Affinage

AMER1

APC membrane recruitment protein 1 · UniProt Q5JTC6

Length
1135 aa
Mass
124.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
72 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

AMER1 (WTX) is a membrane-associated scaffold protein that functions as a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, assembling the β-catenin destruction complex at the plasma membrane and promoting β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation (PMID:17510365). It localizes to the membrane through two N-terminal PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding domains and recruits APC there by binding the APC armadillo-repeat domain through multiple interfaces resolved by crystallography (PMID:17925383, PMID:27462415). AMER1 directly engages β-catenin armadillo repeats via tandem REA motifs, stabilizes Axin, and counteracts Wnt-induced Axin degradation; tumor-associated C-terminal truncations lose direct β-catenin binding but retain partial activity through Axin-bridged recruitment (PMID:21498506, PMID:29329488). Paradoxically, AMER1 is also required for Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, translocating to the membrane in a PtdIns(4,5)P2-dependent manner to recruit CK1γ, Axin and GSK3β and promote Axin–LRP6 complex formation, with β-arrestin governing its membrane dynamics and PtdIns(4,5)P2 production (PMID:21304492, PMID:24265322). In vivo, Wtx loss causes neonatal lethality, somatic overgrowth, and aberrant β-catenin–driven mesenchymal lineage decisions, and germline loss-of-function mutations cause the X-linked sclerosing bone dysplasia osteopathia striata congenita with cranial sclerosis (PMID:21571217, PMID:19079258). Beyond Wnt, AMER1 acts in the nucleus, binding the WT1 transcription factor to enhance target-gene transcription, partnering with TRIM28 to repress endogenous retroviruses and LINEs and to control adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation, and binding p53 to promote CBP/p300-mediated acetylation and p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis (PMID:19416806, PMID:25882849, PMID:22285752). It additionally competes with NRF2 for KEAP1 binding to stabilize NRF2 and protect the antioxidant response, and binds RhoGDIα to restrain CDC42 activation (PMID:22215675, PMID:30631060). Isoform-specific functions include WTX-S driving NONO sequestration and paraspeckle disassembly via liquid-liquid phase separation, and WTX-L promoting NF-κB/LCN2-dependent ferroptosis through competitive binding to β-arrestin2 (PMID:41115290, PMID:40109379).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 19 steps
  1. 2007 High

    Established AMER1/WTX as a bona fide component of the β-catenin destruction complex, defining its core role as a Wnt antagonist that promotes β-catenin turnover.

    Evidence Tandem-affinity purification/mass spectrometry and ubiquitination/degradation assays in cells, Xenopus, and zebrafish

    PMID:17510365

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve where in the cell the complex assembles
    • Mechanism of how WTX promotes ubiquitination not detailed
  2. 2007 High

    Defined WTX as a membrane-anchored protein that recruits APC to the plasma membrane, placing destruction-complex assembly at the membrane.

    Evidence Co-IP, domain mapping of two PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding domains, siRNA, overexpression, and live imaging in multiple cell lines

    PMID:17925383

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of APC-ARM binding not yet determined
    • Functional consequence of membrane vs microtubule APC pools unresolved
  3. 2010 Medium

    Linked WTX expression to growth suppression via p21-mediated G1/G0 arrest and mapped the responsible region, framing tumor-associated truncations as functional losses.

    Evidence Inducible expression, flow-cytometry cell-cycle analysis, truncation mutant mapping, and expression profiling

    PMID:20956941

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between WTX and p21 induction not established
    • Single inducible cell system
  4. 2011 High

    Showed WTX directly binds β-catenin armadillo repeats through REA motifs and stabilizes Axin at the membrane, defining the molecular interface for destruction-complex assembly.

    Evidence Co-IP, domain deletion/point mutagenesis, reporter assays, and artificial membrane-targeting rescue

    PMID:21498506

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of the membrane destruction complex unresolved
    • How membrane assembly couples to ubiquitination not detailed
  5. 2011 High

    Revealed the paradoxical positive role of WTX in Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, recruiting CK1γ/GSK3β/Axin to the membrane and producing the receptor-activating signal.

    Evidence siRNA, LRP6-Amer1 fusion construct, phosphorylation assays, and PtdIns(4,5)P2 application

    PMID:21304492

    Open questions at the time
    • How the same protein both activates LRP6 and degrades β-catenin is not mechanistically reconciled
    • Temporal switch between roles unknown
  6. 2011 High

    Demonstrated in vivo that Wtx is essential for development and that its loss drives β-catenin–dependent mesenchymal lineage defects.

    Evidence Conditional/stage-specific mouse knockout and primary mesenchymal progenitor differentiation assays

    PMID:21571217

    Open questions at the time
    • β-catenin-independent contributions to differentiation delay not molecularly defined
  7. 2009 High

    Identified a nuclear function for WTX as a WT1 transcriptional cofactor and noted association with the paraspeckle marker NONO.

    Evidence Nuclear fractionation, Co-IP, co-localization, and WT1 target reporter assays

    PMID:19416806

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional significance of NONO co-localization not yet established
    • Regulation of nuclear vs membrane partitioning incompletely defined
  8. 2012 High

    Showed WTX inhibits rather than promotes ubiquitination in the KEAP1–NRF2 axis, competing with NRF2 to stabilize the antioxidant response and revealing context-dependent E3-adaptor effects.

    Evidence Co-IP, competition binding, ubiquitination assay, and NRF2 stability readout on WTX knockdown

    PMID:22215675

    Open questions at the time
    • Why WTX promotes β-catenin but blocks NRF2 ubiquitination not mechanistically explained
  9. 2012 High

    Established WTX as a p53 cofactor that enhances CBP/p300-mediated p53 acetylation and p53-dependent arrest/apoptosis, broadening its tumor-suppressor functions.

    Evidence Domain-mapping Co-IP, p53 acetylation assays, knockdown, and p53 reconstitution with cell-cycle/apoptosis readouts

    PMID:22285752

    Open questions at the time
    • How WTX stabilizes CBP/p300 not defined
    • Crosstalk with WTX Wnt functions unexplored
  10. 2013 Medium

    Identified β-arrestin as a regulator of WTX membrane dynamics and PtdIns(4,5)P2 production during Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation.

    Evidence Co-IP, FRAP, LRP6 phosphorylation assays in β-arrestin knockout cells

    PMID:24265322

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect coupling to PI kinases not fully resolved
    • Single-lab characterization
  11. 2015 High

    Determined the structural basis of WTX–APC recognition, showing multiple Amer1 fragments bind APC-ARM using a shared mode shared with other partners.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, ITC, GST pull-down, yeast two-hybrid, and cell-based composite mutagenesis

    PMID:27462415

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of WTX with β-catenin or Axin not solved
    • Full-length WTX architecture unknown
  12. 2015 High

    Defined TRIM28 as the major nuclear partner of WTX, establishing a β-catenin-independent role in epigenetic silencing of retroelements and control of mesenchymal differentiation.

    Evidence Domain-mapping Co-IP, ChIP, single-molecule RNA-seq, and differentiation assays

    PMID:25882849

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether WTX directly contacts chromatin unresolved
    • How WTX is targeted to specific loci unknown
  13. 2018 Medium

    Explained the partial function of C-terminal WTX truncations by showing Axin can indirectly bridge β-catenin recruitment when direct binding is lost.

    Evidence In vitro Co-IP with truncation mutants and a knock-in mouse allele

    PMID:29329488

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative contribution of indirect bridging in vivo not measured
  14. 2019 Medium

    Extended WTX's negative Wnt role to vertebrate development and regeneration and showed Amer family members do not functionally compensate.

    Evidence Zebrafish morpholino knockdown, TALEN knockout, Wnt target analysis, and fin regeneration assay

    PMID:31290212

    Open questions at the time
    • Normal development of mutants despite Wnt dysregulation not reconciled with mouse lethality
  15. 2019 Medium

    Uncovered a Wnt-independent cytoskeletal/invasion function in which WTX supports RhoGDIα suppression of CDC42, with loss driving metastasis.

    Evidence Co-IP, CDC42 activity assays, knockdown/overexpression, and in vivo metastasis model

    PMID:30631060

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect WTX–RhoGDIα binding not structurally defined
    • Single-lab finding
  16. 2020 Medium

    Identified KIF23 as a competitive disruptor of the Amer1–APC interaction that relocalizes Amer1 to the nucleus and activates Wnt signaling in cancer.

    Evidence Co-IP, competitive binding, subcellular relocalization, and Wnt reporter assays

    PMID:32365332

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether nuclear-relocalized Amer1 gains nuclear function not tested
    • Single-lab finding
  17. 2022 Medium

    Placed AMER1 downstream of IRF-2 transcriptional control, identifying an upstream regulator of its expression that constrains Wnt-driven proliferation.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, western blot, proliferation assays, and xenograft model

    PMID:35115027

    Open questions at the time
    • Other transcriptional regulators of AMER1 not surveyed
  18. 2025 Medium

    Defined an isoform-specific WTX-L function promoting ferroptosis via competitive β-arrestin2 binding and NF-κB/LCN2 activation.

    Evidence Competitive Co-IP, NF-κB reporter, ferroptosis inducers, and xenograft

    PMID:40109379

    Open questions at the time
    • Generality beyond gastric cancer unknown
    • How isoform choice is regulated unclear
  19. 2026 Medium

    Defined an isoform-specific WTX-S function that sequesters NONO into phase-separated nuclear bodies to disassemble paraspeckles and sensitize cells to chemotherapy.

    Evidence Domain-mapping Co-IP, LLPS assay, live-cell imaging, and chemosensitivity assays

    PMID:41115290

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological triggers of WTX-S nuclear body formation unknown
    • Single-lab finding

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How WTX integrates its opposing roles — destruction-complex scaffold versus LRP6-activating cofactor, and pro- versus anti-ubiquitination E3-adaptor functions — within a single regulatory logic remains unresolved.
  • No unified model reconciles WTX's positive and negative Wnt roles
  • Determinants of isoform- and partner-specific function not defined
  • Full-length structure and complex stoichiometry unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 3 GO:0008289 lipid binding 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 1
Partners
APCARRB2AXIN1CTNNB1KEAP1NONOTP53TRIM28
Complex memberships
β-catenin destruction complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2007 WTX forms a complex with β-catenin, AXIN1, β-TrCP2, and APC (identified by tandem-affinity purification and mass spectrometry), and promotes β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation, thereby antagonizing WNT/β-catenin signaling in cultured cells, Xenopus, and zebrafish. Tandem-affinity protein purification, mass spectrometry, functional assays in cultured cells, Xenopus, and zebrafish Science High 17510365
2007 AMER1 (WTX) is a membrane-associated protein that recruits APC to the plasma membrane by binding to the ARM repeat domain of APC. The N-terminus of AMER1 contains two distinct PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding domains mediating plasma membrane localization. Overexpression redirects APC from microtubule ends to the plasma membrane; siRNA knockdown reduces APC levels, promotes microtubule-end association of APC, and disturbs intercellular junctions. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, live-cell imaging, domain mapping Journal of Cell Science High 17925383
2009 WTX translocates to the nucleus (modulated by an endogenous splicing variant and a nuclear export inhibitor), co-localizes with the paraspeckle marker p54NRB/NONO, binds the WT1 zinc-finger transcription factor, and enhances WT1-mediated transcription of the endogenous target gene Amphiregulin. Nuclear fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization/immunofluorescence, reporter transcription assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 19416806
2011 Amer1/WTX directly interacts with the armadillo repeats of β-catenin via repeated REA (arginine-glutamic acid-alanine) motifs, assembles the β-catenin destruction complex (β-catenin, APC, Axin/Conductin) at the plasma membrane, stabilizes Axin, and counteracts Wnt-induced Axin degradation. Deletion or mutation of the membrane-binding domain abolishes membrane localization and abrogates negative Wnt regulation, which is restored by artificial membrane targeting. Co-immunoprecipitation, domain deletion/point mutagenesis, siRNA knockdown, Wnt target gene reporter assays, artificial membrane targeting The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 21498506
2011 Amer1/WTX is essential for Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation by GSK3β and CK1γ at the plasma membrane. Amer1 translocates to the plasma membrane in a PtdIns(4,5)P2-dependent manner after Wnt stimulation, binds CK1γ, recruits Axin and GSK3β to the membrane, and promotes Axin–LRP6 complex formation. Fusion of Amer1 to the cytoplasmic domain of LRP6 induces LRP6 phosphorylation and robust Wnt/β-catenin signaling. siRNA knockdown, overexpression, LRP6-Amer1 fusion construct, Co-immunoprecipitation, phosphorylation assays, PtdIns(4,5)P2 application The EMBO Journal High 21304492
2012 WTX interacts with KEAP1, the ubiquitin ligase adaptor that regulates NRF2 ubiquitination. WTX and NRF2 compete for KEAP1 binding; unlike its role with β-catenin (where WTX promotes ubiquitination), WTX inhibits NRF2 ubiquitination and degradation, thereby protecting the antioxidant response. Loss of WTX leads to rapid NRF2 degradation and reduced cellular response to cytotoxic insult. Co-immunoprecipitation, competition binding assay, ubiquitination assay, WTX knockdown with NRF2 stability readout The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 22215675
2012 The C-terminal domain of WTX binds to the DNA-binding domain of p53, enhances p53 binding to CBP, and increases CBP/p300-mediated acetylation of p53 at Lys 373/382. WTX knockdown accelerates CBP/p300 protein turnover and attenuates p53 acetylation. In p53-reconstitution experiments, depletion of WTX suppresses cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and p53 target-gene expression. Co-immunoprecipitation (domain mapping), p53 acetylation assay, WTX knockdown, p53 reconstitution, cell-cycle/apoptosis assays Molecular Cell High 22285752
2013 β-arrestin promotes Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation through a direct interaction with Amer1/WTX, regulating Amer1 membrane dynamics (measured by FRAP). β-arrestin is required for Wnt3a-induced Amer1 membrane translocation and interacts with PtdIns kinases PI4KIIα and PIP5KIβ; cells lacking β-arrestin cannot increase PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels in response to Wnt3a. Co-immunoprecipitation, FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching), LRP6 phosphorylation assay, β-arrestin knockout cells The Journal of Biological Chemistry Medium 24265322
2015 Crystal structures of the APC-ARM domain in complex with Amer1 fragments A1, A2, and newly identified A4 revealed that all three, along with other APC-ARM binding partners (Asef, Sam68), use a common recognition pattern. Amer1-A3 binds the C-terminal side of APC-ARM through a bipartite mode. Composite mutations on either APC or Amer1 disrupting all four interfaces abrogated their association in cultured cells and impaired membrane recruitment of APC by Amer1. X-ray crystallography, GST pull-down, yeast two-hybrid, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation in cultured cells Cell Discovery High 27462415
2011 Wtx deletion in mice causes neonatal lethality, somatic overgrowth, and malformation of multiple mesenchyme-derived tissues (bone, fat, kidney, heart, spleen). In primary mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), Wtx inactivation leads to aberrant β-catenin activation driving altered lineage fate decisions, while alternative pathways contribute to delayed differentiation of lineage-restricted cells. Conditional mouse knockout at different developmental stages, primary mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation assays, β-catenin activation measurement Developmental Cell High 21571217
2015 The transcriptional corepressor TRIM28 is the major binding partner of nuclear WTX. WTX interacts with the coiled-coil domain of TRIM28 via its own coiled-coil and proline-rich domains. WTX knockdown reduces TRIM28 recruitment to a chromatinized reporter and impairs repression of target transcripts including endogenous retroviruses and LINEs. In mesenchymal precursor cells, co-depletion of WTX and TRIM28 causes β-catenin-independent defects in adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, and WTX knockdown reduces TRIM28 binding to the Pparγ promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation (domain mapping), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), single-molecule RNA sequencing, siRNA knockdown, differentiation assays The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 25882849
2010 Functional analysis of WTX and tumor-associated truncation mutants shows that WTX induction causes G1/G0 cell-cycle arrest and growth inhibition through p21 induction. The short truncation mutant WTX358 lacks this activity, while the longer truncation WTX565 retains it, mapping the critical functional region to amino acids 358–561. Gene expression profiling showed overlap between WTX and WT1-regulated pathways. Inducible cell-line expression, cell-cycle analysis (flow cytometry), gene expression profiling, truncation mutant analysis Oncogene Medium 20956941
2020 KIF23 directly interacts with Amer1 and competitively blocks the Amer1–APC interaction, thereby relocating Amer1 from the membrane/cytoplasm to the nucleus and attenuating Amer1-mediated negative regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, resulting in pathway activation in gastric cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, competitive binding assay, subcellular fractionation/immunofluorescence, Wnt reporter assay, KIF23 knockdown/overexpression Aging Medium 32365332
2019 WTX loss in colorectal cancer disrupts the interaction between RhoGDIα and CDC42, triggering CDC42 activation and its downstream cascades to promote tumor invasion and metastasis. WTX binds RhoGDIα; loss of WTX prevents RhoGDIα from suppressing CDC42 activity. Co-immunoprecipitation, CDC42 activity assay, WTX knockdown/overexpression, in vivo metastasis model Nature Communications Medium 30631060
2025 The long isoform of WTX (WTX-L) promotes ferroptosis in gastric cancer by competitively interacting with β-arrestin2, disrupting its binding to IκBα and thereby activating the NF-κB/LCN2 pathway. LCN2 increases the labile Fe2+ pool and promotes lipid peroxidation to trigger ferroptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation (competitive), WTX-L knockdown/overexpression, NF-κB reporter, ferroptosis inducers (erastin/RSL3), in vivo xenograft iScience Medium 40109379
2026 The short isoform WTX-S interacts with NONO via its coiled-coil domain 2 binding to the NONO coiled-coil domain, driving formation of nuclear bodies (WTX-NB) through liquid-liquid phase separation. This sequesters NONO from paraspeckles, disrupting paraspeckle stability and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity in gastric cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation (domain mapping), liquid-liquid phase separation assay, live-cell imaging, siRNA knockdown, chemosensitivity assay Cancer Research Medium 41115290
2018 A C-terminal truncation of WTX/AMER1 (modeled in mice) fails to co-immunoprecipitate β-catenin directly, but partial recruitment of β-catenin can occur indirectly via AXIN/AXIN2 as a molecular bridge, explaining how some truncation mutations retain partial WTX function. Co-immunoprecipitation in vitro, mouse knock-in allele generation, β-catenin recruitment assay Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Medium 29329488
2022 IRF-2 directly activates AMER1 transcription (established by ChIP-seq), thereby regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and inhibiting gastric cancer cell proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), western blot, cell proliferation assays, xenograft model Journal of Translational Medicine Medium 35115027
2008 Germline loss-of-function mutations in WTX cause osteopathia striata congenita with cranial sclerosis (OSCS), an X-linked sclerosing bone dysplasia, with the mouse homolog expressed in fetal skeleton. Alternative splicing implicating plasma membrane localization of WTX is associated with male survival in OSCS, linking subcellular localization to functional outcome. Germline mutation identification, mouse expression analysis, alternative splicing analysis, genotype-phenotype correlation Nature Genetics Medium 19079258
2019 In zebrafish, wtx knockdown increases Wnt activity and causes embryonic dorsalization. In wtx mutants, Wnt target genes are transiently upregulated during caudal fin regeneration, confirming a negative regulatory role in Wnt signaling in vivo. However, wtx single or wtx/amer2/amer3 triple mutants develop normally and are fertile, demonstrating that the zebrafish Wtx/Amer family members do not compensate for each other. Morpholino knockdown, TALEN knockout, Wnt target gene expression analysis, fin regeneration assay Developmental Dynamics Medium 31290212

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 72 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2007 Wilms tumor suppressor WTX negatively regulates WNT/beta-catenin signaling. Science (New York, N.Y.) 329 17510365
2007 An X chromosome gene, WTX, is commonly inactivated in Wilms tumor. Science (New York, N.Y.) 249 17204608
2008 Wilms tumor genetics: mutations in WT1, WTX, and CTNNB1 account for only about one-third of tumors. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 144 18311776
2008 Germline mutations in WTX cause a sclerosing skeletal dysplasia but do not predispose to tumorigenesis. Nature genetics 140 19079258
2012 Wilms tumor gene on X chromosome (WTX) inhibits degradation of NRF2 protein through competitive binding to KEAP1 protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 107 22215675
2007 AMER1 regulates the distribution of the tumor suppressor APC between microtubules and the plasma membrane. Journal of cell science 75 17925383
2011 Amer1/WTX couples Wnt-induced formation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to LRP6 phosphorylation. The EMBO journal 61 21304492
2010 Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis owing to WTX gene defect. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 59 20209645
2009 The tumor suppressor WTX shuttles to the nucleus and modulates WT1 activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 59 19416806
2012 The WTX tumor suppressor enhances p53 acetylation by CBP/p300. Molecular cell 55 22285752
2015 Exome Sequencing Reveals AMER1 as a Frequently Mutated Gene in Colorectal Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 51 26071483
2008 Functional inactivation of the WTX gene is not a frequent event in Wilms' tumors. Oncogene 50 18391980
2011 Structural and functional characterization of the Wnt inhibitor APC membrane recruitment 1 (Amer1). The Journal of biological chemistry 49 21498506
2009 WTX inactivation is a frequent, but late event in Wilms tumors without apparent clinical impact. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 49 19760609
2020 Mir-20a-5p induced WTX deficiency promotes gastric cancer progressions through regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 44 33032635
2019 Mir20a/106a-WTX axis regulates RhoGDIa/CDC42 signaling and colon cancer progression. Nature communications 43 30631060
2015 Structural Insight into Specificity of Interactions between Nonconventional Three-finger Weak Toxin from Naja kaouthia (WTX) and Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 26242733
2020 KIF23 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through direct interaction with Amer1 in gastric cancer. Aging 36 32365332
2011 The WTX tumor suppressor regulates mesenchymal progenitor cell fate specification. Developmental cell 36 21571217
2009 Weak toxin WTX from Naja kaouthia cobra venom interacts with both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The FEBS journal 36 19682302
2013 Stat3 inhibits WTX expression through up-regulation of microRNA-370 in Wilms tumor. FEBS letters 34 23333300
2010 WTX mutations can occur both early and late in the pathogenesis of Wilms tumour. Journal of medical genetics 33 20679664
2010 Two novel WTX mutations underscore the unpredictability of male survival in osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis. Clinical genetics 25 20950377
2014 A novel WTX mutation in a female patient with osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis and hepatoblastoma. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 24 24459086
2012 Osteopathia striata congenita with cranial sclerosis and intellectual disability due to contiguous gene deletions involving the WTX locus. Clinical genetics 24 22670894
2010 LMP1 antagonizes WNT/β-catenin signalling through inhibition of WTX and promotes nasopharyngeal dysplasia but not tumourigenesis in LMP1(B95-8) transgenic mice. The Journal of pathology 24 21394719
2010 Expression patterns of the Wtx/Amer gene family during mouse embryonic development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 22 20503382
2016 Central loop of non-conventional toxin WTX from Naja kaouthia is important for interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 21 27343701
2012 WT1, WTX and CTNNB1 mutation analysis in 43 patients with sporadic Wilms' tumor. Oncology reports 20 23117548
2010 The WTX/AMER1 gene family: evolution, signature and function. BMC evolutionary biology 19 20843316
2012 WTX R353X mutation in a family with osteopathia striata and cranial sclerosis (OS-CS): case report and literature review of the disease clinical, genetic and radiological features. Italian journal of pediatrics 18 22716240
2019 MiR-4524b-5p/WTX/β-catenin axis functions as a regulator of metastasis in cervical cancer. PloS one 17 30939162
2008 Mutational analysis of WTX gene in Wnt/ beta-catenin pathway in gastric, colorectal, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Digestive diseases and sciences 16 18720004
2015 The WTX Tumor Suppressor Interacts with the Transcriptional Corepressor TRIM28. The Journal of biological chemistry 15 25882849
2017 High bone mass due to novel LRP5 and AMER1 mutations. European journal of medical genetics 14 28893644
2011 Wnt signalling: What The X@# is WTX? The EMBO journal 13 21505518
2016 The General Expression Analysis of WTX Gene in Normal and Cancer Tissues. Pathology oncology research : POR 12 28032309
2015 Structures of the APC-ARM domain in complexes with discrete Amer1/WTX fragments reveal that it uses a consensus mode to recognize its binding partners. Cell discovery 12 27462415
2013 β-arrestin promotes Wnt-induced low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (Lrp6) phosphorylation via increased membrane recruitment of Amer1 protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 11 24265322
2010 Functional characterization of Wilms tumor-suppressor WTX and tumor-associated mutants. Oncogene 11 20956941
2022 IRF-2 inhibits cancer proliferation by promoting AMER-1 transcription in human gastric cancer. Journal of translational medicine 10 35115027
2013 Severe osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis in a female case with whole WTX gene deletion. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 10 23401208
2012 Identification and analysis of mutations in WTX and WT1 genes in peripheral blood and tumor tissue of children with Wilms' tumor. Chinese medical journal 10 22800892
2020 Deletion of Exon 1 in AMER1 in Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis. Genes 9 33265914
2018 Genetic and Molecular Insights Into Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Osteopathia Striata With Cranial Sclerosis (OSCS) Through the Analysis of Novel Mouse Wtx Mutant Alleles. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 8 29329488
2022 Intestinal malrotation in a female newborn affected by Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis due to a de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation of the AMER1 gene. Italian journal of pediatrics 7 36581928
2012 Gain of FAM123B and ARHGEF9 in an Obese Man with Intellectual Disability, Congenital Heart Defects and Multiple Supernumerary Ring Chromosomes. Molecular syndromology 7 23599698
2007 Wilms' tumor with an apparently balanced translocation t(X;18) resulting in deletion of the WTX gene. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 7 17620295
2022 Mir-454-3p induced WTX deficiency promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progressions through regulating TGF-β signaling pathway. Journal of Cancer 6 35399726
2021 The phenotypic spectrum of AMER1-related osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis: The first Canadian cohort. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 6 34414661
2017 Male child with somatic mosaic Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis caused by a novel pathogenic AMER1 frameshift mutation. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 6 28497491
2013 Inactivation of the tumor suppressor WTX in a subset of pediatric tumors. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 6 24249259
2010 Mutations in the WTX-gene are found in some high-grade microsatellite instable (MSI-H) colorectal cancers. BMC cancer 6 20696052
2019 Zebrafish Wtx is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling but is dispensable for embryonic development and organ homeostasis. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 5 31290212
2017 Clinical, Pathologic, and Genetic Features of Wilms Tumors With WTX Gene Mutation. Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society 5 28326956
2024 amer1 Regulates Zebrafish Craniofacial Development by Interacting with the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. International journal of molecular sciences 4 38255806
2021 Novel WTX nonsense mutation in a family diagnosed with osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis: Case report. Medicine 4 34622833
2020 Whole Exome Sequencing Provides the Correct Diagnosis in a Case of Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis: Case Report of a Novel Frameshift Mutation in AMER1. Journal of pediatric genetics 4 33996185
2009 Is predisposition for nephroblastoma linked to polymorphisms of the WTX gene? Pathology oncology research : POR 4 19757195
2017 A knock-in mouse line conditionally expressing the tumor suppressor WTX/AMER1. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 3 28960679
2025 WTX-L/β-arrestin2/LCN2 axis controls vulnerability to ferroptosis in gastric cancer. iScience 2 40109379
2024 Non-conventional toxin WTX and its disulfide-fixed synthetic fragments: Interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and reduction of blood pressure. International journal of biological macromolecules 2 39667465
2018 WTX inhibits gastric cancer migration through the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncology letters 2 30250562
2012 WTX: an unexpected regulator for p53. Molecular cell 2 22405270
2026 Disrupting Paraspeckle Stability by Targeting WTX-NONO Phase Separation Enhances Chemotherapy Efficacy in Gastric Cancer. Cancer research 1 41115290
2025 Wilms Tumor in Children With AMER1/WTX Germline Pathogenic Variants: A Multicenter Case Series. Pediatric blood & cancer 1 40399763
2026 WTX-124, a Conditionally Activated Wild-Type IL2, Maximizes the Therapeutic Index of IL2, Unlike "Non-Alpha" Muteins. Cancer immunology research 0 41685778
2026 Blockers of Acetylcholine Receptors Affect the Hypotensive Effect of the Central Loop Fragment of the WTX Toxin. Doklady. Biochemistry and biophysics 0 41912848
2026 Identification of a Novel AMER1 Variant and Craniofacial Phenotypic Spectrum in Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 0 41964124
2025 Osteosclerosis and Meningioma: Implicating the Tumor Suppressor Gene AMER1/WTX. Anticancer research 0 41151894
2025 [Analysis of clinical characteristics and genetic etiology of a child with Osteopathia striata with Cranial sclerosis due to variant of AMER1 gene]. Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics 0 41230590
2011 [Establishment of BGC-823/WTX-EGFP gastric cancer cell line stably expressing Wilms tumor gene on X chromosome]. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University 0 21421469

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