Affinage

ELL

RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL · UniProt P55199

Length
621 aa
Mass
68.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ELL is an evolutionarily conserved RNA polymerase II elongation factor that suppresses transient pausing by preventing displacement of nascent transcripts from the polymerase catalytic site, stabilizes Pol II at promoter-proximal pause sites prior to assembly into the super elongation complex (SEC), and participates in transcription restart after UV-induced DNA damage through Cdk7-dependent recruitment via TFIIH (PMID:8596958, PMID:11259417, PMID:22252557, PMID:24127601). Beyond its elongation function, ELL acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets c-Myc for UbcH8-dependent proteasomal degradation through an active-site cysteine (C595), thereby inhibiting c-Myc-dependent proliferation, and additionally serves as a selective coactivator of the mineralocorticoid receptor and a direct DNA-binding transactivator of genes such as thrombospondin-1 (PMID:27009366, PMID:15650021, PMID:19447890). ELL was identified as the gene fused to MLL in the t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) translocation that causes acute myeloid leukemia; leukemogenic transformation depends not on ELL's elongation domain but on its C-terminal domain that recruits the transcriptional coactivator EAF1 (PMID:7991593, PMID:11090074, PMID:11463848). ELL and its associated factors EAF1/EAF2 localize to Cajal bodies and nuclear speckles in a transcription-dependent manner, and MLL-ELL disrupts these nuclear structures while also sequestering and inhibiting p53 (PMID:12686606, PMID:12446457, PMID:12773566).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1994 High

    The identity of the gene at 19p13.1 disrupted in t(11;19) AML was unknown; cloning revealed ELL as a novel lysine-rich protein fused to MLL, establishing the first molecular link between this locus and leukemia.

    Evidence PCR cloning from patient leukemia cDNA library with Northern blot and evolutionary conservation analysis

    PMID:7991593

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional activity was assigned to ELL at this point
    • The mechanism by which MLL-ELL drives leukemia was not addressed
  2. 1996 High

    The biochemical function of ELL was unknown; in vitro reconstitution demonstrated that ELL is an RNA Pol II elongation factor that increases the catalytic rate of transcription by suppressing transient pausing, establishing ELL's primary enzymatic activity.

    Evidence In vitro transcription elongation assay with purified components

    PMID:8596958

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of pause suppression at the nucleotide level was not resolved
    • In vivo relevance of the elongation activity was not demonstrated
  3. 1997 High

    ELL nuclear localization was confirmed and a paralog ELL2 with 49% identity and equivalent elongation activity was identified, establishing that ELL defines a conserved family of elongation factors with the N-terminal region as the elongation activation domain.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence across multiple cell lines; molecular cloning and in vitro elongation assay for ELL2

    PMID:9037066 PMID:9108030

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional redundancy versus specificity between ELL and ELL2 was unresolved
    • ELL sub-nuclear compartmentalization was not yet characterized
  4. 1999 High

    It was unclear how ELL's activity on Pol II was regulated; identification of EAP30 as an ELL complex subunit that derepresses ELL's inhibitory effect on Pol II promoter-specific transcription revealed a built-in regulatory mechanism and a novel Pol II interaction domain in ELL.

    Evidence In vitro transcription reconstitution and protein interaction studies

    PMID:10419521

    Open questions at the time
    • Full composition of the ELL complex was not determined
    • Whether AML translocations exploit this regulatory domain was not tested
  5. 2000 High

    Whether ELL's elongation activity was responsible for MLL-ELL leukemogenesis was unknown; structure-function analysis showed the C-terminal R4 domain (not the elongation domain) is necessary and sufficient for myeloid immortalization, establishing that MLL-ELL acts through transcriptional activation rather than elongation.

    Evidence Retroviral transduction of murine hematopoietic progenitors, serial replating assay, bone marrow transplantation, and transfection-based transcriptional assays with deletion mutants

    PMID:10995463 PMID:11090074

    Open questions at the time
    • Target genes of MLL-ELL-mediated transcriptional activation were not identified genome-wide
    • How the R4 domain activates transcription molecularly was not defined
  6. 2001 High

    The molecular basis of ELL's pause-suppression activity was unclear; biochemical reconstitution showed ELL prevents displacement of the nascent RNA 3′ end from the Pol II catalytic site and inhibits SII-induced transcript cleavage, defining the elongation mechanism. Simultaneously, the EAF1-interaction domain of ELL was shown to be critical for MLL-ELL transformation, with MLL-EAF1 alone sufficient for AML, revealing EAF1 recruitment as the leukemogenic mechanism.

    Evidence In vitro transcription/cleavage assays with purified factors; structure-function mutagenesis with retroviral transduction and mouse bone marrow transplantation

    PMID:11259417 PMID:11463848

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether EAF1's transactivation domain has specific cofactor partners was unknown
    • Structural basis of ELL-Pol II interaction was not determined
  7. 2002 High

    Whether ELL interacts with additional EAF family members was unknown; EAF2 was identified as a second ELL-interacting partner that colocalizes in nuclear speckles, with MLL-ELL selectively retaining EAF1 but not EAF2 interaction, suggesting differential complex assembly in normal versus leukemic states.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, retroviral transformation assay

    PMID:12446457

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional distinction between EAF1 and EAF2 in normal ELL biology was not resolved
    • Whether EAF2 loss contributes to leukemogenesis was not tested
  8. 2003 High

    The sub-nuclear compartment of ELL and consequences of MLL-ELL for nuclear organization were undefined; ELL and EAF1 were shown to reside in Cajal bodies in a Pol II transcription-dependent manner, and MLL-ELL leukemia cells exhibit disrupted Cajal bodies with delocalized coilin and EAF1. Separately, MLL-ELL was found to sequester and inhibit p53 via the ELL C-terminus, blocking p53 acetylation and p21 induction.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence colocalization with p80 coilin, pharmacological Pol II inhibition, confocal microscopy in leukemia cells; co-immunoprecipitation, p53 acetylation and apoptosis assays

    PMID:12686606 PMID:12773566

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Cajal body disruption is causally linked to leukemogenesis or a secondary consequence was not established
    • Whether wild-type ELL regulates p53 under physiological conditions was not tested
  9. 2005 High

    Whether ELL has roles beyond elongation was unclear; ELL was identified as a selective coactivator of the mineralocorticoid receptor that requires both its elongation and EAF1-interaction domains, extending ELL's function to steroid hormone signaling.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional assays with domain mutants

    PMID:15650021

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological significance of ELL-MR interaction in aldosterone-responsive tissues was not demonstrated
    • Whether ELL coactivation requires its Pol II elongation activity mechanistically was not dissected
  10. 2006 High

    Evolutionary conservation of ELL's elongation function was uncertain; the S. pombe ortholog SpELL was shown to form a two-subunit complex with SpEAF that stimulates Pol II elongation and pyrophosphorolysis, and its deletion causes 6-azauracil sensitivity, confirming deep conservation.

    Evidence Biochemical purification, in vitro elongation and pyrophosphorolysis assays, drug sensitivity assay in fission yeast

    PMID:17150956

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether SpELL has functions beyond elongation analogous to mammalian ELL was not explored
  11. 2008 High

    In vivo evidence for ELL's role in transcriptional elongation at specific loci was lacking; Drosophila ELL was recruited to heat-shock loci upon induction, and its knockdown reduced phospho-Pol II levels at these loci, providing the first metazoan in vivo evidence that ELL is required for Pol II elongation at rapidly induced genes.

    Evidence RNAi in Drosophila, ChIP at heat shock loci, phospho-Pol II immunostaining

    PMID:18562276

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide scope of ELL-dependent elongation was not determined
    • Functional distinction from ELL2 in vivo was not resolved
  12. 2009 High

    Whether ELL acts as a direct DNA-binding transactivator was unknown; ELL was shown to bind the thrombospondin-1 promoter via its first 45 amino acids and transactivate TSP-1, with functional consequences for vasculogenesis in zebrafish, establishing a gene-specific transcriptional function distinct from general elongation.

    Evidence Deletion mutant transfection, promoter-reporter assays, ChIP, zebrafish in vivo analysis

    PMID:19447890

    Open questions at the time
    • How many other genes are directly transactivated by ELL's DNA-binding domain was not determined
    • The DNA-binding mode and sequence specificity were not structurally resolved
  13. 2012 High

    ELL's temporal relationship to the super elongation complex was undefined; depletion experiments and kinetic ChIP analysis revealed that ELL stabilizes Pol II recruitment and entry into the promoter-proximal pause site before SEC assembly, placing ELL upstream of SEC in the transcription cycle.

    Evidence ELL depletion, ChIP for Pol II and chromatin marks, kinetic analysis of transcription complex assembly at rapidly induced genes

    PMID:22252557

    Open questions at the time
    • How ELL is transferred from pre-SEC to SEC complexes was not resolved
    • Whether ELL's pre-SEC function is redundant with ELL2 was not tested
  14. 2013 High

    Whether ELL functions in DNA damage responses was unknown; ELL was identified as a TFIIH partner recruited to UV-damaged chromatin in a Cdk7-dependent manner, and its depletion severely impaired transcription restart after DNA repair, establishing a role for ELL in coupling DNA repair to transcription resumption.

    Evidence Unbiased proteomics, siRNA depletion, UV irradiation, Pol II ChIP and transcription restart assays

    PMID:24127601

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ELL's elongation activity is specifically required for restart or whether its presence suffices was not dissected
    • The mechanism of Cdk7-dependent ELL recruitment was not structurally resolved
  15. 2016 High

    ELL was not known to possess ubiquitin ligase activity; reconstitution revealed ELL functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting c-Myc for proteasomal degradation via UbcH8, with C595 as the catalytic cysteine, demonstrating a wholly unexpected enzymatic function with tumor-suppressive consequences.

    Evidence In vitro ubiquitination reconstitution, C595A active-site mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, proteasome inhibitor treatment, xenograft tumor model

    PMID:27009366

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether c-Myc is the sole substrate of ELL's E3 ligase activity was not determined
    • The structural basis for ELL's dual enzymatic activities (elongation and E3 ligase) was not resolved
    • Independent replication of the E3 ligase activity has not been reported

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How ELL coordinates its multiple activities — elongation factor, E3 ubiquitin ligase, DNA-binding transactivator, and nuclear receptor coactivator — within the same protein, and whether these represent context-dependent or simultaneously active functions, remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of full-length ELL exists
  • Genome-wide identification of direct ELL DNA-binding targets has not been performed
  • Whether ELL's E3 ligase activity operates in the context of its elongation complexes is unknown
  • Functional redundancy with ELL2 and ELL3 in mammalian systems has not been systematically addressed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA 6 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 1 GO:0016874 ligase activity 1 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 1 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1
Partners
AFF4EAF1EAF2EAP30HIF1AMLLNR3C2TFIIH
Complex memberships
ELL-EAF1 complexELL-EAF2 complexELL-EAP30 complexSuper Elongation Complex (SEC)

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 ELL encodes an RNA polymerase II elongation factor that increases the catalytic rate of transcription by suppressing transient pausing by RNA polymerase II at multiple sites along DNA templates. In vitro transcription elongation assay Science High 8596958
1994 ELL (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia) was identified as the gene fusing to MLL in the t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia; predicted protein contains a highly basic, lysine-rich motif homologous to the DNA-binding domain of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. PCR cloning from patient leukemia cDNA library, Northern blot, zoo blot evolutionary conservation analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 7991593
2000 MLL-ELL fusion protein immortalizes myeloid progenitors and causes acute myeloid leukemia in mice; ELL alone has no transforming effect, establishing that MLL fusion drives oncogenesis. Retroviral transduction of murine hematopoietic progenitors, serial replating assay, bone marrow transplantation into lethally irradiated mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10995463
2000 The carboxy-terminal R4 domain of ELL (not the elongation domain) is both necessary and sufficient for MLL-ELL-mediated immortalization of myeloid progenitors; the R4 domain has potent transcriptional activation properties and transactivates a HoxA7 promoter. Structure-function analysis with truncation/deletion mutants, retroviral transduction serial replating assay, transient transfection transcriptional assay Blood High 11090074
2001 The EAF1 interaction domain of ELL (not the elongation domain) is critical for MLL-ELL-mediated leukemogenic transformation; MLL-EAF1 fusion alone is sufficient to immortalize myeloid progenitors and induce AML in vivo, suggesting recruitment of an EAF1-like transactivation domain is a common mechanism of 11q23 leukemogenesis. Structure-function analysis of MLL-ELL mutants, retroviral bone marrow transduction, in vitro transformation assay, mouse bone marrow transplantation Molecular and cellular biology High 11463848
1997 ELL2 is a novel RNA polymerase II elongation factor 49% identical to ELL; ELL2 and ELL possess similar transcriptional elongation activities; the elongation activation domain maps to the N-terminal region of ELL2 that is highly homologous to ELL. Molecular cloning, in vitro transcription elongation assay, Northern blot, structure-function analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9108030
1999 EAP30 subunit of the ELL complex interacts with ELL and derepresses ELL's inhibitory activity on RNA polymerase II promoter-specific transcription in vitro; ELL has a novel RNA polymerase II interaction domain capable of repressing polymerase activity, which is deleted in AML translocations. In vitro transcription assay, protein interaction studies, sequence homology to S. cerevisiae SNF8 The Journal of biological chemistry High 10419521
2001 ELL (along with TFIIF and Elongin) suppresses transient pausing by RNA polymerase II by preventing displacement of the 3′ end of the nascent transcript from the polymerase catalytic site, and inhibits SII-induced nascent transcript cleavage by non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates. In vitro transcription and nascent transcript cleavage assays with purified factors The Journal of biological chemistry High 11259417
2002 EAF2 (ELL Associated Factor 2) physically interacts with ELL via an amino-terminal interaction domain of ELL; ELL and EAF2 colocalize in a nuclear speckled pattern; EAF2 contains a transcriptional activation domain; MLL-ELL disrupts normal ELL protein-protein interactions by retaining EAF1 but not EAF2 interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies, confocal microscopy, retroviral bone marrow transduction transformation assay Blood High 12446457
2003 ELL and EAF1 are components of Cajal bodies (CBs); their localization in CBs is dependent on active RNA polymerase II transcription (dispersed by actinomycin D, DRB, or alpha-amanitin); CBs are disrupted in MLL-ELL leukemia cells with delocalization of EAF1 and p80 coilin. Immunofluorescence colocalization with p80 coilin, pharmacological inhibition of Pol II, nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation, confocal microscopy in MLL-ELL leukemia cells Molecular biology of the cell High 12686606
2003 MLL-ELL inhibits p53 functional activity more efficiently than wild-type ELL; the extreme C-terminus of ELL (ELL eCT) recruits p53 into MLL-ELL nuclear foci and is necessary and sufficient for MLL-ELL inhibition of p53-mediated p21 induction and apoptosis; MLL-ELL disrupts p53 interactions with p300/CBP and reduces p53 acetylation in vivo. Transient transfection, co-immunoprecipitation, p53 acetylation assay, apoptosis assay, p21 induction assay Molecular and cellular biology High 12773566
1997 Murine ELL protein localizes to the nucleus but is excluded from nucleoli in multiple cell lines (COS-7, HeLa, NIH 3T3, A7r5), consistent with its function as an RNA polymerase II elongation factor. Immunofluorescence with polyclonal antiserum to ELL, subcellular localization in multiple cell lines Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 9037066
2005 ELL physically interacts with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) N-terminal domain and acts as a selective coactivator of MR; ELL differentially modulates steroid receptor responses with opposite effects on MR versus glucocorticoid receptor, without affecting androgen or progesterone receptors; both the elongation domain and EAF1 interaction domain are required for ELL's coactivator function. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, transient transfection transcriptional assays with deletion/point mutants Molecular endocrinology High 15650021
2008 Drosophila ELL (dELL) is recruited to heat shock loci upon induction and is required for proper heat-shock gene expression; dELL knockdown reduces levels of phosphorylated (elongating) RNA Pol II at heat-shock loci; dELL and its associated factor dEaf are both essential for fly development. RNAi knockdown in Drosophila, chromatin immunoprecipitation at heat shock loci, phospho-Pol II immunostaining Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 18562276
2009 ELL directly binds to the thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) promoter and transactivates TSP-1 gene expression; DNA binding maps to the first 45 amino acids of ELL; the ELL response element maps to -1426 to -1418 of the TSP-1 promoter; MLL-ELL (lacking the N-terminal 45 aa) cannot induce TSP-1; ELL inhibits zebrafish vasculogenesis in part through TSP-1 upregulation. ELL deletion mutant transfection, promoter-reporter assays, ChIP, zebrafish in vivo TSP-1 mRNA analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 19447890
2006 ELL binding to U19/EAF2 is required for nuclear speckle formation of EAF2, stabilizes EAF2 protein, and enhances EAF2 transactivation activity. Co-transfection, co-immunoprecipitation, protein stability assay, transactivation assay The Prostate Medium 16114057
2010 ELL associates with HIF-1alpha and inhibits HIF-1alpha protein levels and downstream gene expression in PC3 prostate cancer cells; hypoxia alleviates ELL-mediated inhibition of cell growth and colony formation. Co-localization, co-immunoprecipitation, stable ELL knockdown/overexpression with lentiviral system, Western blot, real-time PCR, cell growth and colony formation assays The Prostate Medium 20166137
2012 ELL stabilizes RNA Pol II recruitment and initiation and promotes entry into the promoter-proximal pause site prior to assembly into the super elongation complex (SEC); loss of ELL destabilizes pre-initiation complexes and disrupts early elongation and promoter-proximal chromatin structure before AFF4 and other SEC components are recruited. ELL depletion, ChIP for Pol II and chromatin marks, kinetic analysis of transcription complex assembly, analysis of rapidly induced genes Nature communications High 22252557
2013 ELL is a partner of TFIIH and is recruited to UV-damaged chromatin in a Cdk7-dependent manner; ELL depletion strongly impairs RNA Pol II transcription resumption after DNA lesion repair and increases RNA Pol II retention on chromatin during the recovery period. Unbiased proteomic approach, ELL depletion by siRNA, UV irradiation, RNA Pol II ChIP and transcription restart assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 24127601
2016 ELL functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting c-Myc for proteasomal degradation; UbcH8 is the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) in this pathway; Cysteine 595 of ELL is the active site, as C595A mutation abolishes c-Myc ubiquitination and degradation; ELL-mediated c-Myc degradation inhibits c-Myc-dependent transcription, cell proliferation, and xenograft tumor growth. In vitro ubiquitination assay, active-site mutagenesis (C595A), co-immunoprecipitation, proteasome inhibitor treatment, xenograft tumor model Nature communications High 27009366
2006 S. pombe ELL ortholog (SpELL) forms a two-subunit complex with SpEAF that stimulates RNA polymerase II transcription elongation and pyrophosphorolysis; deletion of SpELL renders S. pombe sensitive to 6-azauracil, consistent with a role in elongation. Bioinformatic identification, biochemical purification, in vitro RNA polymerase II elongation and pyrophosphorolysis assays, drug sensitivity assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 17150956
2011 C. elegans ELL-1 and EAF-1 (worm orthologs) regulate fertility, survival, and body size; they modulate cuticle synthesis and control expression of collagen genes (dpy-3, dpy-13, sqt-3); ELL overexpression in PC3 human prostate cancer cells also regulates collagen gene expression. RNAi knockdown, eaf-1 mutant analysis, transgenic overexpression, collagen gene expression assays, cuticle structural analysis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 21880729

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 FOXP3: of mice and men. Annual review of immunology 766 16551248
2016 The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review. Clinical psychology review 568 27664823
1996 Cytogenetics of infertile men. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 343 9147109
2002 Breast cancer in men. Annals of internal medicine 315 12379069
1983 Generalized lymphadenopathy in homosexual men. Annals of internal medicine 305 6605701
1996 An RNA polymerase II elongation factor encoded by the human ELL gene. Science (New York, N.Y.) 297 8596958
1994 Cloning of ELL, a gene that fuses to MLL in a t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) in acute myeloid leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 207 7991593
2008 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. Neurology 168 18923135
2006 Conditional expression of women's desires and men's mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle. Hormones and behavior 155 16403409
2018 Zika Virus Shedding in Semen of Symptomatic Infected Men. The New England journal of medicine 154 29641964
2004 Progesterone: the forgotten hormone in men? The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male 151 15669543
2015 Cohort Profile: The Shanghai Men's Health Study. International journal of epidemiology 139 25733578
1997 Declining gonadal function in elderly men. Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism 124 9403124
2000 Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of MLL-ELL transforms primary myeloid progenitors and causes acute myeloid leukemias in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120 10995463
1999 Genetic evaluation of infertile men. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 118 10374090
2017 Mutation in TDRD9 causes non-obstructive azoospermia in infertile men. Journal of medical genetics 116 28536242
1989 Serum inhibin levels in normal men and men with testicular disorders. The Journal of endocrinology 115 2494289
2006 In control of biology: of mice, men and Foxes. The Biochemical journal 113 16792526
1995 Brain spectrin: of mice and men. Brain research bulletin 112 7757495
1997 ELL2, a new member of an ELL family of RNA polymerase II elongation factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 9108030
2022 High-throughput single-сell sequencing in cancer research. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 109 35504878
2002 HIV, syphilis and heterosexual bridging among Peruvian men who have sex with men. AIDS (London, England) 106 12045493
2004 Defective recombination in infertile men. Human molecular genetics 104 15385442
2007 Multivariate models of men's and women's partner aggression. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 97 17907857
2001 Cardiac arrhythmias: from (transgenic) mice to men. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 95 11573703
2017 The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health? European journal of human genetics : EJHG 93 28853720
1994 Pax: genes for mice and men. Pharmacology & therapeutics 90 7938171
2000 A carboxy-terminal domain of ELL is required and sufficient for immortalization of myeloid progenitors by MLL-ELL. Blood 88 11090074
2010 Atorvastatin increases intestinal expression of NPC1L1 in hyperlipidemic men. Journal of lipid research 85 21123766
2001 The elongation domain of ELL is dispensable but its ELL-associated factor 1 interaction domain is essential for MLL-ELL-induced leukemogenesis. Molecular and cellular biology 81 11463848
2002 Screening for Y chromosome microdeletions in 226 Slovenian subfertile men. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 76 11756356
2002 ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2), a functional homolog of EAF1 with alternative ELL binding properties. Blood 72 12446457
2014 Androgen receptor signaling regulates growth of glioblastoma multiforme in men. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 71 25315188
2010 The human superorganism - of microbes and men. Medical hypotheses 70 19836146
2004 Diabetic cardiomyopathy: do women differ from men? Endocrine 70 15711018
2005 The elongation factor ELL (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia) is a selective coregulator for steroid receptor functions. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 67 15650021
2016 Systems analysis of the prostate transcriptome in African-American men compared with European-American men. Pharmacogenomics 64 27359067
2009 Myofilament dysfunction in cardiac disease from mice to men. Journal of muscle research and cell motility 64 19140019
2003 The genes and brains of mice and men. The American journal of psychiatry 63 12668350
2012 The power of MEN in cytokinesis. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 58 22189712
2009 Cell polarity determinants establish asymmetry in MEN signaling. Developmental cell 56 19154724
1984 Prednisolone disposition in obese men. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 52 6499362
2009 Differential expression of biomarkers in men and women. Seminars in oncology 48 19995647
2000 Differences in reproductive endocrinology between Asian men and Caucasian men--a literature review. Asian journal of andrology 46 11228931
2022 Prevention and treatment of human papillomavirus in men benefits both men and women. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 44 36506029
2013 ELL, a novel TFIIH partner, is involved in transcription restart after DNA repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 24127601
2013 Functional consequences of EpCam mutation in mice and men. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 44 24337010
2012 WNT signaling and cartilage: of mice and men. Calcified tissue international 43 23212543
2018 Critical Issues in Men's Mental Health. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 42 29673272
2012 ELL facilitates RNA polymerase II pause site entry and release. Nature communications 42 22252557
2004 Control of glycaemia: from molecules to men. Minkowski Lecture 2003. Diabetologia 41 15114471
1989 Of matrices and men. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods 39 2478611
2003 ELL and EAF1 are Cajal body components that are disrupted in MLL-ELL leukemia. Molecular biology of the cell 38 12686606
2016 ELL targets c-Myc for proteasomal degradation and suppresses tumour growth. Nature communications 37 27009366
2014 The impact of prostate cancer on men's everyday life. European journal of cancer care 37 25204357
2008 Regulation of the transcriptional activity of poised RNA polymerase II by the elongation factor ELL. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 37 18562276
2003 Sexual activity in hypertensive men. Journal of human hypertension 37 12874608
2003 Molecular basis of p53 functional inactivation by the leukemic protein MLL-ELL. Molecular and cellular biology 35 12773566
1999 Cloning and characterization of the EAP30 subunit of the ELL complex that confers derepression of transcription by RNA polymerase II. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 10419521
1990 Anxiety and food intake in men. Psychosomatic medicine 35 2399296
2001 Transcription factors TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin negatively regulate SII-induced nascent transcript cleavage by non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates. The Journal of biological chemistry 34 11259417
2011 Banking sperm is only the first of many decisions for men: what healthcare professionals and men need to know. Human fertility (Cambridge, England) 33 22088127
2008 USP26 gene variations in fertile and infertile men. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 32 18927127
1995 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) revisited. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 32 7655733
2006 Cytogenetic analyses in infertile men. Archives of andrology 31 16443584
2004 Of flies and men; p53, a tumour suppressor. FEBS letters 31 15165898
2009 Anxiety in mice and men: a comparison. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 30 19340391
2014 Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes. Seminars in pediatric surgery 29 24931355
2011 Regulation of fertility, survival, and cuticle collagen function by the Caenorhabditis elegans eaf-1 and ell-1 genes. The Journal of biological chemistry 29 21880729
2018 Normobaric hypoxic conditioning in men with metabolic syndrome. Physiological reports 28 30565412
2013 Mitochondrial DNA mutations and polymorphisms in asthenospermic infertile men. Molecular biology reports 28 23645088
2000 Criteria for mutation analysis in MEN 1-suspected patients: MEN 1 case-finding. European journal of clinical investigation 28 10849016
2014 Insulin resistance and depressive symptoms in older men: the health in men study. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 26 25532417
1998 Y chromosome variation of mice and men. Molecular biology and evolution 26 9866208
2014 Chromosomal abnormality in men with impaired spermatogenesis. International journal of fertility & sterility 25 24696767
2013 Effects of intermittent fasting on metabolism in men. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 25 23582559
2009 Elongation factor ELL (Eleven-Nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia) acts as a transcription factor for direct thrombospondin-1 regulation. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 19447890
2008 Altered expression of progesterone receptors in testis of infertile men. Reproductive biomedicine online 25 18681990
2006 Identification and Characterization of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA Polymerase II Elongation Factor with Similarity to the Metazoan Transcription Factor ELL. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 17150956
2022 Of Flies and Men-The Discovery of TLRs. Cells 24 36231089
1997 Developmental analysis and subcellular localization of the murine homologue of ELL. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 9037066
2018 What should be done for men with sperm DNA fragmentation? Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine 22 30202739
2019 Neuropsychiatric Aspects in Men with Klinefelter Syndrome. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets 21 29972105
2019 Bisphenol A Exposure and Sperm ACHE Hydroxymethylation in Men. International journal of environmental research and public health 21 30626059
2015 Chromosomal Abnormalities in Infertile Men from Southern India. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR 21 26393143
2003 Expression of murine ELL-associated factor 2 (Eaf2) is developmentally regulated. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 21 14517999
2009 Gene doping: of mice and men. Clinical biochemistry 20 19272337
2019 Testosterone-dependent facial and body traits predict men's sociosexual attitudes and behaviors. American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council 19 30884051
2018 The E3 ubiquitin ligase Triad1 influences development of Mll-Ell-induced acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 19 29459712
2006 Of mice and men: teratomas and teratocarcinomas. Collegium antropologicum 19 17243571
2003 Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile men with cryptorchidism. Fertility and sterility 19 12801560
2019 MicroRNA expression in infertile men: its alterations and effects. Zygote (Cambridge, England) 18 31412971
2010 Aging men and lipids. American journal of men's health 18 20483870
2006 ELL binding regulates U19/Eaf2 intracellular localization, stability, and transactivation. The Prostate 18 16114057
2006 Of mice and men: the many guises of estrogens. Ernst Schering Foundation symposium proceedings 18 17824171
2011 Postnatal neurogenesis: of mice, men, and macaques. Veterinary pathology 17 21825313
2021 The endocannabinoid system, cannabis, and cannabidiol: Implications in urology and men's health. Current urology 16 34168527
2013 The leukemia-associated Mll-Ell oncoprotein induces fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2)-dependent cytokine hypersensitivity in myeloid progenitor cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 16 24089521
2016 Antisperm protein targets in azoospermia men. Journal of human reproductive sciences 15 27110078
2010 ELL is an HIF-1alpha partner that regulates and responds to hypoxia response in PC3 cells. The Prostate 14 20166137