Affinage

NDE1

Nuclear distribution protein nudE homolog 1 · UniProt Q9NXR1

Length
335 aa
Mass
37.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
100 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 25 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

NDE1 is a centrosomal and kinetochore scaffold protein that coordinates cytoplasmic dynein localization, activation, and force production across multiple cellular contexts including mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, membrane trafficking, and primary cilia regulation. NDE1 recruits LIS1 to the dynein motor, where LIS1 induces a persistent force-producing state; NDE1 and dynactin form mutually exclusive complexes with dynein through overlapping binding sites on the dynein intermediate chain, enabling context-specific motor regulation (PMID:20403325, PMID:21911489, PMID:22669947). CDK1 phosphorylation of NDE1 governs its cell-cycle-dependent localization to kinetochores (via CENP-F) and the nuclear envelope, its centrosomal stability, and G2-to-M progression, while CDK5-dependent priming targets NDE1 for FBW7-mediated ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation upon G1 entry to regulate primary cilia length (PMID:29930206, PMID:26206584, PMID:16682949). Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in NDE1 that truncate the C-terminal dynein/LIS1/DISC1-binding domain cause severe microlissencephaly in humans, reflecting an essential role in neural progenitor proliferation, interkinetic nuclear migration, and cortical neurogenesis (PMID:21529751, PMID:21529752, PMID:15473967).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 2003 Medium

    Establishing that phosphorylation of the NDE1 paralog NDEL1 by Cdc2 and Erk1/2 regulates its binding to LIS1 and dynein-dependent kinetochore transport framed the paradigm that cell-cycle kinases control the NDE1/NDEL1–LIS1–dynein axis.

    Evidence Phospho-site mutagenesis, Co-IP, and live-cell imaging in mammalian cells focused on NDEL1 with comparative NDE1 data

    PMID:12556484

    Open questions at the time
    • Primary data are on NDEL1; NDE1-specific phosphoregulation not independently dissected
    • In vivo relevance of individual phospho-sites for NDE1 unresolved
  2. 2004 High

    Demonstration that Nde1 knockout in mice causes microcephaly through failed centrosome duplication, spindle assembly, and mitotic progression in cortical progenitors established NDE1 as essential for brain size determination.

    Evidence Nde1-null mouse, BrdU birthdating, in vitro centrosome duplication and spindle assays

    PMID:15473967

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism linking NDE1 to centrosome duplication not identified
    • Whether NDE1 acts solely through dynein in this context was not tested
  3. 2006 High

    Identification of NDE1 as a Cdc2 substrate at multiple sites and as an interactor of centrosomal Su48 and p78/MCRS1 defined NDE1 as a phospho-regulated centrosomal hub whose loss causes mitotic delay and cell death.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, in vitro Cdc2 kinase assay, phospho-site mutagenesis, siRNA knockdown

    PMID:16547491 PMID:16682949

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional significance of individual Cdc2 phospho-sites on NDE1 not fully resolved
    • Whether Su48 and p78 interactions are direct or bridged through a common complex unclear
  4. 2007 High

    Showing that NDE1 (but not NDEL1) is specifically required for dynein recruitment to kinetochores via CENP-F, and that NDE1/NDEL1 arrive at kinetochores before dynein, established NDE1 as a kinetochore-targeting adaptor for the dynein motor.

    Evidence Co-IP, siRNA knockdown, antibody microinjection, immunofluorescence timing, spindle checkpoint assays

    PMID:17600710 PMID:17682047

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct NDE1–CENP-F binding interface not mapped
    • Mechanism by which NDE1 recruits dynein to kinetochores (vs. stabilizes it there) unresolved
  5. 2008 High

    Double-mutant epistasis with LIS1 and NDE1 allelic series demonstrated dose-dependent collaboration in radial glial progenitor fate, linking the NDE1–LIS1 axis to asymmetric cell division and cortical lamination.

    Evidence Lis1/Nde1 compound mutant mice, BrdU/EdU birthdating, confocal imaging

    PMID:18469343

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the dose-dependent effect reflects a threshold of dynein activity or independent NDE1–LIS1 functions unknown
  6. 2010 High

    Single-molecule force measurements revealed that NDE1 recruits LIS1 to dynein and that together they induce a persistent-force motor state, providing the first biophysical mechanism for NDE1 function in high-load transport.

    Evidence Optical trapping with purified dynein, NDE1, and LIS1 proteins; biochemical reconstitution

    PMID:20403325

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the persistent-force state operates identically in vivo under cargo-load conditions untested
    • Role of NDE1 phosphorylation in modulating force production not examined
  7. 2010 High

    NDE1/NDEL1 were shown to be membrane-associated and required upstream of LIS1 for all dynein recruitment to Golgi and endosomal membranes, extending NDE1's adaptor role beyond kinetochores to organelle positioning.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, subcellular fractionation, organelle dispersal assays, epistasis rescue of LIS1 depletion

    PMID:20048338

    Open questions at the time
    • How NDE1 itself is targeted to membranes not identified
    • Relative contributions of NDE1 versus NDEL1 at membranes not separated
  8. 2011 High

    Multiple discoveries converged to define NDE1 as a cilia-length regulator, a dynein IC/dynactin-competing adaptor, a PKA/DISC1 signaling target, and the gene mutated in human microlissencephaly, revealing the breadth of NDE1 functions in cell cycle and brain development.

    Evidence Cilia length measurements after Nde1 KD and zebrafish morpholinos [PMID:21394081]; competitive binding assays showing NDE1 and dynactin are mutually exclusive on dynein IC [PMID:21911489]; patient cell lines with C-terminal truncations showing loss of dynein binding and centrosome localization [PMID:21529751, PMID:21529752]; PKA phosphorylation at T131 modulating NDE1–LIS1 interaction and neurite outgrowth [PMID:21677187]; NDE1–utrophin/DGC interaction in radial glia [PMID:22028625]

    PMID:21394081 PMID:21529751 PMID:21529752 PMID:21677187 PMID:21911489 PMID:22028625

    Open questions at the time
    • How ciliary NDE1 function relates mechanistically to its centrosomal dynein role not resolved
    • Structural basis for mutual exclusivity of NDE1 and dynactin on dynein IC not determined
    • NDE1–utrophin interaction lacks independent replication
  9. 2012 High

    Structural studies showed NDE1 forms dimers, tetramers, and end-to-end polymers with a bent-back C-terminal domain, and that the NDE1 N-terminal coiled-coil binds dynein IC at a site overlapping with p150Glued, providing an atomic-level explanation for the competitive NDE1/dynactin relationship.

    Evidence Negative-stain EM, chemical cross-linking/mass spectrometry, ITC, NMR spectroscopy

    PMID:22669947 PMID:22843697

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution crystal structure of the full NDE1–dynein complex
    • Functional significance of NDE1 polymerization in vivo unknown
  10. 2013 Medium

    Discovery that the NDE1–LIS1 complex interacts with BRAP and modulates MAPK signaling thresholds revealed a signaling role for NDE1 beyond cytoskeletal motor regulation.

    Evidence Co-IP, double-mutant epistasis in mouse with MAPK pathway readouts

    PMID:23673330

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether NDE1–BRAP interaction is direct or LIS1-mediated not resolved
    • Not independently replicated
    • Mechanism of MAPK modulation unclear
  11. 2014 Medium

    Identification of a nuclear NDE1 pool that interacts with cohesin and safeguards heterochromatin replication during S phase revealed a non-centrosomal function for NDE1 in genome integrity.

    Evidence Co-IP of Nde1 with cohesin, DNA damage markers in Nde1-mutant neural progenitors, FACS cell cycle analysis

    PMID:25245017

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether NDE1 acts directly in replication fork protection or indirectly through cohesin loading is unknown
    • Nuclear NDE1 pool not independently replicated
    • Relationship to dynein-dependent functions unclear
  12. 2015 High

    Defining the CDK5–FBW7 ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway for NDE1 at G1 entry established how cell-cycle-dependent NDE1 turnover controls cilia length and cell cycle re-entry.

    Evidence Ubiquitylation assays, CDK5 priming, epistasis rescue (FBW7 KD + NDE1 KD), cilia length measurements

    PMID:26206584

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other E3 ligases also target NDE1 not explored
    • How ciliary NDE1 is mechanistically linked to cilia disassembly or resorption not determined
  13. 2016 High

    In vivo dissection in embryonic rat brain revealed three distinct cell-cycle arrest points caused by NDE1 loss—interkinetic nuclear migration, G2-to-M, and G1-to-S (cilia)—that are not shared by NDEL1, and that NDE1/dynactin form functionally non-overlapping dynein complexes mediating MTOC translocation versus granule transport in T cells.

    Evidence In utero electroporation of shRNA with cell-cycle markers [PMID:27553190]; dominant-negative NDE1 and siRNA in CTLs with killing assays [PMID:27534551]

    PMID:27534551 PMID:27553190

    Open questions at the time
    • How NDE1 specifically licenses G2-to-M transition molecularly (beyond CDK1 phosphorylation) unresolved
    • Whether NDE1's immune synapse role is relevant in vivo not tested
  14. 2017 High

    Crystal structure of the DISC1–NDEL1 complex and functional data showed DISC1 regulates NDE1/NDEL1 kinetochore attachment during mitosis; disruption of this complex prolongs mitosis and impairs cortical neurogenesis in organoids.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, Co-IP, in utero electroporation, human cerebral organoids from patient iPSCs

    PMID:29103808

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure solved for NDEL1; whether DISC1–NDE1 interface is identical not confirmed crystallographically
    • Contribution of DISC1–NDE1 versus DISC1–NDEL1 in human disease not separated
  15. 2018 High

    CDK1-phosphorylated NDE1 was shown to bind CENP-F directly, establishing CENP-F as the first characterized NDE1 cargo protein and explaining how phosphorylation gates NDE1 kinetochore localization and dynein recruitment.

    Evidence Phospho-specific antibody, phosphomimetic/phosphomutant in vitro binding assays, kinetochore dynein quantification after NDE1 RNAi

    PMID:29930206

    Open questions at the time
    • Full phospho-code governing NDE1 localization across the cell cycle not mapped
    • Whether CENP-F–NDE1 interaction is sufficient or whether additional kinetochore factors are needed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key open questions include how NDE1's nuclear/cohesin role relates to its centrosomal dynein functions, what structural basis underlies NDE1 polymerization and its functional significance, and how context-specific kinase codes (CDK1, CDK5, PKA) are integrated to direct NDE1 to distinct subcellular destinations.
  • No high-resolution structure of full-length NDE1 or NDE1–dynein complex
  • Nuclear versus centrosomal NDE1 pools not mechanistically connected
  • Integrated phospho-regulation model across CDK1, CDK5, and PKA lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 6 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 5
Localization
GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 6 GO:0005694 chromosome 3 GO:0005929 cilium 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 7 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 2
Partners
CENP-FDCTN1DISC1DYNC1H1FBXW7LIS1NDEL1UTRN
Complex memberships
DISC1–NDE1–NDEL1–PDE4NDE1–LIS1–dynein

Evidence

Reading pass · 25 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2004 Nde1 (mNudE) is essential for centrosome duplication and mitotic spindle assembly in cortical progenitors; Nde1 ablation in mouse causes defects in mitotic progression, mitotic orientation, and mitotic chromosome localization, resulting in reduced progenitor cell division and altered neuronal cell fates leading to microcephaly. Mouse knockout (Nde1-null), BrdU birthdating, in vitro centrosome duplication and spindle assembly assays Neuron High 15473967
2010 NudE (NDE1) stably recruits LIS1 to the dynein holoenzyme, where LIS1 interacts with the motor domain during the prepowerstroke state. NudE alone abrogates dynein force production, whereas LIS1 alone or with NudE induces a persistent-force dynein state that enhances ensemble function of multiple dyneins under high-load conditions. Single-molecule optical trapping assays, biochemical reconstitution with purified proteins, force measurements Cell High 20403325
2011 Nde1 localizes to the mother centriole and functions as a negative regulator of ciliary length. Nde1 is expressed at high levels in mitosis and low levels in quiescence; cells depleted of Nde1 have longer cilia and a delay in cell cycle re-entry that correlates with ciliary length. Nde1 knockdown (siRNA/shRNA), immunofluorescence localization, zebrafish morpholino knockdown, cell cycle re-entry assays Nature cell biology High 21394081
2011 Human NDE1 C-terminal domain is required for interaction with cytoplasmic dynein and for cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation by Cdk1 at T246. Patient frameshift mutations truncating the C-terminus render NDE1 proteins unstable, unable to bind dynein, and unable to localize to the centrosome. CDK1 phosphorylation at T246 is required for cell-cycle progression from G2 to M phase. Patient cell lines, transfection of tagged NDE1 constructs, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, CDK1 phosphorylation assays, cell cycle analysis American journal of human genetics High 21529751
2011 NDE1 mutation (c.684_685del) results in a protein unable to localize to the centrosome. NDE1 accumulates on the mitotic spindle of apical neural precursors in early neurogenesis; NDE1 deficiency causes severe failure of neurogenesis and deficiency in cortical lamination. Patient-derived cell lines, immunofluorescence, transfection of tagged NDE1 constructs, human and mouse embryonic brain staining American journal of human genetics High 21529752
2007 Cenp-F interacts with both Ndel1 and Nde1 and recruits them (along with Lis1) to kinetochores. Nde1 (but not Ndel1) is required for kinetochore localization of Dynein. Suppression of Nde1 inhibits metaphase chromosome alignment and activates the spindle checkpoint. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, spindle checkpoint assays Current biology High 17600710
2007 NudE and NudEL each localize to mitotic kinetochores before dynein, dynactin, ZW10, and LIS1. Inhibition of NudE/NudEL causes metaphase arrest with misoriented chromosomes and defective microtubule attachment. Dynein (through its intermediate and light chains, not motor domain) interacts with NudE, and both dynein and dynactin are displaced from kinetochores by anti-NudE/NudEL antibody injection. Anti-NudE/NudEL antibody microinjection, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, time-lapse imaging The Journal of cell biology High 17682047
2010 NDE1 and NDEL1 are membrane-associated and their depletion leads to complete loss of dynein from membranes and dispersal of Golgi and endocytic compartments. NDE1 and NDEL1 act upstream of LIS1 in dynein recruitment/activation on membranes; exogenous NDE1 or NDEL1 can rescue LIS1 depletion effects on Golgi organization. siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation, organelle position assays, epistasis rescue experiments Journal of cell science High 20048338
2003 Nudel (NDEL1, the NDE1 paralog) is phosphorylated in M phase by Cdc2 and Erk1/2. Phosphorylation regulates cell-cycle-dependent distribution of Nudel and increases its binding to Lis1. A Nudel mutant incapable of binding Lis1 impairs poleward movement of dynein and dynein-mediated transport of kinetochore proteins to spindle poles. NudE (NDE1) is functionally related to Nudel in this context. Phospho-specific mutants, co-immunoprecipitation, live-cell imaging, in vitro kinase assays Molecular and cellular biology Medium 12556484
2011 NudE (NDE1) and dynactin bind to a common region within the dynein intermediate chain (IC) and compete for this site. NudE binds dynein through its LC8 and IC subunits. NudE and dynactin form mutually exclusive complexes with dynein, preventing dual regulation of individual dynein molecules. In vitro binding assays, co-immunoprecipitation, competitive binding experiments, mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 21911489
2008 LIS1 and Nde1 collaboratively regulate the fate of radial glial progenitors. Mice with allelic series of Lis1 and Nde1 double mutations show dose-dependent cortical size reduction and delamination. Lis1-Nde1 deficiency alters metaphase progenitor morphology, reducing apical attachment and lateral contacts, which disrupts asymmetric cell division and causes premature neuronal differentiation. Double-mutant mouse genetics (epistasis), immunohistochemistry, BrdU/EdU birthdating, confocal imaging Human molecular genetics High 18469343
2006 Nde1 forms a complex with the centrosomal protein Su48. Nde1 is phosphorylated by Cdc2 in vivo at six putative sites; mutation of these sites diminishes phosphorylation, affects stability of Su48-Nde1 interactions, and affects centrosomal localization of Nde1. Ablation of Nde1 by siRNA causes mitotic delay and cell death. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro Cdc2 kinase assay, phospho-site mutagenesis, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence Oncogene High 16682949
2006 Nde1 associates with p78/MCRS1 (a protein with a forkhead-associated domain) at the centrosome. The association between p78 and Nde1 is regulated by phosphorylation on Nde1. Abrogation of p78 by siRNA causes cell death and mitotic delay. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, siRNA knockdown Oncogene Medium 16547491
2011 DISC1, NDE1, NDEL1, LIS1, dynein, PDE4B, and PDE4D associate together in a centrosomal complex in mammalian cells. NDE1 is phosphorylated by PKA at a novel site. This DISC1-PDE4 modulated complex is present at the centrosome, and NDE1/NDEL1/LIS1 complex is proposed to localize at synapses. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, phospho-site mapping, synaptic localization in cultured neurons Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 18983980
2011 DISC1 and PDE4 modulate NDE1 phosphorylation by PKA at threonine-131 (T131). Phosphorylation at T131 modulates NDE1-LIS1 and NDE1-NDEL1 interactions. T131-phosphorylated NDE1 is enriched at the centrosome during mitosis. Mutation mimicking PKA phosphorylation at T131 inhibits neurite outgrowth. Homology modeling, co-immunoprecipitation, phospho-specific antibody, neurite outgrowth assay, immunofluorescence The Journal of neuroscience Medium 21677187
2015 NDE1 protein levels are regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in a CDK5-dependent manner upon G1 entry. CDK5 primes NDE1 for FBW7-mediated recognition and destruction. Cells depleted of FBW7 or CDK5 show elevated NDE1 levels and reduced ciliary length, which is corrected by simultaneous NDE1 depletion, establishing a CDK5-FBW7-NDE1 pathway controlling ciliary length. siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitylation assays, cell cycle synchronization, cilia length measurement The EMBO journal High 26206584
2016 NDE1 RNAi in embryonic rat brains causes cell cycle arrest of neural progenitors at three distinct stages: during apical interkinetic nuclear migration, at G2-to-M transition, and in regulation of primary cilia at G1-to-S transition. NDEL1 RNAi does not recapitulate these mitotic arrest phenotypes, revealing a unique NDE1 role at G2-to-M, though NDEL1 overexpression can compensate for NDE1 at other stages. In utero electroporation of shRNA, immunofluorescence, time-lapse imaging, cell cycle stage markers Nature communications High 27553190
2014 NDE1 has a nuclear pool that interacts with cohesin and its associated chromatin remodeler. Loss of Nde1 causes DNA double-strand breaks during mid-late S phase at heterochromatin domains, activating p53-dependent apoptosis. This reveals a role for NDE1 in safeguarding heterochromatin replication during S phase. Co-immunoprecipitation (Nde1-cohesin), immunofluorescence (DNA damage markers), FACS cell cycle analysis, Nde1 mutant neural progenitors eLife Medium 25245017
2012 Full-length NDE1 forms dimers, tetramers, and chain-like end-to-end polymers in solution. The C-terminal domain adopts a bent-back structure allowing it to interact with the N-terminal coiled-coil domain. NDE1 and NDEL1 can form mixed complexes. The C-terminal region (disrupted by disease mutations) is required for interaction with dynein and DISC1. Negative stain electron microscopy, chemical cross-linking/mass spectrometry, isotope labeling, homology modeling The Journal of biological chemistry High 22843697
2012 The NDE1 N-terminal domain (forming a dimeric coiled-coil) interacts with the N-terminal domain of dynein intermediate chain (IC). NudE binds region 1 of the bi-segmental IC binding footprint used by p150(Glued)/dynactin, and when all three proteins are in solution, IC preferentially binds p150(Glued) despite NudE having higher affinity for the common segment alone. Isothermal titration calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, competition binding assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 22669947
2013 The Nde1-Lis1 complex directly interacts with Brap, a MAPK signaling threshold modulator. Nde1-Lis1 deficiency causes spatially dependent hyperactivation of MAPK via altered Ksr scaffold; epistasis analyses support synergistic Brap and Lis1 functions in regulating cell fate decisions based on geographic proximity to midline signaling centers. Co-immunoprecipitation, double-mutant epistasis in mouse, immunofluorescence of MAPK pathway components Developmental cell Medium 23673330
2011 Nde1 directly interacts with utrophin/dystrophin, allowing assembly of a multi-protein complex that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix of radial glial cells (RGCs). Lis1-Nde1 mutations destabilize the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) and deform RGCs, disrupting basal lamina, RGC self-renewal, and neuronal migration. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, mouse genetics (Lis1-Nde1 mutants), genetic interaction with dystroglycan PLoS biology Medium 22028625
2016 NDE1 and dynactin form mutually exclusive complexes with dynein and exhibit non-overlapping distributions in T cells. NDE1/dynein complex mediates MTOC translocation to the immunological synapse, while dynactin/dynein complex mediates lytic granule transport. Dominant-negative NDE1 or NDE1 knockdown inhibits MTOC translocation and CTL-mediated killing. Dominant-negative NDE1 expression, siRNA knockdown in Jurkat and primary CTLs, immunofluorescence, killing assays Journal of immunology Medium 27534551
2017 The high-resolution crystal structure of DISC1 C-terminal tail in complex with the Ndel1 binding domain was solved. DISC1 regulates Ndel1/Nde1 kinetochore attachment (but not centrosome localization) during mitosis. Disrupting DISC1/Ndel1 complex formation prolongs mitotic length and causes cell-cycle deficits in human cells, mouse embryonic cortex, and human forebrain organoids. X-ray crystallography, co-immunoprecipitation, DISC1 mutant overexpression, in utero electroporation, cerebral organoids from patient iPSCs Neuron High 29103808
2018 CDK1 phosphorylates Nde1 in a cell cycle-dependent manner; phospho-Nde1 associates specifically with late G2-M nuclear envelope and prophase-to-anaphase kinetochores, mirroring CENP-F localization. Phosphomutant-Nde1 shows weaker CENP-F binding in vitro, establishing CENP-F as the first characterized Nde1 cargo protein. Expression of a dynein-binding-deficient Nde1 mutant reduces kinetochore dynein by half. NDE1 RNAi, phospho-specific antibody, phosphomimetic/phosphomutant cDNAs, in vitro binding assays, kinetochore dynein quantification The Journal of cell biology High 29930206

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 Mitotic spindle regulation by Nde1 controls cerebral cortical size. Neuron 293 15473967
2010 LIS1 and NudE induce a persistent dynein force-producing state. Cell 279 20403325
1998 The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NDE1 and NDE2 genes encode separate mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenases catalyzing the oxidation of cytosolic NADH. The Journal of biological chemistry 239 9733747
1971 Immunological responses of 'nude' mice. Clinical and experimental immunology 214 4929778
2002 Wnt glycoproteins regulate the expression of FoxN1, the gene defective in nude mice. Nature immunology 204 12379851
2011 Nde1-mediated inhibition of ciliogenesis affects cell cycle re-entry. Nature cell biology 203 21394081
1971 Observations on the immunobiology of 'nude' mice. Immunology 193 4100989
2011 Human mutations in NDE1 cause extreme microcephaly with lissencephaly [corrected]. American journal of human genetics 176 21529751
1984 Persistent Cryptosporidium infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Infection and immunity 166 6607888
1991 Transplantation of human prostatic carcinoma into nude mice in Matrigel. Cancer research 156 2065335
1990 Cells secreting tumour necrosis factor show enhanced metastasis in nude mice. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 155 2148875
1993 Pleiotrophin transforms NIH 3T3 cells and induces tumors in nude mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 142 8421705
2007 Cenp-F links kinetochores to Ndel1/Nde1/Lis1/dynein microtubule motor complexes. Current biology : CB 138 17600710
1992 Expression of calcyclin in human melanoma cell lines correlates with metastatic behavior in nude mice. Cancer research 131 1737392
2011 The essential role of centrosomal NDE1 in human cerebral cortex neurogenesis. American journal of human genetics 130 21529752
2003 Human Nudel and NudE as regulators of cytoplasmic dynein in poleward protein transport along the mitotic spindle. Molecular and cellular biology 118 12556484
1981 Expression of metastatic potential of allogenic and xenogeneic neoplasms in young nude mice. Cancer research 118 7448788
2007 NudE and NudEL are required for mitotic progression and are involved in dynein recruitment to kinetochores. The Journal of cell biology 117 17682047
1985 Exceptional lethality for nude mice of cells derived from a primary human melanoma. Cancer research 106 3965144
2017 DISC1 Regulates Neurogenesis via Modulating Kinetochore Attachment of Ndel1/Nde1 during Mitosis. Neuron 102 29103808
2010 Functional interplay between LIS1, NDE1 and NDEL1 in dynein-dependent organelle positioning. Journal of cell science 102 20048338
1990 In vitro properties of human melanoma cells metastatic in nude mice. Cancer research 98 2156614
2011 Mutually exclusive cytoplasmic dynein regulation by NudE-Lis1 and dynactin. The Journal of biological chemistry 88 21911489
2001 Inhibition of erythropoietin signalling destroys xenografts of ovarian and uterine cancers in nude mice. British journal of cancer 88 11259101
1977 Inhibition of the growth of lymphoid tumours in syngeneic athymic (nude) mice. International journal of cancer 87 903182
1975 Human neuroblastoma in nude mice. Cancer research 82 167965
1977 Trichinella spiralis infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Parasitological, serological and haematological studies with observations on intestinal pathology. Immunology 80 924522
2016 NSG Mice Provide a Better Spontaneous Model of Breast Cancer Metastasis than Athymic (Nude) Mice. PloS one 79 27662655
2013 Rutin exerts antitumor effects on nude mice bearing SW480 tumor. Archives of medical research 79 23867787
1990 Studies of human breast cancer metastasis using nude mice. Cancer metastasis reviews 77 2182209
2005 Learning from nudity: lessons from the nude phenotype. Experimental dermatology 75 16232301
2008 DISC1, PDE4B, and NDE1 at the centrosome and synapse. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 74 18983980
1997 Characterization of mouse and human nude genes. Immunogenetics 74 9321431
2011 PKA phosphorylation of NDE1 is DISC1/PDE4 dependent and modulates its interaction with LIS1 and NDEL1. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 72 21677187
2015 Cell cycle-dependent ubiquitylation and destruction of NDE1 by CDK5-FBW7 regulates ciliary length. The EMBO journal 69 26206584
2006 Families with the risk allele of DISC1 reveal a link between schizophrenia and another component of the same molecular pathway, NDE1. Human molecular genetics 67 17185386
2008 Lis1-Nde1-dependent neuronal fate control determines cerebral cortical size and lamination. Human molecular genetics 66 18469343
1977 Immunobiology of heterotransplanted human tumors in nude mice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66 857033
2002 Experimental endometriosis: the nude mouse as a xenographic host. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 61 11949959
2013 Deletion 16p13.11 uncovers NDE1 mutations on the non-deleted homolog and extends the spectrum of severe microcephaly to include fetal brain disruption. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 60 23704059
2010 The nude mutant gene Foxn1 is a HOXC13 regulatory target during hair follicle and nail differentiation. The Journal of investigative dermatology 57 21191399
1999 Antiangiogenic therapy of human esophageal cancers with thalidomide in nude mice. Surgery 57 10330943
1978 Thymus-dependent reversibility of physiological and isoproterenol evoked age-related parameters in athymic (nude) and old normal mice. Mechanisms of ageing and development 53 621969
2016 Severe NDE1-mediated microcephaly results from neural progenitor cell cycle arrests at multiple specific stages. Nature communications 52 27553190
2016 NDE1 and NDEL1 from genes to (mal)functions: parallel but distinct roles impacting on neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric illness. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 51 27742926
1986 Cell kinetics and chemosensitivity of human carcinomas serially transplanted into nude mice. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 51 3089982
2018 Nanofat Increases Dermis Thickness and Neovascularization in Photoaged Nude Mouse Skin. Aesthetic plastic surgery 50 29380024
2003 Roles of NUDE and NUDF proteins of Aspergillus nidulans: insights from intracellular localization and overexpression effects. Molecular biology of the cell 50 12631710
2005 Gonadotropin-induced adrenocortical neoplasia in NU/J nude mice. Endocrinology 49 15919738
2004 FOXN1 is critical for onycholemmal terminal differentiation in nude (Foxn1) mice. The Journal of investigative dermatology 49 15610506
1993 Comparative study on the metastatic behavior of human tumors in nude, beige/nude/xid and severe combined immunodeficient mice. Invasion & metastasis 49 8225855
1999 Hormonal effects on glioblastoma multiforme in the nude rat model. Journal of neurosurgery 48 10350254
2006 CLIP-170 homologue and NUDE play overlapping roles in NUDF localization in Aspergillus nidulans. Molecular biology of the cell 47 16467375
1986 T-cell development during ageing in congenitally athymic (nude) rats. Scandinavian journal of immunology 47 3489284
2012 Intrinsic disorder in dynein intermediate chain modulates its interactions with NudE and dynactin. The Journal of biological chemistry 45 22669947
2002 Role of the nude gene in epithelial terminal differentiation. The Journal of investigative dermatology 44 11841548
1998 Maturation of B cell precursors is impaired in thymic-deprived nude and old mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 43 9725218
1997 Pharmacologic control of a humanized gene therapy system implanted into nude mice. The Journal of clinical investigation 43 9389753
1987 Modulation of human neuroblastoma transplanted into nude mice by endogenous opioid systems. Life sciences 43 3041143
1978 Plasma protein production by human tumors xenotransplanted in nude mice. Cancer research 43 688232
2019 The NADH Dehydrogenase Nde1 Executes Cell Death after Integrating Signals from Metabolism and Proteostasis on the Mitochondrial Surface. Molecular cell 41 31668496
1988 Bombesin inhibits growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma in nude mice. Pancreas 40 2838842
1995 Transgenic expression of interleukin 7 restores T cell populations in nude mice. The Journal of experimental medicine 39 7869039
1992 Arginine enhances T-cell responses in athymic nude mice. JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition 39 1433776
2014 The scaffold protein Nde1 safeguards the brain genome during S phase of early neural progenitor differentiation. eLife 38 25245017
2013 NDE1 and NDEL1: twin neurodevelopmental proteins with similar 'nature' but different 'nurture'. Biomolecular concepts 37 24093049
2012 Novel NDE1 homozygous mutation resulting in microhydranencephaly and not microlyssencephaly. Neurogenetics 36 22526350
2012 The mitosis and neurodevelopment proteins NDE1 and NDEL1 form dimers, tetramers, and polymers with a folded back structure in solution. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 22843697
2012 Nephrotoxicity profiles and threshold dose values for [177Lu]-DOTATATE in nude mice. Nuclear medicine and biology 35 22445743
2012 Insights on FoxN1 biological significance and usages of the "nude" mouse in studies of T-lymphopoiesis. International journal of biological sciences 35 23091413
2006 Centrosomal proteins Nde1 and Su48 form a complex regulated by phosphorylation. Oncogene 35 16682949
1988 Implantation of cultured thymic fragments in congenitally athymic (nude) rats. Ultrastructural characteristics of the developing microenvironment. Cell and tissue research 35 3197088
2014 Hypermethylation of a New Distal Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) enhancer (NDE) is associated with reduced NIS expression in thyroid tumors. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 34 24432988
2017 FOXN1 deficient nude severe combined immunodeficiency. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 33 28077132
2011 Three-dimensional regulation of radial glial functions by Lis1-Nde1 and dystrophin glycoprotein complexes. PLoS biology 32 22028625
2009 Roles of the Drosophila NudE protein in kinetochore function and centrosome migration. Journal of cell science 32 19417004
2006 p78/MCRS1 forms a complex with centrosomal protein Nde1 and is essential for cell viability. Oncogene 32 16547491
1992 Mapping of the nu gene using congenic nude strains and in situ hybridization. The Journal of experimental medicine 32 1346798
1985 Growth of human bronchial carcinomas in nude mice. British journal of cancer 32 2981540
2016 Dynein Separately Partners with NDE1 and Dynactin To Orchestrate T Cell Focused Secretion. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 27534551
2011 Cilengitide inhibits metastatic bone colonization in a nude rat model. Oncology reports 31 21725616
2008 Anticancer activity of genistein on implanted tumor of human SG7901 cells in nude mice. World journal of gastroenterology 31 18203299
2002 Vitamin D3 analogs stimulate hair growth in nude mice. Endocrinology 31 12399436
2001 The nude gene and the skin. Experimental dermatology 31 11589726
1989 A comparison of bone turnover in athymic (nude) and euthymic mice: biochemical, histomorphometric, bone ash and in vitro studies. Bone 31 2736153
1979 Virus carrier state suppresses tumorigenicity of tumor cells in athymic (nude) mice. The Journal of general virology 31 219138
2013 Spatially dependent dynamic MAPK modulation by the Nde1-Lis1-Brap complex patterns mammalian CNS. Developmental cell 30 23673330
2005 Point mutation at single tyrosine residue of novel oncogene NOK abrogates tumorigenesis in nude mice. Cancer research 30 16322230
1983 Heterotransplantation of human head and neck tumours into nude mice. Acta oto-laryngologica 29 6829300
2018 Cdk1 phosphorylation of the dynein adapter Nde1 controls cargo binding from G2 to anaphase. The Journal of cell biology 28 29930206
2004 Regulation of chronic colitis in athymic nu/nu (nude) mice. International immunology 28 14688063
2002 Complete rescue of the nude mutant phenotype by a wild-type Foxn1 transgene. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 27 12016512
2017 Severe congenital microcephaly with 16p13.11 microdeletion combined with NDE1 mutation, a case report and literature review. BMC medical genetics 25 29191162
2014 Identification of Rare, Single-Nucleotide Mutations in NDE1 and Their Contributions to Schizophrenia Susceptibility. Schizophrenia bulletin 25 25332407
2013 Cyclosporin A reduces matrix metalloproteinases and collagen expression in dermal fibroblasts from regenerative FOXN1 deficient (nude) mice. Fibrogenesis & tissue repair 22 23547542
1990 Growth of human schwannomas in the subrenal capsule of the nude mouse. Neurosurgery 21 2330081
1986 Induction of early-phase endotoxin tolerance in athymic (nude) mice, B-cell-deficient (xid) mice, and splenectomized mice. Infection and immunity 21 3488965
2017 Regeneration of subcutaneous tissue-engineered mandibular condyle in nude mice. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 20 28462782
1984 Immunity to Brugia pahangi in athymic nude and normal mice: eosinophilia, antibody and hypersensitivity responses. Parasite immunology 20 6522098
2013 nde1 deletion improves mitochondrial DNA maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae coenzyme Q mutants. The Biochemical journal 19 23116202