Affinage

LGALS1

Galectin-1 · UniProt P09382

Round 2 corrected
Length
135 aa
Mass
14.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
125 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 25 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Galectin-1 (LGALS1) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that functions as a central immunomodulatory and pro-tumorigenic effector through both extracellular glycan-dependent and intracellular protein–protein interaction mechanisms. Extracellularly, it induces apoptosis of activated T cells by binding glycoproteins CD45, CD43, and CD7 and driving their segregation into distinct membrane microdomains (PMID:7501023, PMID:10490978), suppresses antitumor immunity as a key effector of regulatory T cell function (PMID:17110462), promotes tumor angiogenesis by engaging complex N-glycans on VEGFR2 to activate VEGF-like signaling (PMID:24529377), and its phosphorylation at Ser8/Thr58 is regulated by DUSP22-mediated dephosphorylation leading to its degradation and relief of immunosuppression (PMID:41611244). Intracellularly, it selectively binds oncogenic H-Ras(12V) to stabilize its membrane anchorage and activate ERK-driven transformation (PMID:11709720), and regulates alternative splicing as an RNA-binding protein (PMID:37341175, PMID:22658674). The crystal structure reveals a carbohydrate recognition domain in which distant mutations allosterically alter sugar-binding residue geometry and reduce ligand affinity (PMID:15476813).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1993 Medium

    Chromosomal mapping placed LGALS1 at 22q12-q13 in a cluster with LGALS2, establishing the genomic context for this lectin family member.

    Evidence In situ hybridization and linkage analysis on human chromosomes

    PMID:8449510

    Open questions at the time
    • No regulatory elements characterized at this locus
    • Functional significance of LGALS1-LGALS2 clustering unknown
  2. 1995 High

    The first major functional role of galectin-1 was established: it induces apoptosis of activated T cells in a glycan-dependent, CD45-requiring manner, revealing it as an extracellular death signal for immune cells.

    Evidence Cell-based apoptosis assays with glycosylation inhibitors and CD45 blocking antibodies in primary T cells and T leukemia lines

    PMID:7501023

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream intracellular death signaling pathway not defined
    • Structural basis of glycan selectivity unknown
  3. 1998 High

    Galectin-1 was shown to arrest T cells in S/G2M and upregulate IFN-γ receptor expression through a sugar-independent mechanism, demonstrating that its immunomodulatory activities extend beyond lectin-mediated apoptosis.

    Evidence Flow cytometry cell cycle analysis and FACS quantification of IFN-γ receptor with lactose competition in PHA-activated T cells

    PMID:9725202

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the sugar-independent receptor or intracellular target unknown
    • Relationship between cell cycle arrest and apoptosis not fully resolved
  4. 1999 High

    The spatial mechanism of galectin-1-induced T cell death was elucidated: it triggers segregation of CD45, CD43, and CD7 into distinct membrane microdomains with phosphatidylserine externalization on apoptotic blebs, and differential Bcl-2/Bax balance governs susceptibility in leukemic versus normal T cells.

    Evidence Confocal immunofluorescence co-localization of surface glycoproteins, annexin V staining, and Bcl-2/Bax western blotting in normal and leukemic T cells

    PMID:10490978 PMID:9886496

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling intermediates connecting receptor segregation to Bcl-2 downregulation undefined
    • Whether receptor segregation is sufficient or merely correlated with death not tested
  5. 2001 High

    An intracellular lectin-independent function was discovered: galectin-1 selectively binds oncogenic H-Ras(12V) (not WT H-Ras, K-Ras, or N-Ras), stabilizes its membrane anchorage, and activates ERK to drive transformation.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, GFP-Ras localization, antisense knockdown, dominant-negative rescue, and transformation assays

    PMID:11709720

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for H-Ras(12V) selectivity over other Ras isoforms unknown
    • Physiological contexts where this interaction drives oncogenesis in patients not established
  6. 2004 High

    The crystal structure of galectin-1 defined the carbohydrate recognition domain architecture and revealed that distant mutations allosterically shift key sugar-binding residues, while in vivo loss-of-function identified galectin-1 as a mediator of tumor immune privilege.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography with ITC thermodynamic analysis; antisense knockdown in syngeneic mouse tumor models with T cell-mediated rejection and re-challenge

    PMID:15050916 PMID:15476813

    Open questions at the time
    • No structure of galectin-1 in complex with full glycoprotein ligands
    • Mechanism by which tumor galectin-1 specifically suppresses antitumor T cells versus other immune cells not resolved
  7. 2006 High

    Galectin-1 was identified as essential for tumor angiogenesis (serving as the receptor for anginex) and as a critical effector of regulatory T cell suppressive function, broadening its role from direct T cell killing to vascular and Treg biology.

    Evidence Anginex pulldown/receptor identification, siRNA in endothelial cells, zebrafish morpholino, gal-1-null mouse tumor models; antibody blockade and gal-1-null Treg suppression assays

    PMID:17043243 PMID:17110462

    Open questions at the time
    • Endothelial receptor(s) mediating galectin-1 angiogenic signaling not yet identified at this point
    • Whether Treg-derived galectin-1 acts in trans on effector T cells or in cis on Tregs not distinguished
  8. 2012 Medium

    Unbiased mRNA interactome capture identified galectin-1 as an RNA-binding protein, suggesting a previously unrecognized intracellular function beyond lectin and Ras-binding activities.

    Evidence UV crosslinking and oligo(dT) capture followed by mass spectrometry in HeLa cells

    PMID:22658674

    Open questions at the time
    • No specific RNA targets or functional consequences identified at this stage
    • RNA-binding domain not mapped
  9. 2014 High

    The molecular basis of galectin-1-driven tumor angiogenesis was resolved: it binds complex N-glycans on VEGFR2 to activate VEGF-like signaling, and α2-6 sialylation blocks this interaction, explaining anti-VEGF therapy resistance.

    Evidence Lectin binding, siRNA of tumor galectin-1 and endothelial glycosyltransferases, gal-1-null mouse tumor models, VEGFR2 signaling assays

    PMID:24529377

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether galectin-1 engages additional endothelial receptors beyond VEGFR2 not excluded
    • Therapeutic strategies to block galectin-1-VEGFR2 interaction in patients not validated
  10. 2018 Medium

    Galectin-1 was shown to drive tumor cell invasion via p38 MAPK/MMP-9/EMT signaling and to maintain immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and MDSC accumulation in glioblastoma.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown with western blot for p38/MMP-9/EMT markers and in vivo metastasis models; LGALS1 knockdown in GBM cells with immune cell composition and cytokine profiling

    PMID:30159048 PMID:30613962

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect effects of galectin-1 on macrophage polarization not delineated
    • Whether p38 MAPK activation requires extracellular glycan binding or intracellular interaction unknown
  11. 2022 Medium

    miR-22-3p was confirmed as a direct post-transcriptional suppressor of LGALS1 mRNA, and its delivery reverses EMT in melanoma, establishing a regulatory axis controlling galectin-1 expression.

    Evidence Dual luciferase reporter assay for miR-22-3p binding to LGALS1 3′UTR, miR-22-3p overexpression with EMT marker and apoptosis readouts

    PMID:36224027

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether miR-22-3p regulation of LGALS1 operates in non-melanoma contexts untested
    • Other miRNAs targeting LGALS1 not systematically evaluated
  12. 2023 Medium

    Galectin-1's role as a primary immunosuppressive regulator in GBM was refined at single-cell resolution, showing it controls GBM-associated macrophage molecular heterogeneity correlated with patient survival.

    Evidence LGALS1 knockout in zebrafish orthotopic xenografts, single-cell RNA sequencing of GAM-GBM co-cultures, patient tissue immunohistochemistry

    PMID:37791581

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal versus correlative relationship between LGALS1-dependent GAM states and survival not formally tested
    • Whether findings from zebrafish xenografts translate to mammalian immune microenvironment unclear
  13. 2024 Medium

    The RNA-binding function of galectin-1 was functionally validated: it regulates hundreds of alternative splicing events in NSCLC cells, with specific targets (BCAP29, CSNK1E, MDFIC) confirmed by rescue experiments, and it promotes AML progression partly through lipid metabolism regulation and PI3K/AKT-driven renal fibrosis.

    Evidence RNA-seq after LGALS1 siRNA with overexpression rescue in A549 cells; shRNA in AML xenograft models with lipid and immune readouts; Lgals1 overexpression in kidney cells with PI3K/AKT phosphorylation assays and CKD mouse model

    PMID:37341175 PMID:38965225 PMID:38967135

    Open questions at the time
    • RNA-binding domain of galectin-1 not mapped
    • Whether splicing regulation is direct (RNA contact) or indirect (signaling-mediated) not resolved
    • PI3K/AKT activation mechanism by galectin-1 not defined
  14. 2026 High

    A post-translational control mechanism was identified: DUSP22 directly dephosphorylates galectin-1 at Ser8 and Thr58, triggering its degradation and relieving immunosuppression with increased CD8+ T cell infiltration; separately, CAF-derived miR-181b-5p suppresses STING/YY1 signaling to de-repress LGALS1 transcription in pancreatic cancer.

    Evidence AP-MS, co-IP, phosphomimetic mutagenesis, in vivo mouse tumor models with flow cytometry for CD8+ T cells; miRNA manipulation with STING pathway epistasis and CD8+ T cell functional assays

    PMID:41611244 PMID:41713839

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinase(s) responsible for Ser8/Thr58 phosphorylation not identified
    • Whether DUSP22-mediated degradation occurs via proteasomal or lysosomal pathway unknown
    • Generalizability of STING-YY1-LGALS1 axis beyond pancreatic cancer untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis for galectin-1's selectivity for H-Ras(12V) over other Ras isoforms, the identity and mapping of its RNA-binding domain, the kinase(s) that phosphorylate Ser8/Thr58, and whether its glycan-dependent and glycan-independent immunomodulatory activities operate through shared or distinct downstream signaling cascades.
  • No co-crystal structure with H-Ras(12V)
  • RNA-binding domain unmapped
  • Phosphorylating kinase unknown
  • Glycan-dependent versus glycan-independent signaling convergence untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008289 lipid binding 4 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0003723 RNA binding 2 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 6 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 9 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 2
Partners
CD43CD45CD7DUSP22HRASSUSD2VEGFR2

Evidence

Reading pass · 25 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1995 Galectin-1 (LGALS1 protein) induces apoptosis of activated human T cells and T leukemia cell lines. The apoptotic effect requires expression of CD45, is decreased when N-glycan elongation is blocked by swainsonine, and is potentiated by inhibition of O-glycan elongation, demonstrating that specific glycan structures on target cells govern galectin-1-mediated cell death. Endothelial cells expressing galectin-1 could similarly induce apoptosis of bound T cells. Cell-based apoptosis assays with activated vs. resting T cells, glycosylation inhibitors (swainsonine), antibody blocking of CD45, endothelial cell co-culture Nature High 7501023
1999 Galectin-1 binding to activated T cells induces redistribution of specific surface glycoproteins (CD45, CD43, CD7) into segregated membrane microdomains. CD45 and CD3 co-localize on large apoptotic blebs with externalized phosphatidylserine, while CD7 and CD43 localize to separate patches. This receptor segregation is required for galectin-1-triggered apoptosis signaling, as it was not observed in cells resistant to galectin-1-induced death. Confocal microscopy, immunofluorescence co-localization, annexin V staining for phosphatidylserine externalization in T cell lines and primary thymocytes Journal of immunology High 10490978
1998 Beta-galactoside binding protein (betaGBP), the LGALS1 gene product, arrests activated T lymphocytes in S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle and up-regulates expression of both alpha- and beta-chains of the IFN-gamma receptor on activated T lymphoblasts, rendering them sensitive to IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis. These effects are independent of sugar binding, as saturating lactose does not block cell cycle arrest or IFN-gamma receptor up-regulation. Flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, FACS quantification of IFN-gamma receptor chains, lactose competition assay, proliferation assays with PHA-activated T cells and malignant T cell lines Journal of immunology High 9725202
1999 BetaGBP (LGALS1 product) causes S/G2 growth arrest in both normal and leukemic T cells, but selectively induces apoptosis in leukemic T cells. Apoptosis in leukemic cells correlates with decreased Bcl-2 and consequent predominance of Bax, whereas normal T cells that survive maintain Bcl-2:Bax ratio unchanged, indicating the Bcl-2/Bax balance governs differential apoptotic sensitivity. Flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels in normal vs. leukemic T cells Journal of cellular physiology Medium 9886496
1999 BetaGBP (LGALS1 product) induces cell cycle block prior to G2 entry followed by progressive apoptotic death in three human mammary cancer cell lines with different oncogenic potential, estrogen receptor, and EGFR family expression status, suggesting a general mechanism not dependent on these specific markers. Flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3 cell lines European journal of cancer Medium 10533482
2001 Galectin-1 (LGALS1) selectively binds oncogenic H-Ras(12V) but not wild-type H-Ras, K-Ras(12V), or N-Ras(13V), forming a direct protein-protein complex (molecular weight equal to sum of both proteins). Galectin-1 promotes membrane anchorage of H-Ras(12V), increases Ras-GTP and active ERK, and drives cell transformation that is blocked by dominant-negative Ras. Galectin-1 antisense RNA abolishes membrane anchorage of GFP-H-Ras(12V). Farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) disrupts H-Ras(12V)-galectin-1 interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation, molecular weight analysis of complex, GFP-Ras localization by fluorescence microscopy, antisense knockdown, dominant-negative Ras rescue, ERK activation assay, cell transformation assay Oncogene High 11709720
2004 Crystal structure of human galectin-1 defines the ligand-binding pocket structure and carbohydrate recognition domain. Single-site mutations C2S and R111H at sites distant from the carbohydrate recognition domain alter the presentation of the loop harboring Asp123 and shift key sugar-binding residues His52 and Trp68, reducing ligand affinity through increased entropic penalty. The positions of SH-groups restrict intramolecular disulfide bridge formation but the C2S mutant displays improved stability under oxidative conditions. X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry for thermodynamic analysis of ligand binding Journal of molecular biology High 15476813
2004 Targeted knockdown of galectin-1 (LGALS1) gene expression in tumor cells results in heightened T cell-mediated tumor rejection in vivo in syngeneic mice, identifying galectin-1 as a key mediator of tumor immune privilege. Mice that rejected Gal-1-deficient tumors subsequently resisted challenge with wild-type Gal-1-sufficient tumors, demonstrating generation of a lasting tumor-specific T cell response. Antisense RNA knockdown of Gal-1 in tumor cells, syngeneic mouse tumor challenge models, T cell functional assays, tumor re-challenge experiments Cancer cell High 15050916
2006 Galectin-1 is essential for tumor angiogenesis. Galectin-1 is the receptor for the angiogenesis inhibitor anginex. Knockdown of galectin-1 in cultured endothelial cells inhibits cell proliferation and migration. In zebrafish, galectin-1 knockdown impairs vascular guidance and produces dysfunctional vessels. In gal-1-null mice, tumor growth is markedly impaired due to insufficient tumor angiogenesis, and tumors no longer respond to antiangiogenesis treatment by anginex. Pulldown/receptor identification for anginex, siRNA knockdown in endothelial cells, zebrafish morpholino knockdown with vascular imaging, syngeneic tumor implantation in gal-1-null knockout mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences High 17043243
2006 Galectin-1 is a key effector of the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Galectin-1 expression is upregulated in Tregs after activation. Blockade of galectin-1 binding significantly reduces the inhibitory effects of both human and mouse Tregs. CD4+CD25+ T cells from galectin-1-null mice show reduced regulatory activity. Gene expression analysis, antibody blockade of galectin-1 in suppression assays, Treg suppression assays using galectin-1-null mouse cells Blood High 17110462
2014 Galectin-1 (Gal-1) preserves angiogenesis in tumors refractory to anti-VEGF therapy by binding complex N-glycans on VEGFR2, activating VEGF-like signaling in a glycosylation-dependent manner. Vessels in anti-VEGF-refractory tumors exhibit glycosylation patterns that facilitate Gal-1-endothelial cell interactions, while sensitive tumors display α2-6-linked sialic acid that prevents Gal-1 binding. Interrupting β1-6GlcNAc branching in ECs or silencing tumor-derived Gal-1 converts refractory tumors to anti-VEGF-sensitive tumors. Lectin binding assays, siRNA knockdown of tumor Gal-1 and endothelial glycosyltransferases, tumor implantation in Gal-1-null mice, VEGFR2 signaling readouts, glycan analysis Cell High 24529377
2012 LGALS1 is identified as an mRNA-binding protein in human HeLa cells through systematic UV crosslinking-based mRNA interactome capture, revealing an unexpected RNA-binding activity for this galectin. UV crosslinking of proteins to mRNA followed by oligo(dT) capture and mass spectrometry (interactome capture) Cell Medium 22658674
2018 LGALS1 knockdown in glioblastoma (GBM) cells remodels the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by downregulating M2 macrophage polarization and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and inhibiting immunosuppressive cytokines, demonstrating that LGALS1 actively maintains immunosuppression in GBM. siRNA knockdown of LGALS1 in GBM cells with in vitro and in vivo assessment of immune cell composition (M2 macrophages, MDSCs) and cytokine profiling International journal of cancer Medium 30613962
2018 LGALS1 silencing in highly invasive oral cancer cells suppresses p38 MAPK phosphorylation, downregulates MMP-9 expression, and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, while its expression drives invasion through this p38 MAPK pathway. siRNA knockdown of LGALS1, wound healing assay, transwell invasion assay, western blot for p38 MAPK phosphorylation, MMP-9, and EMT markers, in vivo lung metastasis mouse model Therapeutic advances in medical oncology Medium 30159048
2020 LGALS1 acts as a pro-survival molecule in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In vivo, shRNA suppression of LGALS1 in OCI-AML3 xenograft-bearing mice significantly extends survival. LGALS1 suppression affects distinct transcriptional programs in p53-WT (OCI-AML3) versus p53-mutant (THP-1) AML cell lines, with the p53 pathway prominently altered in OCI-AML3 cells. shRNA knockdown in xenograft mouse model, RNASeq gene expression profiling, comparison of p53-WT vs p53-mutant cell lines Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research Medium 32590026
2022 NCAPG promotes NSCLC oncogenesis through upregulation of LGALS1 expression, and LGALS1 may directly interact with NCAPG. Transcriptome sequencing identified LGALS1 as a downstream mediator of NCAPG function in promoting initiation and progression of NSCLC. Transcriptome sequencing, TCGA database analysis, NCAPG knockdown in vitro and in vivo, Ncapg+/- mice with urethane-induced lung tumors, interaction studies between NCAPG and LGALS1 Molecular cancer Low 35180865
2023 LGALS1 in glioblastoma acts as a primary regulator of immunosuppression. LGALS1 knockout experiments in zebrafish xenograft models demonstrate that LGALS1 modulates GBM-associated macrophage (GAM) polarization and attraction. Single-cell RNA sequencing of GAM-GBM co-cultures revealed LGALS1-dependent molecular heterogeneity correlated with patient survival. Single-cell RNA sequencing, LGALS1 knockout experiments in orthotopic zebrafish xenograft models, immunohistochemistry on patient tumor samples, GAM-GBM co-culture systems EMBO molecular medicine Medium 37791581
2024 LGALS1 repression in AML cells and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) inhibits cell proliferation, enhances apoptosis, and decreases lipid accumulation in vitro. In vivo, LGALS1 repression curbs AML progression and lipid accumulation while increasing CD8+ T and NK cell counts, establishing LGALS1 as a regulator of lipid metabolism and immune evasion in LSCs. shRNA/siRNA knockdown in AML cell lines and LSCs, in vivo AML mouse model, lipid quantification assays, flow cytometry for CD8+ T and NK cells Cell death & disease Medium 38965225
2024 LGALS1+ fibroblasts activate proliferation and migration of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tumor cells by upregulating CCR2, ADAM15, and β-integrin expression. Silencing LGALS1 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) suppresses CAF-augmented tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing, siRNA knockdown of LGALS1 in CAFs, in vitro migration/invasion assays, in vivo tumor formation models Journal of molecular cell biology Medium 38862197
2024 Lgals1 overexpression in kidney cells (TCMK-1) significantly increases fibrosis and upregulates PI3K and AKT phosphorylation activity. LGALS1/Lgals1 is overexpressed in CKD kidney interstitium and acts upstream of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to drive renal fibrosis. Overexpression of Lgals1 in TCMK-1 cells, PI3K and AKT phosphorylation assays, CKD mouse model (5/6 nephrectomy), fibrosis assessment Renal failure Medium 38967135
2024 LGALS1 functions as an RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing (AS) events in NSCLC cells. LGALS1 silencing in A549 cells produces 433 upregulated and 481 downregulated AS events. LGALS1-regulated AS genes are enriched in apoptosis and ErbB signaling pathways. LGALS1 silencing alters the AS ratio of BCAP29 (decreased) and CSNKIE and MDFIC (increased), and these effects are rescued by LGALS1 overexpression. RNA sequencing after siRNA-mediated LGALS1 knockdown in A549 cells, RT-qPCR validation of AS events, LGALS1 overexpression rescue experiments Advances in clinical and experimental medicine Medium 37341175
2026 DUSP22 binds LGALS1 directly and dephosphorylates it at Ser8 and Thr58 residues, leading to LGALS1 protein degradation. This dephosphorylation-dependent degradation of LGALS1 alleviates LGALS1-mediated immunosuppression and increases CD8+ T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. In breast cancer, LGALS1 expression negatively correlates with both DUSP22 levels and CD8+ T-cell infiltration. AP-MS protein interaction identification, co-immunoprecipitation validation, phosphomimetic mutant experiments identifying Ser8 and Thr58 as dephosphorylation sites, flow cytometry and IHC for CD8+ T-cell infiltration, in vivo mouse tumor models, analysis of bulk and scRNA-seq data Journal for immunotherapy of cancer High 41611244
2026 In pancreatic cancer, CAF-derived miR-181b-5p inhibits STING phosphorylation in tumor cells, blocking YY1 nuclear translocation and de-repressing LGALS1 transcription. The upregulated LGALS1 is secreted (via SUSD2 assistance) and suppresses CD8+ T cell function and induces their apoptosis, establishing a stromal-immune axis linking STING pathway inhibition to LGALS1-mediated immunosuppression. miRNA overexpression/inhibition, STING pathway manipulation, YY1 localization assays, SUSD2 co-expression studies, CD8+ T cell functional assays, in vitro and in vivo tumor models Cancer letters Medium 41713839
1993 LGALS1 and LGALS2 (encoding L-14-I and L-14-II S-lac lectins) reside in close proximity on human chromosome 22q12-q13, suggesting a cluster of genes for lactose-binding proteins. Chromosomal mapping by in situ hybridization and linkage analysis Genomics Medium 8449510
2022 miR-22-3p directly binds to and suppresses LGALS1 mRNA (confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay). Overexpression of miR-22-3p in melanoma cells decreases LGALS1 expression, reduces cell viability, decreases VIM and SNAI2, increases CDH1, and increases apoptosis, inhibiting EMT. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells loaded with miR-22-3p reproduce these effects. Dual luciferase reporter assay for miR-22-3p binding to LGALS1 3'UTR, miR-22-3p overexpression, western blot for EMT markers, cell viability assay, exosome-mediated delivery Frontiers in bioscience Medium 36224027

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 125 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 1718 22658674
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
1994 Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins. The Journal of biological chemistry 1222 8063692
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
1995 Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1. Nature 909 7501023
2000 DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination. Genome research 815 11076863
1999 The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature 808 10591208
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2020 Comparative host-coronavirus protein interaction networks reveal pan-viral disease mechanisms. Science (New York, N.Y.) 564 33060197
2003 Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides. Nature biotechnology 485 12665801
2004 Targeted inhibition of galectin-1 gene expression in tumor cells results in heightened T cell-mediated rejection; A potential mechanism of tumor-immune privilege. Cancer cell 440 15050916
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2014 Glycosylation-dependent lectin-receptor interactions preserve angiogenesis in anti-VEGF refractory tumors. Cell 421 24529377
2010 Systematic analysis of human protein complexes identifies chromosome segregation proteins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 421 20360068
2015 Panorama of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes. Nature 407 26344197
2006 Galectin-1 is essential in tumor angiogenesis and is a target for antiangiogenesis therapy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 398 17043243
2006 Galectin-1: a key effector of regulation mediated by CD4+CD25+ T cells. Blood 392 17110462
2003 Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways. Oncogene 331 12761501
2001 Galectin-1 binds oncogenic H-Ras to mediate Ras membrane anchorage and cell transformation. Oncogene 327 11709720
1998 GBP, an inhibitor of GSK-3, is implicated in Xenopus development and oncogenesis. Cell 284 9635432
2000 Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing. EMBO reports 281 11256614
2012 A high-throughput approach for measuring temporal changes in the interactome. Nature methods 273 22863883
1999 Restricted receptor segregation into membrane microdomains occurs on human T cells during apoptosis induced by galectin-1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 273 10490978
2004 Growth-regulatory human galectin-1: crystallographic characterisation of the structural changes induced by single-site mutations and their impact on the thermodynamics of ligand binding. Journal of molecular biology 250 15476813
2015 Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochimica et biophysica acta 235 25819524
1999 Interferon-induced guanylate binding protein-1 (GBP-1) mediates an antiviral effect against vesicular stomatitis virus and encephalomyocarditis virus. Virology 224 10087221
2016 Guanylate Binding Protein (GBP) 5 Is an Interferon-Inducible Inhibitor of HIV-1 Infectivity. Cell host & microbe 213 26996307
2001 The helical domain of GBP-1 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by inflammatory cytokines. The EMBO journal 158 11598000
2013 IRG and GBP host resistance factors target aberrant, "non-self" vacuoles characterized by the missing of "self" IRGM proteins. PLoS pathogens 154 23785284
2000 Interaction among GSK-3, GBP, axin, and APC in Xenopus axis specification. The Journal of cell biology 139 10684251
1995 Interferon regulatory factor 1 is required for mouse Gbp gene activation by gamma interferon. Molecular and cellular biology 138 7823961
2006 In silico genomic analysis of the human and murine guanylate-binding protein (GBP) gene clusters. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 131 16689661
2010 Whole exome capture in solution with 3 Gbp of data. Genome biology 130 20565776
2011 Determinants of GBP recruitment to Toxoplasma gondii vacuoles and the parasitic factors that control it. PloS one 109 21931713
2019 Immunogenomic analysis reveals LGALS1 contributes to the immune heterogeneity and immunosuppression in glioma. International journal of cancer 92 30613962
2012 GBP-1 acts as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 90 23042300
2014 The E2-like conjugation enzyme Atg3 promotes binding of IRG and Gbp proteins to Chlamydia- and Toxoplasma-containing vacuoles and host resistance. PloS one 77 24466199
2018 Constitutive Interferon Maintains GBP Expression Required for Release of Bacterial Components Upstream of Pyroptosis and Anti-DNA Responses. Cell reports 70 29972777
2002 The regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 nuclear export by Frat/GBP. The Journal of biological chemistry 70 12223487
1998 Beta-galactoside-binding protein (beta GBP) alters the cell cycle, up-regulates expression of the alpha- and beta-chains of the IFN-gamma receptor, and triggers IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis of activated human T lymphocytes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 69 9725202
2008 Analyses of murine GBP homology clusters based on in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. BMC genomics 66 18402675
2014 Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila is guided by the cytokine GBP. Nature communications 54 25130174
2002 Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta mutagenesis identifies a common binding domain for GBP and Axin. The Journal of biological chemistry 54 11861647
2003 GBP binds kinesin light chain and translocates during cortical rotation in Xenopus eggs. Development (Cambridge, England) 52 14507779
2012 IFN-γ and TNF-α-induced GBP-1 inhibits epithelial cell proliferation through suppression of β-catenin/TCF signaling. Mucosal immunology 51 22692453
2023 The exoprotein Gbp of Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes THP-1 cell lipid deposition by binding to CypA and activating PI3K-AKT/MAPK/NF-κB pathways. Journal of advanced research 50 37100345
2002 Murine GBP-5, a new member of the murine guanylate-binding protein family, is coordinately regulated with other GBPs in vivo and in vitro. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 46 12396730
2004 GBP-5 splicing variants: New guanylate-binding proteins with tumor-associated expression and antigenicity. The Journal of investigative dermatology 42 15175044
1999 Cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis by beta galactoside binding protein (beta GBP) in human mammary cancer cells. A potential new approach to cancer control. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 41 10533482
2022 NCAPG promotes the oncogenesis and progression of non-small cell lung cancer cells through upregulating LGALS1 expression. Molecular cancer 40 35180865
2015 Functional variants regulating LGALS1 (Galectin 1) expression affect human susceptibility to influenza A(H7N9). Scientific reports 38 25687228
2021 Interferon-stimulated GTPases in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: promising role for the guanylate-binding protein (GBP) family. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 36 33159795
1999 Negative cell cycle control of human T cells by beta-galactoside binding protein (beta GBP): induction of programmed cell death in leukaemic cells. Journal of cellular physiology 35 9886496
1999 Serodiagnosis of Leishmania donovani infections: assessment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant L. donovani gene B protein (GBP) and a peptide sequence of L. donovani GBP. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34 10450438
1994 Identification and characterization of a novel GGA/C-binding protein, GBP-i, that is rapidly inducible by cytokines. Molecular and cellular biology 34 7969118
1998 Murine GBP-2: a new IFN-gamma-induced member of the GBP family of GTPases isolated from macrophages. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 33 9858320
2022 Assembled and annotated 26.5 Gbp coast redwood genome: a resource for estimating evolutionary adaptive potential and investigating hexaploid origin. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 30 35100403
2018 Upregulation of LGALS1 is associated with oral cancer metastasis. Therapeutic advances in medical oncology 28 30159048
2020 LGALS1 acts as a pro-survival molecule in AML. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 26 32590026
2019 Unraveling LGALS1 as a Potential Immune Checkpoint and a Predictor of the Response to Anti-PD1 Therapy in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma. Pathology oncology research : POR 25 31428993
1991 A Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigen highly homologous to the glycophorin binding protein GBP. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 25 1775169
1985 Interferon-induced guanylate-binding proteins: mapping of the murine Gbp-1 locus to chromosome 3. Virology 22 3927587
2000 Gabapentin-lactam (8-aza-spiro[5,4]decan-9-on; GBP-L) inhibits oxygen glucose deprivation-induced [3H]glutmate release and is a neuroprotective agent in amodel of acute retinal ischemia. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 21 10935536
2019 Molecular identification and antiviral function of the guanylate-binding protein (GBP) genes in the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinesis). Developmental and comparative immunology 20 30817937
2019 Effects of GLP-1 on counter-regulatory responses during hypoglycemia after GBP surgery. European journal of endocrinology 19 31176298
2019 Guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP-1) promotes cell motility and invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 19 31421831
2021 Transcriptional enhancement of GBP-5 by BATF aggravates sepsis-associated liver injury via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 18 34042221
2018 IFN-γ-response mediator GBP-1 represses human cell proliferation by inhibiting the Hippo signaling transcription factor TEAD. The Biochemical journal 18 30120107
1999 Interleukin-10 gene transfer activates interferon-gamma and the interferon-gamma-inducible genes Gbp-1/Mag-1 and Mig-1 in mammary tumors. International journal of cancer 18 9935167
2024 iNOS is necessary for GBP-mediated T. gondii clearance in murine macrophages via vacuole nitration and intravacuolar network collapse. Nature communications 17 38538595
1996 Rat p67 GBP is induced by interferon-gamma and isoprenoid-modified in macrophages. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 8702422
1993 Two members of the S-lac lectin gene family, LGALS1 and LGALS2, reside in close proximity on human chromosome 22q12-q13. Genomics 17 8449510
2023 Single-cell profiling and zebrafish avatars reveal LGALS1 as immunomodulating target in glioblastoma. EMBO molecular medicine 16 37791581
2022 Evolution of Guanylate Binding Protein (GBP) Genes in Muroid Rodents (Muridae and Cricetidae) Reveals an Outstanding Pattern of Gain and Loss. Frontiers in immunology 16 35222365
2021 Evolution of the guanylate binding protein (GBP) genes: Emergence of GBP7 genes in primates and further acquisition of a unique GBP3 gene in simians. Molecular immunology 16 33550067
2000 A GBP 130 derived peptide from Plasmodium falciparum binds to human erythrocytes and inhibits merozoite invasion in vitro. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 14 10904405
2017 Role of purified β-1, 3 glucan binding protein (β-GBP) from Paratelphusa hydrodromus and their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibiofilm properties. Fish & shellfish immunology 13 28684323
2024 A novel LGALS1-depended and immune-associated fatty acid metabolism risk model in acute myeloid leukemia stem cells. Cell death & disease 12 38965225
2022 Exosomal miR-22-3p from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibits the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Melanoma Cells by Regulating LGALS1. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) 12 36224027
1997 Plasma (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assay and immunohistochemical staining of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan in the fungal cell walls using a novel horseshoe crab protein (T-GBP) that specifically binds to (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 12 9058244
2017 A study on β-glucan binding protein (β-GBP) and its involvement in phenoloxidase cascade in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Molecular immunology 11 29028485
2017 20-Hydroxyecdysone promotes release of GBP-binding protein from oenocytoids to suppress hemocytic encapsulation. Insect biochemistry and molecular biology 11 29175381
1989 Plasmodium falciparum: an intervening sequence in the GBP 130/96 tR gene. Experimental parasitology 11 2659375
2024 Screening of active components in Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Panax notoginseng formula for anti-fibrosis in CKD: nobiletin inhibits Lgals1/PI3K/AKT signaling to improve renal fibrosis. Renal failure 9 38967135
2023 Comparative study of GBP recruitment on two cytosol-dwelling pathogens, Francisella novicida and Shigella flexneri highlights differences in GBP repertoire and in GBP1 motif requirements. Pathogens and disease 8 37012222
2012 Activation of PLC by an endogenous cytokine (GBP) in Drosophila S3 cells and its application as a model for studying inositol phosphate signalling through ITPK1. The Biochemical journal 8 22928859
2002 Structure and activity of insect cytokine GBP which stimulates the EGF receptor. Molecules and cells 8 12243337
2022 Association between abnormal expression and methylation of LGALS1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain research 7 35872012
2021 The Large GTPase, GBP-2, Regulates Rho Family GTPases to Inhibit Migration and Invadosome Formation in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers 7 34830789
2016 Heparin-Promoted Cellular Uptake of the Cell-Penetrating Glycosaminoglycan Binding Peptide, GBPECP, Depends on a Single Tryptophan. ACS chemical biology 7 27936565
2024 Single-cell analysis defines LGALS1+ fibroblasts that promote proliferation and migration of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Journal of molecular cell biology 6 38862197
2015 Molecular characterization of the lgals1 gene in large scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Gene 6 26611526
2014 Interaction investigations of crustacean β-GBP recognition toward pathogenic microbial cell membrane and stimulate upon prophenoloxidase activation. Journal of molecular recognition : JMR 6 24591174
2023 LGALS1 regulates cell adhesion to promote the progression of ovarian cancer. Oncology letters 5 37415637
2025 The surface protein Gbp of Fusobacterium nucleatum inhibits osteogenic differentiation by inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via binding to Annexin A2. Journal of translational medicine 3 40369630
2023 Advances in the regulation of inflammasome activation by GBP family in infectious diseases. Yi chuan = Hereditas 3 38764266
2021 Stress-derived reactive oxygen species enable hemocytes to release activator of growth blocking peptide (GBP) processing enzyme. Journal of insect physiology 3 33736983
2018 The Drosophila cytokine, GBP: A model that illuminates the yin-yang of inflammation and longevity in humans? Cytokine 3 29456061
2016 Different expression patterns of LGALS1 and LGALS3 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. Journal of clinical pathology 3 27402956
2011 Quantitative analysis of energy transfer between fluorescent proteins in CFP-GBP-YFP and its response to Ca2+. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 3 21892487
2025 ESM-1 and GBP-1 are associated with endothelial dysfunction: emerging biomarkers or key players in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia? The Journal of physiology 2 40042932
2025 Toxoplasma gondii virulence in mice is determined by the pseudokinase ROP5B and countered by an IRG-GBP protein interplay. Frontiers in immunology 2 40703524
2021 Differential expression of serum GBP-28, NBP-Cyc 3 and TIMP-1 complicates pregnancy in hypertensive disorder pregnancy. Journal of reproductive immunology 2 33601303
2021 GFP-Tagged Protein Detection by Electron Microscopy Using a GBP-APEX Tool in Drosophila. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2 34476234
2018 A genome-wide dsRNA library screen for Drosophila genes that regulate the GBP/phospholipase C signaling axis that links inflammation to aging. BMC research notes 2 30545410
2025 Are environmental levels of gabapentin (GBP) a cause for concern? Chronic reproductive effects of GBP in zebrafish. Journal of hazardous materials 1 40188539
2025 Inter-kingdom signaling by the Legionella autoinducer LAI-1 involves the antimicrobial guanylate binding protein GBP. PLoS pathogens 1 40300029
2024 RNA sequencing reveals the transcriptomic landscape and alternative splicing events induced by LGALS1 silencing in non-small cell lung cancer. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University 1 37341175
2024 The Large GTPase Guanylate-Binding Protein-1 (GBP-1) Promotes Mitochondrial Fission in Glioblastoma. International journal of molecular sciences 1 39457021
2022 Genetic LGALS1 Variants Are Associated with Heterogeneity in Galectin-1 Serum Levels in Patients with Early Arthritis. International journal of molecular sciences 1 35806182
2006 N-terminal mutational analysis of the interaction between growth-blocking peptide (GBP) and receptor of insect immune cells. Protein and peptide letters 1 17073728
2026 DUSP22 dephosphorylates LGALS1 to enhance T cell-driven antitumor immunity. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 0 41611244
2026 Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote immune evasion in pancreatic cancer via miR-181b-5p/STING/LGALS1 pathway. Cancer letters 0 41713839
2026 GPX2+ tumor cells recruit LGALS1+ B cells via CCL26-CCR3 axis to promote immunosuppression and tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in immunology 0 41939890
2025 Human guanylate-binding protein (GBP) 1 inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Journal of virology 0 40952259
2025 Multi-omics analysis identified LGALS1 (Galectin-1) as a novel therapeutic target for clear cell renal cell carcinoma via targeting epithelial or endothelial cells. Discover oncology 0 41091247
2025 Fusobacterium nucleatum drives gastric cancer metastasis via Gbp-CypA-NF-κB-mediated CXCL8 crosstalk between tumor cells and mast cells. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 0 41316398
2023 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is necessary for GBP-mediated T. gondii restriction in murine macrophages via vacuole nitration and intravacuolar network collapse. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 37546987
2021 Using GBP Nanotrap to Restore Autophagy in the Rab5/Vps21 Mutant by Forcing Snf7 and Atg17 Interaction. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 34453717