Affinage

MARS1

Methionine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic · UniProt P56192

Round 2 corrected
Length
900 aa
Mass
101.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MARS1 encodes the cytoplasmic methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS), which catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of methionine to its cognate tRNA(Met), an essential first step in protein translation. Pathogenic MARS1 variants reduce MetRS thermal stability and impair aminoacylation kinetics—particularly methionine recognition—while destabilizing the enzyme's incorporation into the multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS) complex (PMID:29775242, PMID:33909043). Biallelic loss-of-function variants cause pulmonary alveolar proteinosis/interstitial lung and liver disease and non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy, whereas heterozygous variants cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2U; methionine supplementation can partially restore aminoacylation activity and normalize monocyte ROS signaling in affected patients (PMID:32833345, PMID:34503986, PMID:31356216). The MARS1 locus on chromosome 12q13 shares a tail-to-tail 3′ UTR overlap with the CHOP/GADD153 gene, and reciprocal mRNA stability regulation between the two transcripts has been demonstrated (PMID:10448063).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 7 steps
  1. 1999 Medium

    Establishing that MARS1 maps to 12q13 and shares an overlapping 3′ UTR with CHOP/GADD153, revealing a potential post-transcriptional regulatory axis between the MetRS transcript and a stress-response gene.

    Evidence PCR mapping and luciferase reporter assays in NIH-3T3 cells

    PMID:10448063

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether reciprocal mRNA stability regulation operates under physiological conditions in human cells
    • No measurement of endogenous MetRS protein levels upon CHOP induction
  2. 2004 Medium

    Demonstrating that the scaffold protein p43/AIMP2's tIF domain enhances tRNA availability for MetRS independently of direct MetRS binding, establishing a mechanism by which the multi-synthetase complex augments aminoacylation efficiency.

    Evidence Yeast complementation in arc1Δ mes1Δ strains with centromeric and high-copy plasmids

    PMID:15184019

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the tIF-mediated tRNA channeling mechanism operates equivalently in mammalian cells
    • No direct binding or kinetic measurements between p43 and MetRS in vitro
  3. 2018 High

    Biochemical dissection of disease-associated MARS1 missense mutations revealed that pathogenic variants reduce MetRS thermal stability, impair methionine recognition kinetics during aminoacylation, and compromise integration into the multi-synthetase complex, establishing the enzymatic basis of MARS1-related disease.

    Evidence Purified recombinant wild-type and mutant MetRS proteins subjected to thermal stability assays, aminoacylation kinetics, and complex integrity assessment; yeast complementation assays for additional variants

    PMID:29655802 PMID:29775242

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural determination of mutant MetRS to pinpoint conformational changes
    • Whether complex destabilization has consequences beyond aminoacylation (e.g., non-canonical signaling)
  4. 2019 Medium

    Expansion of the MARS1 disease spectrum to congenital-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2U through identification of a de novo heterozygous variant, confirming that dominant MetRS dysfunction underlies axonal neuropathy.

    Evidence Exome sequencing, structural modeling, and yeast humanization assay

    PMID:31356216

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of selective peripheral nerve vulnerability despite ubiquitous MetRS expression
    • No neuronal cell model or animal model to test axonal pathology directly
  5. 2020 Medium

    Patient-derived fibroblasts confirmed that biallelic MARS1 variants cause decreased aminoacylation activity, and methionine supplementation rescued clinical lung disease, establishing substrate limitation as a tractable therapeutic axis.

    Evidence Aminoacylation activity assays in patient fibroblasts; clinical methionine supplementation trial

    PMID:32833345

    Open questions at the time
    • Dose-response relationship for methionine rescue of aminoacylation in vitro
    • Long-term efficacy and safety of methionine supplementation not established
  6. 2021 High

    Linking MARS1 mutations to non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy demonstrated that protein instability of MetRS and reduced tRNA charging rates underlie a TTD subtype, extending the TTD disease concept to the translation machinery.

    Evidence Protein stability and tRNA aminoacylation rate assays in patient skin fibroblasts

    PMID:33909043

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether reduced Met-tRNA charging leads to selective translational defects in sulfur-rich hair proteins
    • No proteomics to identify differentially translated targets
  7. 2022 Medium

    Methionine supplementation normalized dysregulated monocyte ROS production in MARS1-deficient patients, connecting MetRS insufficiency to innate immune oxidative signaling and providing a cellular biomarker for treatment response.

    Evidence ROS production assay in peripheral monocytes before and after oral methionine supplementation (n=4 patients)

    PMID:34503986

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking reduced Met-tRNA charging to aberrant ROS production is undefined
    • Small cohort limits generalizability
    • No mechanistic distinction between translational deficiency and methionine metabolite depletion

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis of pathogenic MetRS mutations, the mechanism of tissue-selective vulnerability (lung, liver, nerve, hair), and whether MARS1 has non-canonical functions beyond aminoacylation remain unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of full-length human MetRS with disease mutations
  • No animal models recapitulating the multisystemic phenotype
  • Non-canonical functions of MetRS outside translation not addressed experimentally

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016874 ligase activity 3 GO:0140657 ATP-dependent activity 3 GO:0003723 RNA binding 2
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3
Partners
AIMP2
Complex memberships
multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS complex)

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1999 The human methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS/MARS1) gene maps to chromosome 12q13 and its 3' UTR overlaps in a tail-to-tail configuration with the CHOP/GADD153 gene over a 55-bp region. The two mRNAs share a complementary 3' UTR sequence containing an AU-rich regulatory element (ARE) that controls mRNA stability; reporter assays in NIH-3T3 cells showed that the CHOP 3' UTR confers significantly lower expression, suggesting reciprocal mRNA stability regulation between MARS1 and CHOP transcripts. PCR mapping, reporter (luciferase) transfection assay in NIH-3T3 cells Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Medium 10448063
2004 The EMAPII-like (tRNA-interacting factor, tIF) domain of human p43/AIMP2, a scaffold protein of the multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS complex), can functionally substitute for yeast Arc1p in facilitating methionyl-tRNA charging in vivo, even without direct physical association with MetRS or GluRS. This demonstrates that the tIF domain of p43 enhances tRNA availability in the cytoplasm independently of synthetase binding, revealing a mechanism by which scaffold proteins augment aminoacylation efficiency. Yeast complementation assay (arc1Δ mes1Δ strain), high-copy and centromeric plasmid expression, cell viability growth assays Journal of Molecular Biology Medium 15184019
2013 Eight of the nine amino acids whose cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are incorporated into the vertebrate multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS complex, containing MetRS/MARS1) are biosynthetically derived from two citric acid cycle intermediates (α-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate). The authors propose that this metabolic linkage, combined with the appearance of scaffolding proteins AIMP2 and AIMP3 and disappearance of the glyoxylate cycle, facilitated the evolutionary origin of the MARS complex in the ancestor of metazoans and choanoflagellates. Comparative genomics and evolutionary/phylogenetic analysis of ARS complex composition Trends in Biochemical Sciences Low 23415030
2018 Biallelic missense mutations in MARS1 associated with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) impair the catalytic activity of cytosolic methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS). Biochemical characterization of purified mutant MetRS proteins demonstrated reduced thermal stability and altered kinetic parameters for the tRNA(Met) aminoacylation reaction, specifically at the level of methionine recognition. The mutations also impacted the structural integrity of MetRS as a component of the cytosolic multisynthetase complex (MARS complex). Purification of recombinant wild-type and mutant MetRS proteins, thermal stability assays, enzyme kinetics (aminoacylation assays), assessment of multisynthetase complex integrity The FEBS Journal High 29775242
2018 A heterozygous p.Arg618Cys variant in MARS1 (also reported as p.Arg618Cys / p.R618C), inherited from an unaffected father, was found in a compound heterozygous infant with interstitial lung and liver disease (ILLD); the same variant was previously reported in autosomal dominant CMT2. Yeast complementation assays confirmed pathogenicity of p.Arg618Cys but suggested retained function for p.Tyr307Cys, indicating allele-specific loss of MetRS function underlies the ILLD phenotype and implicating MARS1 haploinsufficiency or dominant-negative mechanisms in axonal CMT2. Whole-exome sequencing, yeast complementation assay (functional validation of variant pathogenicity) European Journal of Medical Genetics Medium 29655802
2019 A novel heterozygous de novo MARS1 variant (p.Ala397Thr) causes early childhood-onset, motor-predominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2U (CMT2U). Structural modeling predicted destabilization of MetRS, and a yeast humanization assay confirmed pathogenicity of this variant, expanding the phenotypic spectrum of MARS1-associated neuropathy to congenital onset. Exome sequencing, structural modeling, yeast humanization (complementation) assay Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases Medium 31356216
2020 Pathogenic MARS1 variants (homozygous p.Arg598Cys) cause interstitial lung and liver disease (ILLD) with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Functional studies in patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrated decreased aminoacylation activity of the mutant methionyl-tRNA synthetase, confirming loss of enzymatic function as the pathogenic mechanism. Methionine supplementation led to clinical respiratory recovery, suggesting the disease results from insufficient Met-tRNA charging due to reduced substrate availability. Aminoacylation activity assay in patient-derived fibroblasts, clinical intervention (methionine supplementation) Pediatric Pulmonology Medium 32833345
2021 Pathogenic variants in MARS1 (encoding methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1) cause protein instability of the MetRS enzyme, resulting in non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy (NPS-TTD). Functional studies in skin fibroblasts from affected individuals showed that MARS1 variants reduce the rate of tRNA charging (aminoacylation), demonstrating that impaired methionyl-tRNA synthesis — the first step in protein translation — is the mechanistic basis for this TTD subtype. This extends the TTD disease mechanism (protein instability) to the translation machinery. Protein stability assays, tRNA aminoacylation (tRNA charging) rate measurement in patient-derived skin fibroblasts Human Molecular Genetics High 33909043
2022 Oral methionine supplementation in patients with MARS1-mutation-associated pulmonary alveolar proteinosis normalized reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by peripheral monocytes and was associated with respiratory improvement and clearance of lipoproteinaceous material. At the cellular level, patient monocytes showed abnormal ROS production before supplementation, which was corrected after treatment, linking MARS1 MetRS insufficiency to dysregulated innate immune cell oxidative signaling. ROS production assay in patient peripheral monocytes before and after methionine supplementation; clinical outcome measures The European Respiratory Journal Medium 34503986

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 1704 16169070
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2016 ATPase-Modulated Stress Granules Contain a Diverse Proteome and Substructure. Cell 1233 26777405
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2003 Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nature genetics 754 14702039
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2012 Leucyl-tRNA synthetase is an intracellular leucine sensor for the mTORC1-signaling pathway. Cell 665 22424946
2015 Gene essentiality and synthetic lethality in haploid human cells. Science (New York, N.Y.) 657 26472760
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2011 Global landscape of HIV-human protein complexes. Nature 593 22190034
2017 Anticancer sulfonamides target splicing by inducing RBM39 degradation via recruitment to DCAF15. Science (New York, N.Y.) 533 28302793
1994 Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. Gene 492 8125298
2014 Exome sequencing links corticospinal motor neuron disease to common neurodegenerative disorders. Science (New York, N.Y.) 444 24482476
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2005 Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. Genome research 409 16344560
2015 Panorama of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes. Nature 407 26344197
2010 Dynamics of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase network revealed by systematic quantitative proteomics. Cell 318 21145461
2017 Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies HNRNPL as a prostate cancer dependency regulating RNA splicing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 282 28611215
2018 Enhancer Activity Requires CBP/P300 Bromodomain-Dependent Histone H3K27 Acetylation. Cell reports 274 30110629
2012 A high-throughput approach for measuring temporal changes in the interactome. Nature methods 273 22863883
2011 A directed protein interaction network for investigating intracellular signal transduction. Science signaling 258 21900206
2017 A Compendium of RNA-Binding Proteins that Regulate MicroRNA Biogenesis. Molecular cell 248 28431233
2018 Mapping the Genetic Landscape of Human Cells. Cell 225 30033366
2010 MHC class II-associated proteins in B-cell exosomes and potential functional implications for exosome biogenesis. Immunology and cell biology 221 20458337
2001 Old iron, young copper: from Mars to Venus. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine 156 11508852
2019 Microbiota- and Radiotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Side-Effects (MARS) Study: A Large Pilot Study of the Microbiome in Acute and Late-Radiation Enteropathy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 155 31345839
2015 What happens to your brain on the way to Mars. Science advances 148 26180843
2000 The ultraviolet environment of Mars: biological implications past, present, and future. Icarus 116 11543504
2000 Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant molecular biology 108 10999416
2019 MARS: Mutation-Adjusted Risk Score for Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 99 31509472
2006 Effect of extracorporeal liver support by MARS and Prometheus on serum cytokines in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Critical care (London, England) 98 17156425
2020 MARS: discovering novel cell types across heterogeneous single-cell experiments. Nature methods 88 33077966
2004 How different is Venus from Mars? The genetics of germ-line stem cells in Drosophila females and males. Development (Cambridge, England) 84 15459096
2007 Virus-encoded aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: structural and functional characterization of mimivirus TyrRS and MetRS. Journal of virology 69 17855524
2019 Limits of Life and the Habitability of Mars: The ESA Space Experiment BIOMEX on the ISS. Astrobiology 66 30742496
2016 How to Establish a Bioregenerative Life Support System for Long-Term Crewed Missions to the Moon or Mars. Astrobiology 63 27912029
2001 Mineralogical biosignatures and the search for life on Mars. Astrobiology 60 12448978
2012 Sensitive life detection strategies for low-biomass environments: optimizing extraction of nucleic acids adsorbing to terrestrial and Mars analogue minerals. FEMS microbiology ecology 56 22329626
2017 Non-Targeted Effects Models Predict Significantly Higher Mars Mission Cancer Risk than Targeted Effects Models. Scientific reports 55 28500351
1998 Specific interaction of mutant p53 with regions of matrix attachment region DNA elements (MARs) with a high potential for base-unpairing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 55 9811860
2011 Proteomic analyses of human plasma: Venus versus Mars. Transfusion 47 21880043
2015 Isolation of Radiation-Resistant Bacteria from Mars Analog Antarctic Dry Valleys by Preselection, and the Correlation between Radiation and Desiccation Resistance. Astrobiology 45 26684506
2019 Paleo-Rock-Hosted Life on Earth and the Search on Mars: A Review and Strategy for Exploration. Astrobiology 44 31237436
2011 Use of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS™) for the management of acute poisoning with or without liver failure. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 44 22077243
2022 The lncRNA MARS modulates the epigenetic reprogramming of the marneral cluster in response to ABA. Molecular plant 43 35150931
2002 Albumin dialysis: single pass vs. recirculation (MARS). Liver 42 12220302
2021 Protein instability associated with AARS1 and MARS1 mutations causes trichothiodystrophy. Human molecular genetics 41 33909043
2018 Advantages of meta-total RNA sequencing (MeTRS) over shotgun metagenomics and amplicon-based sequencing in the profiling of complex microbial communities. NPJ biofilms and microbiomes 41 29367879
2010 Effects of simulated Mars conditions on the survival and growth of Escherichia coli and Serratia liquefaciens. Applied and environmental microbiology 40 20154104
2019 Bacillus subtilis Spore Resistance to Simulated Mars Surface Conditions. Frontiers in microbiology 38 30863384
2019 The Mars1 kinase confers photoprotection through signaling in the chloroplast unfolded protein response. eLife 38 31612858
2012 The role of nuclear matrix proteins binding to matrix attachment regions (Mars) in prostate cancer cell differentiation. PloS one 38 22808207
2019 Proteomic and Metabolomic Characteristics of Extremophilic Fungi Under Simulated Mars Conditions. Frontiers in microbiology 37 31156574
2017 Preparing for the crewed Mars journey: microbiota dynamics in the confined Mars500 habitat during simulated Mars flight and landing. Microbiome 37 28974259
2020 Similarities, Differences, and Potential Synergies in the Mechanism of Action of Albumin Dialysis Using the MARS Albumin Dialysis Device and the CytoSorb Hemoperfusion Device in the Treatment of Liver Failure. Blood purification 36 32615564
2020 Rescue of respiratory failure in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis due to pathogenic MARS1 variants. Pediatric pulmonology 34 32833345
2007 Nitrogen fixation on early Mars and other terrestrial planets: experimental demonstration of abiotic fixation reactions to nitrite and nitrate. Astrobiology 33 17480164
2019 Dried Biofilms of Desert Strains of Chroococcidiopsis Survived Prolonged Exposure to Space and Mars-like Conditions in Low Earth Orbit. Astrobiology 32 30741568
2010 Growth performance and root transcriptome remodeling of Arabidopsis in response to Mars-like levels of magnesium sulfate. PloS one 32 20808807
2004 Molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 32 15175774
2002 Improvement in central nervous system functions during treatment of liver failure with albumin dialysis MARS--a review of clinical, biochemical, and electrophysiological data. Metabolic brain disease 32 12602522
2022 Methionine supplementation for multi-organ dysfunction in MetRS-related pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The European respiratory journal 30 34503986
2020 No Effect of Microgravity and Simulated Mars Gravity on Final Bacterial Cell Concentrations on the International Space Station: Applications to Space Bioproduction. Frontiers in microbiology 30 33154740
1999 MARs of antigen receptor and co-receptor genes. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression 30 10651246
2006 Treatment of refractory cholestatic pruritus with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS). Transplantation proceedings 29 17097984
2022 Effects of Desiccation and Freezing on Microbial Ionizing Radiation Survivability: Considerations for Mars Sample Return. Astrobiology 28 36282180
2006 Survival and germinability of Bacillus subtilis spores exposed to simulated Mars solar radiation: implications for life detection and planetary protection. Astrobiology 28 16916285
2022 Multi-attribute Raman spectroscopy (MARS) for monitoring product quality attributes in formulated monoclonal antibody therapeutics. mAbs 27 34965193
2019 A Desert Cyanobacterium under Simulated Mars-like Conditions in Low Earth Orbit: Implications for the Habitability of Mars. Astrobiology 27 30742497
2017 The Regulatory Small RNA MarS Supports Virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes. Scientific reports 27 28947755
2000 Caught in the act: binding of Ku and PARP to MARs reveals novel aspects of their functional interaction. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression 26 10813395
1999 CHOP/GADD153 and methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) genes overlap in a conserved region that controls mRNA stability. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 26 10448063
2020 A Longitudinal Epigenetic Aging and Leukocyte Analysis of Simulated Space Travel: The Mars-500 Mission. Cell reports 25 33242403
2007 MARs and MARBPs: key modulators of gene regulation and disease manifestation. Sub-cellular biochemistry 25 17484130
2018 MARS variant associated with both recessive interstitial lung and liver disease and dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. European journal of medical genetics 24 29655802
2014 Protein patterns of black fungi under simulated Mars-like conditions. Scientific reports 24 24870977
2009 The functional role of S/MARs in episomal vectors as defined by the stress-induced destabilization profile of the vector sequences. Journal of molecular biology 24 19248788
2006 Spatiotemporal expression control correlates with intragenic scaffold matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS computational biology 24 16604187
2017 Human presence impacts fungal diversity of inflated lunar/Mars analog habitat. Microbiome 23 28693587
2023 An Overview of Lipid Biomarkers in Terrestrial Extreme Environments with Relevance for Mars Exploration. Astrobiology 22 36880883
2016 Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA-Synthetase (MetRS), a Potential Drug Target for Brucellosis. PloS one 22 27500735
2008 Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs): relevance for disease and therapy. Handbook of experimental pharmacology 22 18491049
1996 Origins of life: a comparison of theories and application to Mars. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere : the journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life 22 8920171
2021 From Spaceflight to Mars g-Levels: Adaptive Response of A. Thaliana Seedlings in a Reduced Gravity Environment Is Enhanced by Red-Light Photostimulation. International journal of molecular sciences 20 33477454
2018 Methane on Mars and Habitability: Challenges and Responses. Astrobiology 20 30234380
2015 Preservation of Biomarkers from Cyanobacteria Mixed with Mars-Like Regolith Under Simulated Martian Atmosphere and UV Flux. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere : the journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life 20 26530341
2011 Drosophila dosage compensation: males are from Mars, females are from Venus. Fly 20 21339706
2018 Multimicrobial Kombucha Culture Tolerates Mars-Like Conditions Simulated on Low-Earth Orbit. Astrobiology 19 30484685
2017 Nucleic Acid Extraction from Synthetic Mars Analog Soils for in situ Life Detection. Astrobiology 18 28704064
2014 Molecular and Phenetic Characterization of the Bacterial Assemblage of Hot Lake, WA, an Environment with High Concentrations of Magnesium Sulfate, and Its Relevance to Mars. International journal of astrobiology 17 24748851
2013 Citric acid cycle and the origin of MARS. Trends in biochemical sciences 17 23415030
2020 Lipid Biomarker Record of the Serpentinite-Hosted Ecosystem of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman and Implications for the Search for Biosignatures on Mars. Astrobiology 16 32648829
2019 Radiation Tolerance of Nanopore Sequencing Technology for Life Detection on Mars and Europa. Scientific reports 16 30926841
2018 Cellular Responses of the Lichen Circinaria gyrosa in Mars-Like Conditions. Frontiers in microbiology 16 29556220
2010 Mars is close to venus--female reproductive proteins are expressed in the fat body and reproductive tract of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) drones. Journal of insect physiology 16 20600084
2009 Mars, a Drosophila protein related to vertebrate HURP, is required for the attachment of centrosomes to the mitotic spindle during syncytial nuclear divisions. Journal of cell science 16 19174464
2021 Mars' surface is not universally biocidal. Environmental microbiology 15 33780125
2020 The Limits, Capabilities, and Potential for Life Detection with MinION Sequencing in a Paleochannel Mars Analog. Astrobiology 15 31976742
2019 Nucleic Acid Extraction and Sequencing from Low-Biomass Synthetic Mars Analog Soils for In Situ Life Detection. Astrobiology 15 31204862
2009 MCP-1 and MIP3-alpha serum levels in acute liver failure and molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) treatment: a pilot study. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 15 19247846
2023 A Mission to Mars: Prediction of GCR Doses and Comparison with Astronaut Dose Limits. International journal of molecular sciences 14 36768652
2021 Earth-like Habitable Environments in the Subsurface of Mars. Astrobiology 14 33885329
2021 Deep phenotyping of MARS1 (interstitial lung and liver disease) and LARS1 (infantile liver failure syndrome 1) recessive multisystemic disease using Human Phenotype Ontology annotation: Overlap and differences. Case report and review of literature. European journal of medical genetics 14 34496286
2019 A Novel Mutation in MARS in a Patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Axonal, Type 2U with Congenital Onset. Journal of neuromuscular diseases 14 31356216
2016 Histopathological features of a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2U/AD-CMTax-MARS. Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS 14 27717217
1999 Manned missions to Mars and chromosome damage. International journal of radiation biology 14 10331847
2022 Time-Sensitive Aspects of Mars Sample Return (MSR) Science. Astrobiology 13 34904889
2022 Microbial diversity and adaptive strategies in the Mars-like Qaidam Basin, North Tibetan Plateau, China. Environmental microbiology reports 13 35925018
2021 The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Protein-Ligand Binding in the Presence of Mars-Relevant Salts. Biology 13 34356542
2020 Nanopore sequencing at Mars, Europa, and microgravity conditions. NPJ microgravity 13 32964110
2018 Lack of Microbial Diversity in an Extreme Mars Analog Setting: Poás Volcano, Costa Rica. Astrobiology 13 29688767
2018 Mutations in MARS identified in a specific type of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis alter methionyl-tRNA synthetase activity. The FEBS journal 13 29775242
2010 Worms from venus and mars: proteomics profiling of sexual differences in Caenorhabditis elegans using in vivo 15N isotope labeling. Journal of proteome research 13 19916504
2004 Complementation of yeast Arc1p by the p43 component of the human multisynthetase complex does not require its association with yeast MetRS and GluRS. Journal of molecular biology 13 15184019
1993 A novel class of matrix attached regions (Mars) identified by random cloning and their implications in differentiation and carcinogenesis. International journal of oncology 13 21573558
2022 Protection and Damage Repair Mechanisms Contributed To the Survival of Chroococcidiopsis sp. Exposed To a Mars-Like Near Space Environment. Microbiology spectrum 12 36453906
2021 Survival of desert algae Chlorella exposed to Mars-like near space environment. Life sciences in space research 12 33888284
2021 The odyssey of the ocular and cerebrospinal fluids during a mission to Mars: the "ocular glymphatic system" under pressure. Eye (London, England) 12 34373611
2021 Exposure of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. to the Mars-like stratosphere environment. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 12 34649187
2020 The Complex Molecules Detector (CMOLD): A Fluidic-Based Instrument Suite to Search for (Bio)chemical Complexity on Mars and Icy Moons. Astrobiology 12 32856927
2014 The first X-ray diffraction measurements on Mars. IUCrJ 12 25485131
1999 Radiation: microbial evolution, ecology, and relevance to mars missions. Mutation research 12 10631343
2013 A chimeric cry8Ea1 gene flanked by MARs efficiently controls Holotrichia parallela. Plant cell reports 10 23535868
2013 The Drosophila microtubule-associated protein mars stabilizes mitotic spindles by crosslinking microtubules through its N-terminal region. PloS one 10 23593258