Affinage

LGALS3

Galectin-3 · UniProt P17931

Length
250 aa
Mass
26.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 30 papers cited in narrative 30 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

LGALS3 (Mac-2/galectin-3) is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin that functions in cell adhesion, macrophage/microglial phagocytosis, intracellular signaling, and lysosomal damage responses (PMID:2584931, PMID:18615637, PMID:34612142). It is synthesized without a functional signal peptide and resides predominantly in the cytosol, yet is exported by an unconventional, calcium-stimulated secretion route that controls its surface display and adhesive activity (PMID:2584931, PMID:8509379, PMID:8308013, PMID:8020558). Extracellularly it engages glycoprotein ligands through its carbohydrate recognition domain: it binds Mac-2-binding protein (M2BP/90K), laminin, and macrophage surface receptors including CD11b/CD18, LAMP-1/2, Mac-3, and CD98, with interactions inhibited by galactose or lactose, and it mediates carbohydrate-dependent homotypic cell adhesion (PMID:1917966, PMID:1917996, PMID:8813152, PMID:9111144). Oligomerization underlies these adhesive functions, with a single cysteine (Cys186) supporting disulfide-linked dimers that bind laminin more avidly than monomer (PMID:1917966). Intracellularly, galectin-3 co-immunoprecipitates with Ras and activates predominantly K-Ras/PI3K signaling to drive phagocytosis, controlling microglial morphology by advancing cofilin activation and promoting actin/myosin contraction (PMID:18615637, PMID:30930748). It also routes alpha-synuclein to an autophagic secretory pathway after lysosomal membrane damage via TRIM16 and ATG16L1, and participates in the DNA damage response through interaction with BARD1 (PMID:34612142, PMID:24755837). LGALS3 transcription is directly repressed by KLF3 (with CtBP) and activated by SREBP1 (with BRD2) under cholesterol loading, and its protein stability is governed by ubiquitination at Lys210 and deubiquitination by USP15 (PMID:27226561, PMID:35694209, PMID:37471054, PMID:39794359).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1989 High

    Established the founding identity of Mac-2/LGALS3 as a galactose-specific lectin that binds IgE and, despite lacking a signal peptide, reaches the extracellular space — defining both its ligand class and the unconventional secretion puzzle.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, in vitro translation, subcellular fractionation and pulse-chase

    PMID:2584931

    Open questions at the time
    • Secretion machinery not identified
    • Physiological IgE-binding role unresolved
  2. 1991 High

    Resolved the structural basis of avidity by showing Cys186-dependent disulfide dimerization enhances laminin binding, linking oligomeric state to adhesive function.

    Evidence Non-reducing SDS-PAGE, recombinant expression, laminin affinity chromatography, Cys186 mutagenesis

    PMID:1917966 PMID:1917996

    Open questions at the time
    • Higher-order oligomerization in vivo not defined
    • Relative roles of dimer vs monomer in tissue contexts unknown
  3. 1993 High

    Confirmed that LGALS3 splice variants lack functional signal peptides and that most protein is cytosolic, cementing unconventional export as the route to its extracellular roles, and noted nuclear exclusion during colon neoplasia.

    Evidence In vitro translocation assays, subcellular fractionation, S1 nuclease mapping, IHC on human tissue

    PMID:7682704 PMID:8509379

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of nuclear vs cytoplasmic partitioning unresolved
    • Functional consequence of nuclear exclusion not tested
  4. 1994 Medium

    Showed surface display is controlled at the level of secretion and dependent on affinity for cell-surface carbohydrate (alpha-galactosyl/polylactosamine), explaining why protein synthesis alone does not predict surface lectin function.

    Evidence Chemical cross-linking, lectin binding assays, calcium ionophore stimulation, comparison across macrophage cell lines

    PMID:8020558 PMID:8308013

    Open questions at the time
    • Trigger for physiological secretion in vivo unknown
    • Single-lab cell-line comparisons
  5. 1996 High

    Demonstrated galectin-3 mediates carbohydrate-dependent homotypic cell-cell adhesion via M2BP, providing direct functional proof of its lectin-bridging adhesion role.

    Evidence Cell binding and homotypic aggregation assays with lactose inhibition and anti-galectin-3 Fab blocking

    PMID:8813152

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo adhesion contribution not quantified
  6. 1997 High

    Identified the macrophage surface receptor repertoire (CD11b/CD18, CD98, Mac-3, LAMP-1/2), mapping the glycoprotein ligands through which galectin-3 acts at the cell surface.

    Evidence Galectin-3 affinity purification, surface biotinylation, N-terminal sequencing, confirmatory immunoprecipitation

    PMID:9111144

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of each receptor engagement not dissected
  7. 2002 High

    Defined the architecture of the M2BP ligand — BTB/POZ-mediated dimerization and decameric ring oligomers — and localized galectin-3, nidogen, and collagen binding sites, clarifying the multivalent platform galectin-3 engages.

    Evidence EM, analytical ultracentrifugation, CD spectroscopy, recombinant domain dissection, solid-phase binding

    PMID:10452890 PMID:11867635

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of galectin-3:M2BP complex in vivo unknown
  8. 2008 High

    Revealed an intracellular signaling function: galectin-3 binds Ras and activates K-Ras/PI3K to drive microglial phagocytosis of myelin, extending its role beyond extracellular adhesion.

    Evidence Co-IP, FTS pharmacological inhibition, K-Ras-GTP and PI3K activity assays, phagocytosis assay

    PMID:18615637

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of cytosolic galectin-3 reaching Ras unresolved
    • Direct vs indirect Ras binding not distinguished
  9. 2014 Medium

    Connected galectin-3 to the DNA damage response through a BARD1 interaction influencing G2/M checkpoint and homologous recombination, indicating a nuclear function.

    Evidence TAP-MS interaction mapping, siRNA knockdown, DDR and cell cycle assays

    PMID:24755837

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct BARD1 binding not biochemically reconstituted
    • Single lab; mechanism of checkpoint regulation undefined
  10. 2016 High

    Identified direct transcriptional repression of LGALS3 by KLF3 via CACCC-box binding with CtBP, providing the first defined upstream transcriptional control.

    Evidence KLF3-knockout mice, ChIP, EMSA, luciferase reporter assays

    PMID:27226561

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-type specificity of repression not mapped
  11. 2019 High

    Mechanistically linked galectin-3 to cytoskeletal control of microglial phagocytosis, showing it advances cofilin activation and drives actin/myosin contraction through K-Ras/PI3K.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown in primary microglia, morphology and actin imaging, cofilin activation and phagocytosis assays

    PMID:30930748

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular link between galectin-3 and cofilin pathway not defined
  12. 2021 Medium

    Defined a lysosomal-damage-sensing role in which galectin-3 routes alpha-synuclein to autophagic secretion via TRIM16 and ATG16L1, implicating it in unconventional protein release after membrane injury.

    Evidence Human midbrain dopamine neuron cultures, gain/loss-of-function, vesicular damage assays

    PMID:34612142

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct galectin-3/TRIM16/ATG16L1 binding hierarchy not resolved
    • Single lab
  13. 2022 High

    Established a cholesterol-responsive SREBP1/BRD2 feedforward circuit activating LGALS3, with KLF15 as a counter-repressor, defining metabolic transcriptional regulation.

    Evidence ChIP-qPCR, EMSA, Co-IP, siRNA, BET inhibition in mouse/rat/human smooth muscle cells

    PMID:35694209

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect BRD2 recruitment to Lgals3 promoter not fully separated
  14. 2023 Medium

    Showed LGALS3 protein levels are set post-translationally by ubiquitination at Lys210 and proteasomal degradation, with stabilization driving lysophagy and cell death in colorectal cancer.

    Evidence Ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibition, periplocin binding, knockdown/overexpression in CRC cells in vitro and in vivo

    PMID:37471054

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase acting on Lys210 not identified
    • Single lab
  15. 2025 Medium

    Identified USP15 as a deubiquitinase that stabilizes LGALS3 to activate AKT/mTOR, defining the deubiquitination arm of its stability control and a stemness/drug-resistance output.

    Evidence Co-IP, mass spectrometry, ubiquitination assay, MeRIP-qPCR, knockdown, spheroid and xenograft assays in HCC

    PMID:39794359

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct USP15-LGALS3 binding interface not mapped
    • Single lab

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How cytosolic galectin-3 is selected for unconventional secretion, and how its monomer/dimer/oligomer state is coordinated with its distinct intracellular (Ras, BARD1, lysophagy) versus extracellular (adhesion, receptor engagement) functions, remains unresolved.
  • Secretion machinery and selectivity unknown
  • Switch between intracellular signaling and extracellular adhesion roles undefined
  • Structural basis of in vivo oligomerization not established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 2
Partners
BARD1CD11B/ITGAMKRASLAMP1LAMP2LGALS3BPPKM2USP15

Evidence

Reading pass · 30 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1989 Mac-2 (LGALS3) is a galactose-specific lectin that binds IgE. In vitro synthesized Mac-2 protein displayed carbohydrate- and IgE-binding properties. The protein is found in the cytosol and secreted extracellularly despite lacking a signal peptide or transmembrane domain, indicating an unconventional secretion mechanism. cDNA cloning, immunoscreening, in vitro translation, pulse-chase analysis, subcellular fractionation The Journal of experimental medicine High 2584931
1991 Mac-2/CBP35 (LGALS3) forms disulfide-linked homodimers using cysteine 186 (the single cysteine residue). Dimeric CBP35 binds laminin with higher affinity than monomer in a lactosamine-dependent manner. Site-directed mutagenesis of Cys186 abolished dimerization. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE, recombinant protein expression in E. coli, laminin affinity chromatography, site-directed mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 1917966
1991 Mac-2 (LGALS3) binds two Mac-2-binding glycoproteins (M2BP-1, 98 kDa; M2BP-2, 70 kDa) via its carbohydrate-binding domain interacting with sugar moieties on the glycoproteins. Binding is inhibited by galactose or lactose, confirming lectin-mediated interaction. Immunoprecipitation, immunoaffinity chromatography with galactose/lactose elution, peptide mapping, N-terminal sequencing The Journal of biological chemistry High 1917996
1993 The murine Mac-2 (LGALS3) gene encodes proteins that lack a functional signal peptide (confirmed by in vitro expression and translocation experiments). Most Mac-2 protein is present in the cytosol. Two alternatively spliced variants both lack functional signal peptides, supporting unconventional export. In vitro expression and translocation assays, subcellular fractionation, S1 nuclease mapping, sequence analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 8509379
1993 Mac-2 (LGALS3) undergoes nuclear localization in differentiated colonic epithelial cells. During neoplastic progression (adenoma and carcinoma), Mac-2 is excluded from the nucleus and localizes to the cytoplasm. Sequencing of Mac-2 cDNAs from normal mucosa and carcinoma revealed no mutations accounting for the loss of nuclear localization. Immunohistochemistry on human tissue specimens, cDNA sequencing, subcellular localization by microscopy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 7682704
1994 Mac-2 (LGALS3) surface expression on thioglycollate-elicited macrophages is mediated by affinity for cell-surface carbohydrate structures, primarily alpha-galactosyl residues. Chemical cross-linking identified three Mac-2-binding glycoproteins (92, 125, and 180 kDa) containing alpha-galactosyl and polylactosamine structures on macrophage surfaces. Secretion is stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187. Chemical cross-linking, lectin binding assays, cell surface expression analysis, calcium ionophore stimulation The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 8308013
1994 Mac-2 (LGALS3) surface expression in macrophage cell lines is regulated at the level of protein secretion: WEHI-3 cells (immature macrophages) synthesize similar amounts of Mac-2 as mature J774.2 and P388.D1 cells but fail to secrete it, preventing surface expression. Comparative analysis of macrophage cell lines, exogenous protein addition, plant lectin binding assays European journal of immunology Medium 8020558
1996 Galectin-3 (LGALS3/Mac-2) on the cell surface binds Mac-2-binding protein (M2BP) in a specific carbohydrate-dependent manner. M2BP induces homotypic cell aggregation inhibited by lactose or anti-galectin-3 Fab' fragments, demonstrating galectin-3-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Cell binding assays with affinity-purified M2BP, homotypic cell aggregation assays with lactose inhibition and antibody blocking Cancer research High 8813152
1997 Galectin-3 (LGALS3) binds multiple macrophage surface glycoproteins including CD11b (integrin alpha subunit of Mac-1), LAMP-1, LAMP-2, Mac-3, and CD98 heavy chain. CD11b/CD18, CD98, and Mac-3 are identified as major surface receptors for galectin-3 on peritoneal macrophages. Galectin-3 affinity column purification from cell lysates, surface biotinylation, N-terminal sequencing, immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies Glycoconjugate journal High 9111144
1998 The human LGALS3 gene is composed of six exons and five introns spanning ~17 kb, with the carbohydrate recognition sequence in exon V and the proline-glycine-alanine-tyrosine (PGAY) repeat motif in exon III. Galectin-3 functions as a pre-mRNA splicing factor. The promoter is serum-responsive with activation regions at -513 to -339 nt and -339 to -229 nt. Southern blot, primer extension, RNase protection assay, luciferase reporter transfection in HeLa cells and fibroblasts Archives of biochemistry and biophysics High 9439577
1999 Mac-2-binding protein (M2BP) forms linear and ring-shaped oligomers; rings predominate as decamers of ~14 nm segments each comprising two 92 kDa M2BP monomers. The N-terminal domain (domain 1/SRCR domain) is monomeric and inactive in cell attachment, while domains 2-4 retain cell-adhesive potential and form ring-like structures. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, cell attachment assays Journal of molecular biology High 10452890
2002 M2BP domain 2 (BTB/POZ domain) is the dimerization domain of M2BP. Domains 3-4 contain binding sites for galectin-3, nidogen, and collagens V and VI. Cell adhesive activity requires concerted binding and/or multivalent ring interactions, as isolated fragments showed no cell adhesive activity. Recombinant domain expression in HEK293 cells, analytical ultracentrifugation, CD spectroscopy, trypsin susceptibility, electron microscopy, solid phase binding assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 11867635
2005 Galig (LGALS3 internal gene) encodes a mitochondrial protein named mitogaligin that promotes cytochrome c release from mitochondria, causing cell death. Mitochondrial targeting relies on an internal sequence that is required and sufficient for cytochrome c release. Bcl-xL (but not Bcl-2) co-transfection significantly reduced galig-induced cytochrome c release. Cell transfection, cytochrome c release assay, isolated mitochondria incubation with mitogaligin peptides, co-transfection with Bcl-xL/Bcl-2, structure-activity relationship studies Experimental cell research High 15561101
2008 Galectin-3/MAC-2 (LGALS3) activates PI3K-dependent phagocytosis of degenerated myelin by microglia through Ras (predominantly K-Ras). Galectin-3 co-immunoprecipitates with Ras and the co-immunoprecipitate levels increase during phagocytosis. FTS (which inhibits galectin-3-dependent Ras activation) inhibited phagocytosis and reduced K-Ras-GTP levels and PI3K activity. Co-immunoprecipitation, pharmacological inhibition with FTS, K-Ras-GTP level measurement, PI3K activity assay, phagocytosis assay Glia High 18615637
2008 Endosialin (Tem1), a tumor stroma glycoprotein, is a binding partner of Mac-2 BP/90K. A C-terminal fragment of Mac-2 BP containing binding sites for galectin-3 and collagens mediates endosialin binding. The interaction results in a repulsive outcome: Mac-2 BP-expressing tumor cells show reduced adhesion to endosialin-expressing fibroblasts. Biochemical pulldown, domain mapping, loss-of-function adhesion experiments FASEB journal Medium 18490383
2014 Galectin-3 (LGALS3) interacts with BARD1 (the main partner of BRCA1) and participates in the DNA damage response. Knockdown of galectin-3 delays DDR response activation and decreases G2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest associated with the homologous recombination pathway. TAP-MS identified the galectin-3 protein interaction network. Co-IP/TAP-MS, siRNA knockdown, DNA damage response assays, cell cycle analysis Cancer biology & therapy Medium 24755837
2016 KLF3 (Krüppel-like factor 3) directly represses galectin-3 (LGALS3) transcription by binding CACCC box elements in the Lgals3 promoter. CtBP co-factor is required for optimal KLF3-mediated silencing. Lgals3 is broadly upregulated in KLF3-deficient mouse tissues. KLF3 knockout mice, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), EMSA, luciferase reporter assays, cellular molecular analyses The Journal of biological chemistry High 27226561
2018 Lgals3 deficiency in mice increases osteoblastogenesis with little-to-no effect on osteoclastogenesis, resulting in enhanced cortical bone expansion and protection from age-related trabecular bone loss. Galectin-3 is identified as a negative regulator of bone formation. Lgals3-knockout mice, histomorphometry, ex vivo primary cell differentiation assays for osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis Bone research Medium 30886760
2019 Galectin-3 (LGALS3/MAC-2) controls microglial morphology and phagocytosis by regulating cytoskeletal organization. Knockdown of galectin-3 transforms microglia from amoeboid to branched morphology, rearranges actin filaments, and inactivates cofilin. Galectin-3 activates phagocytosis by: (1) advancing cofilin activation to drive filopodia/lamellipodia extension/engulfment, and (2) promoting actin/myosin contraction through K-Ras-GTP/PI3K signaling to drive retraction/internalization. Galectin-3 shRNA knockdown in primary microglia, morphological analysis, actin filament staining, cofilin activation assay, phagocytosis assay Frontiers in cellular neuroscience High 30930748
2021 LGALS3 (galectin-3) mediates unconventional secretion of SNCA/α-synuclein following vesicular/lysosomal membrane damage in human midbrain dopamine neurons. SNCA release through this pathway is dependent on TRIM16 and ATG16L1, indicating that galectin-3 routes SNCA to an autophagic secretory pathway triggered by lysosomal membrane damage. Human midbrain dopamine neuronal culture model, gain/loss-of-function experiments, vesicular damage assays Autophagy Medium 34612142
2022 SREBP1 positively regulates LGALS3 expression in smooth muscle cells under cholesterol loading, forming a feedforward circuit. KLF15 acts as a negative regulator at a discrete promoter site. BRD2 co-immunoprecipitates with SREBP1's transcription-active domain and occupies both the SREBP1 promoter and the Lgals3 promoter. BET inhibition blocks cholesterol-stimulated SREBP1/LGALS3 production. ChIP-qPCR, EMSA, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA silencing, BET inhibitor treatment in mouse/rat/human SMCs Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids High 35694209
2023 Periplocin prevents LGALS3 Lys210 ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation by directly binding LGALS3, thereby upregulating it and inducing excessive lysophagy in colorectal cancer cells, exacerbating lysosomal damage and causing cell death. Inhibition of LGALS3-mediated lysophagy attenuates periplocin-induced effects. In vitro and in vivo CRC cell assays, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibition, LGALS3 knockdown/overexpression Autophagy Medium 37471054
2023 Mesenchymal ovarian cancer cells communicate via LGALS3 to LAG3 receptor on CD8+ T cells, promoting T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. High LGALS3 expression is associated with EMT in vivo and validated in in vitro EMT models. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analysis, in vitro EMT models, intercellular communication analysis NPJ systems biology and applications Low 38086828
2024 HDAC7 promotes LGALS3 secretion via a HDAC7-H3K27ac-SOX8/JUN-LGALS3 axis. HDAC7 inhibits SOX8 via H3K27 deacetylation; reduced SOX8 facilitates JUN-driven LGALS3 transcription. Secreted LGALS3 binds ITGB1 on GBM cancer stem cells (autocrine) and macrophages (paracrine) to promote mesenchymal transition and M2 polarization. Mass spectrometry, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), co-immunoprecipitation, HDAC7 gain/loss-of-function in vitro and in vivo, H3K27 deacetylation assays Theranostics Medium 39629136
2024 Lgals3 interacts directly with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and promotes PKM2 expression by modulating E3 ligase Trim21, preventing PKM2 ubiquitination. This increases glycolysis and lactate production, leading to H3K18 lactylation that drives FGFR4 transcription and activation, promoting calcium oxalate crystal deposition and kidney injury. Lgals3 knockout reduces CaOx deposition and renal fibrosis in vivo. Co-IP, Lgals3 knockout mice, ubiquitination assay, histone lactylation analysis, FGFR4 expression analysis, in vitro and in vivo CaOx models Advanced science Medium 39903812
2025 USP15 deubiquitinates and stabilizes LGALS3 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, increasing LGALS3 stability and activating AKT/mTOR signaling to promote HCC cell stemness, proliferation, and lenvatinib resistance. Mettl3 N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification stabilizes USP15 mRNA, upstream of this pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, ubiquitination assay, MeRIP-qPCR, siRNA knockdown, cell growth/colony/spheroid assays, xenograft mouse model Cell death discovery Medium 39794359
2020 RNF219-mediated α-catenin degradation activates a YAP1/β-catenin complex that epigenetically upregulates LGALS3 promoter activity, increasing LGALS3 secretion. HCC-secreted LGALS3 promotes osteoclast fusion and podosome formation, forming a bone pre-metastatic niche for HCC bone metastasis. Gain/loss-of-function in HCC cells, promoter epigenetic modification analysis, osteoclast differentiation assays, in vivo xenograft bone metastasis models Advanced science Medium 33643786
2024 LGALS3 induces EndoMT (endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition) in endothelial cells by activating PI3K/AKT signaling in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. LGALS3 interference blocked EndoMT by inhibiting PI3K/AKT activity, and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 alleviated silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. SiO2-induced EndoMT cell model, siRNA knockdown of LGALS3, PI3K inhibitor treatment, mouse silicosis model Toxicology Medium 39353502
2020 M2BPGi (glycosylated form of Mac-2 BP) binds to galectin-3 (LGALS3) to induce membranous galectin-3 expression in HCC cells and activates mTOR signaling, promoting tumor growth. M2BP mRNA is detected in cirrhotic liver stromal cells while M2BPGi and galectin-3 proteins co-localize in HCC cells. Transcriptome analysis, galectin-3/mTOR signaling assays, in vitro M2BPGi treatment of HCC cells, in vivo xenograft mouse model, co-localization immunohistochemistry British journal of cancer Medium 32624579
1995 Mac-2-binding protein (M2BP) binds to immobilized CD14 in an LPS-dependent manner. M2BP alone did not enable cellular responses to LPS, nor block plasma-enabled LPS responses, but M2BP slowed LPS neutralization mediated by plasma lipoproteins. Affinity chromatography over immobilized CD14 with/without LPS, purified M2BP functional assays with CD14-bearing cells Journal of inflammation Medium 7583357

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1989 The Mac-2 antigen is a galactose-specific lectin that binds IgE. The Journal of experimental medicine 248 2584931
1996 Interactions between galectin-3 and Mac-2-binding protein mediate cell-cell adhesion. Cancer research 245 8813152
1993 Decreased expression of Mac-2 (carbohydrate binding protein 35) and loss of its nuclear localization are associated with the neoplastic progression of colon carcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 226 7682704
1994 Regulation of secretion and surface expression of Mac-2, a galactoside-binding protein of macrophages. The Journal of biological chemistry 208 8308013
2018 Mac-2 binding protein glycan isomer (M2BPGi) is a new serum biomarker for assessing liver fibrosis: more than a biomarker of liver fibrosis. Journal of gastroenterology 152 29318378
2002 90K (Mac-2 BP) and galectins in tumor progression and metastasis. Glycoconjugate journal 145 14758079
1997 Macrophage surface glycoproteins binding to galectin-3 (Mac-2-antigen). Glycoconjugate journal 130 9111144
1994 Mac-2: a versatile galactose-binding protein of mammalian tissues. Glycobiology 130 8186550
1991 Mac-2-binding glycoproteins. Putative ligands for a cytosolic beta-galactoside lectin. The Journal of biological chemistry 125 1917996
2009 The role of Galectin-3/MAC-2 in the activation of the innate-immune function of phagocytosis in microglia in injury and disease. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 95 19253007
1998 The human LGALS3 (galectin-3) gene: determination of the gene structure and functional characterization of the promoter. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 93 9439577
2004 Mac-2-binding protein is a diagnostic marker for biliary tract carcinoma. Cancer 87 15378479
1999 Galectin-3/MAC-2 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Experimental neurology 80 10619568
2008 Galectin-3/MAC-2, Ras and PI3K activate complement receptor-3 and scavenger receptor-AI/II mediated myelin phagocytosis in microglia. Glia 70 18615637
1998 Galectin-3 gene (LGALS3) expression in experimental atherosclerosis and cultured smooth muscle cells. FEBS letters 62 9688561
1991 Carbohydrate-binding protein 35 (Mac-2), a laminin-binding lectin, forms functional dimers using cysteine 186. The Journal of biological chemistry 58 1917966
2012 Mac-2 binding protein is a novel E-selectin ligand expressed by breast cancer cells. PloS one 54 22970241
2021 LGALS3 (galectin 3) mediates an unconventional secretion of SNCA/α-synuclein in response to lysosomal membrane damage by the autophagic-lysosomal pathway in human midbrain dopamine neurons. Autophagy 53 34612142
2013 Serum Mac-2 binding protein levels as a novel diagnostic biomarker for prediction of disease severity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Proteomics. Clinical applications 52 23775887
2008 Tumor stroma marker endosialin (Tem1) is a binding partner of metastasis-related protein Mac-2 BP/90K. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 51 18490383
1994 Expression of Mac-2 antigen in the preosteoclast and osteoclast identified in the op/op mouse injected with macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 51 8079662
2002 Functional studies on recombinant domains of Mac-2-binding protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 50 11867635
1999 Domain organization of Mac-2 binding protein and its oligomerization to linear and ring-like structures. Journal of molecular biology 48 10452890
2007 Up-regulation of Mac-2 binding protein by hTERT in gastric cancer. International journal of cancer 47 17131321
2016 Serum Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer predicts grade F4 liver fibrosis in patients with biliary atresia. Journal of gastroenterology 45 27349650
2006 Tumor-associated antigen 90K/Mac-2-binding protein: possible role in colon cancer. Journal of cellular biochemistry 44 16518858
2019 Long non-coding RNA KCNQ1OT1/microRNA-204-5p/LGALS3 axis regulates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Cellular signalling 42 31644943
2003 Increased expression of the LGALS3 (galectin 3) gene in human non-small-cell lung cancer. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 42 12696064
2020 Clinical Utility of Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer in Chronic Liver Diseases. Annals of laboratory medicine 41 32829576
2017 Use of Mac-2 binding protein as a biomarker for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease diagnosis. Hepatology communications 41 29404494
2016 Clinical significance of serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein level in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 41 26836229
1994 Control of Mac-2 surface expression on murine macrophage cell lines. European journal of immunology 41 8020558
2019 Galectin-3 (MAC-2) Controls Microglia Phenotype Whether Amoeboid and Phagocytic or Branched and Non-phagocytic by Regulating the Cytoskeleton. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 40 30930748
2017 Serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein levels and liver fibrosis: A meta-analysis. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 38 28406534
2020 RNF219/α-Catenin/LGALS3 Axis Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Bone Metastasis and Associated Skeletal Complications. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 37 33643786
2002 Expression and immunogenicity of a tumor-associated antigen, 90K/Mac-2 binding protein, in lung carcinoma. Cancer 36 12404290
2020 Let-7d-5p suppresses inflammatory response in neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis via LGALS3-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 35 32667865
2016 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive human Mac-2 binding protein predicts the risk of HBV-related liver cancer development. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 35 27973711
2019 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive mac-2 binding protein as an age-independent fibrosis marker in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Scientific reports 34 31300805
2016 Increased levels of serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory medicine 34 27215503
2024 Zinc ions regulate mitochondrial quality control in neurons under oxidative stress and reduce PANoptosis in spinal cord injury models via the Lgals3-Bax pathway. Free radical biology & medicine 32 38782079
2016 Serum levels of Mac-2 binding protein increase with cardiovascular risk and reflect silent atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 32 27344370
2023 Periplocin suppresses the growth of colorectal cancer cells by triggering LGALS3 (galectin 3)-mediated lysophagy. Autophagy 30 37471054
2017 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein level increases in patients with acute liver injury. Journal of gastroenterology 30 28477171
2010 Co-purification of Mac-2 binding protein with galectin-3 and association with prostasomes in human semen. The Prostate 29 21031433
2006 90K/Mac-2 binding protein is expressed in prostate cancer and induces promatrilysin expression. The Prostate 29 16245278
2020 Mac-2-binding protein glycan isomer enhances the aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating mTOR signaling. British journal of cancer 28 32624579
2014 Characterization of LGALS3 (galectin-3) as a player in DNA damage response. Cancer biology & therapy 28 24755837
2004 Involvement of 90K/Mac-2 binding protein in cancer metastases by increased cellular adhesiveness in lung cancer. Oncology reports 28 15492795
2023 Mesenchymal ovarian cancer cells promote CD8+ T cell exhaustion through the LGALS3-LAG3 axis. NPJ systems biology and applications 26 38086828
2022 Galectin-3 (MAC-2) controls phagocytosis and macropinocytosis through intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 26 36274989
2020 Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer as a novel predictive biomarker for patient survival after hepatitis C virus eradication by DAAs. Journal of gastroenterology 26 32770465
2017 Serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PloS one 26 28369100
2021 Diagnostic Efficacy of Serum Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer and Other Markers for Liver Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Annals of laboratory medicine 25 33303715
2019 Combination of Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer and Up-To-Seven Criteria as a Useful Predictor for Child-Pugh Grade Deterioration after Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers 25 30909405
2016 Krüppel-like Factor 3 (KLF3/BKLF) Is Required for Widespread Repression of the Inflammatory Modulator Galectin-3 (Lgals3). The Journal of biological chemistry 25 27226561
1993 Structure of the murine Mac-2 gene. Splice variants encode proteins lacking functional signal peptides. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 8509379
2024 LGALS3 regulates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicology 22 39353502
2020 Baseline Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer Level Stratifies Risks of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Oral Antiviral Therapy. Liver cancer 22 32399434
1995 LPS-dependent interaction of Mac-2-binding protein with immobilized CD14. Journal of inflammation 20 7583357
2024 HDAC7 drives glioblastoma to a mesenchymal-like state via LGALS3-mediated crosstalk between cancer cells and macrophages. Theranostics 19 39629136
2018 Serum Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer predicts the activation of hepatic stellate cells after liver transplantation. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 19 30101431
2025 Lgals3 Promotes Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation and Kidney Injury Through Histone Lactylation-Mediated FGFR4 Activation. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 18 39903812
2019 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein in the prediction of disease severity in chronic hepatitis B patients. PloS one 18 31393964
2018 Serum cytokine profiles and Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) level in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Medicine 18 30557999
2019 Serum Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer level predicts hepatocellular carcinoma development in E-negative chronic hepatitis B patients. World journal of gastroenterology 16 30918432
2019 Preoperative Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer level predicts postoperative ascites in patients with hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 16 31339606
2016 Serum Mac-2 binding protein is a novel biomarker for chronic pancreatitis. World journal of gastroenterology 16 27158210
2016 Clinical significance of serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) ... [et al.] 16 27665173
2005 Galig, a novel cell death gene that encodes a mitochondrial protein promoting cytochrome c release. Experimental cell research 16 15561101
2021 Hepatic stellate cell as a Mac-2-binding protein-producing cell in patients with liver fibrosis. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 15 33877725
2020 Serum Mac-2-Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer at Virological Remission Predicts Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Death in Chronic Hepatitis B-Related Cirrhosis. The Journal of infectious diseases 15 31574141
2020 Diagnostic performance of Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) in screening liver fibrosis in health checkups. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 15 32227396
2019 Serum Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in entecavir-treated chronic hepatitis B patients. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 15 30786068
2018 Enhanced cortical bone expansion in Lgals3-deficient mice during aging. Bone research 15 30886760
2016 Evaluation of Fucosylated Haptoglobin and Mac-2 Binding Protein as Serum Biomarkers to Estimate Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. PloS one 15 27002630
2023 Transcriptome Analysis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cells Inducibly Expressing MyD88 L265P Mutation Identifies Upregulated CD44, LGALS3, NFKBIZ, and BATF as Downstream Targets of Oncogenic NF-κB Signaling. International journal of molecular sciences 14 36982699
2022 SREBP1 regulates Lgals3 activation in response to cholesterol loading. Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids 14 35694209
2009 Mac-2 binding protein and galectin-3 expression in mucinous tumours of the ovary: an annealing control primer system and immunohistochemical study. Pathology 14 19291534
1994 Expression of the galactose binding protein Mac-2 by human melanoma cell-lines. Cancer letters 14 8012932
2023 The necroptosis related gene LGALS3 can be used as a biomarker for the adverse progression from chronic HBV infection to HCC. Frontiers in immunology 13 37180150
2020 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein as a diagnostic biomarker in liver cirrhosis: an updated meta-analysis. Scientific reports 13 32601332
2020 Serum Mac-2 Binding Protein Levels Associate with Metabolic Parameters and Predict Liver Fibrosis Progression in Subjects with Fatty Liver Disease: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 12 32545650
2019 Serum Mac-2-binding protein (M2BPGi) as a marker of chronological liver fibrosis in biliary atresia patients with cirrhosis. Pediatric surgery international 12 31392502
2016 Establishment of mouse Mac-2 binding protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its application for mouse chronic liver disease models. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 12 27615366
2012 ADM3, TFF3 and LGALS3 are discriminative molecular markers in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of benign and malignant thyroid tumours. British journal of cancer 12 22223087
2024 Utility of Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer as an excellent biomarker for the prediction of liver fibrosis, activity, and hepatocellular carcinoma onset: an expert review. Journal of gastroenterology 11 39652103
2023 New chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for quantitative measurement of Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer in chronic liver disease. Journal of gastroenterology 11 37812281
2022 Serum Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer to Predict the Severity of Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 11 36359492
2020 Utility of Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer to Evaluate Graft Status After Liver Transplantation. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society 11 32780942
2022 Comparison of Non-Invasive Clinical Algorithms for Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B to Reduce the Need for Liver Biopsy: Application of Enhanced Liver Fibrosis and Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer. Annals of laboratory medicine 9 34635616
2021 Gene polymorphisms of LGALS2, LGALS3 and LGALS9 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cellular immunology 9 34371260
2021 Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer is a potential biomarker to predict portal hypertension and bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients. PloS one 9 34648567
2020 Serum levels of mac-2 binding protein are associated with diabetic microangiopathy and macroangiopathy in people with type 2 diabetes. BMJ open diabetes research & care 9 32847841
2020 Wisteria floribunda Agglutinin-Positive Mac-2 Binding Protein as a Screening Tool for Significant Liver Fibrosis in Health Checkup. International journal of molecular sciences 9 33375190
2016 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms at +191 and +292 of Galectin-3 Gene (LGALS3) Related to Lower GAL-3 Serum Levels Are Associated with Frequent Respiratory Tract Infection and Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia. PloS one 9 27603703
2025 N6-methyladenosine-modification of USP15 regulates chemotherapy resistance by inhibiting LGALS3 ubiquitin-mediated degradation via AKT/mTOR signaling activation pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell death discovery 8 39794359
2024 Potential of Mac-2-binding protein glycan isomer as a new therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Cancer science 8 38321872
2024 LGALS3 cfDNA methylation in seminal fluid as a novel prostate cancer biomarker outperforming PSA. The Prostate 8 38824441
2022 Serum angiopoietin-2 levels predict regression of Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer-based liver fibrosis after hepatitis C virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral agents. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 8 35938598

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