Affinage

LTF

Lactotransferrin · UniProt P02788

Round 2 corrected
Length
710 aa
Mass
78.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
79 papers in source corpus 17 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Lactotransferrin (LTF) is a bilobal iron-binding glycoprotein that exerts broad antimicrobial, iron-homeostatic, and signaling functions across mucosal, hematopoietic, and neoplastic contexts. Its two homologous lobes each coordinate Fe³⁺ via two Tyr, one Asp, one His, and a bidentate CO₃²⁻ anion (PMID:2585506); iron chelation underlies bactericidal outer-membrane disruption of Gram-negative bacteria and inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by stimulating twitching motility, while an iron-independent N-terminal disulfide-looped peptide (lactoferricin, Cys-20–Cys-37) provides additional bactericidal activity (PMID:6802759, PMID:3169987, PMID:1599934, PMID:12037568). Intracellular LTF protein levels are regulated by NEDD4L-mediated ubiquitin–proteasome degradation, counteracted by SENP3-dependent de-SUMOylation downstream of METTL16/m6A signaling; elevated LTF chelates labile iron and confers ferroptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (PMID:32811647, PMID:39218945). LTF modulates multiple signaling cascades—activating AMPK-dependent autophagy, suppressing JAK2/STAT3 inflammatory signaling, and interacting with NF-κB p65—yielding context-dependent tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting effects across cancer types (PMID:37056929, PMID:39392081, PMID:40960773).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1984 High

    Determining the complete 703-residue sequence of human LTF established the bilobal architecture—two homologous halves each with one iron-binding site and one glycosylation site—providing the framework for all subsequent structure–function studies.

    Evidence Protein sequencing with disulfide mapping and computer homology analysis

    PMID:6510420

    Open questions at the time
    • No three-dimensional structural information yet
    • Iron-binding residues inferred from homology, not confirmed crystallographically
  2. 1989 High

    The 2.8 Å crystal structure resolved the Fe³⁺ coordination chemistry (2 Tyr, 1 Asp, 1 His, bidentate CO₃²⁻) and revealed how a positively charged anion pocket primes ligand binding, answering how each lobe achieves high-affinity iron capture.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography with multiple isomorphous replacement and restrained refinement

    PMID:2585506

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of fully apo form not determined
    • Mechanism of iron release at low pH not resolved
  3. 1988 High

    Dual antimicrobial mechanisms were established: apolactoferrin kills Streptococcus mutans by an irreversible, iron-independent process distinct from simple iron deprivation, while iron-dependent LPS release from Gram-negative outer membranes increases permeability, explaining how LTF acts as both chelator and direct bactericide.

    Evidence Radiolabeled substrate incorporation and LPS release assays with iron-saturation controls

    PMID:3169987 PMID:6802759

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular target on bacterial surface not identified
    • Structural basis of membrane interaction unknown
  4. 1992 High

    Mapping the bactericidal domain to the N-terminal disulfide loop (Cys-20–Cys-37, lactoferricin) showed that antimicrobial potency resides in a discrete peptide element independent of iron-binding lobes, opening therapeutic peptide development.

    Evidence Pepsin cleavage, Edman sequencing, and synthetic peptide activity assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

    PMID:1599934

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of membrane insertion by lactoferricin not defined
    • Activity spectrum against fungi and viruses not addressed
  5. 1992 High

    Demonstration that LTF binds LRP/gp330 and competitively inhibits chylomicron remnant clearance established a receptor-mediated signaling role beyond antimicrobial defense, linking LTF to lipoprotein metabolism.

    Evidence Nitrocellulose blot binding, cholesteryl ester synthesis assay in fibroblasts, cross-competition with 39-kDa protein

    PMID:1464627

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding interface on LTF for LRP not mapped
    • Physiological significance for systemic lipid homeostasis not tested in vivo
  6. 2002 High

    The anti-biofilm mechanism was resolved: sub-bactericidal lactoferrin chelates iron to stimulate Pseudomonas twitching motility, preventing surface aggregation and biofilm maturation, a finding with direct implications for chronic infection management.

    Evidence Biofilm and twitching motility assays with iron chelation/supplementation controls

    PMID:12037568

    Open questions at the time
    • Iron-sensing pathway in Pseudomonas downstream of chelation not identified
    • Applicability to polymicrobial biofilms untested
  7. 2011 Medium

    Restoration of LTF expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells blocked G1/S progression and suppressed tumorigenesis in vivo, formally establishing LTF as a functional tumor suppressor in this context, though the direct molecular target remained unknown.

    Evidence Gene transfection, cell cycle analysis, colony formation, and in vivo tumor formation assays

    PMID:21400573

    Open questions at the time
    • No downstream binding partner or signaling pathway identified
    • Epigenetic mechanism of LTF silencing in NPC not defined
  8. 2020 Medium

    Identification of NEDD4L as the E3 ligase that ubiquitinates LTF for proteasomal degradation revealed how intracellular LTF protein levels are controlled and linked LTF turnover to ferroptosis regulation through the labile iron pool.

    Evidence siRNA screen of 571 UPS genes, mass spectrometry interactome, knockdown/overexpression with ferroptosis readout

    PMID:32811647

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific ubiquitination sites on LTF not mapped
    • Formal in vitro ubiquitination reconstitution not reported
  9. 2023 Medium

    Demonstrating a direct LTF–AMPK interaction that promotes AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy-mediated radioresistance provided the first defined intracellular signaling partner for LTF in cancer, revealing a pro-tumorigenic axis in lung squamous cell carcinoma.

    Evidence Co-IP of LTF–AMPK, knockdown/knockout functional assays, autophagy flux and irradiation assays, ceRNA luciferase reporter

    PMID:37056929

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct kinase-activation mechanism (allosteric vs. scaffolding) not resolved
    • In vitro reconstitution of AMPK activation by LTF not performed
  10. 2024 High

    The METTL16–SENP3–LTF axis was delineated: m6A-dependent stabilization of SENP3 mRNA leads to LTF de-SUMOylation, preventing ubiquitin-mediated degradation and elevating LTF to chelate labile iron and oppose ferroptosis in HCC, integrating epitranscriptomic regulation with iron homeostasis.

    Evidence MeRIP/RIP-qPCR, luciferase, Co-IP, mass spectrometry, KO/KD mouse models, organoids, xenografts

    PMID:39218945

    Open questions at the time
    • SUMOylation sites on LTF not mapped
    • Whether SENP3-LTF axis operates outside hepatic tissue is unknown
  11. 2025 Medium

    Multiple studies converged on JAK2/STAT3 suppression as a conserved downstream effect of LTF, validated by pharmacological epistasis (AG490) in cartilage endplate degeneration and by a CEBPE–LTF–STAT3 transcriptional feedback loop, while a separate study showed LTF activates NF-κB via competitive binding to p65, highlighting context-dependent signaling outputs.

    Evidence siRNA KD with AG490 epistasis in vivo; CEBPE luciferase transcription assay and lipid nanoparticle rescue; LTF–p65 co-IP with functional xenograft assays

    PMID:39392081 PMID:40677394 PMID:40960773

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct LTF–JAK2/STAT3 physical interaction not demonstrated
    • Mechanism by which LTF displaces PP2A from p65 needs structural validation
    • Reconciliation of tumor-suppressive (STAT3 inhibition) vs. tumor-promoting (NF-κB activation) roles in different tissues is unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A unified model explaining how LTF's extracellular iron-chelating and intracellular signaling functions are coordinated across tissues, and how context determines tumor-suppressive versus tumor-promoting outcomes, remains to be established.
  • No structural basis for LTF–AMPK or LTF–p65 interaction
  • SUMOylation and ubiquitination sites on LTF unmapped
  • Tissue-specific determinants of pro- vs. anti-tumorigenic activity undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008289 lipid binding 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0016209 antioxidant activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 3
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
CEBPELRP1NEDD4LPRKAA1RELASENP3

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1984 Complete amino acid sequence of human lactotransferrin (703 residues) was determined, revealing two homologous lobes each containing a single iron-binding site and a single glycosylation site (Asn-137 and Asn-490), with internal sequence homology between the N-terminal (residues 1–338) and C-terminal (residues 339–703) domains. Protein sequencing, disulfide bond localization, computer homology analysis European journal of biochemistry High 6510420
1989 Crystal structure of human lactoferrin refined at 2.8 Å resolution showed two lobes each subdivided into two α/β domains with a six-stranded and five-stranded mixed β-sheet, with each Fe³⁺ coordinated by 2 Tyr, 1 Asp, 1 His, and a bidentate CO₃²⁻ anion; the anion occupies a positively charged pocket and may serve to neutralize charge prior to iron binding. A large internal cavity beyond the Arg side-chain may accommodate larger anions as CO₃²⁻ substitutes. X-ray crystallography, restrained least-squares refinement, multiple isomorphous replacement Journal of molecular biology High 2585506
1982 Human apolactoferrin exerts a direct bactericidal effect on Streptococcus mutans that is distinct from iron deprivation: it irreversibly inhibits glucose metabolism, macromolecular synthesis, and viability within 1 hour, effects not reversible by removal of surface-bound lactoferrin, whereas iron deprivation alone maintains viability. Iron-saturated lactoferrin had no bactericidal effect. Radiolabeled substrate incorporation assays, viability assays, iron-saturation controls Infection and immunity High 6802759
1988 Lactoferrin damages the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria by releasing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane in an iron-dependent manner (iron saturation blocks LPS release), thereby increasing outer membrane permeability and potentiating intracellular antibiotic access. Transferrin showed similar but weaker activity. Radiolabeled LPS release assay, antibiotic potentiation assay, iron-saturation controls Infection and immunity High 3169987
1992 Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin: a pepsin-derived peptide near the N-terminus (a loop of 18 amino acids formed by a disulfide bond between Cys-20 and Cys-37 of human LF, or Cys-19 and Cys-36 of bovine LF) exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (0.3–3.0 µM), distinct from the iron-binding sites. Synthetic analogs of this region retained activity. Pepsin cleavage, peptide isolation, Edman degradation sequencing, synthetic peptide activity assays Biochimica et biophysica acta High 1599934
1992 Lactoferrin binds to LRP (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) and its homolog gp330, acting as a competitive inhibitor of chylomicron remnant clearance. Lactoferrin blocked LRP-dependent cholesteryl ester synthesis in human fibroblasts stimulated by apoprotein E-β-VLDL or lipoprotein lipase-β-VLDL. The 39-kDa protein that co-purifies with LRP inhibited lactoferrin binding, suggesting it is a universal regulator of LRP ligand binding. Nitrocellulose blot binding, cholesteryl ester synthesis assay in fibroblasts, cross-competition experiments, co-purification The Journal of biological chemistry High 1464627
2002 Lactoferrin blocks biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa at sub-bactericidal concentrations by chelating iron, which stimulates twitching motility, causing bacteria to wander across surfaces instead of aggregating into cell clusters and biofilms. Iron supplementation or iron-saturated lactoferrin abolished this anti-biofilm effect. Biofilm formation assays, twitching motility assays, iron chelation/supplementation controls, microscopy Nature High 12037568
2020 NEDD4L (NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin ligase) directly binds LTF (lactotransferrin) and mediates its ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation. NEDD4L-mediated LTF degradation inhibits intracellular iron accumulation and oxidative lipid damage, thereby suppressing ferroptotic cell death. Identified by screening 571 UPS-related genes; LTF was identified as a direct NEDD4L substrate by mass spectrometry. siRNA screen (571 UPS genes), mass spectrometry interactome, knockdown/overexpression with ferroptosis phenotype readout Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 32811647
2024 METTL16 collaborates with IGF2BP2 to stabilize SENP3 mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner; SENP3 then de-SUMOylates LTF, preventing its proteasome-mediated ubiquitination degradation, resulting in elevated LTF protein that chelates free iron and reduces the labile iron pool, conferring ferroptosis resistance in HCC. This METTL16-SENP3-LTF axis promotes HCC tumor progression. MeRIP/RIP-qPCR, luciferase assay, Co-IP, mass spectrometry, KO/KD mouse models, human HCC organoids, xenografts Journal of hematology & oncology High 39218945
2011 Restoration of LTF expression in NPC cell lines (by gene transfection) blocked cell cycle progression at G1/S, significantly inhibited cell growth and colony formation in vitro, and reduced tumor formation in vivo, establishing LTF as a functional tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Gene transfection (restoration of expression), cell cycle analysis, colony formation assay, in vivo tumor formation assay Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 21400573
2023 LTF directly interacts with AMPK to facilitate its phosphorylation, activating autophagy signaling and promoting radioresistance in lung squamous cell carcinoma. LTF deficiency inhibited AMPK phosphorylation and cellular autophagy, leading to radiosensitization. Additionally, LTF forms a positive feedback loop: activated AMPK phosphorylates the transcription factor SP2, which induces NEAT1 lncRNA expression; NEAT1 acts as a ceRNA sponging miR-214-5p to de-repress LTF mRNA expression. Co-IP (LTF–AMPK interaction), KD/KO functional assays, autophagy flux measurement, in vitro and in vivo irradiation assays, luciferase reporter for ceRNA axis International journal of biological sciences Medium 37056929
2021 Overexpression of LTF in prostate cancer cells significantly decreased STAT3 and GM-CSF mRNA and protein levels, and reduced GM-CSF secretion into culture supernatant, indicating that LTF suppresses the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway and downstream GM-CSF production. Plasmid overexpression, RT-PCR, Western blot, ELISA for GM-CSF secretion Frontiers in oncology Low 34868909
2024 LTF knockdown in human endplate chondrocytes promoted calcification, senescence, and extracellular matrix degradation; these effects were significantly reversed by the JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor AG490 in vivo, placing LTF upstream of JAK2/STAT3 as a suppressor of this inflammatory pathway in cartilage endplate degeneration. siRNA knockdown, pharmacological inhibition (AG490), in vivo rat CEP degeneration model, calcification/senescence/ECM assays Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Medium 39392081
2025 CEBPE deficiency down-regulates LTF transcription, which in turn activates the JAK2/STAT3 inflammatory signaling pathway; activated STAT3 then inhibits CEBPE transcription, forming a CEBPE-LTF-STAT3 positive feedback loop that drives cartilage endplate chondrocyte degeneration. CEBPE was shown to directly regulate LTF transcription. Overexpression/knockdown of CEBPE, luciferase transcription assay, Co-IP, Western blot, lipid nanoparticle delivery in vivo Materials today. Bio Medium 40677394
2025 LTF competitively binds to p65 (NF-κB subunit), rescuing the inhibitory effect of PP2A on p65 phosphorylation and thereby activating the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote glioblastoma cell proliferation, invasion, and temozolomide resistance. Immunoprecipitation (LTF–p65 interaction), immunofluorescence, overexpression/knockdown functional assays, in vivo xenograft Brazilian journal of medical and biological research Medium 40960773
2026 LTF overexpression in left-sided colon cancer cells enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, and suppressed apoptosis, while increasing phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt; LTF knockdown had the opposite effect, placing LTF upstream of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Overexpression/knockdown, Western blot for PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, proliferation/migration/invasion/apoptosis assays Cell adhesion & migration Low 41513586
2025 LTF suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in small cell lung cancer cells and inhibits lipid metabolism in these cells, consistent with a tumor suppressor role. Cellular overexpression/knockdown, proliferation, migration, invasion assays, lipid metabolism measurement Cancer science Low 40095278

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 79 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2002 Killing activity of neutrophils is mediated through activation of proteases by K+ flux. Nature 851 11907569
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2003 Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nature genetics 754 14702039
2002 A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development. Nature 737 12037568
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
1992 Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochimica et biophysica acta 675 1599934
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
1998 Human beta-defensin 2 is a salt-sensitive peptide antibiotic expressed in human lung. The Journal of clinical investigation 489 9727055
1989 Structure of human lactoferrin: crystallographic structure analysis and refinement at 2.8 A resolution. Journal of molecular biology 489 2585506
1984 Human lactotransferrin: amino acid sequence and structural comparisons with other transferrins. European journal of biochemistry 439 6510420
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
1992 Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and gp330 bind similar ligands, including plasminogen activator-inhibitor complexes and lactoferrin, an inhibitor of chylomicron remnant clearance. The Journal of biological chemistry 426 1464627
2010 Systematic analysis of human protein complexes identifies chromosome segregation proteins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 421 20360068
1988 Damage of the outer membrane of enteric gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and transferrin. Infection and immunity 392 3169987
2005 Lactoferrin: an important host defence against microbial and viral attack. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 328 16261253
2005 Multifunctional roles of lactoferrin: a critical overview. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 304 16261256
2001 Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral research 299 11675140
2001 Human intelectin is a novel soluble lectin that recognizes galactofuranose in carbohydrate chains of bacterial cell wall. The Journal of biological chemistry 295 11313366
2008 Antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin. Biochimie 279 18573312
2009 Proteomic analysis of human parotid gland exosomes by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Journal of proteome research 237 19199708
1982 Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: differentiation from the stasis of iron deprivation. Infection and immunity 224 6802759
2007 Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is predominantly associated with innate immune genes. The Journal of infectious diseases 223 17703412
2011 Antiviral properties of lactoferrin--a natural immunity molecule. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 222 21847071
2016 A High-Density Map for Navigating the Human Polycomb Complexome. Cell reports 216 27705803
2017 Safety and efficacy of REP 2139 and pegylated interferon alfa-2a for treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus co-infection (REP 301 and REP 301-LTF): a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology 206 28964701
2020 NEDD4L-mediated LTF protein degradation limits ferroptosis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 138 32811647
2007 Association of circulating lactoferrin concentration and 2 nonsynonymous LTF gene polymorphisms with dyslipidemia in men depends on glucose-tolerance status. Clinical chemistry 61 18156281
2024 METTL16-SENP3-LTF axis confers ferroptosis resistance and facilitates tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hematology & oncology 52 39218945
2010 Analysis of the association between lactotransferrin (LTF) gene polymorphism and dental caries. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB 50 20485928
2006 Down regulation of 3p genes, LTF, SLC38A3 and DRR1, upon growth of human chromosome 3-mouse fibrosarcoma hybrids in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. International journal of cancer 47 16432833
2006 GG: a domain involved in phage LTF apparatus and implicated in human MEB and non-syndromic hearing loss diseases. FEBS letters 39 16406369
2020 Degradation of rice straw at low temperature using a novel microbial consortium LTF-27 with efficient ability. Bioresource technology 37 32115346
2006 Genetic and epigenetic alterations of LTF at 3p21.3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncology research 33 17476971
2011 Underlying mechanisms for LTF inactivation and its functional analysis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Journal of cellular biochemistry 32 21400573
2023 LTF Induces Radioresistance by Promoting Autophagy and Forms an AMPK/SP2/NEAT1/miR-214-5p Feedback Loop in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. International journal of biological sciences 28 37056929
1988 Chromosomal localization of human lactotransferrin gene (LTF) by in situ hybridization. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 26 3356163
2021 LTF Regulates the Immune Microenvironment of Prostate Cancer Through JAK/STAT3 Pathway. Frontiers in oncology 24 34868909
2019 LTF, PRTN3, and MNDA in Synovial Fluid as Promising Biomarkers for Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Identification by Quadrupole Orbital-Trap Mass Spectrometry. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 24 31644522
2017 LTF and DEFB1 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility toward chronic periodontitis development. Oral diseases 22 28485077
2006 Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of LTF gene at 3p21.3 in lung cancers. International journal of cancer 22 16152584
2013 Parity-dependent association between TNF-α and LTF gene polymorphisms and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. BMC veterinary research 21 23758855
1994 The bovine lactoferrin gene (LTF) maps to chromosome 22 and syntenic group U12. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 20 7949732
2011 Bovine lactoferrin (LTF) gene promoter haplotypes have different basal transcriptional activities. Animal genetics 19 21554347
2023 Treatment of androgenetic alopecia by exosomes secreted from hair papilla cells and the intervention effect of LTF. Journal of cosmetic dermatology 15 37553912
2012 Functional polymorphisms in the LTF gene and risk of coronary artery stenosis. Human immunology 15 22406253
2018 Lack of association between LTF gene polymorphisms and different caries status in primary dentition. Oral diseases 13 29989276
2016 Variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive protein concentrations in equine milk in relation to LYZ and LTF gene polymorphisms and expression. Journal of the science of food and agriculture 13 27611486
1986 Cloning and expression of the ltf gene of bacteriophage T5. Journal of bacteriology 10 2943727
2017 Excellent Diagnostic Characteristics for Ultrafast Gene Profiling of DEFA1-IL1B-LTF in Detection of Prosthetic Joint Infections. Journal of clinical microbiology 8 28637910
2014 Lactotransferrin Gene (LTF) Polymorphisms and Dental Implant Loss: A Case-Control Association Study. Clinical implant dentistry and related research 8 25535701
2025 THSWD upregulates the LTF/AMPK/mTOR/Becn1 axis and promotes lysosomal autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating gut flora and metabolic reprogramming. International immunopharmacology 7 39826450
2024 LTF ameliorates cartilage endplate degeneration by suppressing calcification, senescence and matrix degradation through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 6 39392081
2019 Genetic diversity of κ-casein (CSN3) and lactoferrin (LTF) genes in the endangered Turkish donkey (Equus asinus) populations. Archives animal breeding 6 31807616
1995 The nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage T5 ltf gene. FEBS letters 6 7789514
2023 The abundances of LTF and SOD2 in amniotic fluid are potential biomarkers of gestational age and preterm birth. Scientific reports 4 36966172
2022 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and mRNA Expression of LTF in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Genes 4 36360322
2020 Lack of associations between lactoferrin (LTF) and mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene polymorphism and dental caries susceptibility. The Journal of international medical research 4 32721184
2019 Genetic Polymorphisms in LTF/EcoRI and TLR4/AluI loci as candidates for milk and reproductive performance assessment in Holstein cattle. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene 4 30663809
2014 Association of polymorphism within LTF gene promoter with lactoferrin concentration in milk of Holstein cows. Polish journal of veterinary sciences 4 25638977
2023 A versatile LTF-GO/gel hydrogel with antibacterial and antioxidative attributes for skin wound healing. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 3 38159494
2022 MicroRNA-21-5p Regulates CD3+T Lymphocytes Through VCL and LTF in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia. Clinical laboratory 3 35975534
2018 Association Between LTF Polymorphism and Risk of HIV-1 Transmission Among Zambian Seropositive Mothers. Current HIV research 3 29165086
2010 [Expression, genetic and epigenetic alterations of LTF gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines]. Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi [Chinese journal of oncology] 3 21163060
2025 LTF as a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Durable Benefit From First-Line Chemo-Immunotherapy in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer science 2 40095278
2024 Association of RS1126478 (LTF) with molar-incisor and generalized periodontitis. Clinical oral investigations 2 39578261
2023 Detection of synovial fluid LTF and S100A8 by chemiluminescence immunoassay for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2 37127230
2025 Deliver CEBPE via cartilage targeting Lipid nanoparticle to block CEBPE-LTF-STAT3 positive feedback loop for efficient treatment of cartilage endplate degeneration. Materials today. Bio 1 40677394
2024 Association between LTF/MMP20/CA6/TAS1R2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to dental caries. Clinical oral investigations 1 39212776
2026 Upregulation of LTF promotes left-sided colorectal cancer development via activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Cell adhesion & migration 0 41513586
2026 Functional genetic mutations in LTF influence its concentration in milk. The Journal of dairy research 0 41636103
2026 LTF-MSPCNet: A synergistic approach combining attention mechanisms and local texture features for oil spill segmentation in SAR images. Marine pollution bulletin 0 41934891
2025 LTF regulates glioblastoma progression and temozolomide resistance via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 0 40960773
2025 Key Common Genes with LTF and MMP9 Between Sepsis and Relapsed B-Cell Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children. Biomedicines 0 41007866