID:15656790). As an in vivo tumour suppressor, Tes loss increases carcinogen-induced gastric tumorigenesis in knockout mice, while re-expression of TES in TES-negative carcinoma and leukemia cells induces apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest and reduces tumorigenicity (PMID:15701871, PMID:16033868, PMID:26985820); TES protein levels are themselves downregulated via Siah2-mediated proteasomal degradation potentiated by H. pylori-induced acetylation (PMID:30063986). Beyond cytoskeletal control, TES interacts with diverse signalling components—calcineurin (suppressing NFAT signalling in cardiac hypertrophy), the calcium-sensing receptor, and KCNE2—and modulates p38 MAPK and JNK/p38 pathways governing colorectal cancer cell fate and intestinal/Sertoli barrier integrity (PMID:30467953, PMID:21843504, PMID:33464998, PMID:27323777, PMID:39237074, PMID:31975378).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 2003 High

    Established TES as a focal-adhesion and cytoskeletal protein with a modular domain logic, answering where it localizes and which partners it uses, defining it as a scaffold rather than an enzyme.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, yeast two-hybrid, biochemical pull-down, and overexpression spreading assays in fibroblasts and breast carcinoma cells

    PMID:12571287 PMID:12695497

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and order of multi-partner assembly not resolved
    • Functional consequence of each individual interaction not separated
  2. 2005 Medium

    Defined a recruitment hierarchy and pathway placement by showing TES is required for RhoA-dependent stress fibre maintenance and is recruited downstream of zyxin and VASP.

    Evidence RNAi knockdown in HeLa cells with RhoA activity assay and immunofluorescence; additional Y2H/Co-IP identifying alphaII-spectrin and EVL partners

    PMID:15656790 PMID:15662727

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which TES feeds back on RhoA activity not defined
    • Single-lab knockdown phenotype
  3. 2005 High

    Demonstrated TES tumour-suppressor function in vivo and in cancer cell lines, establishing biological significance of its loss.

    Evidence Tes knockout mice with carcinogen-induced gastric tumorigenesis; adenoviral re-expression in TES-negative carcinoma lines with apoptosis and xenograft assays

    PMID:15701871 PMID:16033868

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular pathway linking TES loss to tumorigenesis not defined in these studies
    • Tissue specificity of tumour suppression unclear
  4. 2008 High

    Provided structural-mechanistic basis for TES specificity by solving how its LIM3 domain captures the Mena EVH1 domain through an atypical, FPPPP-independent mode that selectively excludes VASP/Evl, linking the interaction to migration control.

    Evidence Crystal structure of LIM3:EVH1 complex with structure-based gain-of-function mutagenesis and Mena-displacement/migration assays; subsequent structure of the Arp7A·LIM2-3·Mena ternary complex

    PMID:18158903 PMID:21278383

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of LIM3-Mena competition in tissue contexts not fully established
    • How conformational gating regulates EVH1 availability not structurally resolved
  5. 2008 Medium

    Defined the open/closed conformational switch by mapping an N-terminus–LIM3 intramolecular interaction and showing compartment-specific conformational states, including unexpected nucleolar localization.

    Evidence GST pull-down, Co-IP, and B23 co-localization; later PET–LIM1-2 mapping with Tyr288 mutagenesis and homodimer detection

    PMID:18696217 PMID:28542564

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of nucleolar TES unknown
    • Physiological trigger toggling open/closed states not defined
  6. 2015 Medium

    Established TES as a tension-sensitive mechanosensor by mapping its zyxin-binding determinants and showing tension-dependent recruitment to cadherin-based junctions distinct from the core cadherin complex.

    Evidence Pull-down/FRAP zyxin-binding mapping plus SIM imaging and tension manipulation at focal adherens junctions

    PMID:26509500 PMID:26611125

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct force-sensing element within TES not identified
    • Single-lab imaging studies
  7. 2021 Medium

    Resolved the mechanosensitive behaviour of TES at the domain level, showing conformation and phosphorylation control relocation to strained actin and that RhoA activation drives mechanosensitivity.

    Evidence Fluorescence imaging of domain truncations and phosphorylation mutants with constitutively active RhoA expression

    PMID:34038160

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinases responsible for the relevant phosphorylation not identified
    • Quantitative force thresholds not defined
  8. 2013 Medium

    Demonstrated conserved developmental roles in tension-dependent junctional actin organization and planar polarity through orthologs and genetic interactions.

    Evidence C. elegans tes-1/zyx-1 loss-of-function and epistasis with cadherin/catenin; Xenopus Xtes morpholino knockdown with Prickle interaction; mouse Testin/Vangl2 knockout epistasis

    PMID:16554046 PMID:23996638 PMID:36384139

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between TES and PCP machinery not defined
    • Whether developmental and adhesion roles share a mechanism unresolved
  9. 2019 Medium

    Connected TES tumour suppression to a defined molecular mechanism—blocking Mena–Lamellipodin—and to its regulated turnover by an acetylated Siah2 E3 ligase in gastric cancer.

    Evidence IP-MS, Co-IP, Mena-dependent Transwell assays; Siah2 Co-IP with proteasome inhibition and invasion assays under H. pylori-induced acetylation

    PMID:30063986 PMID:30728082

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Mena-Lpd blockade accounts for in vivo tumour suppression not shown
    • Single-lab mechanistic studies
  10. 2024 Medium

    Extended TES function to signalling modulation across tissues, implicating it in calcineurin/NFAT-dependent cardiac hypertrophy, p38 MAPK-driven apoptosis in colorectal cancer, and JNK/p38-dependent epithelial barrier protection.

    Evidence Co-IP plus in vivo overexpression/knockdown with pharmacological rescue (cardiac); bidirectional manipulation with pathway western blots (colorectal); in vivo overexpression and organoids (intestinal barrier); RNAi barrier disruption in Sertoli cells; CaR and KCNE2 interaction with functional electrophysiology

    PMID:21843504 PMID:27323777 PMID:30467953 PMID:31975378 PMID:33464998 PMID:39237074

    Open questions at the time
    • How a cytoskeletal scaffold mechanistically tunes calcineurin, p38, and JNK signalling not resolved
    • Whether these signalling roles reflect direct or cytoskeleton-mediated effects unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how the conformational/mechanosensitive switch of TES is integrated with its diverse signalling outputs (calcineurin, p38/JNK, ion-channel regulation) to produce tissue-specific tumour-suppressor and barrier functions.
  • No unifying mechanism linking mechanosensing to signalling modulation
  • No structural model of full-length TES in its active state
  • Endogenous upstream regulators of conformational switching unidentified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0140299 molecular sensor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005730 nucleolus 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 3 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 2
Partners
ACTN1ENAHPXNSIAH2SPTAN1TLN1VASPZYX
Complex memberships
focal adherens junctionfocal adhesion

Evidence

Reading pass · 27 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2003 TES protein localizes to focal adhesions, actin stress fibres, and areas of cell-cell contact; its three C-terminal LIM domains are important for focal adhesion targeting, while the N-terminal region targets TES to actin stress fibres. Yeast two-hybrid and biochemical analyses identified interactions with mena, zyxin, and talin. Fibroblasts stably overexpressing TES showed increased spreading on fibronectin. Immunofluorescence localization, yeast two-hybrid, biochemical pull-down, stable overexpression with cell spreading assay Journal of cell science High 12571287
2003 Tes is a focal adhesion component that negatively regulates proliferation of T47D breast carcinoma cells. In vivo co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated Tes is complexed with actin, Mena, and VASP. The isolated N-terminal half of Tes pulls down alpha-actinin and paxillin from cell extracts, while the C-terminal half recruits zyxin, Mena, and VASP. The two halves of Tes interact with each other in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a conformational (open/closed) state. Using RNAi ablation, zyxin is required to recruit Tes (as well as Mena and VASP) to focal adhesions, but not vinculin or paxillin; fibroblasts lacking Mena and VASP still recruit Tes to focal adhesions. Co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down from cell extracts, RNAi knockdown, fibroblasts lacking Mena/VASP (genetic), yeast two-hybrid The Journal of cell biology High 12695497
2005 RNAi-mediated knockdown of TES in HeLa cells results in loss of actin stress fibres and reduced RhoA activity, indicating TES is required for RhoA-dependent stress fibre maintenance. A hierarchy of recruitment was established: zyxin is recruited first, followed by VASP, then TES. RNAi knockdown, immunofluorescence, RhoA activity assay Cell motility and the cytoskeleton Medium 15662727
2007 The LIM3 domain of Tes binds to the EVH1 domain of Mena (but not VASP or Evl) by occluding the canonical FPPPP-binding site, despite lacking an FPPPP motif. Crystal structure of the LIM3:EVH1 complex was determined. Structure-based gain-of-function mutations defined molecular basis for Tes-Mena specificity. The LIM3 domain displaces Mena, but not VASP, from the leading edge and focal adhesions, and regulates cell migration through a Mena-dependent mechanism. Crystal structure determination, in vitro binding assay, gain-of-function mutagenesis, cell biology (Mena displacement, migration assay) Molecular cell High 18158903
2011 Arp7A forms a complex with Tes and Mena in the subacrosomal layer of round spermatids. The crystal structure of the Arp7A(1-65)·LIM2-3(Tes)·EVH1(Mena) complex revealed that residues 28-49 of Arp7A contact LIM2-3 domains of Tes; two alanine residues occupy apolar pockets in both LIM domains and a GPAK linker binds the LIM2-3 junction, which are critical for the Arp7A-Tes interaction. Crystal structure, in vitro binding assay, alanine mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, localization in spermatids The Journal of biological chemistry High 21278383
2005 AlphaII-spectrin interacts with Tes; the interaction is mediated by the LIM domain of Tes and the alpha10 repeat of alphaII-spectrin, as shown by yeast two-hybrid screening and co-immunoprecipitation. An in vitro interaction between Tes and EVL was also identified, and both proteins co-localize at focal adhesions. Yeast two-hybrid screening, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding, co-localization by immunofluorescence The Biochemical journal Medium 15656790
2008 TES exists in different conformational states in different cellular compartments. The N-terminus of TES interacts with its third LIM domain (C-terminus) as demonstrated by GST pull-down, suggesting a 'closed' conformation. TES co-localizes with nucleolar marker B23 and co-immunoprecipitates with B23, indicating TES is also present in the nucleolus in a 'closed' conformational state. GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-localization with B23 Molecular and cellular biochemistry Medium 18696217
2011 Testin and actin-myosin are molecular targets of adjudin (an anti-spermatogenic agent) at the apical ectoplasmic specialization. Co-immunoprecipitation with an adjudin-specific antibody on affinity resin, combined with mass spectrometry and immunoblotting, identified testin as a direct binding partner of adjudin at the apical ES. Co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, immunoblotting Spermatogenesis Medium 22319662
2011 Testin interacts with the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) intracellular tail; the interaction was identified by yeast two-hybrid screening and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293 cells. The interaction is mapped to the membrane proximal region of the CaR tail and the second zinc-finger of LIM domain 1 of testin. Ectopic expression of testin in HEK293 cells stably expressing CaR enhanced CaR-stimulated Rho activity but had no effect on CaR-stimulated ERK signalling. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, Rho activity assay (functional ectopic expression) Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 21843504
2015 TES (along with VASP and zyxin) is a mechanosensitive component of Focal Adherens Junctions (FAJ) at cadherin-based adhesions. TES recruitment to FAJ is tension-dependent. Its recruitment is independent of the alpha-catenin/vinculin module. Structured Illumination Microscopy showed TES concentrates at locations distinct from the core cadherin complex. VASP and zyxin require binding to each other to localize to FAJs. Live imaging, Structured Illumination Microscopy, tension manipulation, fluorescence localization of mutants Scientific reports Medium 26611125
2015 The Tes-binding site in zyxin was mapped to four highly conserved amino acids using pull-down assays and ectopic recruitment experiments. Zyxin recruits Tes to focal adhesions and modulates its turnover (shown by FRAP). Loss of zyxin-Tes interaction affects cell spreading, but zyxin regulates focal adhesion dynamics independent of Tes. Pull-down assay, ectopic recruitment experiments, FRAP, cell spreading quantification PloS one Medium 26509500
2017 The PET domain region of testin (amino acids 52-233) interacts with the C-terminal LIM1-2 domains in vitro and in cells. Testin can form an antiparallel homodimer. Tyrosine 288 has a critical role in the PET-LIM1-2 interaction. In vitro binding assay, cellular interaction assay, site-directed mutagenesis (Y288) PloS one Medium 28542564
2021 The full-length testin protein appears diffuse in the cytoplasm, while its C-terminal LIM domains alone recognize focal adhesions and strained actin, and the N-terminal domains alone recognize stress fibres. Phosphorylation mutations in the dimerization regions reveal testin's mechanosensitivity, causing relocation to focal adhesions and strained actin. Activated RhoA causes testin to relocate to stress fibres and become mechanosensitive. Fluorescence imaging of domain truncations/mutants, phosphorylation mutagenesis, RhoA activation (constitutively active RhoA expression) Molecular biology of the cell Medium 34038160
2013 Testin (TES-1) and ZYX-1/Zyxin in C. elegans are recruited to apical junctions during embryonic elongation when junctions are under tension. In genetic backgrounds where elongation fails, junctional recruitment is severely compromised. Loss of tes-1 or zyx-1 results in junctional F-actin defects. Loss of either protein strongly enhances morphogenetic defects in hypomorphic cadherin/catenin complex mutants, establishing genetic interaction and epistasis. Genetic loss-of-function (mutant analysis), fluorescence imaging, genetic epistasis (double mutant analysis with cadherin/catenin complex hypomorphs) Current biology : CB Medium 36384139
2006 Depletion of Xenopus Tes (Xtes) leads to foreshortened head and severe defects in axis elongation. The anterior defect is due in part to inhibition of cranial neural crest migration. Simultaneous depletion of Xtes and Xenopus Prickle results in axial defects more severe than either alone, suggesting the two proteins act together to control axial elongation (genetic interaction). Morpholino-mediated knockdown in Xenopus embryos, phenotypic analysis, double knockdown epistasis Developmental biology Medium 16554046
2013 Testin was identified as a Vangl2-interacting protein by yeast two-hybrid screen with cochlea cDNA library. Testin is enriched to cell-cell boundaries in the presence of Vangl2. Genetic inactivation of Testin leads to abnormal hair cell orientation in vestibule and cochlea. Testin genetically interacts with Vangl2 to regulate hair cell orientation in the cochlea and opening of the vaginal tract (double mutant analysis). Yeast two-hybrid, cell localization assay (Vangl2 co-expression), knockout mouse analysis, genetic epistasis (Testin/Vangl2 double mutants) Developmental dynamics Medium 23996638
2005 Adenoviral re-expression of TES in TES-negative breast cancer (T47D) and uterine sarcoma (MES-SA) cell lines induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms, respectively, and significantly reduced tumorigenic potential in nude mice. TES-positive MCF-7 cells were unaffected by Ad-TES infection. Adenoviral gene transfer, apoptosis assay (caspase activity), xenograft tumor assay in nude mice Clinical cancer research Medium 15701871
2005 Tes knockout mice show significantly increased susceptibility to NMBA-induced gastric carcinogenesis compared to wild-type mice, with 88% of heterozygous and 81% of homozygous knockout mice developing papillomas, atypical glandular metaplasia, and carcinomas vs. 25% benign lesions in wild-type, demonstrating in vivo tumor suppressor function. Knockout mouse model, carcinogen-induced tumor assay (NMBA + zinc-deficient diet), histopathological analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16033868
2019 TES interacts with Mena (identified by immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry) and inhibits the interaction of Mena with Lamellipodin (Lpd). TES suppresses migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells in a Mena-dependent manner (Transwell assays with Mena manipulation). Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, Transwell migration/invasion assay with Mena manipulation Cancer communications Medium 30728082
2018 TES and filamin-C (FLN-C) interact with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah2 and are proteasomally degraded. K139-acetylated Siah2 (induced by H. pylori infection) significantly potentiates TES and FLN-C degradation. Acetylated Siah2-mediated downregulation of TES disrupts filopodia but promotes lamellipodia formation and enhances invasiveness of gastric cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, proteasome inhibition assay, site-specific acetylation analysis, cell invasion/migration assay The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology Medium 30063986
2020 Testin RNAi knockdown in Sertoli cells causes damage to the Sertoli cell barrier, causes diffusion of tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 away from the cell surface into the cytoplasm, reduces ZO-1/occludin association (shown by Co-IP), disrupts actin filament bundle arrangement, and reduces F-actin/G-actin ratio. ARP3 redistributes to the Sertoli cell interface after testin RNAi. RNAi knockdown, Co-immunoprecipitation, co-immunofluorescence, F-actin/G-actin ratio assay, barrier function assay Journal of cellular physiology Medium 31975378
2018 TES directly interacts with calcineurin (shown by co-immunoprecipitation) and suppresses calcineurin downstream signalling. Adeno-associated virus-driven cardiac TES overexpression attenuated ventricular dilation, cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction, and fibrosis induced by aortic banding in mice. TES knockdown exacerbated hypertrophy; cyclosporin A (calcineurin inhibitor) reversed this, confirming calcineurin-dependence. Co-immunoprecipitation, adeno-associated viral overexpression, adenoviral shRNA knockdown, aortic banding mouse model, pharmacological rescue with cyclosporin A Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Medium 30467953
2021 Testin (encoded by TES) interacts with KCNE2 potassium channel β-subunit (identified by yeast two-hybrid and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation). Ectopic expression of Testin nullifies KCNE2 effects on Kv1.5 voltage dependence and gating kinetics, but does not prevent KCNE2 regulation of KCNQ1. Testin alone did not alter Kv1.5 function. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology Channels (Austin, Tex.) Medium 33464998
2016 TES overexpression in colorectal cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while increasing apoptosis, and activates p38 MAPK signalling (upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins). TES knockdown by shRNA elicited opposite effects. Overexpression and shRNA knockdown, proliferation/migration/invasion assays, apoptosis assay, p38 MAPK pathway analysis by western blot Oncotarget Medium 27323777
2024 Elevated Testin expression in colonic epithelial cells inactivates the JNK/P38 signalling pathway, preventing depletion of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Claudin-1 and protecting intestinal barrier integrity in a Crohn's disease mouse model. Testin overexpression ameliorated colitis symptoms and reduced inflammatory cytokines; effects were demonstrated in colonic organoids treated with LPS. Adenoviral overexpression in vivo (TNBS colitis model), colonic organoids, western blotting of TJ proteins and JNK/P38 pathway, barrier permeability assay Chemico-biological interactions Medium 39237074
2004 Chicken TES (cTES) localizes to focal adhesions, actin stress fibres, and cell-cell contact sites; GST-cTES pulls down zyxin and actin. Overexpression of cTES increases cell spreading on fibronectin and decreases cell motility. Immunofluorescence localization, GST pulldown, overexpression with cell spreading and motility assay Cell motility and the cytoskeleton Medium 14743347
2016 Re-expression of TESTIN protein in ALL cell lines causes rapid cell death or cell cycle arrest independent of TP53 activity, as shown by transfection of TES expression plasmids followed by cell proliferation, cell death, and cell cycle assays. Plasmid transfection (TES re-expression), cell death and cell cycle assays, TP53-independence established using TP53-null lines PloS one Medium 26985820

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1993 Spatially restricted expression of Dlx-1, Dlx-2 (Tes-1), Gbx-2, and Wnt-3 in the embryonic day 12.5 mouse forebrain defines potential transverse and longitudinal segmental boundaries. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 523 7687285
1993 The mouse Dlx-2 (Tes-1) gene is expressed in spatially restricted domains of the forebrain, face and limbs in midgestation mouse embryos. Mechanisms of development 194 8098616
2001 Suppression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated MMP-2 activation and tumor invasion by testican 3 and its splicing variant gene product, N-Tes. Cancer research 126 11751414
2006 Downregulation of RUNX3 and TES by hypermethylation in glioblastoma. Oncogene 107 16909125
2017 Transposable elements (TEs) contribute to stress-related long intergenic noncoding RNAs in plants. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 102 28106309
1998 Testin secreted by Sertoli cells is associated with the cell surface, and its expression correlates with the disruption of Sertoli-germ cell junctions but not the inter-Sertoli tight junction. The Journal of biological chemistry 101 9694856
2000 Characterization of the human TESTIN gene localized in the FRA7G region at 7q31.2. Genomics 90 10950921
2001 The TES gene at 7q31.1 is methylated in tumours and encodes a novel growth-suppressing LIM domain protein. Oncogene 88 11420696
2003 TES is a novel focal adhesion protein with a role in cell spreading. Journal of cell science 84 12571287
2000 Identification of a new C-type lectin, TES-70, secreted by infective larvae of Toxocara canis, which binds to host ligands. Parasitology 75 11128806
1997 Testin is tightly associated with testicular cell membrane upon its secretion by sertoli cells whose steady-state mRNA level in the testis correlates with the turnover and integrity of inter-testicular cell junctions. The Journal of biological chemistry 73 9045675
2003 The conformational state of Tes regulates its zyxin-dependent recruitment to focal adhesions. The Journal of cell biology 69 12695497
2009 Development and evaluation of a sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of human toxocariasis by use of three recombinant antigens (TES-26, TES-30USM, and TES-120). Journal of clinical microbiology 63 19369434
2007 Tes, a specific Mena interacting partner, breaks the rules for EVH1 binding. Molecular cell 61 18158903
2013 Analysis of piRNA-mediated silencing of active TEs in Drosophila melanogaster suggests limits on the evolution of host genome defense. Molecular biology and evolution 59 23625890
2017 Normal Levels of Sox9 Expression in the Developing Mouse Testis Depend on the TES/TESCO Enhancer, but This Does Not Act Alone. PLoS genetics 58 28045957
2015 VASP, zyxin and TES are tension-dependent members of Focal Adherens Junctions independent of the α-catenin-vinculin module. Scientific reports 57 26611125
1987 Basic electrical parameters for safe and effective electro-therapeutics [electro-acupuncture, TES, TENMS (or TEMS), TENS and electro-magnetic field stimulation with or without drug field] for pain, neuromuscular skeletal problems, and circulatory disturbances. Acupuncture & electro-therapeutics research 56 2895568
2019 Sex and the TEs: transposable elements in sexual development and function in animals. Mobile DNA 55 31700550
2005 Knockout mice reveal a tumor suppressor function for Testin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47 16033868
1995 Rat testin is a newly identified component of the junctional complexes in various tissues whose mRNA is predominantly expressed in the testis and ovary. Biology of reproduction 47 7711203
2005 Adenoviral transduction of TESTIN gene into breast and uterine cancer cell lines promotes apoptosis and tumor reduction in vivo. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 45 15701871
2005 RNAi knockdown of the focal adhesion protein TES reveals its role in actin stress fibre organisation. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 43 15662727
2015 Development of a Luminex Bead Based Assay for Diagnosis of Toxocariasis Using Recombinant Antigens Tc-CTL-1 and Tc-TES-26. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 41 26485145
2005 AlphaII-spectrin interacts with Tes and EVL, two actin-binding proteins located at cell contacts. The Biochemical journal 38 15656790
2000 Testin induction: the role of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling in the regulation of basal and lonidamine-induced testin expression by rat sertoli cells. Biology of reproduction 38 11090432
2011 Molecular recognition of the Tes LIM2-3 domains by the actin-related protein Arp7A. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 21278383
2004 Extensive analysis of the 7q31 region in human prostate tumors supports TES as the best candidate tumor suppressor gene. International journal of cancer 35 15252854
2006 OY-TES-1 expression and serum immunoreactivity in epithelial ovarian cancer. International journal of oncology 34 16964386
2021 Stress fiber strain recognition by the LIM protein testin is cryptic and mediated by RhoA. Molecular biology of the cell 33 34038160
2020 Testin regulates the blood-testis barrier via disturbing occludin/ZO-1 association and actin organization. Journal of cellular physiology 33 31975378
2005 Identification of an epitope derived from the cancer testis antigen HOM-TES-14/SCP1 and presented by dendritic cells to circulating CD4+ T cells. Blood 32 16030183
2016 Proteomic analysis of Toxocara canis excretory and secretory (TES) proteins. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 31 27638150
2013 Promoter methylation of AREG, HOXA11, hMLH1, NDRG2, NPTX2 and Tes genes in glioblastoma. Journal of neuro-oncology 30 23624749
1994 Cyclic and postnatal developmental changes of testin in the rat seminiferous epithelium--an immunohistochemical study. Biology of reproduction 30 7849186
1993 Germ cell control of testin production is inverse to that of other Sertoli cell products. Endocrinology 30 8504757
2019 CFP suppresses breast cancer cell growth by TES-mediated upregulation of the transcription factor DDIT3. Oncogene 29 30755730
1982 The adverse effects of HEPES, TES, and BES zwitterion buffers on the ultrastructure of cultured chick embryo epiphyseal chondrocytes. In vitro 29 6293964
2011 Testin and actin are key molecular targets of adjudin, an anti-spermatogenic agent, in the testis. Spermatogenesis 27 22319662
2013 What triggers differential DNA methylation of genes and TEs: contribution of body methylation? Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 26 23302809
2004 Characterisation of chicken TES and its role in cell spreading and motility. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 25 14743347
2018 Superior ab initio identification, annotation and characterisation of TEs and segmental duplications from genome assemblies. PloS one 23 29538441
2010 Silencing of TESTIN by dense biallelic promoter methylation is the most common molecular event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Molecular cancer 23 20573277
2015 Production of Toxocara cati TES-120 Recombinant Antigen and Comparison with its T. canis Homolog for Serodiagnosis of Toxocariasis. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 22 26033026
2010 Extensive analysis of D7S486 in primary gastric cancer supports TESTIN as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Molecular cancer 22 20626849
2019 LTR-TEs abundance, timing and mobility in Solanum commersonii and S. tuberosum genomes following cold-stress conditions. Planta 21 31562541
2018 Testin and filamin-C downregulation by acetylated Siah2 increases invasiveness of Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer cells. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 21 30063986
2016 Topographic Quantification of the Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation (TES)-Induced Protective Effects on N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Treated Retinas. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 21 27599023
2014 TESTIN suppresses tumor growth and invasion via manipulating cell cycle progression in endometrial carcinoma. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 21 24929083
2013 Cancer testis antigen OY-TES-1 expression and serum immunogenicity in colorectal cancer: its relationship to clinicopathological parameters. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 21 24294369
2003 Recombinant expression of the larval excretory-secretory antigen TES-120 of Toxocara canis in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Parasitology research 21 14655048
2003 Recombinant expression of Toxocara canis excretory-secretory antigen TES-120 in Escherichia coli. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 20 15115078
2005 Identification of an HLA-A24-restricted OY-TES-1 epitope recognized by cytotoxic T-cells. Microbiology and immunology 17 16301813
2015 TESTIN was commonly hypermethylated and involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of endometrial cancer. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 16 25720371
2012 Knockdown of OY-TES-1 by RNAi causes cell cycle arrest and migration decrease in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell biology international 16 22651134
2018 The Role of Testin in Human Cancers. Pathology oncology research : POR 15 30357755
2016 TES inhibits colorectal cancer progression through activation of p38. Oncotarget 15 27323777
2015 Down-regulation of cancer/testis antigen OY-TES-1 attenuates malignant behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 15 26339343
2013 Testin interacts with vangl2 genetically to regulate inner ear sensory cell orientation and the normal development of the female reproductive tract in mice. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 15 23996638
1995 Mucosal IgA antibody against Helicobacter pylori in chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia detected by the Tes-Tape method in resection specimens after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Cancer 15 7889477
2017 Serum immunoreactivity of cancer/testis antigen OY-TES-1 and its tissues expression in glioma. Oncology letters 14 28529561
2008 LIM domain protein TES changes its conformational states in different cellular compartments. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 14 18696217
2023 The Expression of Testin, Ki-67 and p16 in Cervical Cancer Diagnostics. Current issues in molecular biology 13 36661518
2019 TES functions as a Mena-dependent tumor suppressor in gastric cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis. Cancer communications (London, England) 13 30728082
2016 TESTIN Induces Rapid Death and Suppresses Proliferation in Childhood B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Cells. PloS one 13 26985820
2013 Differential expression of testin and survivin in breast cancer subtypes. Oncology reports 13 23715752
1997 Immunohistochemical localization of testin in the female reproductive system of the rat is consistent with its involvement in the turnover of specialized junctional complexes. Biology of reproduction 13 9160735
2020 Optimization of Tris/EDTA/Sucrose (TES) periplasmic extraction for the recovery of functional scFv antibodies. AMB Express 12 32691183
2020 A new ELISA and western blot technique based on recombinant TES antigen and/or larval antigen for the detection of toxocariasis in humans. Parasitology 12 33092663
2018 Testin was regulated by circRNA3175-miR182 and inhibited endometrial epithelial cell apoptosis in pre-receptive endometrium of dairy goats. Journal of cellular physiology 12 29693265
2016 Testin is a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology reports 12 28000866
2002 CK2(beta)tes gene encodes a testis-specific isoform of the regulatory subunit of casein kinase 2 in Drosophila melanogaster. European journal of biochemistry 12 11874456
2022 Non-reference genome transposable elements (TEs) have a significant impact on the progression of the Parkinson's disease. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 11 36000172
2021 Preliminary Study on the Expression of Testin, p16 and Ki-67 in the Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Biomedicines 11 34440214
2020 Te-S covalent bond induces 1T&2H MoS2 with improved potassium-ion storage performance. Nanoscale 10 33305770
2017 Correction: Normal Levels of Sox9 Expression in the Developing Mouse Testis Depend on the TES/TESCO Enhancer, but This Does Not Act Alone. PLoS genetics 10 28146551
2017 Sero-detection of Toxocara canis infection in human with T.canis recombinant arginine kinase, cathepsin L-1 and TES-26 antigens. Acta parasitologica 10 29035863
2011 Testin, a novel binding partner of the calcium-sensing receptor, enhances receptor-mediated Rho-kinase signalling. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 10 21843504
2022 Safety of Special Waveform of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (TES): In Vivo Assessment. International journal of molecular sciences 9 35743291
2020 Cancer-testis Antigen OY-TES-1 Expression and Immunogenicity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Current medical science 9 32862383
2021 Differential regulation of transposable elements (TEs) during the murine submandibular gland development. Mobile DNA 8 34686213
2018 The effects of biological buffers TRIS, TAPS, TES on the stability of lysozyme. International journal of biological macromolecules 8 29425867
2016 Production and evaluation of the recombinant antigen TES-30 of Toxocara canis for the immunodiagnosis of toxocariasis. Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud 8 27622437
2003 Identification of a CTL-directed epitope encoded by an intron of the putative tumor suppressor gene Testin of the common fragile site 7G region: a peptide vaccine candidate for HLA-B52+ and HLA-62+ cancer patients. European journal of immunology 8 14579264
2002 Mouse testin: complementary DNA cloning, genomic organization, and characterization of its proximal promoter region. Biology of reproduction 8 12606342
2022 TES-1/Tes and ZYX-1/Zyxin protect junctional actin networks under tension during epidermal morphogenesis in the C. elegans embryo. Current biology : CB 7 36384139
2020 Chitinase 3-Like 1, Nestin, and Testin Proteins as Novel Biomarkers of Potential Clinical Use in Colorectal Cancer: A Review. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 7 32170669
2017 The PET and LIM1-2 domains of testin contribute to intramolecular and homodimeric interactions. PloS one 7 28542564
2014 TES was epigenetically silenced and suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 7 25119600
2021 The focal adhesion protein Testin modulates KCNE2 potassium channel β subunit activity. Channels (Austin, Tex.) 6 33464998
2018 Testin protects against cardiac hypertrophy by targeting a calcineurin-dependent signalling pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 6 30467953
2022 Structural Basis of Human Dimeric α-Amino-β-Carboxymuconate-ε-Semialdehyde Decarboxylase Inhibition With TES-1025. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 5 35463964
2022 Evaluation of new Toxocara canis chimeric antigens as an alternative to conventional TES-Ag for anti-Toxocara antibodies detection. Heliyon 5 36299519
2019 The serodiagnostic potential of recombinant proteins TES-30 and TES-120 in an indirect ELISA in the diagnosis of toxocariasis in cattle, horses, and sheep. PloS one 5 30870519
2018 Reactivity of recombinant Toxocara canis TES-30/120 in experimentally infected mice. Parasite immunology 5 29938803
2015 Delineating the Tes Interaction Site in Zyxin and Studying Cellular Effects of Its Disruption. PloS one 5 26509500
2006 Tes regulates neural crest migration and axial elongation in Xenopus. Developmental biology 5 16554046
2024 The JNK/P38 signalling pathway activated by testin protects the intestinal epithelial barrier against Crohn's disease-like colitis. Chemico-biological interactions 4 39237074
2008 [Expression and clinical significance of TESTIN in primary gastric cancer]. Ai zheng = Aizheng = Chinese journal of cancer 4 18799041
2007 Using RNA interference to knock down the adhesion protein TES. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 3 17416990

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