Affinage

Showing CTNNB1 — BETA-CATENIN is a alias.

CTNNB1

Catenin beta-1 · UniProt P35222

Length
781 aa
Mass
85.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 21 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CTNNB1/beta-catenin is a dual-function protein that couples cell-cell adhesion to Wnt-responsive transcription, with its central 12-armadillo-repeat domain forming a long, positively charged groove that serves as a common docking surface for cadherins, TCF/LEF transcription factors, and the APC/Axin destruction machinery (PMID:9298899). At adherens junctions its adhesion role is essential for epithelial integrity: loss of the Drosophila ortholog Armadillo blocks junction assembly and causes cells to lose adhesion, polarity, and morphogenetic competence (PMID:8698810), and the protein is removed from junctions during apoptosis by caspase (DrICE) cleavage at an N-terminal DQVD motif that drives cadherin disassembly (PMID:19232093). In its signaling role, nuclear beta-catenin—and nuclear localization specifically, not membrane-tethered protein, is required for pathway output (PMID:15024404)—binds TCF/LEF HMG-box factors to form bipartite transcriptional activators (PMID:9309175) and recruits the PAF1-complex subunit Parafibromin/Hyrax via its C-terminus, with Pygopus, to drive target-gene transcription (PMID:16630820). Pathway output is set by protein stability: phosphorylation of exon-3-encoded GSK3beta sites targets beta-catenin for ubiquitination and degradation, and exon-3 mutations that block this stabilize the protein and constitutively activate Wnt signaling and proliferation (PMID:34922552); CK2 phosphorylation at Thr393 within the armadillo domain confers proteasome resistance as a positive regulatory input (PMID:12700239); and an alternative TRAF6/LC3B-dependent selective-autophagy route degrades beta-catenin, itself relieved by GSK3B-driven TRAF6 turnover (PMID:30806153). Through TCF-dependent transcription beta-catenin drives context-specific programs: cell-cycle genes such as CCND1/CCNE1 and adhesion genes in proliferating cells (PMID:29249062), GLUT3-linked glycolytic reprogramming in tumors (PMID:28923827), Slit2 as a retrograde signal for presynaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular junction (PMID:26159615), and a Saa3/macrophage paracrine axis governing adipose expansion (PMID:31934629). Dominant-negative CTNNB1 missense variants that impair Wnt reporter activity cause a neurodevelopmental disorder (NEDSDV) (PMID:36083290).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 19 steps
  1. 1996 High

    Defining the in vivo adhesion requirement established beta-catenin as essential for adherens junction assembly and epithelial organization, distinguishing it from a purely signaling factor.

    Evidence Genetic loss-of-function of the Armadillo ortholog in Drosophila embryos with morphological/biochemical readout

    PMID:8698810

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not separate the adhesion role from the later-defined transcriptional role at the molecular level
    • Drosophila ortholog rather than human CTNNB1
  2. 1997 High

    The armadillo-repeat crystal structure answered how a single protein binds multiple partners, revealing a positively charged groove as a shared docking surface for cadherins, TCFs, and APC.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of the protease-resistant armadillo repeat fragment with functional mapping

    PMID:9298899

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding-groove interactions inferred structurally rather than co-crystallized for all partners
    • No structure of the N-terminal regulatory/phosphodegron region
  3. 1997 Medium

    Direct binding to TCF/LEF HMG-box factors established beta-catenin as a transcriptional co-activator forming bipartite Wnt-responsive transcription factors.

    Evidence Synthesis of Co-IP and reporter data from Drosophila and vertebrate systems (review)

    PMID:9309175

    Open questions at the time
    • Primary data summarized in a review
    • Does not define which co-activators are recruited downstream of TCF binding
  4. 2003 High

    Identification of CK2 phosphorylation at Thr393 revealed a positive stability input acting within the armadillo domain, separate from the GSK3 destruction pathway.

    Evidence In vitro phosphorylation mapping, Thr393 mutagenesis, reporter and proteasome-rescue assays

    PMID:12700239

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • How Thr393 phosphorylation mechanistically blocks degradation not resolved
  5. 2004 High

    Compartment-resolution experiments demonstrated that nuclear localization, not mere protein stabilization, is required for transcriptional output, separating signaling from membrane functions.

    Evidence Drosophila genetic epistasis with truncation/tethering constructs and signaling-null alleles

    PMID:15024404

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of nuclear import/retention not defined
    • Drosophila ortholog
  6. 2006 High

    Parafibromin/Hyrax recruitment linked nuclear beta-catenin directly to the PAF1 complex, providing a mechanism connecting the Wnt transcription complex to initiation/elongation machinery.

    Evidence Drosophila genetic screen, direct C-terminal binding assays, Pygopus epistasis, human ortholog validation

    PMID:16630820

    Open questions at the time
    • How PAF1 recruitment is regulated context-dependently not addressed
    • Stoichiometry of the nuclear complex unresolved
  7. 2006 Medium

    Membrane-localized phosphorylated Armadillo was shown to contribute to planar cell polarity, extending beta-catenin's junctional role beyond static adhesion.

    Evidence Drosophila genetics, phospho-specific immunostaining, cuticle polarity phenotypes

    PMID:17183721

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphosites mediating polarity not molecularly defined
    • Drosophila context only
  8. 2009 High

    Caspase cleavage at an N-terminal DQVD motif explained how beta-catenin is processed during apoptosis to drive cadherin removal and junction disassembly.

    Evidence In vitro DrICE cleavage, cleavage-site mutagenesis, in vivo Drosophila apoptosis validation

    PMID:19232093

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional fate of the stable membrane fragment unresolved
    • Conservation of cleavage in mammalian CTNNB1 not tested here
  9. 2013 Medium

    Epistatic placement of Armadillo downstream of Brat defined a developmental setting where attenuating beta-catenin activity specifies neural progenitor identity.

    Evidence Drosophila brat mutants with Arm gain/loss-of-function and neuroblast counting

    PMID:24257623

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets in INPs not identified
    • Drosophila ortholog
  10. 2014 High

    Kinesin-II (Klp64D/KIF3A) binding to the armadillo domain revealed a trafficking mechanism controlling beta-catenin subcellular distribution for Wingless signaling.

    Evidence Direct binding assay, Drosophila genetics, Golgi localization, human KIF3A rescue

    PMID:25063455

    Open questions at the time
    • How trafficking is coupled to signaling state not resolved
    • Single lab
  11. 2017 Medium

    CRISPR knockout in human cells confirmed beta-catenin is required for cell-cycle gene expression (CCND1/CCNE1) and adhesion, linking loss-of-function directly to proliferation and adhesion phenotypes.

    Evidence CRISPR-Cas9 KO in HEK293T with Western blot, qPCR, proliferation and apoptosis assays

    PMID:29249062

    Open questions at the time
    • Single cell line
    • Direct versus indirect target effects not distinguished
  12. 2017 Medium

    Functional validation of exon-3 mutations established that escape from GSK3beta-directed ubiquitination stabilizes beta-catenin and constitutively activates Wnt-driven proliferation in tumors.

    Evidence Whole-genome sequencing, ubiquitination assay, TOPFlash reporter, proliferation assays in craniopharyngioma cells

    PMID:34922552

    Open questions at the time
    • Single tumor type
    • Destruction-complex assembly steps not dissected here
  13. 2017 Medium

    Identification of GLUT3 as a direct TCF4/beta-catenin target connected CTNNB1 mutation to glycolytic metabolic reprogramming in hepatoblastoma.

    Evidence RNA-seq with reporter assays in hepatoblastoma cell lines

    PMID:28923827

    Open questions at the time
    • Single tumor context
    • In vivo contribution of GLUT3 induction not quantified
  14. 2018 Medium

    Reciprocal cross-talk with LKB1 was defined, showing oncogenic beta-catenin post-transcriptionally accumulates LKB1, which in turn supports beta-catenin signaling and hepatic metabolic zonation.

    Evidence Gain/loss of beta-catenin in HCC cells, conditional Lkb1 KO mice, human HCC dataset clustering

    PMID:30566242

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of post-transcriptional LKB1 accumulation unknown
    • Single lab
  15. 2019 High

    Discovery of a TRAF6/LC3B selective-autophagy route established a proteasome-independent degradation pathway for beta-catenin, gated by GSK3B-driven TRAF6 turnover.

    Evidence Co-IP, K63/K48 ubiquitination assays, LIR/Thr266 mutagenesis, autophagy flux, GSK3B kinase assay, xenograft

    PMID:30806153

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of autophagic versus proteasomal degradation in vivo unquantified
    • Single lab
  16. 2019 Medium

    ACLY was shown to stabilize beta-catenin and promote its nuclear translocation, linking a metabolic enzyme to beta-catenin-driven colon cancer invasion.

    Evidence Co-IP, Western blot, migration/invasion assays in ACLY-deficient cells, mouse metastasis model

    PMID:31511060

    Open questions at the time
    • Interaction rests on single Co-IP without reciprocal validation
    • Mechanism of stabilization not defined
  17. 2020 High

    The beta-catenin/Saa3/macrophage axis defined a tissue-specific transcriptional output mediating mature adipocyte-preadipocyte cross-talk during fat expansion.

    Evidence Adipocyte-specific beta-catenin KO mice, ChIP/reporter on Saa3 promoter, macrophage conditioned-medium and preadipocyte proliferation assays

    PMID:31934629

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream signal activating adipocyte beta-catenin not defined
    • Human relevance from exome data correlative
  18. 2020 Medium

    NO was implicated in regulating junctional CTNNB1 to control VEGFA-induced endothelial permeability, tying beta-catenin to vascular barrier function.

    Evidence Conditional Atg7 KO, junctional CTNNB1 immunostaining, NOS inhibitor rescue, permeability assays

    PMID:32579471

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct CTNNB1 mutagenesis
    • Mechanism by which NO targets CTNNB1 not resolved
  19. 2022 Medium

    Functional testing of patient missense variants established a dominant-negative loss of Wnt signaling as the mechanism underlying a CTNNB1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder.

    Evidence TOPFlash WNT reporter assay on patient-derived missense variants

    PMID:36083290

    Open questions at the time
    • Single reporter assay
    • Cellular/developmental consequences in neurons not modeled

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the competing inputs—GSK3-destruction-complex phosphodegron control, CK2-mediated stabilization, kinesin-dependent trafficking, and TRAF6/autophagic degradation—are integrated to set nuclear beta-catenin levels in a given cell type remains unresolved.
  • No quantitative model balancing the multiple degradation/stabilization routes
  • Tissue-specific selection of distinct transcriptional programs (Slit2 vs Saa3 vs GLUT3) mechanistically unexplained

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 5 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
ACLYAPCAXINKIF3APARAFIBROMINPYGOPUSTCF/LEFTRAF6
Complex memberships
PAF1 complex (via Parafibromin)Wnt destruction complex (substrate)adherens junctionbeta-catenin/TCF-LEF transcription complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 The crystal structure of the armadillo repeat region of beta-catenin (12 copies of a 42-aa repeat) was determined, revealing a superhelix of helices with a long, positively charged groove. The acidic binding regions of cadherins, TCFs, and APC were proposed to interact with this groove, explaining how a single domain mediates multiple protein interactions. X-ray crystallography (3D structure of protease-resistant armadillo repeat fragment) Cell High 9298899
1996 Drosophila Armadillo (beta-catenin ortholog) is required for adherens junction assembly in vivo. Loss of Armadillo (armXP33 allele) prevents adherens junction assembly, causes epithelial cells to lose adhesion, round up, adopt mesenchymal character, lose polarity, and blocks gastrulation morphogenesis. Genetic loss-of-function (intermediate mutant allele armXP33) with morphological and biochemical analysis in Drosophila embryos The Journal of cell biology High 8698810
1997 Armadillo/beta-catenin binds directly to TCF/LEF-family HMG-box transcription factors in the nucleus, forming bipartite transcription factors that activate Wingless/Wnt-responsive target genes in both Drosophila and vertebrates. Review synthesizing direct binding experiments and genetic data (Co-IP, reporter assays in Drosophila and vertebrate systems) Current opinion in genetics & development Medium 9309175
2003 CK2 phosphorylates beta-catenin primarily at Thr393 within the armadillo repeat domain (where APC and Axin bind). This phosphorylation promotes proteasome resistance, increases beta-catenin protein levels, and enhances co-transcriptional activity, making CK2 a positive regulator of Wnt signaling. Pharmacological inhibition and dominant-negative CK2 expression; site-directed mutagenesis of Thr393; cotranscriptional reporter assays; proteasome inhibitor rescue; in vitro phosphorylation mapping The Journal of biological chemistry High 12700239
2004 Nuclear localization of beta-catenin is necessary for Wnt/Wingless pathway activation. Membrane-tethered beta-catenin is insufficient to activate transcription; only nuclear beta-catenin drives target gene expression. Two novel missense loss-of-function alleles that retain protein stability but cannot transduce signal were identified. Genetic epistasis in Drosophila: transgenic constructs with truncations/tethering; signaling-null condition defined; Chibby as C-terminus-specific negative regulator used to test membrane vs. nuclear function PLoS biology High 15024404
2006 Parafibromin (human) / Hyrax (Drosophila), a component of the PAF1 complex, is required for Wnt/Wg target gene transcription and binds directly to the C-terminal region of beta-catenin/Armadillo. Recruitment of Pygopus to beta-catenin/Armadillo is required for the transactivation potential of Parafibromin/Hyrax. This provides a mechanism by which the nuclear Wnt signaling complex directly engages the PAF1 complex to control transcriptional initiation and elongation. Drosophila genetic screens (Hyrax identified as Wnt pathway component); direct binding assays (Parafibromin/Hyrax binds C-terminal region of beta-catenin/Armadillo); human ortholog validated; epistasis with Pygopus Cell High 16630820
2006 In Drosophila epidermis, asymmetric distribution and phosphorylation of Armadillo/beta-catenin at the cell membrane is required for proper planar cell polarity; interference with Arm phosphorylation leads to polarity defects, revealing a polarity-signaling role for junctional/membrane Arm. Drosophila genetics (Wg/Hh pathway manipulation); immunostaining for Arm distribution and phosphorylation; cuticle polarity phenotype analysis PloS one Medium 17183721
2009 The caspase DrICE (Drosophila caspase-3 homolog) cleaves Armadillo/beta-catenin at a DQVD motif in the N-terminal domain during apoptosis, generating a stable membrane-associated fragment. This cleavage contributes to DE-cadherin removal from the plasma membrane during apoptotic adherens junction disassembly. In vitro caspase cleavage assays; site-directed mutagenesis of DQVD cleavage site; in vivo validation in Drosophila embryo apoptosis; immunostaining for Arm and DE-cadherin BMC developmental biology High 19232093
2013 In Drosophila, Brain tumor (Brat) specifies intermediate neural progenitor (INP) identity through attenuating Armadillo/beta-catenin activity via the Wnt destruction complex. Increasing Arm activity in immature INPs exacerbates supernumerary neuroblast formation in brat mutants, while reducing Arm activity suppresses it, establishing epistatic placement of Arm downstream of Brat-dependent INP specification. Drosophila genetics: brat mutants, Arm gain/loss-of-function in INPs, epistasis analysis; neuroblast counting phenotype Development (Cambridge, England) Medium 24257623
2014 Kinesin-II subunit Klp64D (Drosophila Kif3A homolog) directly binds to the Arm repeat domain of Armadillo/beta-catenin and recruits Dishevelled in the presence of Arm. Loss of Klp64D causes aberrant Arm accumulation in vesicular/Golgi structures, indicating that Kinesin-II regulates intracellular trafficking of Arm for Wingless signaling. Human KIF3A also binds beta-catenin and rescues klp64D RNAi phenotypes. Drosophila genetics (klp64D mutations, RNAi); direct binding assays (Klp64D binds Arm repeat domain); subcellular fractionation/immunostaining of Arm/Golgi; human KIF3A rescue experiment Development (Cambridge, England) High 25063455
2015 Muscle beta-catenin/Ctnnb1 acts as a transcriptional regulator (not via its cell-adhesion function) to drive expression of Slit2 as a retrograde signal for presynaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular junction. Ctnnb1 mutant lacking the transactivation domain fails to rescue presynaptic deficits; Slit2 transgenic expression in muscle rescues presynaptic defects caused by Ctnnb1 mutation; Slit2-coated beads induce synaptophysin puncta in spinal cord axons. In vivo transgenic mouse rescue experiments (transactivation-domain deleted Ctnnb1); Slit2 muscle-specific transgenic rescue; Slit2 bead assay in spinal cord explants eLife High 26159615
2019 ACLY (ATP-citrate lyase) stabilizes CTNNB1/beta-catenin protein by direct interaction, and the ACLY-CTNNB1 complex promotes CTNNB1 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, subsequently increasing CTNNB1 transcriptional activity and colon cancer cell migration and invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation (ACLY-CTNNB1 interaction); Western blot (CTNNB1 stabilization); migration/invasion assays in ACLY-deficient cell lines; in vivo mouse colon metastasis model Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research Medium 31511060
2019 TRAF6 drives selective autophagic degradation of CTNNB1/beta-catenin by interacting with LC3B through its LIR motif and catalyzing K63-linked polyubiquitination of LC3B; K63-ubiquitinated LC3B promotes the LC3B-ATG7 complex and directs CTNNB1 recognition for autophagic degradation. GSK3B phosphorylates TRAF6 at Thr266, triggering K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of TRAF6, thereby relieving CTNNB1 from autophagic degradation. Co-IP (TRAF6-LC3B, LC3B-ATG7); ubiquitination assays (K63-LC3B, K48-TRAF6); site-directed mutagenesis (LIR motif, Thr266); autophagy flux assays; GSK3B kinase assay; in vivo xenograft Autophagy High 30806153
2017 CTNNB1 mutations in exon 3 (affecting GSK3beta phosphorylation sites) increase beta-catenin stability by inhibiting ubiquitination, thereby activating the Wnt signaling pathway and promoting cell proliferation in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. A novel CTNNB1 mutation (transversion + in-frame deletion in exon 3) was functionally validated to confer increased beta-catenin stability. Whole-genome sequencing; ubiquitination assay; Wnt reporter (TOPFlash); CCK8 and colony formation proliferation assays in ACP primary cells Molecular cancer Medium 34922552
2017 GLUT3 (glucose transporter) is a direct TCF4/beta-catenin target gene in hepatoblastoma, mechanistically linking CTNNB1 mutation to metabolic reprogramming (glycolysis) in this tumor type. RNA sequencing; functional analyses in hepatoblastoma cell lines; reporter assays demonstrating direct TCF4/beta-catenin transcriptional regulation of GLUT3 EMBO molecular medicine Medium 28923827
2020 Beta-catenin in mature adipocytes regulates transcription of Saa3 (serum amyloid A3) through the beta-catenin-TCF complex; Saa3 activates macrophages to secrete Pdgf-aa, which promotes proliferation of Pdgfralpha+ preadipocytes, establishing a beta-catenin/Saa3/macrophage axis mediating mature adipocyte-preadipocyte cross-talk and fat expansion. Adipocyte-specific beta-catenin knockout mice (high-fat diet); ChIP/reporter assays for beta-catenin-TCF binding to Saa3 promoter; macrophage conditioned medium experiments; Pdgfralpha+ preadipocyte proliferation assays; whole-exome sequencing in obese subjects Science advances High 31934629
2020 Nitric oxide (NO) mediates VEGFA-induced vascular permeability by targeting CTNNB1/beta-catenin at endothelial junctions. In autophagy-deficient (atg7 KO) uteri, decreased CTNNB1 at endothelial junctions is associated with increased vascular permeability; NOS inhibitor treatment reduces extravasation, confirming NO/CTNNB1-dependent endothelial junction regulation. Conditional Atg7 knockout (Amhr2-Cre); Western blot/immunostaining for CTNNB1 at endothelial junctions; NOS inhibitor treatment; vascular permeability assay Autophagy Medium 32579471
1996 The human CTNNB1 gene comprises 16 exons spanning 23.2 kb. A major transcription initiation site was mapped 214 nt upstream of the ATG. The 5'-flanking region is GC-rich with a TATA box and binding sites for NF-kappaB, SP1, AP2, and EGR1. A 437-bp fragment and a 6-kb fragment containing the 5'-flanking region and exon 1 showed promoter activity in a reporter assay. Genomic cloning, restriction mapping, sequencing; transcription initiation mapping; promoter-reporter transfection assay in mouse epithelial cells Genomics Medium 8838805
2022 Two CTNNB1 missense variants found in patients with NEDSDV (neurodevelopmental disorder) act as dominant negative regulators of WNT signaling, as demonstrated by TOPFlash reporter assay, establishing a functional mechanism for these pathogenic variants. TOPFlash WNT reporter assay for functional assessment of CTNNB1 missense variants from patient cohort Genetics in medicine Medium 36083290
2018 LKB1 (STK11) signaling is activated downstream of oncogenic CTNNB1/beta-catenin in HCC: forced oncogenic activation of beta-catenin in human HCC cells induces post-transcriptional accumulation of LKB1 protein, and LKB1 in turn positively regulates beta-catenin signaling (metabolic zonation in liver). Lkb1 deletion impairs hepatic metabolic zonation downstream of beta-catenin, revealing a positive reciprocal cross-talk. Oncogenic beta-catenin overexpression in HCC cells (post-transcriptional LKB1 accumulation); beta-catenin siRNA knockdown (loss of LKB1 signature); conditional Lkb1 KO mice (impaired metabolic zonation); hierarchical clustering of human HCC datasets The Journal of pathology Medium 30566242
2017 CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of CTNNB1 in HEK 293T cells reduces cell adhesion and inhibits proliferation, decreases expression of CCND1, CCNE1 (cyclin D1, E1), N-Cadherin, and GSK3-beta, while increasing gamma-catenin, demonstrating that beta-catenin is required for Wnt/beta-catenin-driven cell cycle gene expression and cell adhesion. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout; Western blot; qPCR; MTT proliferation assay; flow cytometry apoptosis assay Biotechnology letters Medium 29249062

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1997 Three-dimensional structure of the armadillo repeat region of beta-catenin. Cell 581 9298899
2008 Specific mutations in the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) correlate with local recurrence in sporadic desmoid tumors. The American journal of pathology 348 18832571
1998 Mutations in the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) in endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. Cancer research 307 9537226
1996 Armadillo is required for adherens junction assembly, cell polarity, and morphogenesis during Drosophila embryogenesis. The Journal of cell biology 271 8698810
2006 Parafibromin/Hyrax activates Wnt/Wg target gene transcription by direct association with beta-catenin/Armadillo. Cell 258 16630820
2017 CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) mutation identifies low grade, early stage endometrial cancer patients at increased risk of recurrence. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 256 28281553
1999 The armadillo family of structural proteins. International review of cytology 203 9770300
2013 Ovarian and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas have distinct CTNNB1 and PTEN mutation profiles. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 201 23765252
2010 Armadillo-repeat protein functions: questions for little creatures. Trends in cell biology 198 20688255
2019 ACLY facilitates colon cancer cell metastasis by CTNNB1. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 190 31511060
2014 Clinical significance of CTNNB1 mutation and Wnt pathway activation in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 182 25214561
2017 Exon 3 mutations of CTNNB1 drive tumorigenesis: a review. Oncotarget 181 29435196
2018 Cis-Acting circ-CTNNB1 Promotes β-Catenin Signaling and Cancer Progression via DDX3-Mediated Transactivation of YY1. Cancer research 150 30563889
2010 Beta-catenin (CTNNB1) promotes preovulatory follicular development but represses LH-mediated ovulation and luteinization. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 143 20610534
2003 CK2 phosphorylation of the armadillo repeat region of beta-catenin potentiates Wnt signaling. The Journal of biological chemistry 138 12700239
2016 Activating mutations in CTNNB1 in aldosterone producing adenomas. Scientific reports 135 26815163
2002 APC/CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) pathway alterations in human prostate cancers. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 125 11921277
2019 TRAF6 inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis through regulating selective autophagic CTNNB1/β-catenin degradation and is targeted for GSK3B/GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation and degradation. Autophagy 119 30806153
2002 CTNNB1 mutations and beta-catenin expression in endometrial carcinomas. Human pathology 117 11957146
2004 CTNNB1 mutations and overexpression of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes in WT1-mutant Wilms' tumors. The American journal of pathology 116 15579438
1999 Plakophilin-3, a novel armadillo-like protein present in nuclei and desmosomes of epithelial cells. Journal of cell science 114 10381383
2018 Nuclear β-catenin localization and mutation of the CTNNB1 gene: a context-dependent association. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 111 29795437
2005 Pilomatrix carcinomas contain mutations in CTNNB1, the gene encoding beta-catenin. Journal of cutaneous pathology 99 15606674
2012 β-catenin (CTNNB1) mutations and clinicopathological features of mesenteric desmoid-type fibromatosis. Histopathology 93 23020601
2018 CircZFR promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through regulating miR-3619-5p/CTNNB1 axis and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 87 30468709
2018 Inhibition of WNT-CTNNB1 signaling upregulates SQSTM1 and sensitizes glioblastoma cells to autophagy blockers. Autophagy 85 29313411
1996 Genomic organization of the human beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1). Genomics 84 8838805
2014 R-spondin1, WNT4, and the CTNNB1 signaling pathway: strict control over ovarian differentiation. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 79 25187620
2020 Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Correlates of CTNNB1 Mutated Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma. International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists 78 30702464
2019 Immunohistochemical Nuclear Expression of β-Catenin as a Surrogate of CTNNB1 Exon 3 Mutation in Endometrial Cancer. American journal of clinical pathology 77 30715091
2004 A nuclear function for armadillo/beta-catenin. PLoS biology 77 15024404
2001 CTNNB1 mutations and beta-catenin protein accumulation in human hepatocellular carcinomas associated with high exposure to aflatoxin B1. Molecular carcinogenesis 77 11429783
2020 CircAGFG1 drives metastasis and stemness in colorectal cancer by modulating YY1/CTNNB1. Cell death & disease 76 32681092
1997 Armadillo and dTCF: a marriage made in the nucleus. Current opinion in genetics & development 75 9309175
2022 Circ-CTNNB1 drives aerobic glycolysis and osteosarcoma progression via m6A modification through interacting with RBM15. Cell proliferation 74 36181462
2021 Somatic mutations of GNA11 and GNAQ in CTNNB1-mutant aldosterone-producing adenomas presenting in puberty, pregnancy or menopause. Nature genetics 69 34385710
2011 MicroRNA-1826 targets VEGFC, beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and MEK1 (MAP2K1) in human bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis 69 22049531
1999 Beta-catenin accumulation and mutation of the CTNNB1 gene in hepatoblastoma. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 68 10398436
2006 The armadillo protein p0071 regulates Rho signalling during cytokinesis. Nature cell biology 64 17115030
2011 β-catenin (CTNNB1) S33C mutation in ovarian microcystic stromal tumors. The American journal of surgical pathology 63 21881488
2008 ABAP1 is a novel plant Armadillo BTB protein involved in DNA replication and transcription. The EMBO journal 63 18818695
2023 CTNNB1 in neurodevelopmental disorders. Frontiers in psychiatry 62 37009120
2020 CTNNB1/β-catenin dysfunction contributes to adiposity by regulating the cross-talk of mature adipocytes and preadipocytes. Science advances 58 31934629
2002 The Armadillo family protein p0071 is a VE-cadherin- and desmoplakin-binding protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 12426320
2011 MicroRNA-1826 directly targets beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and MEK1 (MAP2K1) in VHL-inactivated renal cancer. Carcinogenesis 54 22180573
2017 TTK Inhibitors as a Targeted Therapy for CTNNB1 (β-catenin) Mutant Cancers. Molecular cancer therapeutics 51 28751540
2008 Stabilizing mutation of CTNNB1/beta-catenin and protein accumulation analyzed in a large series of parathyroid tumors of Swedish patients. Molecular cancer 50 18541010
2019 LncRNA PART1 regulates colorectal cancer via targeting miR-150-5p/miR-520h/CTNNB1 and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 49 31669140
1992 The armadillo homologs beta-catenin and plakoglobin are differentially expressed during early development of Xenopus laevis. Developmental biology 48 1397690
2021 MEF2A transcriptionally upregulates the expression of ZEB2 and CTNNB1 in colorectal cancer to promote tumor progression. Oncogene 47 33863999
2017 Mutant CTNNB1 and histological heterogeneity define metabolic subtypes of hepatoblastoma. EMBO molecular medicine 47 28923827
2015 Slit2 as a β-catenin/Ctnnb1-dependent retrograde signal for presynaptic differentiation. eLife 47 26159615
2013 CTNNB1 in mesenchyme regulates epithelial cell differentiation during Müllerian duct and postnatal uterine development. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 47 23904126
2022 The Role of CTNNB1 in Endometrial Cancer. Disease markers 40 35531470
2022 Genomic and phenotypic characterization of 404 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by CTNNB1 variants. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 40 36083290
2016 PS341 inhibits hepatocellular and colorectal cancer cells through the FOXO3/CTNNB1 signaling pathway. Scientific reports 40 26915315
1996 Identification of a Hydra homologue of the beta-catenin/plakoglobin/armadillo gene family. Gene 40 8654977
2019 MicroRNA-214-3p Targeting Ctnnb1 Promotes 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation by Interfering with the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. International journal of molecular sciences 39 31013762
2011 Expression of SLCO1B3 is associated with intratumoral cholestasis and CTNNB1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer science 39 21615622
2016 Metazoan evolution of the armadillo repeat superfamily. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 36 27497926
2010 CTNNB1 gene mutations, pituitary transcription factors, and MicroRNA expression involvement in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Hormones & cancer 36 21761366
2007 Beta-catenin (CTNNB1) in the mouse uterus during decidualization and the potential role of two pathways in regulating its degradation. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 36 17533218
2006 Wnt, Hedgehog and junctional Armadillo/beta-catenin establish planar polarity in the Drosophila embryo. PloS one 36 17183721
2021 Inhibiting Wnt/beta-catenin in CTNNB1-mutated endometrial cancer. Molecular carcinogenesis 35 34038589
2016 CTNNB1 (β-Catenin)-altered Neoplasia: A Review Focusing on Soft Tissue Neoplasms and Parenchymal Lesions of Uncertain Histogenesis. Advances in anatomic pathology 35 26645457
2013 Brain tumor specifies intermediate progenitor cell identity by attenuating β-catenin/Armadillo activity. Development (Cambridge, England) 35 24257623
2021 CTNNB1 Mutations and Aberrant β-Catenin Expression in Ovarian Endometrioid Carcinoma: Correlation With Patient Outcome. The American journal of surgical pathology 32 32769429
2009 The armadillo repeat-containing protein, ARMCX3, physically and functionally interacts with the developmental regulatory factor Sox10. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 19304657
2021 Characterization of novel CTNNB1 mutation in Craniopharyngioma by whole-genome sequencing. Molecular cancer 31 34922552
2019 Germline Mutations in CTNNB1 Associated With Syndromic FEVR or Norrie Disease. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 31 30640974
2012 Beyond cell adhesion: the role of armadillo proteins in the heart. Cellular signalling 31 23022961
2005 beta-catenin (CTNNB1) gene amplification: a new mechanism of protein overexpression in cancer. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 31 15609344
2014 The armadillo as a model for peripheral neuropathy in leprosy. ILAR journal 30 24615444
2021 SNHG17/miR-384/ELF1 axis promotes cell growth by transcriptional regulation of CTNNB1 to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer gene therapy 28 33531646
2017 CTNNB1 mutations in basal cell adenoma of the salivary gland. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 28 29224720
2016 CTNNB1 Mutations and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Neuromuscular Choristoma and Its Associated Fibromatosis. The American journal of surgical pathology 27 27259010
2013 Beta-catenin versus the other armadillo catenins: assessing our current view of canonical Wnt signaling. Progress in molecular biology and translational science 27 23481204
2016 Structural and functional dissection of Toxoplasma gondii armadillo repeats only protein. Journal of cell science 26 26769898
2022 Morules But Not Squamous Differentiation are a Reliable Indicator of CTNNB1 (β-catenin) Mutations in Endometrial Carcinoma and Precancers. The American journal of surgical pathology 25 35834400
2022 Comprehensive Molecular Profiling of Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcoma Highlights Recurrent SMARCA4 Inactivation and CTNNB1 Mutations. The American journal of surgical pathology 24 36206446
2008 Beta-catenin takes a HIT. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 24 18596417
2022 Differential requirement of Hippo cascade during CTNNB1 or AXIN1 mutation-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 23 35921500
2011 PROP1 and CTNNB1 expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas with or without β-catenin mutations. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 23 22086512
2020 An autophagic deficit in the uterine vessel microenvironment provokes hyperpermeability through deregulated VEGFA, NOS1, and CTNNB1. Autophagy 22 32579471
2020 Non-small cell lung carcinomas with CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) mutations: A clinicopathological study of 26 cases. Annals of diagnostic pathology 21 32442860
2024 Development of mutated β-catenin gene signature to identify CTNNB1 mutations from whole and spatial transcriptomic data in patients with HCC. JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology 20 39583094
2013 Aberrant expression and regulation of NR2F2 and CTNNB1 in uterine fibroids. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 20 23704310
2012 WT1, WTX and CTNNB1 mutation analysis in 43 patients with sporadic Wilms' tumor. Oncology reports 20 23117548
2023 ARMADiLLO: a web server for analyzing antibody mutation probabilities. Nucleic acids research 19 37260077
2018 Clinical and biological significance of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma with CTNNB1 mutation. Journal of neurosurgery 19 30074466
2014 Kinesin-II recruits Armadillo and Dishevelled for Wingless signaling in Drosophila. Development (Cambridge, England) 19 25063455
2013 CTNNB1, AXIN1 and APC expression analysis of different medulloblastoma variants. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 19 23525311
2020 ZBTB20 regulates WNT/CTNNB1 signalling pathway by suppressing PPARG during hepatocellular carcinoma tumourigenesis. JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology 18 33604532
2009 Cleavage of Armadillo/beta-catenin by the caspase DrICE in Drosophila apoptotic epithelial cells. BMC developmental biology 18 19232093
2009 Investigation of BRAF and CTNNB1 activating mutations in adrenocortical tumors. Journal of endocrinological investigation 18 19498322
2024 GSTA1/CTNNB1 axis facilitates sorafenib resistance via suppressing ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmacological research 17 39510148
2021 LINC00665 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to facilitate tumor progression of colorectal cancer via upregulating CTNNB1. Experimental and molecular pathology 17 33865827
2018 β-catenin (CTNNB1) mutation and LEF1 expression in sinonasal glomangiopericytoma (sinonasal-type hemangiopericytoma). Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 17 29736797
2018 LKB1 signaling is activated in CTNNB1-mutated HCC and positively regulates β-catenin-dependent CTNNB1-mutated HCC. The Journal of pathology 17 30566242
2017 Knockout of CTNNB1 by CRISPR-Cas9 technology inhibits cell proliferation through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biotechnology letters 17 29249062

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