Affinage

PORCN

Protein-serine O-palmitoleoyltransferase porcupine · UniProt Q9H237

Length
461 aa
Mass
52.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PORCN is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) that catalyzes the addition of cis-Δ9 mono-unsaturated palmitoleic acid to a conserved serine on Wnt ligands, a lipid modification essential for Wnt interaction with the carrier protein Wntless/WLS, Wnt secretion, and downstream β-catenin signaling (PMID:23188502, PMID:30737280). PORCN acts on all Wnt family members, and its loss produces cell-autonomous secretion defects; in mice, epiblast-specific Porcn deletion prevents mesoderm formation and gastrulation, while tissue-specific deletions recapitulate the limb, skin, and dental features of focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH), an X-linked dominant disorder caused by human PORCN loss-of-function mutations (PMID:21768372, PMID:23760955, PMID:22412863, PMID:17546031). The PORCN active site contains two tunnels accommodating palmitoleoyl-CoA and the Wnt hairpin-2 substrate, and its specificity for the cis-Δ9 acyl chain is conserved across metazoa; aberrant trans-Δ9 acylation traps Wnt–PORCN complexes, indicating that the correct lipid geometry is required for product release (PMID:30737280, PMID:34817055). PORCN additionally possesses a Wnt-independent, non-enzymatic role in promoting cancer cell proliferation, as catalytically inactive PORCN rescues proliferation defects caused by PORCN knockdown (PMID:22509316).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 2002 Medium

    Cloning of human PORCN established it as a multi-pass ER membrane protein capable of influencing Wnt signaling, bridging the functional conservation from Drosophila porcupine to humans.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, genomic characterization, and TCF-responsive luciferase reporter assay with Wnt7A co-expression in mammalian cells

    PMID:12034504

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct biochemical activity demonstrated
    • Mechanism of Wnt modulation unknown
    • No loss-of-function phenotype in mammalian system
  2. 2007 High

    Identification of PORCN as the gene mutated in focal dermal hypoplasia established that PORCN-dependent Wnt processing is essential for human development, linking a Mendelian disorder to the Wnt secretion machinery.

    Evidence Genetic mapping, CGH for deletions, and point mutation analysis in FDH patient cohorts in two independent studies

    PMID:17546030 PMID:17546031

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical mechanism of PORCN's effect on Wnt proteins not yet defined
    • Which Wnt ligands are affected in FDH tissues unknown
  3. 2008 Medium

    PORCN knockdown in cancer cells showed it is required to sustain Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity and cell survival, establishing PORCN as a potential therapeutic target in Wnt-dependent tumors.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in lung cancer cell lines with Wnt pathway activity and apoptosis readouts

    PMID:18193088

    Open questions at the time
    • No rescue experiment to confirm on-target effect
    • Mechanism of apoptosis induction not dissected
  4. 2011 High

    Conditional Porcn knockout in mice demonstrated that PORCN acts cell-autonomously to enable Wnt ligand secretion and that epiblast-derived Wnts are essential for mesoderm induction during gastrulation.

    Evidence Conditional Porcn floxed allele with tissue-specific Cre drivers; Wnt secretion assays and embryo phenotype analysis

    PMID:21768372

    Open questions at the time
    • Which specific Wnt ligands are the critical PORCN substrates at gastrulation remains undefined
    • Post-translational modification not directly measured in embryos
  5. 2012 High

    Pharmacological inhibition of PORCN with C59 demonstrated that PORCN catalyzes Wnt palmitoylation, which is a prerequisite for Wnt–WLS interaction, Wnt secretion, and downstream β-catenin signaling, confirming the enzymatic basis of PORCN function.

    Evidence PORCN inhibitor (C59) treatment with palmitoylation assay, co-IP of Wnt–WLS, Wnt secretion measurement, β-catenin reporter, and MMTV-WNT1 tumor regression in vivo

    PMID:23188502

    Open questions at the time
    • Acyl chain identity (palmitate vs. palmitoleate) not fully resolved in this study
    • Structural basis of catalysis unknown
  6. 2012 Medium

    Discovery of a Wnt-independent, non-enzymatic function of PORCN in promoting cancer cell proliferation revealed that PORCN has roles beyond Wnt lipidation, as catalytically dead PORCN rescued growth defects that WLS knockdown did not phenocopy.

    Evidence PORCN knockdown with rescue by catalytically inactive mutant, WLS RNAi comparison, orthotopic xenograft, and transcriptome analysis

    PMID:22509316

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of Wnt-independent proliferation role unknown
    • Direct binding partners mediating this function not identified
    • Single-lab finding not independently replicated
  7. 2012 High

    Tissue-specific Porcn knockout in mouse mesenchyme and ectoderm recapitulated focal dermal hypoplasia features, and human FDH-associated PORCN mutations were shown to reduce WNT3A secretion, directly linking genotype to biochemical defect.

    Evidence Prx-Cre and Krt14-Cre conditional KO mice; cell-based WNT3A secretion assay with human PORCN mutant constructs

    PMID:22412863

    Open questions at the time
    • Which Wnt ligands are most critical in each tissue compartment remains undefined
  8. 2015 High

    PORCN inhibition with ETC-159 showed that RSPO-translocation-bearing colorectal cancers are selectively sensitive, validating PORCN as a therapeutic target in genetically defined Wnt-dependent tumors.

    Evidence PORCN inhibitor ETC-159 in patient-derived xenografts of RSPO3-translocated CRC with Wnt secretion assays and transcriptome analysis

    PMID:26257057

    Open questions at the time
    • Biomarkers for patient selection beyond RSPO translocations not defined
    • Resistance mechanisms not explored
  9. 2019 High

    Identification of cis-Δ9 palmitoleic acid as the specific acyl species installed by PORCN resolved the lipid identity question; trans-Δ9 acylation trapped Wnt–PORCN complexes, revealing that acyl chain geometry governs product release from the enzyme.

    Evidence Structurally diverse fatty acyl donor analogs tested in MEFs expressing PORCN orthologs from multiple metazoan phyla; Wnt–PORCN complex accumulation and signaling reporter assays

    PMID:30737280

    Open questions at the time
    • No experimental structure of the PORCN–Wnt–acyl-CoA ternary complex
    • Conformational changes upon product release not characterized
  10. 2021 Medium

    A homology-based structural model of PORCN predicted a two-tunnel architecture for palmitoleoyl-CoA and Wnt hairpin-2 access to the catalytic center, rationalizing how disease-causing mutations and pharmacological inhibitors disrupt function.

    Evidence Homology modeling based on MBOAT crystal structures, substrate/inhibitor docking, and functional validation of predicted variants

    PMID:34817055

    Open questions at the time
    • Experimental high-resolution structure (cryo-EM or X-ray) of PORCN not yet available
    • Model-predicted contacts with Wnt hairpin-2 not biochemically validated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the molecular basis of PORCN's Wnt-independent proliferative function, the experimental high-resolution structure of PORCN, and the identity of specific Wnt substrates that are most critical in individual tissue contexts.
  • No experimental atomic-resolution structure of PORCN
  • Wnt-independent binding partners and mechanism unknown
  • Relative importance of individual Wnt ligand lipidation in specific developmental and disease contexts not defined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016740 transferase activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2
Partners
WLSWNT3AWNT7A

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2012 PORCN is a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) that palmitoylates Wnt proteins; inhibition of PORCN blocks Wnt palmitoylation, Wnt interaction with the carrier protein Wntless/WLS, and Wnt secretion, preventing downstream β-catenin signaling activation. In vitro PORCN inhibition assay (Wnt-C59/C59 inhibitor), measurement of Wnt palmitoylation, co-IP of Wnt-WLS interaction, Wnt secretion assay, β-catenin reporter assay, and in vivo tumor growth assay in MMTV-WNT1 transgenic mice Cancer research High 23188502
2007 PORCN encodes a putative O-acyltransferase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum that is required for secretion of Wnt signaling proteins; loss-of-function mutations cause focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH), an X-linked dominant multisystem birth defect. Genetic mapping, high-resolution comparative genome hybridization for deletions, point mutation analysis in FDH patients; sequence homology to Drosophila porcupine (ER protein involved in Wnt secretion) Nature genetics High 17546030 17546031
2011 Porcn-deficient mouse cells exhibit a cell-autonomous defect in Wnt ligand secretion but remain responsive to exogenous Wnts; hemizygous male embryos lacking Porcn fail to generate mesoderm, and Porcn function in epiblast (not visceral endoderm) is required for gastrulation. Conditional knockout mouse (floxed Porcn allele), tissue-specific Cre deletion, Wnt secretion assays, embryo phenotype analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 21768372
2002 Human PORCN (MG61/PORC) encodes a multi-pass endoplasmic reticulum protein that can influence Wnt7A activity in a T-cell factor (TCF)-responsive reporter assay, demonstrating its functional role in Wnt signaling. cDNA cloning, genomic structure characterization, TCF-responsive luciferase reporter assay with Wnt7A co-expression Gene Medium 12034504
2013 Porcn-dependent Wnt secretion is first required for the initiation of gastrulation in mice, specifically in the epiblast; there is no requirement for Porcn prior to mouse gastrulation (preimplantation) or in visceral endoderm. Conditional Porcn knockout using zygotic, oocyte-specific, and visceral endoderm-specific Cre drivers; embryonic phenotype analysis Development (Cambridge, England) High 23760955
2012 PORCN has a Wnt-independent function in cancer cell proliferation; catalytically inactive PORCN rescues the proliferation defect caused by PORCN knockdown, whereas inhibition of WLS (Wnt carrier) does not phenocopy PORCN loss, and PORCN regulates a gene set distinct from other Wnt inhibitors. siRNA/shRNA knockdown of PORCN, rescue with catalytically inactive PORCN mutant, WLS RNAi, PORCN inhibitor (IWP) treatment, orthotopic xenograft growth, transcriptome analysis PloS one Medium 22509316
2012 Human PORCN mutations (identified in FDH patients) reduce WNT3A secretion in cell-based assays; mesenchyme-specific Porcn inactivation produces FDH-like limb defects, and ectodermal Porcn inactivation produces thin skin, alopecia, and abnormal dentition in mice. Conditional Porcn knockout (Prx-Cre for mesenchyme, Krt14-Cre for ectoderm), cell-based WNT3A secretion assay with human PORCN mutants PloS one High 22412863
2019 PORCN adds a cis-Δ9 (mono-unsaturated) palmitoleic acid to WNT proteins; aberrant acylation with trans-Δ9 fatty acid causes accumulation of WNT-PORCN complexes, indicating that the fatty acyl species is critical for release of lipidated WNTs from PORCN. PORCN active-site features enforcing cis-Δ9 acylation are conserved across the animal kingdom. Structurally diverse fatty acyl donor analogs tested in MEFs expressing PORCN from different metazoan phyla; WNT-PORCN complex accumulation assay; Wnt secretion and signaling reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 30737280
2021 A homology-based structural model of human PORCN (as a member of the MBOAT family) reveals two tunnels accommodating palmitoleoyl-CoA and Wnt hairpin 2; the model predicts the catalytic mechanism and identifies how disease-causing variants alter function. PORCN inhibitors ETC-159, IWP-L6, and LGK-974 dock in the catalytic site. Homology structural modeling based on mammalian MBOAT proteins, docking of palmitoleoyl-CoA, Wnt hairpin 2, and inhibitors; functional validation of predicted variants Journal of cell science Medium 34817055
2015 PORCN inhibition blocks palmitoleation (Wnt acylation) and secretion of all Wnts; RSPO-translocation-bearing colorectal cancers are selectively sensitive to PORCN inhibition with ETC-159, and this is associated with transcriptome remodeling including loss of cell cycle/stem cell genes and gain of differentiation markers. PORCN inhibitor ETC-159 in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of RSPO3-translocated CRC, transcriptome analysis, Wnt secretion assays Oncogene High 26257057
2008 PORCN encodes an ER protein that facilitates membrane targeting and secretion of Wnt proteins; a nonsense mutation (p.E300X) causes FDH, consistent with PORCN's essential role in Wnt signaling during embryogenesis. Genomic DNA sequencing in FDH patients, identification of de novo PORCN mutation absent in parents and 100 controls Journal of dermatological science Low 17951029
2008 Knockdown of PORCN (PPN/MG61) in human lung cancer cells attenuates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activity and induces apoptosis, demonstrating PORCN is required for Wnt pathway activity in cancer cells. siRNA knockdown of PORCN in lung cancer cell lines, measurement of Wnt pathway activity and apoptosis Oncogene Medium 18193088
2016 Development of a triazole-based PORCN inhibitor (IWP-O1) with 80 pM EC50 in cellular Wnt signaling reporter assay, confirming that the PORCN catalytic site can be targeted by small molecules to block Wnt signaling. Cell-based Wnt/β-catenin reporter assay, structure-activity relationship analysis, metabolic stability assay Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters Medium 27876319
2019 Combined PORCN and PI3K/mTOR inhibition synergistically suppresses growth of Wnt-addicted (RNF43-mutant) pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, with enhanced effects on cell proliferation and glucose metabolism. In vivo CRISPR loss-of-function screen, soft agar colony assay with drug combinations, xenograft tumor growth assay with ETC-159 + GDC-0941 Oncogene Medium 31391551

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2020 Membrane Damage during Ferroptosis Is Caused by Oxidation of Phospholipids Catalyzed by the Oxidoreductases POR and CYB5R1. Molecular cell 493 33321093
2012 Pharmacological inhibition of the Wnt acyltransferase PORCN prevents growth of WNT-driven mammary cancer. Cancer research 327 23188502
2015 Wnt addiction of genetically defined cancers reversed by PORCN inhibition. Oncogene 276 26257057
2012 Gliding motility and Por secretion system genes are widespread among members of the phylum bacteroidetes. Journal of bacteriology 236 23123910
2007 Deficiency of PORCN, a regulator of Wnt signaling, is associated with focal dermal hypoplasia. Nature genetics 208 17546031
2007 Mutations in X-linked PORCN, a putative regulator of Wnt signaling, cause focal dermal hypoplasia. Nature genetics 204 17546030
1991 Point mutation in meningococcal por A gene associated with increased endemic disease. Lancet (London, England) 167 1705642
2011 Deletion of mouse Porcn blocks Wnt ligand secretion and reveals an ectodermal etiology of human focal dermal hypoplasia/Goltz syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 145 21768372
2011 Por secretion system-dependent secretion and glycosylation of Porphyromonas gingivalis hemin-binding protein 35. PloS one 132 21731719
2012 Identification of Porphyromonas gingivalis proteins secreted by the Por secretion system. FEMS microbiology letters 120 23075153
2014 The influence of CYP3A, PPARA, and POR genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients. European journal of clinical pharmacology 108 24658827
2003 An Arabidopsis porB porC double mutant lacking light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases B and C is highly chlorophyll-deficient and developmentally arrested. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 96 12848821
2003 Functional analysis of isoforms of NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), PORB and PORC, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant & cell physiology 94 14581621
1997 Overexpression of light-dependent PORA or PORB in plants depleted of endogenous POR by far-red light enhances seedling survival in white light and protects against photooxidative damage. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 91 9351249
2001 POR C of Arabidopsis thaliana: a third light- and NADPH-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase that is differentially regulated by light. Plant molecular biology 85 11785941
2004 Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 82 15264278
2014 Impact of POR*28 on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine A in renal transplant patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring 80 24061445
1996 Distinct roles for light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases (POR) A and B during greening in higher plants. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 77 8624514
2019 PORCN inhibition synergizes with PI3K/mTOR inhibition in Wnt-addicted cancers. Oncogene 71 31391551
1994 Recognition of synthetic O-methyl, epimeric, and amino analogues of the acceptor alpha-L-Fuc p-(1-->2)-beta-D-Gal p-OR by the blood-group A and B gene-specified glycosyltransferases. Carbohydrate research 71 8149379
1992 Gonococcal porin vaccine evaluation: comparison of Por proteosomes, liposomes, and blebs isolated from rmp deletion mutants. The Journal of infectious diseases 68 1323620
2010 Consequences of POR mutations and polymorphisms. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 67 21070833
2013 Porcn-dependent Wnt signaling is not required prior to mouse gastrulation. Development (Cambridge, England) 63 23760955
1999 Genetic diversity and mosaicism at the por locus of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Journal of bacteriology 61 10482498
2009 PORCN mutations in focal dermal hypoplasia: coping with lethality. Human mutation 57 19309688
2011 Mutation update for the PORCN gene. Human mutation 54 21472892
2006 Rescue of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por) mouse mutants reveals functions in vasculogenesis, brain and limb patterning linked to retinoic acid homeostasis. Developmental biology 52 17126317
2012 Monitoring shifts in the conformation equilibrium of the membrane protein cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) in nanodiscs. The Journal of biological chemistry 51 22891242
2002 Molecular cloning and initial characterization of the MG61/PORC gene, the human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene Porcupine. Gene 49 12034504
2012 Deletion of Porcn in mice leads to multiple developmental defects and models human focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome). PloS one 47 22412863
1993 Recognition of synthetic deoxy and deoxyfluoro analogs of the acceptor alpha-L-Fuc p-(1-->2)-beta-D-Gal p-OR by the blood-group A and B gene-specified glycosyltransferases. Carbohydrate research 45 8252553
1995 Chlorophyll Synthesis in a Deetiolated (det340) Mutant of Arabidopsis without NADPH-Protochlorophyllide (PChlide) Oxidoreductase (POR) A and Photoactive PChlide-F655. The Plant cell 43 12242369
2012 PORCN moonlights in a Wnt-independent pathway that regulates cancer cell proliferation. PloS one 42 22509316
2014 Population pharmacokinetic approach to evaluate the effect of CYP2D6, CYP3A, ABCB1, POR and NR1I2 genotypes on donepezil clearance. British journal of clinical pharmacology 40 24433464
2015 The genetic polymorphisms of POR*28 and CYP3A5*3 significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant recipients. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 39 26227094
2013 Spatial and stimulus-type tuning in the LEC, MEC, POR, PrC, CA1, and CA3 during spontaneous item recognition memory. Hippocampus 38 23966131
2004 Quinolone resistance-determining region mutations and por type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates: resistance surveillance and typing by molecular methodologies. The Journal of infectious diseases 37 15143477
2002 In vitro reconstitution of light-harvesting POR-protochlorophyllide complex with protochlorophyllides a and b. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 12401790
2006 Differential protection against MPTP or methamphetamine toxicity in dopamine neurons by deletion of ppN/OFQ expression. Journal of neurochemistry 35 16749908
2019 Impact of CYP3A5, POR, and CYP2C19 Polymorphisms on Trough Concentration to Dose Ratio of Tacrolimus in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. International journal of molecular sciences 33 31096684
2008 Three novel mutations in the PORCN gene underlying focal dermal hypoplasia. Clinical genetics 33 18325042
2015 Photoactive protochlorophyllide-enzyme complexes reconstituted with PORA, PORB and PORC proteins of A. thaliana: fluorescence and catalytic properties. PloS one 32 25659137
1999 The role of protein surface charge in catalytic activity and chloroplast membrane association of the pea NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) as revealed by alanine scanning mutagenesis. Plant molecular biology 32 10080697
1998 Chlorophyll alpha synthesis upon interruption and deletion of por coding for the light-dependent NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in a photosystem-I-less/chlL- strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. European journal of biochemistry 32 9578474
2009 Hydrogen-atom transfer in reactions of organic radicals with [Co(II)(por)]* (por = porphyrinato) and in subsequent addition of [Co(H)(por)] to olefins. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 31 19266521
2015 High-threshold Ca2+ channels behind gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Physiological reports 28 26109189
2003 Porin variation among clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae over a 10-year period, as determined by Por variable region typing. The Journal of infectious diseases 28 12696000
2017 Two NADPH: Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase (POR) Isoforms Play Distinct Roles in Environmental Adaptation in Rice. Rice (New York, N.Y.) 27 28078486
2013 Effect of CYP3A4*22, POR*28, and PPARA rs4253728 on sirolimus in vitro metabolism and trough concentrations in kidney transplant recipients. Clinical chemistry 27 23974086
2002 Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) stimulation on caudal pontine reticular formation (PnC) neurons in vitro. Journal of neurophysiology 27 12037206
2017 Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency caused by R457H mutation in POR gene in Chinese: case report and literature review. Journal of ovarian research 25 28288674
2009 PORCN gene mutations and the protean nature of focal dermal hypoplasia. The British journal of dermatology 25 19292719
2005 A role of Toc33 in the protochlorophyllide-dependent plastid import pathway of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) A. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 25 15773849
2016 Development of a triazole class of highly potent Porcn inhibitors. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 24 27876319
2014 CYP2C9*2 allele increases risk for hypoglycemia in POR*1/*1 type 2 diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 24 24464600
1983 Integration of R91-5::Tn501 into the Pseudomonas putida PPN chromosome and genetic circularity of the chromosomal map. Journal of bacteriology 23 6294058
2021 Structural model of human PORCN illuminates disease-associated variants and drug-binding sites. Journal of cell science 22 34817055
2017 Astrocyte-Dependent Slow Inward Currents (SICs) Participate in Neuromodulatory Mechanisms in the Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN). Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 22 28203147
2017 Interaction between variants in the CYP2C9 and POR genes and the risk of sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycaemia: A GoDARTS Study. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 22 28656666
2008 Suppression of PPN/MG61 attenuates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and induces apoptosis in human lung cancer. Oncogene 22 18193088
2003 POR hits the road: import and assembly of a plastid protein. Plant molecular biology 22 12602886
1985 Chromosomal map of Pseudomonas putida PPN, and a comparison of gene order with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO chromosomal map. Journal of general microbiology 22 3921659
2004 Developmental changes in pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) neurons. Journal of neurophysiology 21 15010495
2017 Click-chemistry approach to study mycoloylated proteins: Evidence for PorB and PorC porins mycoloylation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. PloS one 20 28199365
2014 Endocannabinoid signaling modulates neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) via astrocytes. Brain structure & function 20 25009314
2013 Zinc finger nuclease knock-out of NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) in human tumor cell lines demonstrates that hypoxia-activated prodrugs differ in POR dependence. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 24196959
2011 Antitumor actinopyranones produced by Streptomyces albus POR-04-15-053 isolated from a marine sediment. Journal of natural products 20 21718029
2007 Focal dermal hypoplasia resulting from a new nonsense mutation, p.E300X, in the PORCN gene. Journal of dermatological science 20 17951029
2023 Novel PORCN inhibitor WHN-88 targets Wnt/β-catenin pathway and prevents the growth of Wnt-driven cancers. European journal of pharmacology 19 36858339
2022 Suppression of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Is Associated with Downregulation of Wnt1, PORCN, and Rspo2 in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecular neurobiology 18 36215026
2016 Multiple active site residues are important for photochemical efficiency in the light-activated enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 18 27285815
2014 Variation in P450 oxidoreductase (POR) A503V and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO)-3 E158K is associated with minor alterations in nicotine metabolism, but does not alter cigarette consumption. Pharmacogenetics and genomics 18 24448396
2001 Association of the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) with isolated etioplast inner membranes from wheat. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 18 11532175
2020 Genetic control of CCL24, POR, and IL23R contributes to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Communications biology 17 32826979
2017 Patterns of change and continuity in ochre use during the late Middle Stone Age of the Horn of Africa: The Porc-Epic Cave record. PloS one 17 28542305
2014 POR*28 SNP is associated with lipid response to atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacogenomics 17 25521355
1998 Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) contains multiple expressed genes encoding light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). Plant & cell physiology 17 9787456
2020 Molecular Basis of CYP19A1 Deficiency in a 46,XX Patient With R550W Mutation in POR: Expanding the PORD Phenotype. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 16 32060549
2019 Stereoselective fatty acylation is essential for the release of lipidated WNT proteins from the acyltransferase Porcupine (PORCN). The Journal of biological chemistry 16 30737280
2011 Suppression of cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) expression in hepatoma cells replicates the hepatic lipidosis observed in hepatic POR-null mice. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 16 21368239
2016 Intracellular mechanisms modulating gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Physiological reports 15 27354537
2011 Focal dermal hypoplasia in a male patient due to mosaicism for a novel PORCN single nucleotide deletion. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 15 20626533
2010 PORCN mutations and variants identified in patients with focal dermal hypoplasia through diagnostic gene sequencing. Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers 15 20854095
2024 Inhibition of PORCN Blocks Wnt Signaling to Attenuate Progression of Oral Carcinogenesis. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 14 37812478
2023 MicroRNAs in POI, DOR and POR. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 14 36840768
2023 Zoledronic acid induces ferroptosis by upregulating POR in osteosarcoma. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 14 37036615
2017 Effect of Age and Allele Variants of CYP3A5, CYP3A4, and POR Genes on the Pharmacokinetics of Cyclosporin A in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients From Serbia. Therapeutic drug monitoring 14 29135906
2015 Interactions between CYP3A5*3 and POR*28 polymorphisms and lipid lowering response with atorvastatin. Clinical drug investigation 14 26293521
2018 Goltz syndrome in males: A clinical report of a male patient carrying a novel PORCN variant and a review of the literature. Clinical case reports 13 30455901
2007 Molecular rearrangement in POR macrodomains as a reason for the blue shift of chlorophyllide fluorescence observed after phototransformation. Biochimica et biophysica acta 13 17459331
2005 por Variable-region typing by DNA probe hybridization is broadly applicable to epidemiologic studies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Journal of clinical microbiology 13 15814961
2005 Kinetic characterisation of the light-driven protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology 13 16307122
1994 Recognition of synthetic analogues of the acceptor, beta-D-Gal p-OR, by the blood-group H gene-specified glycosyltransferase. Carbohydrate research 13 8187102
2015 Prenatal Diagnosis of Antley-Bixler Syndrome and POR Deficiency. The American journal of case reports 12 26670660
2012 A novel mutation in the PORCN gene underlying a case of almost unilateral focal dermal hypoplasia. Archives of dermatology 12 22250236
2020 Papain grafted into the silica coated iron-based magnetic nanoparticles 'IONPs@SiO2-PPN' as a new delivery vehicle to the HeLa cells. Nanotechnology 11 31978907
2017 A non-mosaic PORCN mutation in a male with severe congenital anomalies overlapping focal dermal hypoplasia. Molecular genetics and metabolism reports 11 28626639
2009 Ultrafast catalytic processes and conformational changes in the light-driven enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). Biochemical Society transactions 11 19290868
2006 Molecular cloning and expression of progesterone 5beta-reductase (5beta-POR) from Isoplexis canariensis. Planta medica 11 16858667
1998 Cloning of a novel testis specific protein serine/threonine phosphatase, PPN 58A, from Drosophila melanogaster. Biochimica et biophysica acta 11 9765603