Affinage

ELL

RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL · UniProt P55199

Length
621 aa
Mass
68.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 25 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 9/9 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ELL is a nuclear RNA polymerase II elongation factor that increases the catalytic rate of transcription by suppressing transient pausing of polymerase along the DNA (PMID:8596958), in part by preventing displacement of the nascent transcript 3' end from the polymerase catalytic site (PMID:11259417). It carries two overlapping activities: an elongation activation domain and an N-terminal RNA Pol II interaction domain that negatively regulates promoter-specific initiation (PMID:9268387). ELL acts before super elongation complex assembly to stabilize Pol II recruitment, initiation, and entry into the promoter-proximal pause site, and its loss disrupts early elongation and activation of rapidly induced genes (PMID:22252557). As a partner of TFIIH, ELL is recruited to UV-damaged chromatin in a Cdk7-dependent manner and is required for Pol II transcription restart after DNA repair (PMID:24127601). ELL function is shaped by stable association with EAF1 and EAF2, which bind distinct ELL domains, colocalize with it in nuclear speckles and Cajal bodies, and positively stimulate its elongation activity (PMID:11418481, PMID:12446457, PMID:16006523, PMID:12686606). Beyond its elongation role, ELL is a sequence-specific transcription factor that binds the thrombospondin-1 promoter via its N-terminal 45 residues to directly activate TSP-1 (PMID:19447890), a selective steroid receptor coregulator that coactivates the mineralocorticoid receptor while inhibiting the glucocorticoid receptor (PMID:15650021), and an E3 ubiquitin ligase that uses an active-site cysteine (C595) and the E2 UbcH8 to target c-Myc for proteasomal degradation, thereby restraining c-Myc-driven proliferation and tumor growth (PMID:27009366). ELL reciprocally inhibits p53-dependent transactivation and apoptosis through its elongation activation domain, while p53 inhibits ELL elongation activity (PMID:10358050). ELL protein stability is governed by a coordinated acetylation switch in which p300 acetylates and stabilizes ELL, HDAC3 deacetylates it to permit Siah1-mediated polyubiquitylation, and DBC1 competes with HDAC3 to preserve ELL levels (PMID:32152128). ELL is also the gene fused to MLL in the t(11;19) translocation of acute myeloid leukemia (PMID:7991593); the MLL-ELL fusion is oncogenic and immortalizes myeloid progenitors through the C-terminal R4/EAF1-interaction region rather than the elongation domain (PMID:11090074, PMID:10995463, PMID:11463848).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 20 steps
  1. 1994 High

    Established ELL as a disease gene by identifying it as the MLL fusion partner in t(11;19) AML, framing all subsequent mechanistic work around how a normal protein becomes oncogenic.

    Evidence PCR cloning, Northern blot, and sequence analysis of the translocation breakpoint

    PMID:7991593

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the normal biochemical function of ELL
    • DNA-binding motif homology was inferred from sequence, not tested
  2. 1996 High

    Defined the core biochemical activity of ELL as an RNA Pol II elongation factor that suppresses transient pausing, answering what the protein does enzymatically.

    Evidence In vitro transcription elongation assay with purified ELL

    PMID:8596958

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish the in vivo gene targets
    • Mechanism of pause suppression not yet resolved
  3. 1997 High

    Resolved ELL into separable elongation-activation and Pol II-interaction/initiation-inhibition domains and showed the MLL-ELL fusion deletes the inhibitory domain, linking domain architecture to leukemogenesis.

    Evidence In vitro transcription and Pol II binding assays with deletion mutants; immunofluorescence localization

    PMID:9037066 PMID:9268387

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal contribution of initiation inhibition to normal physiology unclear
    • Did not test whether domain loss alone drives transformation
  4. 1998 High

    Showed ELL operates within a larger Holo-ELL complex whose partners suppress its initiation-inhibitory activity, establishing that associated proteins regulate ELL function.

    Evidence Biochemical purification of native complex and comparative in vitro transcription assays

    PMID:9556611

    Open questions at the time
    • Identities of all complex components not fully defined here
    • Physiological assembly state unknown
  5. 1999 High

    Connected ELL to tumor-suppressor signaling by demonstrating reciprocal inhibition between ELL and p53, providing a route by which elevated ELL promotes survival.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, in vitro transcription, and cellular apoptosis assays

    PMID:10358050

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance to tumorigenesis not established
    • Stoichiometry of ELL-p53 inhibition unclear
  6. 2000 High

    Demonstrated that MLL-ELL is causally oncogenic and that the elongation domain is dispensable while the conserved C-terminal R4 region is necessary and sufficient for transformation, redirecting the leukemia mechanism away from elongation.

    Evidence Retroviral transduction, serial replating, bone marrow transplantation, and structure-function mutagenesis in mice

    PMID:10995463 PMID:11090074

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular function of the R4 transactivation activity not defined
    • Did not yet identify the critical R4-binding partner
  7. 2001 High

    Identified EAF1/EAF2 as ELL partners and showed EAF1 recruitment is the critical transforming function in MLL-ELL leukemogenesis, explaining the R4 requirement.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, reciprocal Co-IP, confocal microscopy, domain swaps, and myeloid transformation assays in mice

    PMID:11238904 PMID:11418481 PMID:11463848

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which EAF transactivation drives Hox dysregulation incomplete
    • Normal role of ELL-induced cell cycle/apoptosis effects unresolved
  8. 2001 High

    Provided a mechanistic model for pause suppression by showing ELL, with TFIIF and Elongin, prevents SII-induced transcript cleavage by blocking displacement of the nascent 3' end.

    Evidence In vitro transcript cleavage assay with purified factors

    PMID:11259417

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish this on natural templates in vivo
    • Relative contribution of each factor unquantified
  9. 2002 High

    Distinguished EAF1 and EAF2 by mapping them to opposite ELL termini and showing the MLL-ELL fusion selectively abolishes EAF2 binding, refining the partner-specificity model.

    Evidence Co-IP, confocal microscopy, and domain mapping

    PMID:12446457

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of selective EAF2 loss in leukemia untested
    • Whether EAF1 and EAF2 act redundantly unresolved
  10. 2003 High

    Localized ELL and EAF1 to transcription-dependent Cajal bodies and showed MLL-ELL disrupts these structures, linking subnuclear organization to fusion-driven dysfunction.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence with Pol II inhibitors and fractionation

    PMID:12686606

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of Cajal body localization in transcription unclear
    • Mechanism of recruitment without coilin interaction unknown
  11. 2003 High

    Showed MLL-ELL is a more potent p53 inhibitor and that the ELL extreme C-terminus recruits p53 and blocks its p300/CBP-dependent acetylation, mechanistically tying the fusion to survival signaling.

    Evidence Deletion analysis, Co-IP, luciferase reporters, and in vivo acetylation assays

    PMID:12773566

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo contribution of p53 inhibition to leukemia not quantified
    • Did not reconcile p53 inhibition with R4/EAF1-dependent transformation
  12. 2005 High

    Established EAF1/EAF2 as positive regulators of ELL elongation activity and revealed ELL as a selective steroid receptor coregulator, broadening its transcriptional roles beyond core elongation.

    Evidence In vitro elongation assays; yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, Co-IP, and reporter assays with ELL mutants

    PMID:15650021 PMID:16006523

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous gene targets of MR coactivation not mapped
    • Basis for receptor selectivity (MR vs GR) unresolved
  13. 2006 Medium

    Showed ELL reciprocally stabilizes and activates its partner U19/Eaf2 and is required for its speckle localization, indicating mutual regulation within the ELL-EAF axis.

    Evidence Co-transfection, Co-IP, protein stability, and transactivation assays

    PMID:16114057

    Open questions at the time
    • Stabilization mechanism not defined
    • Single-lab cellular overexpression context
  14. 2007 Medium

    Demonstrated functional conservation of the ELL-EAF elongation complex by reconstituting the S. pombe ortholog and showing genetic elongation defects, supporting an ancient core function.

    Evidence Bioinformatic identification, biochemical reconstitution, in vitro elongation/pyrophosphorolysis, and 6-azauracil sensitivity in fission yeast

    PMID:17150956

    Open questions at the time
    • Conservation of non-elongation roles untested
    • Direct ortholog mapping to human gene targets absent
  15. 2009 Medium

    Revealed ELL as a sequence-specific transcription factor that directly activates TSP-1 and inhibits vasculogenesis, expanding its role beyond a generic elongation factor.

    Evidence Promoter reporters, deletion mutants, ChIP, and a zebrafish in vivo model

    PMID:19447890

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct DNA binding by a defined recognition motif not structurally validated
    • Breadth of direct target genes unknown
  16. 2011 Medium

    Established conserved organismal roles for ELL in fertility, survival, body size, and collagen gene regulation using the C. elegans ortholog, connecting transcriptional function to physiology.

    Evidence C. elegans RNAi, mutants, transgenics, and parallel human prostate cell expression analysis

    PMID:21880729

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect control of collagen genes unresolved
    • Human physiological equivalence inferred from one cell line
  17. 2012 High

    Defined a pre-SEC role for ELL in stabilizing Pol II recruitment, initiation, and pause entry, placing ELL at an early checkpoint of rapid gene induction in vivo.

    Evidence ChIP, ChIP-seq, ELL knockdown, and gene expression analysis

    PMID:22252557

    Open questions at the time
    • How ELL is initially recruited before SEC assembly unclear
    • Interplay with EAF partners at this step not dissected
  18. 2013 High

    Identified ELL as a TFIIH partner essential for transcription restart after DNA repair, linking elongation control to the genome maintenance response.

    Evidence Unbiased proteomics, ChIP after UV damage, and siRNA knockdown with Pol II retention readouts

    PMID:24127601

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct ELL-TFIIH contact surface not mapped
    • Cdk7-dependence mechanism of recruitment incomplete
  19. 2016 High

    Discovered an entirely separate enzymatic activity—ELL as an E3 ubiquitin ligase degrading c-Myc—establishing a tumor-suppressive mode opposed to its MLL-fusion oncogenicity.

    Evidence In vivo ubiquitination, Co-IP, C595A active-site mutagenesis, E2 (UbcH8) identification, proliferation and xenograft assays

    PMID:27009366

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for ligase activity not defined
    • Other ELL ubiquitylation substrates unknown
  20. 2020 High

    Defined the post-translational control of ELL abundance via a p300/HDAC3/Siah1/DBC1 acetylation-ubiquitylation switch, explaining how ELL levels and its target genes are tuned.

    Evidence Co-IP, acetylation and ubiquitination assays, siRNA knockdown, and gene expression analysis

    PMID:32152128

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetylated lysine residues not all pinpointed
    • Physiological signals triggering the switch unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How ELL's distinct activities—elongation, sequence-specific transcription, steroid coregulation, and c-Myc E3 ligase—are partitioned and coordinated within cells, and how each contributes to normal physiology versus MLL-ELL disease, remains unresolved.
  • No unified structural model integrating elongation and E3 ligase functions
  • Endogenous genome-wide direct target set incompletely defined
  • Context determining which ELL activity dominates is unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0045182 translation regulator activity 4 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2 GO:0003677 DNA binding 1 GO:0016874 ligase activity 1 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 1
Localization
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1
Partners
EAF1EAF2HDAC3MLLSIAH1TFIIHTP53UBCH8
Complex memberships
ELL-EAF complexHolo-ELL complexsuper elongation complex (SEC)

Evidence

Reading pass · 25 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 ELL encodes an RNA polymerase II elongation factor that increases the catalytic rate of transcription by suppressing transient pausing by polymerase at multiple sites along the DNA. In vitro transcription elongation assay using purified ELL protein Science High 8596958
1994 ELL was identified as the gene fusing to MLL in the t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia; the predicted ELL protein contains a highly basic, lysine-rich motif homologous to the DNA-binding domain of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. PCR screening of cDNA library, Northern blot analysis, sequence analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 7991593
1997 ELL contains two overlapping functional domains: an elongation activation domain and a novel RNA polymerase II interaction domain that negatively regulates polymerase activity in promoter-specific transcription initiation in vitro. The MLL-ELL translocation deletes part of this inhibitory domain, resulting in ELL mutants that bind RNA Pol II and are fully active in elongation but fail to inhibit initiation. In vitro transcription assay with deletion mutants, RNA polymerase II binding assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 9268387
1997 Murine ELL protein localizes to the nucleus but is excluded from nucleoli in COS-7, HeLa, NIH 3T3, and A7r5 cells, consistent with its function as an RNA polymerase II elongation factor. Immunofluorescence with polyclonal antiserum to ELL; in situ hybridization for developmental expression Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 9037066
1998 ELL exists in a large multi-protein complex (Holo-ELL complex) containing three additional proteins. The Holo-ELL complex stimulates RNA polymerase II elongation but, unlike ELL alone, cannot negatively regulate polymerase activity in promoter-specific transcription in vitro, indicating that associated proteins suppress the inhibitory activity of ELL through interaction with its N-terminal domain. Biochemical purification of native ELL complex; in vitro transcription assay comparing ELL polypeptide vs. Holo-ELL complex The Journal of biological chemistry High 9556611
1999 ELL physically interacts with the p53 tumor suppressor protein via its transcription elongation activation domain (interacting with the C-terminal tail of p53). Through this interaction, ELL inhibits p53-dependent transactivation and transrepression; conversely, p53 inhibits ELL elongation activity. Elevated ELL suppresses p53-mediated p21 induction and protects cells from p53-dependent apoptosis. Yeast two-hybrid screening, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription assay, cell-based apoptosis assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 10358050
2000 MLL-ELL fusion protein immortalizes myeloid progenitors and causes acute myeloid leukemia in mice. The transcriptional elongation domain of ELL is dispensable for myeloid transformation, whereas the highly conserved carboxyl-terminal R4 domain of ELL is both necessary and sufficient for MLL-ELL immortalizing activity. The R4 domain has transcriptional activation properties and is required for HoxA7 promoter transactivation by MLL-ELL. Retroviral transduction of murine hematopoietic progenitors, serial replating assay, bone marrow transplantation, structure-function mutagenesis, transient transcriptional assay Blood High 11090074
2000 Retroviral transduction of MLL-ELL into murine hematopoietic progenitors causes acute myeloid leukemia in mice, demonstrating the causal oncogenic role of the fusion protein. ELL overexpression alone had no transforming effect. Retroviral transduction, bone marrow transplantation, in vitro serial replating assay, in vivo leukemia model Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10995463
2001 The EAF1 interaction domain of ELL (but not the elongation domain) is critical for MLL-ELL immortalization of myeloid progenitors in vitro and AML induction in vivo. A heterologous MLL-EAF1 fusion also immortalizes myeloid progenitors and induces AML, indicating that recruitment of EAF1 (or its transactivation domain) is a critical function of ELL in MLL-ELL leukemogenesis. Structure-function mutagenesis of MLL-ELL, retroviral transduction, bone marrow transplantation mouse model, in vitro myeloid transformation assay Molecular and cellular biology High 11463848
2001 EAF1 (ELL-associated factor 1) was identified as an ELL-binding protein by yeast two-hybrid screen; endogenous EAF1 and ELL co-immunoprecipitate from multiple cell lines and colocalize in a distinct nuclear speckled pattern. EAF1 also interacts with ELL2. Expression of MLL-ELL fusion protein delocalizes EAF1 from nuclear speckles to a diffuse nucleoplasmic pattern. Yeast two-hybrid screen, co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, transfection experiments Blood High 11418481
2001 ELL regulates cell proliferation and survival: inducible ELL expression causes G1 loss, G2/M accumulation, caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and apoptosis. The C-terminal domain conserved among ELL family members is required for this activity. Inducible ELL expression system, flow cytometry, caspase activity assay, antisense RNA rescue, caspase inhibitor rescue Molecular and cellular biology Medium 11238904
2002 EAF2 (ELL-associated factor 2) was identified as a second ELL-binding protein; ELL and EAF2 co-immunoprecipitate and colocalize in nuclear speckles. Unlike EAF1, EAF2 binds to the amino-terminus (not C-terminus) of ELL, and this amino-terminal ELL interaction domain is disrupted by the MLL-ELL fusion, abolishing EAF2 (but not EAF1) binding to MLL-ELL. Both EAF1 and EAF2 contain transcriptional activation domains. Co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, domain mapping, retroviral myeloid transformation assay Blood High 12446457
2003 ELL and EAF1 are components of Cajal bodies (CBs) and colocalize with the CB marker p80 coilin, but without direct physical interaction with coilin. Localization of ELL and EAF1 in CBs is dependent on active RNA polymerase II transcription. MLL-ELL expression disrupts CBs, delocalizing EAF1 and p80 coilin. Immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, Pol II inhibitor treatments (actinomycin D, DRB, alpha-amanitin), nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation Molecular biology of the cell High 12686606
2003 MLL-ELL is a more efficient inhibitor of p53 than wild-type ELL. The extreme C-terminus of ELL (ELL eCT) is required for recruitment of p53 into MLL-ELL nuclear foci and is both necessary and sufficient for MLL-ELL inhibition of p53-mediated p21 induction and apoptosis. MLL-ELL requires intact ELL eCT to disrupt p53 interactions with p300/CBP and to reduce p53 acetylation in vivo. Deletion/mutant analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, in vivo acetylation assay Molecular and cellular biology High 12773566
2005 EAF1 and EAF2 are strong positive regulators of ELL elongation activity. They bind ELL and stimulate its ability to increase the overall rate of RNA polymerase II elongation. In vitro transcription elongation assay, protein interaction studies Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16006523
2005 ELL physically interacts with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) N-terminal domain and functions as a coactivator that increases MR transcriptional potency. ELL differentially modulates steroid receptor responses, acting as a coactivator for MR but with opposite (inhibitory) effects on glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transactivation, without affecting androgen or progesterone receptor transactivation. Both the elongation domain and EAF1 interaction domain of ELL are required for this selective coregulator activity. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, transient transfection reporter assays, ELL truncation/point mutants Molecular endocrinology High 15650021
2001 TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin negatively regulate SII-induced nascent transcript cleavage by non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates, suggesting these factors suppress pausing by preventing displacement of the nascent transcript 3'-end from the polymerase catalytic site. In vitro transcription cleavage assay with purified factors The Journal of biological chemistry High 11259417
2009 ELL directly binds to the TSP-1 (thrombospondin-1) promoter and acts as a transcription factor to directly induce TSP-1 gene transcription. The DNA-binding domain maps to the first 45 amino acids of ELL; the C-terminus contains the transactivation domain. MLL-ELL, which lacks these N-terminal amino acids, does not induce TSP-1 expression. ELL regulates TSP-1 mRNA expression in vivo (zebrafish) and inhibits vasculogenesis through TSP-1 upregulation. Promoter reporter assay, deletion mutant analysis, ChIP, zebrafish in vivo model The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 19447890
2006 ELL binding to U19/Eaf2 is required for nuclear speckle formation of U19/Eaf2, stabilizes U19/Eaf2 protein, and enhances its transactivation activity. Co-transfection, co-immunoprecipitation, protein stability assay, transactivation reporter assay The Prostate Medium 16114057
2006 An S. pombe ortholog of the ELL-EAF elongation factor complex (SpELL-SpEAF) was identified and shown to stimulate RNA polymerase II transcription elongation and pyrophosphorolysis. Deletion of the SpELL gene renders S. pombe sensitive to 6-azauracil, consistent with an elongation function. Bioinformatic identification, biochemical purification, in vitro transcription elongation and pyrophosphorolysis assay, genetic 6-azauracil sensitivity assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 17150956
2012 ELL has a role in stabilizing RNA polymerase II recruitment/initiation and entry into the promoter-proximal pause site prior to its assembly into the super elongation complex (SEC). Loss of ELL destabilizes pre-initiation complexes and disrupts early elongation and promoter-proximal chromatin structure before AFF4 and other SEC components are recruited, resulting in reduced transcriptional activation of rapidly induced genes. ChIP, ChIP-seq, ELL knockdown, gene expression analysis Nature communications High 22252557
2013 ELL is a partner of the general transcription factor TFIIH and is recruited to UV-damaged chromatin in a Cdk7-dependent manner. ELL depletion strongly impairs RNA polymerase II transcription resumption after DNA lesion removal/gap filling and increases Pol II retention on chromatin during this process, identifying ELL as an essential player in transcription restart after DNA repair. Proteomic (unbiased) identification of TFIIH partners, ChIP after UV damage, ELL siRNA knockdown, RNA Pol II localization assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 24127601
2016 ELL functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets c-Myc for polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. UbcH8 serves as the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) in this pathway. Cysteine 595 is the active site; C595A mutation abolishes ELL-mediated c-Myc ubiquitination and degradation, and ELL-mediated c-Myc degradation inhibits c-Myc-dependent transcription, cell proliferation, and xenograft tumor growth. In vivo ubiquitination assay, co-immunoprecipitation, site-directed mutagenesis (C595A), cell proliferation assay, xenograft tumor model Nature communications High 27009366
2020 ELL stability is regulated by a coordinated pathway: p300-mediated site-specific acetylation increases ELL stability, while HDAC3-mediated deacetylation decreases it through polyubiquitylation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah1. DBC1 competes with HDAC3 for the same binding sites on ELL, thereby increasing ELL acetylation and stability. Knockdown of DBC1 reduces ELL levels and expression of ELL target genes including those involved in glucose metabolism. Co-immunoprecipitation, acetylation assay, ubiquitination assay, siRNA knockdown, gene expression analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 32152128
2011 In C. elegans, the ELL ortholog ELL-1 and EAF-1 play important roles in fertility, survival, and body size regulation, at least in part through modulating cuticle collagen gene expression (dpy-3, dpy-13, sqt-3). Consistent with this, ELL overexpression in PC3 human prostate cancer cells also regulates collagen gene expression. C. elegans RNAi knockdown, mutant analysis, transgenic worms, cuticle structure analysis, gene expression assay in human cells The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 21880729

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 FOXP3: of mice and men. Annual review of immunology 766 16551248
2016 The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review. Clinical psychology review 590 27664823
1996 Cytogenetics of infertile men. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 344 9147109
2002 Breast cancer in men. Annals of internal medicine 315 12379069
1983 Generalized lymphadenopathy in homosexual men. Annals of internal medicine 305 6605701
1996 An RNA polymerase II elongation factor encoded by the human ELL gene. Science (New York, N.Y.) 297 8596958
1994 Cloning of ELL, a gene that fuses to MLL in a t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) in acute myeloid leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 207 7991593
2007 Insulin resistance and body fat distribution in South Asian men compared to Caucasian men. PloS one 191 17726542
2005 Men's accounts of depression: reconstructing or resisting hegemonic masculinity? Social science & medicine (1982) 178 16289741
2008 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. Neurology 169 18923135
2018 Zika Virus Shedding in Semen of Symptomatic Infected Men. The New England journal of medicine 155 29641964
2004 Progesterone: the forgotten hormone in men? The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male 152 15669543
2015 Cohort Profile: The Shanghai Men's Health Study. International journal of epidemiology 141 25733578
1997 Declining gonadal function in elderly men. Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism 124 9403124
2000 Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of MLL-ELL transforms primary myeloid progenitors and causes acute myeloid leukemias in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120 10995463
1999 Genetic evaluation of infertile men. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 118 10374090
2017 Mutation in TDRD9 causes non-obstructive azoospermia in infertile men. Journal of medical genetics 117 28536242
2006 In control of biology: of mice, men and Foxes. The Biochemical journal 113 16792526
1995 Brain spectrin: of mice and men. Brain research bulletin 112 7757495
2022 High-throughput single-сell sequencing in cancer research. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 111 35504878
2002 HIV, syphilis and heterosexual bridging among Peruvian men who have sex with men. AIDS (London, England) 106 12045493
2004 Defective recombination in infertile men. Human molecular genetics 104 15385442
2017 The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health? European journal of human genetics : EJHG 94 28853720
2003 Chromosome cohesion and separation: from men and molecules. Current biology : CB 91 12573239
1994 Pax: genes for mice and men. Pharmacology & therapeutics 90 7938171
2000 A carboxy-terminal domain of ELL is required and sufficient for immortalization of myeloid progenitors by MLL-ELL. Blood 88 11090074
2005 ELL-associated factors 1 and 2 are positive regulators of RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 16006523
2010 Atorvastatin increases intestinal expression of NPC1L1 in hyperlipidemic men. Journal of lipid research 85 21123766
2001 The elongation domain of ELL is dispensable but its ELL-associated factor 1 interaction domain is essential for MLL-ELL-induced leukemogenesis. Molecular and cellular biology 82 11463848
2002 ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2), a functional homolog of EAF1 with alternative ELL binding properties. Blood 72 12446457
2001 EAF1, a novel ELL-associated factor that is delocalized by expression of the MLL-ELL fusion protein. Blood 72 11418481
2014 Androgen receptor signaling regulates growth of glioblastoma multiforme in men. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 71 25315188
2010 The human superorganism - of microbes and men. Medical hypotheses 70 19836146
2004 Diabetic cardiomyopathy: do women differ from men? Endocrine 70 15711018
2005 The elongation factor ELL (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia) is a selective coregulator for steroid receptor functions. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 67 15650021
1997 Structure and function of RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL. Identification of two overlapping ELL functional domains that govern its interaction with polymerase and the ternary elongation complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 66 9268387
2009 Myofilament dysfunction in cardiac disease from mice to men. Journal of muscle research and cell motility 64 19140019
2005 Men's decision-making about predictive BRCA1/2 testing: the role of family. Journal of genetic counseling 64 15959652
2003 The genes and brains of mice and men. The American journal of psychiatry 63 12668350
2012 The power of MEN in cytokinesis. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 59 22189712
2009 Cell polarity determinants establish asymmetry in MEN signaling. Developmental cell 56 19154724
2014 Epigenetic germline mosaicism in infertile men. Human molecular genetics 49 25336341
2009 Differential expression of biomarkers in men and women. Seminars in oncology 48 19995647
2000 Differences in reproductive endocrinology between Asian men and Caucasian men--a literature review. Asian journal of andrology 46 11228931
1999 Physical interaction and functional antagonism between the RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL and p53. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 10358050
2022 Prevention and treatment of human papillomavirus in men benefits both men and women. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 45 36506029
2018 Critical Issues in Men's Mental Health. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 44 29673272
2013 ELL, a novel TFIIH partner, is involved in transcription restart after DNA repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 24127601
2013 Functional consequences of EpCam mutation in mice and men. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 44 24337010
2012 WNT signaling and cartilage: of mice and men. Calcified tissue international 43 23212543
2012 ELL facilitates RNA polymerase II pause site entry and release. Nature communications 42 22252557
2009 Androgen receptor gene sequence and basal cortisol concentrations predict men's hormonal responses to potential mates. Proceedings. Biological sciences 42 19793749
2009 Of mice and men: comparative proteomics of bronchoalveolar fluid. The European respiratory journal 41 20032019
2004 Control of glycaemia: from molecules to men. Minkowski Lecture 2003. Diabetologia 41 15114471
1989 Of matrices and men. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods 39 2478611
2016 ELL targets c-Myc for proteasomal degradation and suppresses tumour growth. Nature communications 38 27009366
2003 ELL and EAF1 are Cajal body components that are disrupted in MLL-ELL leukemia. Molecular biology of the cell 38 12686606
2020 Men with sickle cell disease experience greater sexual dysfunction when compared with men without sickle cell disease. Blood advances 36 32702096
2003 Molecular basis of p53 functional inactivation by the leukemic protein MLL-ELL. Molecular and cellular biology 36 12773566
1990 Anxiety and food intake in men. Psychosomatic medicine 35 2399296
2001 Transcription factors TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin negatively regulate SII-induced nascent transcript cleavage by non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates. The Journal of biological chemistry 34 11259417
2011 Banking sperm is only the first of many decisions for men: what healthcare professionals and men need to know. Human fertility (Cambridge, England) 33 22088127
1998 Identification and purification of the Holo-ELL complex. Evidence for the presence of ELL-associated proteins that suppress the transcriptional inhibitory activity of ELL. The Journal of biological chemistry 33 9556611
2008 USP26 gene variations in fertile and infertile men. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 32 18927127
2001 Functional analysis of the leukemia protein ELL: evidence for a role in the regulation of cell growth and survival. Molecular and cellular biology 32 11238904
1995 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) revisited. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 32 7655733
2009 Anxiety in mice and men: a comparison. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 30 19340391
2014 Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes. Seminars in pediatric surgery 29 24931355
2013 Mitochondrial DNA mutations and polymorphisms in asthenospermic infertile men. Molecular biology reports 29 23645088
2011 Regulation of fertility, survival, and cuticle collagen function by the Caenorhabditis elegans eaf-1 and ell-1 genes. The Journal of biological chemistry 29 21880729
2019 Eplerenone Versus Spironolactone in Resistant Hypertension: an Efficacy and/or Cost or Just a Men's Issue? Current hypertension reports 28 30826898
2018 Normobaric hypoxic conditioning in men with metabolic syndrome. Physiological reports 28 30565412
2000 Criteria for mutation analysis in MEN 1-suspected patients: MEN 1 case-finding. European journal of clinical investigation 28 10849016
2014 Chromosomal abnormality in men with impaired spermatogenesis. International journal of fertility & sterility 26 24696767
2014 Insulin resistance and depressive symptoms in older men: the health in men study. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 26 25532417
1998 Y chromosome variation of mice and men. Molecular biology and evolution 26 9866208
2009 Elongation factor ELL (Eleven-Nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia) acts as a transcription factor for direct thrombospondin-1 regulation. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 19447890
2008 Altered expression of progesterone receptors in testis of infertile men. Reproductive biomedicine online 25 18681990
2006 Identification and Characterization of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA Polymerase II Elongation Factor with Similarity to the Metazoan Transcription Factor ELL. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 17150956
2022 Of Flies and Men-The Discovery of TLRs. Cells 24 36231089
2018 What should be done for men with sperm DNA fragmentation? Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine 24 30202739
1997 Developmental analysis and subcellular localization of the murine homologue of ELL. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 9037066
2019 Neuropsychiatric Aspects in Men with Klinefelter Syndrome. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets 21 29972105
2019 Bisphenol A Exposure and Sperm ACHE Hydroxymethylation in Men. International journal of environmental research and public health 21 30626059
2015 Testosterone and reward prediction-errors in healthy men and men with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research 21 26232868
2015 Chromosomal Abnormalities in Infertile Men from Southern India. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR 21 26393143
2003 Expression of murine ELL-associated factor 2 (Eaf2) is developmentally regulated. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 21 14517999
2020 DBC1, p300, HDAC3, and Siah1 coordinately regulate ELL stability and function for expression of its target genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20 32152128
2009 Gene doping: of mice and men. Clinical biochemistry 20 19272337
1991 Inhibin and age in men. Clinical endocrinology 20 1752062
2019 Testosterone-dependent facial and body traits predict men's sociosexual attitudes and behaviors. American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council 19 30884051
2018 The E3 ubiquitin ligase Triad1 influences development of Mll-Ell-induced acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 19 29459712
2019 MicroRNA expression in infertile men: its alterations and effects. Zygote (Cambridge, England) 18 31412971
2010 Aging men and lipids. American journal of men's health 18 20483870
2006 ELL binding regulates U19/Eaf2 intracellular localization, stability, and transactivation. The Prostate 18 16114057
2006 Of mice and men: the many guises of estrogens. Ernst Schering Foundation symposium proceedings 18 17824171
2021 Men's Help-Seeking for Distress: Navigating Varied Pathways and Practices. Frontiers in sociology 17 34901258
2011 Postnatal neurogenesis: of mice, men, and macaques. Veterinary pathology 17 21825313
2023 Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin from Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.: Purification, fractionation, and enzyme inhibition. Food science & nutrition 16 37457197
2021 The endocannabinoid system, cannabis, and cannabidiol: Implications in urology and men's health. Current urology 16 34168527

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