Affinage

LGALS3BP

Galectin-3-binding protein · UniProt Q08380

Length
585 aa
Mass
65.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 32 papers cited in narrative 32 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

LGALS3BP (90K/Mac-2 binding protein) is a secreted, heavily glycosylated SRCR-domain glycoprotein that operates at the interface of innate immunity, cell adhesion, and tumor progression (PMID:8034587, PMID:16518858). Its three-domain architecture (N-terminal SRCR domain, glycosylated mucin-like domain, C-terminal domain) was mapped early, with specific residues required for proper secretion (PMID:9125183); secretion depends on GALNT6-mediated O-glycosylation at T556/T571/S582, which is in turn required for its autocrine growth-promoting activity (PMID:31894262). Extracellularly, LGALS3BP is a multivalent ligand: it binds galectin-1 and galectin-3 (PMID:11146440, PMID:16518858), ECM proteins including fibronectin, collagen IV, and laminins (PMID:16518858), beta1-integrins and integrin alphaV (PMID:24362527, PMID:39073023), endosialin/Tem1 (PMID:18490383), sialic acid-dependent Siglecs to inhibit neutrophil activation (PMID:25320078), and adiponectin, blocking its anti-inflammatory effect (PMID:27588936); it is also a substrate of MMP-2/-7/-9, whose cleavage modulates its ECM binding (PMID:19665518). Through integrin engagement it transmits Akt, JNK, and Ras/Raf-ERK signals supporting cell viability and migration (PMID:24362527), and via direct integrin alphaV binding it drives F-actin remodeling and release of active TGF-beta1, establishing a JunB-dependent feedback loop that aggravates liver fibrosis (PMID:39073023). As an interferon- and viral-dsRNA-inducible gene controlled by an IRF-E and USF/E-box in its TATA-less promoter (PMID:10198166, PMID:17446190), LGALS3BP acts intracellularly as a scaffold/adaptor for the TRAF6-TRAF3-TAK1-TBK1 complex, promoting NF-kB and IRF3/IRF7 activation and antiviral/proinflammatory cytokine production (PMID:31404116), yet it conversely restrains the TAK1-NF-kB axis to suppress colon inflammation and tumorigenesis (PMID:33824294, PMID:37041137). It restricts HIV-1 by impairing gp160 processing and Env incorporation into virions through its intermediate/BTB-POZ domains (PMID:24156545, PMID:29743357) and by trapping Gag on vimentin filaments to limit virion production (PMID:27604950). LGALS3BP additionally suppresses Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via ISGylation-dependent proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin through the CD9/CD82 tetraspanin complex (PMID:20581239, PMID:27668402), promotes E-cadherin degradation via p120-catenin dissociation (PMID:29207493), regulates centriole biogenesis and centrosome morphology (PMID:23443559), and controls neural progenitor positioning and corticogenesis through ECM interactions (PMID:34728600).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 20 steps
  1. 1988 Medium

    Established that 90K is not constitutive but an inducible secreted product, placing it downstream of interferon signaling — a regulatory anchor for all later innate-immunity work.

    Evidence rIFN-alpha 2b treatment of breast cancer cells with conditioned-media immunoassay and cycloheximide block

    PMID:3403063

    Open questions at the time
    • Promoter elements mediating induction not yet defined
    • Did not address function of the secreted protein
  2. 1994 Medium

    Defined 90K as a secreted SRCR-domain glycoprotein with immunostimulatory activity, framing it as an effector of host immune defense rather than a passive serum marker.

    Evidence Antibody-based purification, Northern blot, and NK/LAK functional and cytokine-induction assays

    PMID:8034587

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular receptors mediating NK/LAK stimulation unknown
    • Direct vs indirect immune effect unresolved
  3. 1997 Medium

    Resolved the three-domain architecture and identified residues required for secretion, providing the structural framework for later domain-mapping of ligand binding and antiviral activity.

    Evidence Domain-deletion Ig fusion constructs, mAb epitope mapping, and point-mutant secretion assays in COS-1 cells

    PMID:9125183

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional assignment of each domain not established here
    • Glycosylation requirement for secretion not yet linked to specific enzymes
  4. 1999 Medium

    Mapped the TATA-less promoter and the IRF-E required for poly(I:C)/IFN-gamma induction, mechanistically explaining the interferon-stimulated-gene behavior of LGALS3BP.

    Evidence Promoter deletion, RNase protection, and IRF-E point-mutation reporter assays under poly(I:C) stimulation

    PMID:10198166

    Open questions at the time
    • Transcription factors binding the IRF-E not identified
    • Constitutive expression control not addressed
  5. 2001 Medium

    Showed galectin-1 binds 90K at a site distinct from galectin-3 with measured affinity, establishing 90K as a bivalent galectin ligand mediating cell aggregation.

    Evidence Solid-phase binding with Kd determination, non-competition assay, and antibody-blocked melanoma aggregation

    PMID:11146440

    Open questions at the time
    • Glycan dependence of galectin-1 binding not dissected
    • Downstream signaling of aggregation unknown
  6. 2006 Medium

    Defined the ECM/galectin-3 ligand repertoire and its glycan dependence, and revealed concentration-dependent biphasic effects on cell adhesion.

    Evidence Solid-phase binding with purified recombinant 90K, glycosylation-inhibitor and lactose controls, adhesion assays

    PMID:16518858

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological relevance of biphasic adhesion in vivo unclear
    • Receptors for ECM-bridging not all defined
  7. 2008 Medium

    Identified endosialin as a C-terminal-domain binding partner producing repulsive tumor-cell/stromal interactions, extending the ligand map to the stromal compartment.

    Evidence Affinity chromatography, domain-deletion binding, and loss-of-function adhesion assays

    PMID:18490383

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling basis of repulsion not defined
    • In vivo consequence for metastasis untested
  8. 2010 High

    Revealed an intracellular tumor-suppressive function: LGALS3BP drives ISGylation-dependent, GSK-3beta-independent beta-catenin degradation via the CD9/CD82 complex, with knockdown promoting tumor growth and metastasis.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, ISGylation manipulation, invasion assays, and a syngeneic colon tumor model

    PMID:20581239

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase/ISGylation machinery details not fully defined here
    • How a secreted glycoprotein acts intracellularly unresolved
  9. 2012 Medium

    Linked LGALS3BP to angiogenesis and breast cancer dissemination via fibronectin adhesion, PI3K/Akt-dependent VEGF induction, and galectin-3-dependent endothelial tubulogenesis.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, VEGF ELISA, PI3K inhibitor rescue, HUVEC tubulogenesis, and galectin-3 blocking

    PMID:22864925

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor coupling LGALS3BP to PI3K/Akt not defined
    • VEGF-independent tubulogenesis mechanism incomplete
  10. 2013 High

    Established LGALS3BP as a direct multi-integrin ligand transmitting pro-survival/pro-migratory signals, and as a centriole/basal-body protein controlling centrosome number — two distinct cell-autonomous roles.

    Evidence Integrin-binding and phospho-signaling assays with antibody blocking; siRNA/overexpression with immunofluorescence of centriolar markers

    PMID:23443559 PMID:24362527

    Open questions at the time
    • Connection between extracellular integrin role and centriolar role unknown
    • Centriolar interactors beyond CPAP/centrin not enumerated
  11. 2013 High

    Defined LGALS3BP as an interferon-induced HIV-1 restriction factor acting by impairing gp160 processing and Env incorporation, localizing the activity to its two intermediate domains.

    Evidence Gain/loss-of-function in producer cells, infectivity assays, viral protein blotting, and domain truncation mutants

    PMID:24156545

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular target in the Env processing pathway not identified
    • Whether restriction operates in vivo untested
  12. 2014 Medium

    Identified LGALS3BP as a sialic acid-dependent Siglec ligand that dampens neutrophil activation, adding an immunosuppressive arm to its extracellular function.

    Evidence Affinity chromatography of tumor-cell extracts, Siglec binding, and sialic-acid-dependent neutrophil activation assays

    PMID:25320078

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of Siglec engagement untested
    • Which sialoglycans on LGALS3BP mediate binding not mapped
  13. 2016 Medium

    Refined the beta-catenin degradation mechanism to the N-terminal 86 residues of beta-catenin via Herc5/ISG15 induction, confirming a phosphorylation-independent route; separately defined a second HIV restriction mechanism (Gag trapping on vimentin) and identified adiponectin as a binding partner whose anti-inflammatory action LGALS3BP blocks.

    Evidence beta-catenin deletion/point mutants and Co-IP; three-way Co-IP with Gag/vimentin plus vimentin-disruption rescue; anti-adiponectin IP/MS with reconstitution and endothelial inflammation assay

    PMID:27588936 PMID:27604950 PMID:27668402

    Open questions at the time
    • Coordination between the two distinct HIV-restriction mechanisms unclear
    • Stoichiometry of adiponectin sequestration in vivo unknown
  14. 2017 Medium

    Showed LGALS3BP promotes proteasomal E-cadherin degradation by dissociating the E-cadherin/p120-catenin complex in a density- and p120-dependent manner, distinguishing this from its beta-catenin pathway; and identified hepatic stellate cells as a source feeding a paracrine Kupffer-cell activation circuit.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination and proteasome-inhibitor assays, p120-catenin knockdown; subpopulation co-culture with Mac-2 knockdown in Kupffer cells

    PMID:28008658 PMID:29207493

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase for E-cadherin degradation not identified
    • Receptor mediating Kupffer-cell Mac-2 induction unknown
  15. 2018 High

    Provided crystallographic and cross-ortholog evidence that the BTB/POZ domain governs HIV-1 restriction, with a single residue change restoring activity in rhesus 90K, tying structure to antiviral function.

    Evidence Comparative ortholog infectivity assays, domain mutagenesis, and X-ray crystallography of BTB/POZ domains

    PMID:29743357

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct protein-protein interaction the hydrophobic patch mediates not identified
    • Full-length structure unavailable
  16. 2019 High

    Defined the intracellular innate-immune scaffolding function: LGALS3BP nucleates the TRAF6-TRAF3-TAK1-TBK1 complex, enhancing TRAF ubiquitination and driving NF-kB/IRF3/IRF7 activation, and it is itself a TRAF6 ubiquitination substrate; separately GALNT6 O-glycosylation was shown necessary for secretion and autocrine growth.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, ubiquitination assays, reporter assays and viral infection models; GALNT6 knockdown and O-glycosite mutagenesis with secretion/growth readouts

    PMID:31404116 PMID:31894262

    Open questions at the time
    • Reconciling positive (TRAF complex) versus negative (TAK1-NF-kB suppression) effects on inflammation unresolved
    • Spatial topology of intracellular scaffolding for a secreted protein not explained
  17. 2021 High

    Genetic KO established LGALS3BP as a suppressor of the TAK1-NF-kB axis restraining colon inflammation and tumorigenesis, and human-genetics-coupled organoid/mouse work defined an ECM-dependent role in neural progenitor positioning and corticogenesis.

    Evidence Lgals3bp-/- colitis/tumor models with cytokine and MDSC quantification; cerebral organoids, fetal tissue, in utero mouse experiments, scRNA-seq, and de novo variant analysis

    PMID:33824294 PMID:34728600

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which a secreted protein both promotes and suppresses NF-kB context-dependently unresolved
    • ECM partners mediating NPC anchoring not fully defined
  18. 2023 Medium

    Extended the TAK1-suppressive function to TNF-alpha-driven MMP9 expression in breast cancer and showed therapeutic nanoparticle delivery suppresses metastasis; separately defined an IFN-alpha-driven platelet-to-macrophage proinflammatory axis in lupus.

    Evidence Gain/loss-of-function with TAK1 phosphorylation and MMP9 readouts plus nanoparticle xenograft model; platelet RNA-seq, MEG-01 IFN-alpha dose-response, and macrophage cytokine assays

    PMID:36245285 PMID:37041137

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct LGALS3BP-TAK1 contact vs upstream effect not distinguished
    • Macrophage receptor for platelet-released LGALS3BP unknown
  19. 2024 High

    Mechanistically linked LGALS3BP to fibrosis: direct integrin alphaV binding assembles integrin complexes that release active TGF-beta1 via F-actin remodeling, creating a JunB feedback loop, validated bidirectionally in mouse liver; and a CNS KO study defined a role in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation.

    Evidence Co-IP/LC-MS/MS, RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, conditional knockin/knockout mice and CCl4 fibrosis; spatial transcriptomics, flow cytometry, and Lgals3bp-KO WNV encephalitis model

    PMID:39062523 PMID:39073023

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether integrin-alphaV/TGF-beta1 axis operates outside liver untested
    • Microglial mechanism downstream of LGALS3BP not defined
  20. 2025 Medium

    Defined transcriptional repression of LGALS3BP by ERalpha and showed its de-repression in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer drives ECM adhesion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.

    Evidence ChIP of ERalpha at the LGALS3BP promoter, TurboID secretome labeling, shRNA knockdown, HUVEC tube formation, and xenograft metastasis model

    PMID:39789641

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct receptor mediating pro-metastatic adhesion not defined
    • Interaction with prior USF/IFN regulation not integrated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How a single secreted glycoprotein reconciles its opposing roles — pro- versus anti-inflammatory NF-kB modulation, tumor suppression versus pro-metastatic signaling — and how it accesses intracellular scaffolding and centriolar compartments despite being secreted remains unresolved.
  • No unified model for context-dependent NF-kB outcomes
  • Mechanism of intracellular vs extracellular partitioning unknown
  • Receptor identity for several extracellular activities undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0031012 extracellular matrix 2 GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 1 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1474244 Extracellular matrix organization 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 1
Partners
ADIPOQCD248ITGAVLGALS1LGALS3TRAF3TRAF6VIM
Complex memberships
CD9/CD82 tetraspanin complexTRAF6-TRAF3-TAK1-TBK1 innate immune complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 32 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 90K/LGALS3BP is a secreted glycoprotein carrying a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain, and stimulates natural killer cell and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity, with immunostimulatory effects potentially mediated through induction of interleukin-2. Monoclonal antibody-based protein purification, Northern blot, functional NK/LAK cell assays, cytokine induction assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 8034587
1995 Engineered enhancement of 90K expression in tumor cell lines results in significant (>80%) tumor growth inhibition in athymic mice, not by direct action on tumor cells, but by stimulation of residual cell-mediated immune defense, and involves induction of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in tumor endothelium. Stable overexpression in mammary carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines, xenograft tumor growth assays in nude mice, immunohistochemistry for ICAM-1/VCAM-1 Cancer research Medium 7542166
1988 Recombinant interferon-alpha 2b stimulates de novo synthesis and secretion of 90K in human breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, an effect blocked by cycloheximide, indicating transcriptional/translational regulation by IFN-alpha. Cell culture treatment with rIFN-alpha 2b, immunoassay of conditioned media, cycloheximide block experiment, in vivo patient serum measurement International journal of cancer Medium 3403063
2001 90K/LGALS3BP interacts with galectin-1 at a site distinct from the galectin-3 binding site (the two galectins do not compete), with a dissociation constant of ~10^-7 M, and galectin-1-induced aggregation of melanoma A375 cells is mediated at least in part by 90K, as shown by inhibition with anti-90K monoclonal antibody. Solid-phase binding assay with recombinant proteins, lactose-inhibition controls, competitive binding assay, cell aggregation assay with blocking antibody International journal of cancer Medium 11146440
2008 Endosialin (Tem1), expressed by tumor stromal fibroblasts, directly binds Mac-2 BP/90K; the C-terminal fragment of Mac-2 BP/90K (containing binding sites for galectin-3 and collagens) is responsible for endosialin binding. This interaction is repulsive: adhesion of Mac-2 BP/90K-expressing tumor cells on endosialin-expressing fibroblasts yields a repulsive outcome. Affinity chromatography, biochemical binding assays with domain deletion constructs, loss-of-function adhesion experiments, in vivo expression analysis FASEB journal Medium 18490383
2010 90K interacts with the CD9/CD82 tetraspanin complex and suppresses Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via a novel ISG15 (ISGylation)-dependent ubiquitination/proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin that is independent of GSK-3beta and Siah/APC. In a syngeneic mouse colon tumor model, 90K knockdown increased tumor growth and lung metastasis. Co-immunoprecipitation, cell invasion assays, ISGylation pathway manipulation, syngeneic mouse tumor model, immunohistochemistry of human CRC tissues Gut High 20581239
2013 LGALS3BP is a centriole- and basal body-associated protein with a dual role: overexpression triggers centrosome hypertrophy, while knockdown causes accumulation of centriolar substructures (comprising CPAP, acetylated tubulin and centrin). Depletion of LGALS3BP in cells endogenously overexpressing it reverses centrosome hypertrophy. Protein-interaction network screen, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, immunofluorescence microscopy, analysis of cancer cell lines and seminoma tissue Nature communications High 23443559
2013 LGALS3BP constitutes a novel integrin ligand for integrins alpha1beta1, alpha5beta1, alphavbeta1, and alpha6beta1, and LGALS3BP-mediated integrin activation transmits signals via Akt, JNK, Ras/Raf-ERK, while keeping p38 at baseline. Sustained LGALS3BP exposure supports cell viability, motility and migration, and anti-LGALS3BP antibody SP2 impedes these signaling events. Integrin-binding assays, phosphorylation/signaling assays (Akt, JNK, ERK, p38), cell adhesion, viability, migration assays, antibody blocking experiments Oncogene Medium 24362527
2013 90K/LGALS3BP is an interferon-stimulated gene product that dose-dependently decreases HIV-1 particle infectivity by impairing gp160 processing and reducing incorporation of mature gp120/gp41 into virions, without directly interacting with HIV-1 Env or entrapping Env in the ER. The two intermediate domains of 90K are sufficient for antiviral activity; the N-terminal SRCR and C-terminal domains are dispensable. siRNA knockdown of 90K in macrophages enhanced Env incorporation and HIV-1 spread. Overexpression/siRNA knockdown in producer cells, HIV-1 infectivity assays, Western blot for viral proteins, domain truncation mutants, IFN-alpha treatment of macrophages Retrovirology High 24156545
2014 LGALS3BP is identified as a sialic acid-dependent ligand for the immunomodulatory Siglec-9 (and Siglec-5 and Siglec-10) via affinity chromatography of tumor cell extracts; LGALS3BP inhibits neutrophil activation in a sialic acid- and Siglec-dependent manner. The mouse homolog binds murine Siglec-E with lower affinity. Affinity chromatography of tumor cell extracts, Siglec binding assays, sialic acid-dependency experiments, neutrophil activation assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 25320078
2012 LGALS3BP knockdown in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells decreases adhesion to fibronectin, reduces transendothelial migration, and reduces VEGF expression; VEGF production was restored by exogenous recombinant LGALS3BP and requires intact PI3K/Akt signaling. Additionally, LGALS3BP directly stimulates HUVEC tubulogenesis in a VEGF-independent, galectin-3-dependent manner. siRNA knockdown, VEGF ELISA, PI3K inhibitor rescue, HUVEC tubulogenesis assay, anti-galectin-3 blocking, adhesion and migration assays Journal of molecular medicine Medium 22864925
2019 LGALS3BP functions as a scaffold/adaptor protein that interacts with TRAF6, TRAF3, TAK1, and TBK1; it enhances TRAF6 and TRAF3 ubiquitination, is itself a ubiquitination substrate of TRAF6, and promotes NF-κB, IRF3, and IRF7 nuclear translocation, leading to IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokine production upon viral infection. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, reporter assays for NF-κB/IRF3/IRF7 activity, viral infection models PLoS pathogens High 31404116
2016 M2BP/90K inhibits HIV-1 virion production by trapping HIV-1 Gag to vimentin filaments to inhibit Gag trafficking to the plasma membrane. M2BP interacts with both HIV-1 Gag and vimentin. Collapsing vimentin filaments (by acrylamide or dominant-negative vimentin) relieves M2BP-mediated inhibition of virion production. Co-immunoprecipitation (M2BP with Gag and vimentin), vimentin disruption experiments, HIV-1 virion production assays, dominant-negative vimentin overexpression Scientific reports Medium 27604950
2018 The antiviral activity of 90K/LGALS3BP against HIV-1 is conserved across most primate orthologs but absent in rhesus macaque 90K. A single amino acid exchange in the BTB/POZ domain restores antiviral activity in a shortened rhesus macaque 90K. Structural analysis of BTB/POZ domains from rhesus macaque and human 90K reveals a slightly larger hydrophobic patch in rhesus macaque that may modulate protein-protein interactions. Reduction of virion-associated gp120, not merely reduced cell-surface gp120, correlates with antiviral activity. Comparative ortholog expression assays, HIV-1 infectivity assays, domain mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography of BTB/POZ domains Journal of virology High 29743357
2006 TAA90K/Mac-2-binding protein purified from colon cancer cells binds fibronectin, collagen IV, laminins-1/-5/-10, and galectin-3 in solid-phase assays; binding to galectin-3 is carbohydrate-dependent (inhibited by lactose and asialo-fetuin) and requires proper N-glycosylation. At low concentrations, TAA90K enhances galectin-3-mediated HT-29 cell adhesion; at high concentrations it inhibits adhesion. Protein purification from vaccinia-virus-expressed TAA90K, solid-phase binding assays, glycosylation inhibitor (1-deoxymannojirimycin), lactose inhibition, cell adhesion assays Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 16518858
2009 TAA90K/Mac-2-binding protein is a novel substrate for matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9; MMP-7-mediated cleavage of TAA90K reduces its interaction with fibronectin and laminin-10 but not with laminin-1, collagen IV, or galectin-3. TAA90K also enhances extracellular levels of proMMP-7 in HT-29 colon cancer cells. SDS-PAGE and protein sequencing of cleavage products, solid-phase binding assays before and after cleavage, ELISA for proMMP-7 levels Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 19665518
2017 90K promotes E-cadherin degradation via ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation. 90K interacts with the E-cadherin-p120-catenin complex, induces its dissociation, and alters the phosphorylation status of p120-catenin, but does not associate with beta-catenin. This effect is cell-density-dependent and is diminished in p120-catenin knockdown cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, proteasome inhibitor treatment, p120-catenin siRNA knockdown, cell adhesion and invasion assays International journal of molecular sciences Medium 29207493
2016 90K-mediated beta-catenin degradation via ISGylation requires the N-terminal 86 amino acids of beta-catenin. 90K induces Herc5 and ISG15 expression; the N-terminus of beta-catenin is not essential for interaction with Herc5, but is required for 90K-induced degradation. 90K can degrade mutant beta-catenin lacking GSK-3beta phosphorylation sites, indicating a phosphorylation-independent degradation pathway. Beta-catenin deletion and point mutants, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression in HeLa and CSC221 cells Neoplasia Medium 27668402
2021 LGALS3BP suppresses colon inflammation and tumorigenesis by downregulating the TAK1-NF-κB signaling axis in colon epithelial cells. Lgals3bp-/- mice show hyperactivated NF-κB, excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β), elevated GM-CSF, and accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells during tumorigenesis. Lgals3bp-/- knockout mice, colitis and colon tumor models, NF-κB reporter/activation assays, cytokine measurement, MDSC quantification Cell death discovery High 33824294
2023 LGALS3BP suppresses TNF-alpha-mediated MMP9 gene expression in triple-negative breast cancer by inhibiting activation of TAK1 kinase, the key signaling node linking TNF-α and MMP9 expression. Nanoparticle-delivered LGALS3BP inhibits TAK1 phosphorylation and MMP9 expression in tumors and suppresses lung metastasis in vivo. LGALS3BP overexpression/knockdown, TNF-alpha stimulation, TAK1 phosphorylation assays, MMP9 reporter/ELISA, nanoparticle delivery in vivo, xenograft metastasis model Cell death discovery Medium 37041137
2024 LGALS3BP directly binds integrin αV and promotes assembly of integrin αV complexes, enabling release of active TGF-β1 from the extracellular latent complex with rearrangement of F-actin cytoskeleton. Released TGF-β1 activates JunB transcription factor, creating a positive feedback loop for TGF-β1 production. Hepatocyte-specific LGALS3BP knockin mice show aggravated liver fibrosis with increased TGF-β1; LGALS3BP knockout reduces TGF-β1 signaling and CCl4-induced fibrosis. Co-immunoprecipitation (LGALS3BP with integrin αV), LC-MS/MS proteomics, RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, conditional knockin/knockout mice, CCl4 fibrosis model, F-actin cytoskeleton analysis Cancer communications High 39073023
2021 LGALS3BP is a secreted protein enriched in human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that regulates the position of NPCs; LGALS3BP-mediated mechanisms involve the extracellular matrix in NPC anchoring and migration. Its temporal expression influences NPC delamination, corticogenesis, and gyrification, demonstrated in cerebral organoids, human fetal tissue, and mouse models. Cerebral organoids, human fetal tissue analysis, mouse in utero experiments, single-cell RNA-sequencing, proteomics, analysis of individuals with de novo LGALS3BP variants Nature communications High 34728600
2017 WFA+-M2BP (glycosylated LGALS3BP) is secreted by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Exogenous WFA+-M2BP stimulation enhances Mac-2/galectin-3 expression in Kupffer cells; Mac-2-depleted Kupffer cells (siRNA) show reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression when co-cultured with HSCs, establishing a paracrine circuit: HSC-secreted LGALS3BP→Kupffer cell Mac-2 expression→Kupffer cell activation→HSC fibrogenic activation. Subpopulation cell culture with sandwich immunoassay, siRNA knockdown of Mac-2 in Kupffer cells, co-culture experiments, immunoblot, liver tissue immunohistochemistry Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology Medium 28008658
1997 The 90K protein domain structure was mapped: an N-terminal SRCR-like domain (D1), a heavily glycosylated mucin-like domain (D2), and a ~27 kDa C-terminal domain (D3). Monoclonal antibodies SP2 and L3 both recognize D2. Point mutations at residues 189, 223, and 259 and a truncated form (aa 1-383) are defective in secretion, identifying specific residues required for normal processing and secretion. Ig fusion protein construction with domain deletions, monoclonal antibody epitope mapping, COS-1 cell expression, secretion assays with point mutants Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 9125183
1999 The human 90K promoter is TATA-less, lacks GC-richness and SP1 dependence, has a minimal promoter of 51 bp, and contains an interferon regulatory factor element (IRF-E) required for induction by poly(I:C) (viral mimic) and interferon-gamma. Two regions mediating poly(I:C) induction were identified by deletion analysis. Promoter deletion analysis, RNase protection assay for transcription start sites, point mutations in the IRF-E, poly(I:C) stimulation, reporter gene assays Genomics Medium 10198166
2007 Constitutive expression of 90K/LGALS3BP depends on upstream stimulatory factor (USF) binding to an E-box in the minimal promoter. Hormonal suppression (TSH/cAMP plus insulin/IGF-I) of constitutive and IFN-gamma-induced 90K expression occurs via decreased USF binding to this E-box. Transfection with USF1/USF2 cDNAs increases constitutive promoter activity and attenuates hormonal suppression. Promoter cloning, EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) for USF binding, transfection with USF1/USF2 expression plasmids, reporter gene assays, TSH/cAMP/insulin treatments Endocrinology Medium 17446190
1996 Exposure of the human breast cancer cell line EVSA-T to purified 90K protein causes approximately sixfold increase in MHC class I expression as measured by flow cytometry, demonstrating a direct effect of secreted 90K on immune recognition molecules. Purified 90K protein treatment of cancer cells, flow cytometry for MHC class I expression Biochemical and biophysical research communications Low 8753808
2019 GALNT6 O-glycosylates LGALS3BP at three sites (T556, T571, S582), and this O-glycosylation is required for LGALS3BP secretion and autocrine growth promotion in breast cancer cells. Triple Ala substitution (T556A/T571A/S582A) drastically reduces GALNT6-dependent LGALS3BP O-glycosylation and secretion, suppressing autocrine growth. GALNT6 siRNA knockdown, O-glycosylation site mutagenesis (T→A substitutions), LGALS3BP secretion assay, cell growth assay International journal of oncology Medium 31894262
2016 Mac-2 binding protein (M2BP) is identified as a novel serum adiponectin-binding protein by immunoprecipitation with anti-adiponectin antibody followed by mass spectrometry; the M2BP-APN association was confirmed with reconstituted proteins in vitro. M2BP abrogates the suppressive effect of adiponectin on TNF-alpha-induced inflammation in vascular endothelial cells. Immunoprecipitation with anti-adiponectin antibody, mass spectrometry, in vitro reconstitution with purified proteins, endothelial cell inflammation assay Atherosclerosis Medium 27588936
2023 In platelets from SLE patients, interferon-alpha induces LGALS3BP transcription and translation in megakaryoblastic cells in a dose-dependent manner. Platelet-released LGALS3BP and recombinant LGALS3BP enhance proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, establishing a platelet-to-macrophage proinflammatory signaling role for LGALS3BP. RNA sequencing of SLE patient platelets, IFN-alpha treatment of MEG-01 cells, ELISA for platelet releasate LGALS3BP, macrophage cytokine production assays with recombinant LGALS3BP Arthritis & rheumatology Medium 36245285
2024 LGALS3BP is broadly expressed in the CNS and upregulated during WNV infection and aging; Lgals3bp-deficient mice exhibit reduced neuroinflammation, increased homeostatic microglial numbers, and altered T cell populations after WNV encephalitis recovery, without differences in virologic control or survival, indicating a role in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Spatial transcriptomics, RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, Lgals3bp-knockout mouse model, WNV infection model Biomolecules Medium 39062523
2025 LGALS3BP expression in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer is suppressed by estrogen signaling through direct ERα binding to the LGALS3BP promoter. Secreted LGALS3BP promotes adhesion to the extracellular matrix and HUVEC tube formation. LGALS3BP knockdown in tamoxifen-resistant cells completely abrogated increased pulmonary metastasis in xenograft experiments. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ERα to LGALS3BP promoter), TurboID secretome labeling, shRNA knockdown, HUVEC tube formation assay, xenograft metastasis model Breast cancer research Medium 39789641

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1983 Evidence for the T3-associated 90K heterodimer as the T-cell antigen receptor. Nature 564 6191218
1985 Proteolytic cleavage of the E2 glycoprotein of murine coronavirus: activation of cell-fusing activity of virions by trypsin and separation of two different 90K cleavage fragments. Journal of virology 242 2999443
1994 The secreted tumor-associated antigen 90K is a potent immune stimulator. The Journal of biological chemistry 179 8034587
2014 A novel serum marker, glycosylated Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein (WFA(+)-M2BP), for assessing liver fibrosis. Journal of gastroenterology 150 24603981
2002 90K (Mac-2 BP) and galectins in tumor progression and metastasis. Glycoconjugate journal 145 14758079
2002 Expression of 90K (Mac-2 BP) correlates with distant metastasis and predicts survival in stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer research 113 11980646
2014 Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) is a tumor-associated immunomodulatory ligand for CD33-related Siglecs. The Journal of biological chemistry 100 25320078
2017 Hepatic stellate cells secreting WFA+ -M2BP: Its role in biological interactions with Kupffer cells. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 90 28008658
1996 Elevated serum levels of 90K/MAC-2 BP predict unresponsiveness to alpha-interferon therapy in chronic HCV hepatitis patients. Journal of hepatology 88 8878784
1983 Embryonal carcinoma cell adhesion: the role of surface galactosyltransferase and its 90K lactosaminoglycan substrate. Developmental biology 88 6413282
2020 Plasma exosomes from endometrial cancer patients contain LGALS3BP to promote endometrial cancer progression. Oncogene 85 33208911
2001 Glycoprotein 90K/MAC-2BP interacts with galectin-1 and mediates galectin-1-induced cell aggregation. International journal of cancer 84 11146440
2012 LGALS3BP, lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein, induces vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer cells and promotes angiogenesis. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 72 22864925
2016 Serum WFA+ -M2BP levels for evaluation of early stages of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 65 27300763
2013 LGALS3BP regulates centriole biogenesis and centrosome hypertrophy in cancer cells. Nature communications 65 23443559
1995 Suppression of tumor growth in vivo by local and systemic 90K level increase. Cancer research 64 7542166
2019 Inducible LGALS3BP/90K activates antiviral innate immune responses by targeting TRAF6 and TRAF3 complex. PLoS pathogens 63 31404116
2010 Glycoprotein 90K, downregulated in advanced colorectal cancer tissues, interacts with CD9/CD82 and suppresses the Wnt/beta-catenin signal via ISGylation of beta-catenin. Gut 62 20581239
2013 LGALS3BP, lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein, promotes oncogenic cellular events impeded by antibody intervention. Oncogene 60 24362527
2012 Potential of tumor-suppressive miR-596 targeting LGALS3BP as a therapeutic agent in oral cancer. Carcinogenesis 60 23233740
2017 Design and validation of a 90K SNP genotyping assay for the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). PloS one 57 28981529
2017 A High-Density Consensus Map of Common Wheat Integrating Four Mapping Populations Scanned by the 90K SNP Array. Frontiers in plant science 53 28848588
2008 Tumor stroma marker endosialin (Tem1) is a binding partner of metastasis-related protein Mac-2 BP/90K. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 51 18490383
2020 Validation of Salivary Markers, IL-1β, IL-8 and Lgals3bp for Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Indian Population. Scientific reports 48 32355279
2021 Extracellular LGALS3BP regulates neural progenitor position and relates to human cortical complexity. Nature communications 47 34728600
2015 Serum WFA(+) -M2BP is a non-invasive liver fibrosis marker that can predict the efficacy of direct-acting anti-viral-based triple therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 45 26503582
2013 90K, an interferon-stimulated gene product, reduces the infectivity of HIV-1. Retrovirology 44 24156545
2006 Tumor-associated antigen 90K/Mac-2-binding protein: possible role in colon cancer. Journal of cellular biochemistry 44 16518858
1993 90K protein: a new predictor marker of disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes 42 8095982
2001 Serum 90K/MAC-2BP glycoprotein in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with alpha-fetoprotein. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 38 11758611
1986 A protein modulator stimulates C kinase-dependent phosphorylation of a 90K substrate in synaptic membranes. Journal of neurochemistry 38 3711906
2017 Mapping of quantitative trait loci for grain yield and its components in a US popular winter wheat TAM 111 using 90K SNPs. PloS one 37 29267314
1996 Circulating immunostimulatory protein 90K and soluble interleukin-2-receptor in human ovarian cancer. International journal of cancer 37 8895537
1988 Recombinant human leukocyte interferon-alpha 2b stimulates the synthesis and release of a 90K tumor-associated antigen in human breast cancer cells. International journal of cancer 37 3403063
2020 Targeting Vesicular LGALS3BP by an Antibody-Drug Conjugate as Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Neuroblastoma. Cancers 36 33076448
2002 Expression and immunogenicity of a tumor-associated antigen, 90K/Mac-2 binding protein, in lung carcinoma. Cancer 36 12404290
1996 90K (Mac-2 BP) in human milk. Clinical and experimental immunology 36 9099942
1988 Association of the glucocorticoid receptor binding subunit with the 90K nonsteroid-binding component is stabilized by both steroidal and nonsteroidal antiglucocorticoids in intact cells. Biochemistry 35 3242623
1984 Adjuvant requirements for protective immunization of mice using a Trypanosoma cruzi 90K cell surface glycoprotein. International archives of allergy and applied immunology 35 6429057
2004 Cell surface overexpression of galectin-3 and the presence of its ligand 90k in the blood plasma as determinants in colon neoplastic lesions. Glycobiology 33 15140826
2001 Variations in serum IL-7 and 90K/Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2 BP) levels analysed in cohorts of HIV-1 patients and correlated with clinical changes following antiretroviral therapy. Clinical and experimental immunology 33 11703373
2017 Candidate loci involved in domestication and improvement detected by a published 90K wheat SNP array. Scientific reports 32 28327671
2014 Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by SP-2, an anti-lectin, galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) antibody. Molecular cancer therapeutics 31 24552775
2010 Serum levels of galectin-3 and its ligand 90k/mac-2bp in colorectal cancer patients. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 31 19686089
2000 Adhesion to 90K (Mac-2 BP) as a mechanism for lymphoma drug resistance in vivo. Blood 31 11050016
2023 Extracellular LGALS3BP: a potential disease marker and actionable target for antibody-drug conjugate therapy in glioblastoma. Molecular oncology 30 37195369
2018 Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis With Wisteria floribunda Agglutinin-Positive Mac-2 Binding Protein (WFA-M2BP) Among Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. Annals of laboratory medicine 30 29611385
2016 M2BP inhibits HIV-1 virion production in a vimentin filaments-dependent manner. Scientific reports 29 27604950
2006 90K/Mac-2 binding protein is expressed in prostate cancer and induces promatrilysin expression. The Prostate 29 16245278
1994 Effects of type-I and -II interferons on 90K antigen expression in ovarian carcinoma cells. International journal of cancer 29 7989123
2004 Involvement of 90K/Mac-2 binding protein in cancer metastases by increased cellular adhesiveness in lung cancer. Oncology reports 28 15492795
2002 Expression of glycoprotein 90K in human malignant pleural mesothelioma: correlation with patient survival. The Journal of pathology 28 12015746
2000 Serum protein 90K/Mac-2BP is an independent predictor of disease severity during hepatitis C virus infection. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 27 10905755
2023 Platelet LGALS3BP as a Mediator of Myeloid Inflammation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 26 36245285
2021 Lgals3bp suppresses colon inflammation and tumorigenesis through the downregulation of TAK1-NF-κB signaling. Cell death discovery 26 33824294
2019 Increased LGALS3BP promotes proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma via PI3K/AKT pathway. Cellular signalling 26 31302247
2000 Elevated plasma levels of 90K (Mac-2 BP) immunostimulatory glycoprotein in HIV-1-infected children. Journal of clinical immunology 26 10821463
1996 The immune stimulatory protein 90K increases major histocompatibility complex class I expression in a human breast cancer cell line. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 26 8753808
2004 Role of 90K protein in asthma and TH2-type cytokine expression. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 25 15562889
1999 Serum 90K/MAC-2BP glycoprotein levels in hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Anticancer research 25 10629637
2024 Galectin 3-binding protein (LGALS3BP) depletion attenuates hepatic fibrosis by reducing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) availability and inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer communications (London, England) 24 39073023
2022 LGALS3BP in Microglia Promotes Retinal Angiogenesis Through PI3K/AKT Pathway During Hypoxia. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 24 35895036
2019 The GALNT6‑LGALS3BP axis promotes breast cancer cell growth. International journal of oncology 24 31894262
2018 The Antiviral Activity of the Cellular Glycoprotein LGALS3BP/90K Is Species Specific. Journal of virology 24 29743357
2012 Expression and significance of 90K/Mac-2BP in prostate cancer. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 22 23251263
2004 The 90K protein increases major histocompatibility complex class I expression and is regulated by hormones, gamma-interferon, and double-strand polynucleotides. Endocrinology 22 15231701
1988 RU 486 stabilizes a high molecular weight form of the glucocorticoid receptor containing the 90K non-steroid binding protein in intact thymus cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 3342067
1995 The 90K tumor-associated antigen and clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association 19 7583441
1989 Study of the heteromeric structure of the untransformed glucocorticoid receptor using chemical cross-linking and monoclonal antibodies against the 90K heat-shock protein. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 19 2930536
2020 Investigating LGALS3BP/90 K glycoprotein in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological diseases. Scientific reports 18 32221402
1997 Identification of the tumor antigen 90K domains recognized by monoclonal antibodies SP2 and L3 and preparation and characterization of novel anti-90K monoclonal antibodies. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 9125183
2016 Marked elevation of serum M2BP-adiponectin complex in men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 17 27588936
1987 The amino-terminal sequence of the 85-90K nonhormone binding component of the molybdate-stabilized estradiol receptor from calf uterus. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 16 3827917
2020 Fine Mapping of Lr49 Using 90K SNP Chip Array and Flow-Sorted Chromosome Sequencing in Wheat. Frontiers in plant science 15 32117347
2015 Circulating Galectin-1 and 90K/Mac-2BP Correlated with the Tumor Stages of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. BioMed research international 15 26448934
2008 Overexpression and elevated plasma level of tumor-associated antigen 90K/Mac-2 binding protein in colorectal carcinoma. Proteomics. Clinical applications 15 21136809
2017 Glycoprotein 90K Promotes E-Cadherin Degradation in a Cell Density-Dependent Manner via Dissociation of E-Cadherin-p120-Catenin Complex. International journal of molecular sciences 14 29207493
2013 Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for colon cancer using an HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope from tumor-associated antigen 90K. Cellular & molecular immunology 14 23524651
2000 Monoclonal antibodies specific for human tumor-associated antigen 90K/Mac-2 binding protein: tools to examine protein conformation and function. Journal of cellular biochemistry 14 10771511
1999 Isolation and functional characterization of the human 90K promoter. Genomics 14 10198166
1996 Tumor-associated antigen 90K activates myelomonocytic cell line THP-1. Cancer letters 14 8913279
1995 The gene (LGALS3BP) encoding the serum protein 90K, associated with cancer and infection by the human immunodeficiency virus, maps at 17q25. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 14 7698018
2023 Anti-LGALS3BP antibody-drug conjugate treatment induces durable and potent antitumor response in a preclinical model of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral oncology 13 37988837
2021 Genome-Wide Mapping of Loci for Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in Durum Wheat Svevo Using the 90K SNP Array. Plant disease 12 33141640
1997 Expression of the 90K immunostimulator gene is controlled by a promoter with unique features. The Journal of biological chemistry 12 9013622
2022 Genome-Wide QTL Mapping for Stripe Rust Resistance in Winter Wheat Pindong 34 Using a 90K SNP Array. Frontiers in plant science 11 35873978
2009 The tumor-associated antigen 90K/Mac-2-binding protein secreted by human colon carcinoma cells enhances extracellular levels of promatrilysin and is a novel substrate of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -7 (matrilysin) and -9: Implications of proteolytic cleavage. Biochimica et biophysica acta 11 19665518
2008 Serum 90K/Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2BP) as a response predictor to peginterferon and ribavirin combined treatment in HCV chronic patients. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 11 18720164
2024 West Nile Virus-Induced Expression of Senescent Gene Lgals3bp Regulates Microglial Phenotype within Cerebral Cortex. Biomolecules 10 39062523
2023 Suppression of triple-negative breast cancer aggressiveness by LGALS3BP via inhibition of the TNF-α-TAK1-MMP9 axis. Cell death discovery 10 37041137
2023 Circular RNA circARHGEF28 inhibited the progression of prostate cancer via the miR-671-5p/LGALS3BP/NF-κB axis. Cancer science 10 37186007
2016 90K Glycoprotein Promotes Degradation of Mutant β-Catenin Lacking the ISGylation or Phosphorylation Sites in the N-terminus. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 9 27668402
2010 Induction of 90K-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes for Colon Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune network 9 21286381
2025 Secreted LGALS3BP facilitates distant metastasis of breast cancer. Breast cancer research : BCR 8 39789641
2023 Identification of KASP markers and candidate genes for drought tolerance in wheat using 90K SNP array genotyping of near-isogenic lines targeting a 4BS quantitative trait locus. TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 8 37584740
2013 Expression and N-glycan analysis of human 90K glycoprotein in Drosophila S2 cells. Enzyme and microbial technology 8 23830458
2007 Upstream stimulatory factor regulates constitutive expression and hormonal suppression of the 90K (Mac-2BP) protein. Endocrinology 8 17446190
2005 Immunohistochemical and serological 90K/Mac-2BP detection in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: different behaviour of two monoclonal antibodies. Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates)) 8 16787313
2025 LGALS3BP antibody-drug conjugate enhances tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and synergizes with immunotherapy to restrain neuroblastoma growth. Journal of translational medicine 7 40217513
2023 LGALS3BP is a potential target of antibody-drug conjugates in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral diseases 7 37649401

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