Affinage

MARS1

Methionine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic · UniProt P56192

Length
900 aa
Mass
101.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 5/5 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MARS1 encodes the cytosolic methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS), the enzyme that charges tRNA(Met) with methionine to initiate protein translation, and it operates as a member of the cytosolic multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS complex) (PMID:6585969, PMID:29775242). The gene was localized to chromosome 12 by functional complementation of a MetRS-deficient mammalian mutant (PMID:6585969). Within the multisynthetase complex, scaffold components such as AIMP2/p43 contribute to cytoplasmic tRNA sequestration and availability for translation, a function conserved enough to substitute for the yeast Arc1p scaffold (PMID:15184019). Biallelic and dominant MARS1 variants cause a spectrum of human disease through loss of catalytic function and/or reduced enzyme stability: variants associated with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis impair methionine recognition and thermal stability of MetRS while leaving complex integrity intact (PMID:29775242), variants causing non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy reduce MetRS protein abundance and slow tRNA charging (PMID:33909043), and a p.Arg618Cys allele produces dominant late-onset CMT2 and contributes to recessive interstitial lung and liver disease (PMID:29655802). The shared loss-of-function mechanism is supported by partial clinical and cellular rescue: methionine supplementation restored respiratory function in patients carrying activity-reducing variants (PMID:32833345) and normalized reactive oxygen species production by patient monocytes (PMID:34503986).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 7 steps
  1. 1984 High

    Establishing that a single human locus could restore methionyl-tRNA synthetase activity to a deficient mammalian cell defined MARS1 as the gene encoding the cytosolic MetRS and placed it on chromosome 12.

    Evidence Somatic cell hybrid complementation of a temperature-sensitive CHO MetRS mutant with heat-inactivation enzyme assays and cytogenetic correlation

    PMID:6585969

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve the enzyme's catalytic mechanism or substrate specificity
    • No information on complex membership or subcellular organization
  2. 1999 Medium

    Discovery that the MARS locus overlaps the CHOP/GADD153 gene tail-to-tail with a shared AU-rich element established a layer of post-transcriptional regulation on MetRS mRNA stability.

    Evidence PCR/genomic mapping and luciferase reporter transfection assays with deletion controls in NIH-3T3 cells

    PMID:10448063

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological consequence of the shared ARE on endogenous MetRS levels not quantified
    • Whether this regulation operates in disease-relevant tissues unknown
  3. 2004 Medium

    Showing that the human scaffold component p43/AIMP2 can rescue yeast Arc1p clarified that the multisynthetase complex aids translation by sequestering tRNAs for availability, independent of direct binding to MetRS in the heterologous system.

    Evidence Yeast arc1/mes1 double-mutant complementation, co-immunoprecipitation, and growth rescue with fusion constructs

    PMID:15184019

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not directly test MetRS-scaffold interaction in human cells
    • Quantitative contribution of tRNA sequestration to MetRS-dependent translation unresolved
  4. 2013 Low

    Comparative analysis framed the metazoan multisynthetase complex as an evolutionary unit assembling cognate amino acids linked to central metabolism, contextualizing MetRS within a coordinated synthetase ensemble.

    Evidence Comparative genomics and metabolic network reconstruction across metazoans and choanoflagellates

    PMID:23415030

    Open questions at the time
    • Computational inference only with no direct experimental validation
    • No MARS1-specific functional data
  5. 2018 High

    Biochemical characterization of disease variants established that MARS1 pathogenicity arises from impaired methionine recognition and reduced thermal stability of MetRS, not from disruption of complex assembly.

    Evidence In vitro aminoacylation and thermal stability assays on recombinant mutant MetRS proteins from PAP patients, plus whole-exome sequencing and yeast complementation for CMT2/ILLD alleles

    PMID:29655802 PMID:29775242

    Open questions at the time
    • Genotype-phenotype basis for divergent disease presentations (PAP vs CMT2 vs ILLD) not mechanistically explained
    • Functional status of some variants (e.g. p.Tyr307Cys) only partially resolved
  6. 2021 High

    Patient-cell studies unified the disease mechanism by showing variants reduce both MetRS protein abundance and tRNA charging rate, directly linking impaired translation initiation to non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy.

    Evidence Protein stability/abundance and aminoacylation rate assays in patient-derived skin fibroblasts

    PMID:33909043

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism connecting reduced charging to tissue-specific TTD phenotype unknown
    • Threshold of activity loss producing disease not defined
  7. 2022 Medium

    Demonstrating clinical and cellular rescue by methionine supplementation confirmed the loss-of-function mechanism and connected reduced MetRS activity to dysregulated oxidative stress in immune cells.

    Evidence In vitro aminoacylation in patient fibroblasts and monocyte ROS assays before/after methionine supplementation with clinical outcomes

    PMID:32833345 PMID:34503986

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic link between MetRS deficiency and monocyte ROS dysregulation not established
    • Durability and generalizability of substrate-supplementation rescue across variants unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How specific MARS1 catalytic and stability defects map to the distinct tissue tropisms of PAP, CMT2, TTD, and ILLD remains unresolved.
  • No structural model linking variant position to phenotype severity
  • Tissue-specific dependence on MetRS dosage and methionine availability uncharacterized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA 3 GO:0003723 RNA binding 2 GO:0016740 transferase activity 2
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 2
Partners
AIMP2
Complex memberships
multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS complex)

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1984 The human MARS gene (encoding methionyl-tRNA synthetase) was mapped to chromosome 12 by complementation of a temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary MetRS mutant with human leukocyte DNA in somatic cell hybrids; the human enzyme activity was confirmed by heat-inactivation assays and correlated with retention of human chromosome 12. Somatic cell hybrid complementation, heat-inactivation enzyme assay, cytogenetic analysis, isozyme electrophoresis Somatic cell and molecular genetics High 6585969
1999 The MARS (MetRS) gene overlaps tail-to-tail with the CHOP/GADD153 gene in a conserved 55-bp region at chromosome 12q13; the two mRNAs share a complementary 3′ UTR sequence containing an AU-rich element (ARE) that reduces mRNA stability, as demonstrated by luciferase reporter transfection assays. PCR mapping, luciferase reporter transfection assay in NIH-3T3 cells, genomic sequence analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 10448063
2004 Human p43 (AIMP2/MSC scaffold component) can complement yeast Arc1p function to facilitate tRNA aminoacylation in vivo without physically associating with yeast MetRS or GluRS, suggesting a role for the multisynthetase complex scaffold in sequestering tRNAs in the cytoplasm to increase their availability for protein synthesis. Yeast complementation assay (arc1−/mes1− double mutant), co-immunoprecipitation, growth rescue with plasmid-expressed fusion proteins Journal of molecular biology Medium 15184019
2013 The vertebrate multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS) contains nine ARS members whose cognate amino acids are predominantly derived from two citric acid cycle intermediates (α-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate), and the complex likely originated in a common ancestor of metazoans and choanoflagellates coincident with the appearance of scaffold proteins AIMP2 and AIMP3 and loss of the glyoxylate cycle. Evolutionary/metabolic pathway analysis (comparative genomics and metabolic network reconstruction) Trends in biochemical sciences Low 23415030
2018 MARS1 biallelic missense mutations associated with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis alter MetRS thermal stability and catalytic parameters, particularly impairing methionine recognition in the tRNA(Met)-aminoacylation reaction, without disrupting the structural integrity of the enzyme as a member of the cytosolic multisynthetase complex. In vitro aminoacylation assay, thermal stability assay, analysis of recombinant mutant MetRS proteins The FEBS journal High 29775242
2018 A MARS1 variant (p.Arg618Cys) causes dominant late-onset CMT2 when heterozygous and contributes to recessive interstitial lung and liver disease (ILLD) when compound heterozygous; yeast complementation assays confirmed pathogenicity of p.Arg618Cys but suggested retained function for p.Tyr307Cys. Whole-exome sequencing, yeast complementation assay European journal of medical genetics Medium 29655802
2021 MARS1 variants cause non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy (NPS-TTD) by reducing the stability (abundance) of methionyl-tRNA synthetase protein; functional studies in patient-derived skin fibroblasts demonstrated that these variants also reduce the rate of tRNA charging, directly impairing the first step of protein translation. Patient-derived fibroblast functional studies, protein stability/abundance assays, tRNA charging (aminoacylation) rate assays Human molecular genetics High 33909043
2020 Pathogenic MARS1 variant p.(Arg598Cys) reduces aminoacylation activity of methionyl-tRNA synthetase, confirmed in vitro in patient-derived fibroblasts; methionine supplementation and high-protein diet restored respiratory function in affected patients, consistent with a loss-of-function mechanism that can be partially rescued by substrate supplementation. In vitro aminoacylation assay in patient-derived fibroblasts, clinical methionine supplementation with defined outcomes Pediatric pulmonology Medium 32833345
2022 Methionine supplementation in patients with MARS1-related pulmonary alveolar proteinosis normalised reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by peripheral monocytes and was associated with respiratory improvement; this links MARS1 loss-of-function to dysregulated oxidative stress in immune cells. ROS production assay in patient monocytes before and after methionine supplementation, clinical outcome monitoring The European respiratory journal Medium 34503986

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 Mars -- robust automatic backbone assignment of proteins. Journal of biomolecular NMR 237 15452431
2019 MARS-seq2.0: an experimental and analytical pipeline for indexed sorting combined with single-cell RNA sequencing. Nature protocols 211 31101904
2019 Microbiota- and Radiotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Side-Effects (MARS) Study: A Large Pilot Study of the Microbiome in Acute and Late-Radiation Enteropathy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 160 31345839
2001 Old iron, young copper: from Mars to Venus. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine 156 11508852
2015 What happens to your brain on the way to Mars. Science advances 148 26180843
2000 The ultraviolet environment of Mars: biological implications past, present, and future. Icarus 120 11543504
2000 Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant molecular biology 108 10999416
2019 MARS: Mutation-Adjusted Risk Score for Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 100 31509472
2006 Effect of extracorporeal liver support by MARS and Prometheus on serum cytokines in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Critical care (London, England) 98 17156425
2020 MARS: discovering novel cell types across heterogeneous single-cell experiments. Nature methods 90 33077966
2004 How different is Venus from Mars? The genetics of germ-line stem cells in Drosophila females and males. Development (Cambridge, England) 84 15459096
2007 Virus-encoded aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: structural and functional characterization of mimivirus TyrRS and MetRS. Journal of virology 69 17855524
2019 Limits of Life and the Habitability of Mars: The ESA Space Experiment BIOMEX on the ISS. Astrobiology 67 30742496
2001 Mineralogical biosignatures and the search for life on Mars. Astrobiology 60 12448978
1998 Specific interaction of mutant p53 with regions of matrix attachment region DNA elements (MARs) with a high potential for base-unpairing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 56 9811860
2015 Isolation of Radiation-Resistant Bacteria from Mars Analog Antarctic Dry Valleys by Preselection, and the Correlation between Radiation and Desiccation Resistance. Astrobiology 47 26684506
2011 Proteomic analyses of human plasma: Venus versus Mars. Transfusion 47 21880043
2019 Paleo-Rock-Hosted Life on Earth and the Search on Mars: A Review and Strategy for Exploration. Astrobiology 46 31237436
2022 The lncRNA MARS modulates the epigenetic reprogramming of the marneral cluster in response to ABA. Molecular plant 45 35150931
2011 Use of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS™) for the management of acute poisoning with or without liver failure. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 44 22077243
2018 Advantages of meta-total RNA sequencing (MeTRS) over shotgun metagenomics and amplicon-based sequencing in the profiling of complex microbial communities. NPJ biofilms and microbiomes 43 29367879
2002 Albumin dialysis: single pass vs. recirculation (MARS). Liver 42 12220302
2021 Protein instability associated with AARS1 and MARS1 mutations causes trichothiodystrophy. Human molecular genetics 41 33909043
2019 Bacillus subtilis Spore Resistance to Simulated Mars Surface Conditions. Frontiers in microbiology 40 30863384
2019 Proteomic and Metabolomic Characteristics of Extremophilic Fungi Under Simulated Mars Conditions. Frontiers in microbiology 40 31156574
2010 Effects of simulated Mars conditions on the survival and growth of Escherichia coli and Serratia liquefaciens. Applied and environmental microbiology 40 20154104
2012 The role of nuclear matrix proteins binding to matrix attachment regions (Mars) in prostate cancer cell differentiation. PloS one 39 22808207
2017 MARS: improving multiple circular sequence alignment using refined sequences. BMC genomics 38 28088189
2017 Preparing for the crewed Mars journey: microbiota dynamics in the confined Mars500 habitat during simulated Mars flight and landing. Microbiome 37 28974259
2020 Similarities, Differences, and Potential Synergies in the Mechanism of Action of Albumin Dialysis Using the MARS Albumin Dialysis Device and the CytoSorb Hemoperfusion Device in the Treatment of Liver Failure. Blood purification 36 32615564
2020 Rescue of respiratory failure in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis due to pathogenic MARS1 variants. Pediatric pulmonology 36 32833345
2018 Novel, Moon and Mars, partial gravity simulation paradigms and their effects on the balance between cell growth and cell proliferation during early plant development. NPJ microgravity 36 29644337
2019 Dried Biofilms of Desert Strains of Chroococcidiopsis Survived Prolonged Exposure to Space and Mars-like Conditions in Low Earth Orbit. Astrobiology 33 30741568
2004 Molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 32 15175774
2002 Improvement in central nervous system functions during treatment of liver failure with albumin dialysis MARS--a review of clinical, biochemical, and electrophysiological data. Metabolic brain disease 32 12602522
2022 Methionine supplementation for multi-organ dysfunction in MetRS-related pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The European respiratory journal 31 34503986
2020 No Effect of Microgravity and Simulated Mars Gravity on Final Bacterial Cell Concentrations on the International Space Station: Applications to Space Bioproduction. Frontiers in microbiology 31 33154740
2018 Survival, DNA, and Ultrastructural Integrity of a Cryptoendolithic Antarctic Fungus in Mars and Lunar Rock Analogs Exposed Outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology 31 30376361
2006 Survival and germinability of Bacillus subtilis spores exposed to simulated Mars solar radiation: implications for life detection and planetary protection. Astrobiology 30 16916285
1999 MARs of antigen receptor and co-receptor genes. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression 30 10651246
2022 Effects of Desiccation and Freezing on Microbial Ionizing Radiation Survivability: Considerations for Mars Sample Return. Astrobiology 29 36282180
2006 Treatment of refractory cholestatic pruritus with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS). Transplantation proceedings 29 17097984
2022 Multi-attribute Raman spectroscopy (MARS) for monitoring product quality attributes in formulated monoclonal antibody therapeutics. mAbs 27 34965193
2017 The Regulatory Small RNA MarS Supports Virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes. Scientific reports 27 28947755
2016 Microbial succession in an inflated lunar/Mars analog habitat during a 30-day human occupation. Microbiome 27 27250991
2023 An Overview of Lipid Biomarkers in Terrestrial Extreme Environments with Relevance for Mars Exploration. Astrobiology 26 36880883
2020 A Longitudinal Epigenetic Aging and Leukocyte Analysis of Simulated Space Travel: The Mars-500 Mission. Cell reports 26 33242403
2018 MARS variant associated with both recessive interstitial lung and liver disease and dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. European journal of medical genetics 26 29655802
2000 Caught in the act: binding of Ku and PARP to MARs reveals novel aspects of their functional interaction. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression 26 10813395
1999 CHOP/GADD153 and methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) genes overlap in a conserved region that controls mRNA stability. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 26 10448063
2007 MARs and MARBPs: key modulators of gene regulation and disease manifestation. Sub-cellular biochemistry 25 17484130
2014 Protein patterns of black fungi under simulated Mars-like conditions. Scientific reports 24 24870977
2009 The functional role of S/MARs in episomal vectors as defined by the stress-induced destabilization profile of the vector sequences. Journal of molecular biology 24 19248788
2017 Human presence impacts fungal diversity of inflated lunar/Mars analog habitat. Microbiome 23 28693587
2016 Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA-Synthetase (MetRS), a Potential Drug Target for Brucellosis. PloS one 22 27500735
2008 Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs): relevance for disease and therapy. Handbook of experimental pharmacology 22 18491049
2002 Identification and mapping of nuclear matrix-attachment regions in a one megabase locus of human chromosome 19q13.12: long-range correlation of S/MARs and gene positions. Journal of cellular biochemistry 22 11813264
1996 Origins of life: a comparison of theories and application to Mars. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere : the journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life 22 8920171
2021 From Spaceflight to Mars g-Levels: Adaptive Response of A. Thaliana Seedlings in a Reduced Gravity Environment Is Enhanced by Red-Light Photostimulation. International journal of molecular sciences 20 33477454
2018 Methane on Mars and Habitability: Challenges and Responses. Astrobiology 20 30234380
2011 Drosophila dosage compensation: males are from Mars, females are from Venus. Fly 20 21339706
2018 Multimicrobial Kombucha Culture Tolerates Mars-Like Conditions Simulated on Low-Earth Orbit. Astrobiology 19 30484685
2013 Citric acid cycle and the origin of MARS. Trends in biochemical sciences 18 23415030
2019 Over-Expression of UV-Damage DNA Repair Genes and Ribonucleic Acid Persistence Contribute to the Resilience of Dried Biofilms of the Desert Cyanobacetrium Chroococcidiopsis Exposed to Mars-Like UV Flux and Long-Term Desiccation. Frontiers in microbiology 17 31681194
2014 Molecular and Phenetic Characterization of the Bacterial Assemblage of Hot Lake, WA, an Environment with High Concentrations of Magnesium Sulfate, and Its Relevance to Mars. International journal of astrobiology 17 24748851
2022 Time-Sensitive Aspects of Mars Sample Return (MSR) Science. Astrobiology 16 34904889
2020 Lipid Biomarker Record of the Serpentinite-Hosted Ecosystem of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman and Implications for the Search for Biosignatures on Mars. Astrobiology 16 32648829
2019 Nucleic Acid Extraction and Sequencing from Low-Biomass Synthetic Mars Analog Soils for In Situ Life Detection. Astrobiology 16 31204862
2009 Mars, a Drosophila protein related to vertebrate HURP, is required for the attachment of centrosomes to the mitotic spindle during syncytial nuclear divisions. Journal of cell science 16 19174464
2008 Mars promotes dTACC dephosphorylation on mitotic spindles to ensure spindle stability. The Journal of cell biology 16 18625841
2023 A Mission to Mars: Prediction of GCR Doses and Comparison with Astronaut Dose Limits. International journal of molecular sciences 15 36768652
2021 Mars' surface is not universally biocidal. Environmental microbiology 15 33780125
2021 Earth-like Habitable Environments in the Subsurface of Mars. Astrobiology 15 33885329
2020 The Limits, Capabilities, and Potential for Life Detection with MinION Sequencing in a Paleochannel Mars Analog. Astrobiology 15 31976742
2009 MCP-1 and MIP3-alpha serum levels in acute liver failure and molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) treatment: a pilot study. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 15 19247846
1998 MARs mission update. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 15 9446810
2021 Deep phenotyping of MARS1 (interstitial lung and liver disease) and LARS1 (infantile liver failure syndrome 1) recessive multisystemic disease using Human Phenotype Ontology annotation: Overlap and differences. Case report and review of literature. European journal of medical genetics 14 34496286
2018 Integrity of the DNA and Cellular Ultrastructure of Cryptoendolithic Fungi in Space or Mars Conditions: A 1.5-Year Study at the International Space Station. Life (Basel, Switzerland) 14 29921763
2016 Histopathological features of a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2U/AD-CMTax-MARS. Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS 14 27717217
1999 Manned missions to Mars and chromosome damage. International journal of radiation biology 14 10331847
1984 Assignment of the human MARS gene, encoding methioninyl-tRNA synthetase, to chromosome 12 using human X Chinese hamster cell hybrids. Somatic cell and molecular genetics 14 6585969
2024 MARS an improved de novo peptide candidate selection method for non-canonical antigen target discovery in cancer. Nature communications 13 38253617
2022 Microbial diversity and adaptive strategies in the Mars-like Qaidam Basin, North Tibetan Plateau, China. Environmental microbiology reports 13 35925018
2022 Protection and Damage Repair Mechanisms Contributed To the Survival of Chroococcidiopsis sp. Exposed To a Mars-Like Near Space Environment. Microbiology spectrum 13 36453906
2021 Survival of desert algae Chlorella exposed to Mars-like near space environment. Life sciences in space research 13 33888284
2021 The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Protein-Ligand Binding in the Presence of Mars-Relevant Salts. Biology 13 34356542
2021 The odyssey of the ocular and cerebrospinal fluids during a mission to Mars: the "ocular glymphatic system" under pressure. Eye (London, England) 13 34373611
2021 Exposure of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. to the Mars-like stratosphere environment. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 13 34649187
2020 Nanopore sequencing at Mars, Europa, and microgravity conditions. NPJ microgravity 13 32964110
2018 Lack of Microbial Diversity in an Extreme Mars Analog Setting: Poás Volcano, Costa Rica. Astrobiology 13 29688767
2018 Mutations in MARS identified in a specific type of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis alter methionyl-tRNA synthetase activity. The FEBS journal 13 29775242
2010 Worms from venus and mars: proteomics profiling of sexual differences in Caenorhabditis elegans using in vivo 15N isotope labeling. Journal of proteome research 13 19916504
2004 Complementation of yeast Arc1p by the p43 component of the human multisynthetase complex does not require its association with yeast MetRS and GluRS. Journal of molecular biology 13 15184019
1993 A novel class of matrix attached regions (Mars) identified by random cloning and their implications in differentiation and carcinogenesis. International journal of oncology 13 21573558
2024 MARS and RNAcmap3: The Master Database of All Possible RNA Sequences Integrated with RNAcmap for RNA Homology Search. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics 12 38872612
2014 The first X-ray diffraction measurements on Mars. IUCrJ 12 25485131
2004 [Structure and function of nuclear matrix associated regions (S/MARs)]. Bioorganicheskaia khimiia 12 15040298
1999 Radiation: microbial evolution, ecology, and relevance to mars missions. Mutation research 12 10631343
2024 MARS: a motif-based autoregressive model for retrosynthesis prediction. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 11 38426338
2019 Bacterial Growth in Saturated and Eutectic Solutions of Magnesium Sulphate and Potassium Chlorate with Relevance to Mars and the Ocean Worlds. International journal of astrobiology 11 33776587

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for MARS1? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.