Affinage

XRCC2

DNA repair protein XRCC2 · UniProt O43543

Length
280 aa
Mass
32.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

XRCC2 is a RAD51 paralog that functions as an essential mediator of homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and interstrand crosslinks, with additional roles in replication fork protection, meiotic recombination, and mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Within the BCDX2 complex (RAD51B–RAD51C–RAD51D–XRCC2), the RAD51C–RAD51D–XRCC2 subassembly structurally mimics a RAD51 nucleoprotein filament and stimulates RAD51 nucleation and filament extension on ssDNA through coupled ATPase activities of RAD51B and RAD51C, while XRCC2 itself controls gene conversion tract length in an ATP-independent manner (PMID:37344587, PMID:19470754, PMID:15141025). XRCC2 also regulates replication fork progression during nucleotide pool perturbations via ATR-mediated phosphorylation at Ser247, linking it to RRM2 and dNTP homeostasis independently of canonical HDR (PMID:30566856). Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in XRCC2 cause Fanconi anemia complementation group U (FANCU), with XRCC2 acting downstream of FANCD2 in the FA–BRCA pathway, and a homozygous missense mutation causes meiotic arrest and infertility in humans (PMID:27208205, PMID:30042186).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1998 High

    Identifying XRCC2 as a RAD51 family member that complements crosslinker hypersensitivity and chromosomal instability in irs1 cells established it as a dedicated homologous recombination repair gene.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, sequence alignment, and functional complementation of hamster irs1 mutant cells

    PMID:9628903 PMID:9660962

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical activity of XRCC2 protein unknown
    • Binding partners not yet identified
    • In vivo role not assessed
  2. 1999 High

    Demonstrating that XRCC2-deficient cells show >100-fold reduction in DSB-induced HR while retaining normal NHEJ pinpointed XRCC2's function specifically to the homologous recombination pathway.

    Evidence DSB-induced HR reporter assay in irs1 cells with XRCC2 complementation

    PMID:10517641

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether XRCC2 acts at strand invasion, RAD51 loading, or another HR step unclear
    • Relationship to other RAD51 paralogs not yet defined
  3. 2000 High

    Identification of the RAD51D–XRCC2 heterodimer, mouse knockout lethality with neuronal apoptosis, and centrosome fragmentation in deficient cells collectively established that XRCC2 functions in a specific protein complex essential for organismal viability and genomic stability.

    Evidence Purified RAD51D–XRCC2 co-IP and biochemistry; Xrcc2 knockout mouse embryology; centrosome immunostaining in deficient cell lines

    PMID:10871607 PMID:11025669 PMID:11118202

    Open questions at the time
    • Full composition of XRCC2-containing complexes not determined
    • Mechanism by which XRCC2 promotes RAD51 assembly unknown
  4. 2001 High

    Showing that XRCC2 localizes to the nucleus, is required for RAD51 focus formation at damage sites, and functions independently of its own ATP-binding domain defined XRCC2 as a facilitator of RAD51 assembly rather than a catalytic recombinase.

    Evidence XRCC2-GFP localization, RAD51 focus immunofluorescence, P-loop site-directed mutagenesis in irs1 cells

    PMID:11301337 PMID:11528482

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for XRCC2–RAD51 interaction not resolved
    • Role in immunoglobulin gene conversion raised new questions about XRCC2 in templated vs. non-templated mutagenesis
  5. 2002 High

    Reconstitution of the XRCC2·RAD51D complex revealed direct homologous pairing and filament formation activity, providing the first biochemical evidence that an XRCC2-containing subcomplex can catalyze strand exchange.

    Evidence Purified XRCC2·RAD51D complex, homologous pairing assay, electron microscopy of ring and filament structures

    PMID:11834724

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this activity is relevant in the context of the full BCDX2 complex unclear
    • Relative contribution of XRCC2 vs. RAD51D to pairing activity not separated
  6. 2004 High

    Biochemical characterization of the complete BCDX2 complex showed preferential binding to branched DNA structures and strand-annealing activity, indicating the complex operates at recombination intermediates rather than simple ssDNA or dsDNA.

    Evidence Purified BCDX2 complex, competitive DNA-binding with seven substrate types, strand-annealing assay

    PMID:15141025

    Open questions at the time
    • Individual subunit contributions to branched-DNA recognition not dissected
    • In vivo substrates of BCDX2 not identified
  7. 2009 High

    Discovery that XRCC2 deficiency causes long-tract gene conversion—correctable by ATPase-dead XRCC2—revealed an ATP-independent role in terminating gene conversion tracts, mechanistically distinct from XRCC3.

    Evidence SCR reporter assay in XRCC2-deficient hamster cells, complementation with WT and ATPase-mutant constructs

    PMID:19470754

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of conversion tract termination not elucidated
    • Whether this function operates through BCDX2 or a separate complex unknown
  8. 2016 High

    Complementation of Fanconi anemia cellular phenotypes by wild-type XRCC2, with intact FANCD2 monoubiquitination in XRCC2-deficient cells, placed XRCC2 (FANCU) downstream of FANCD2 in the FA–BRCA interstrand crosslink repair pathway.

    Evidence Complementation of patient-derived FA cells, MMC sensitivity, chromosome breakage, FANCD2 ubiquitination assays

    PMID:27208205

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise step at which XRCC2 acts downstream of FANCD2 not defined
    • Whether BCDX2 as a whole is required for FA pathway function not tested
  9. 2018 High

    Two parallel advances established that XRCC2 participates in meiotic recombination (human mutation causing azoospermia, validated in knock-in mice) and regulates replication fork progression via ATR phosphorylation at Ser247, expanding XRCC2 function beyond classical DSB repair.

    Evidence WES of infertile patient plus CRISPR knock-in mouse with meiotic arrest; DNA fiber assay, phospho-site mutagenesis, nucleotide pool measurement

    PMID:30042186 PMID:30566856

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which Ser247 phosphorylation controls RRM2 levels unknown
    • Meiotic stage at which XRCC2 acts not precisely determined
    • Whether fork protection and meiotic functions require the BCDX2 complex not tested
  10. 2021 Medium

    Detection of XRCC2 in mitochondria and demonstration that its depletion impairs complex I activity and mtDNA-encoded gene transcription in a RAD51-dependent manner suggested a role in mitochondrial genome maintenance.

    Evidence Mitochondrial fractionation, complex I activity assay, mtDNA damage assay, RT-PCR for mtDNA-encoded genes

    PMID:33964350

    Open questions at the time
    • Mitochondrial localization not independently confirmed by another group
    • Direct mtDNA repair activity not demonstrated
    • Specificity of mitochondrial vs. nuclear effects not fully controlled
  11. 2023 High

    The cryo-EM structure of BCDX2 resolved how RAD51C–RAD51D–XRCC2 mimics a RAD51 filament segment and, combined with single-molecule analysis, demonstrated that BCDX2 stimulates RAD51 nucleation and filament extension through coupled ATPase activities of RAD51B and RAD51C—providing the structural mechanism for XRCC2's role in RAD51 assembly.

    Evidence Cryo-EM, AlphaFold2 modelling, cross-linking MS, ATPase assays, single-molecule TIRFM

    PMID:37344587

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of BCDX2 bound to ssDNA or a RAD51 filament not yet resolved
    • How XRCC2 specifically contributes to nucleation vs. extension not isolated from the complex
    • Structural basis for the ATP-independent gene conversion tract control by XRCC2 not explained

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis for XRCC2's ATP-independent control of gene conversion tract length, how ATR-phosphorylated XRCC2 regulates RRM2 and dNTP pools, the precise meiotic stage requiring XRCC2, and whether the reported mitochondrial function represents a physiologically significant activity.
  • No structure of XRCC2 in the context of active recombination intermediates
  • Phospho-Ser247 downstream signaling mechanism not elucidated
  • Mitochondrial role awaits independent replication

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005694 chromosome 2
Pathway
R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 6 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication 2 R-HSA-1474165 Reproduction 1 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 1
Partners
MCM2MSH2NONORAD51RAD51BRAD51CRAD51DSFPQ
Complex memberships
BCDX2 (RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2)RAD51D-XRCC2 heterodimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 XRCC2 is a member of the RecA/RAD51 family of recombination-repair proteins; its gene was cloned and shown to complement the DNA cross-linker hypersensitivity and chromosomal instability of the hamster irs1 mutant cell line, establishing it as a functional homologous recombination repair gene. cDNA cloning, sequence alignment, functional complementation of irs1 mutant cells Molecular cell High 9628903 9660962
1999 XRCC2 is essential for efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination between sister chromatids; XRCC2-deficient hamster cells show >100-fold reduction in HR induced by DSBs, while non-homologous end-joining remains normal. DSB-induced HR reporter assay in XRCC2-deficient irs1 cells, complementation by XRCC2 transfection Nature High 10517641
2000 XRCC2 loss causes chromosome missegregation associated with centrosome fragmentation, not loss of the spindle checkpoint, indicating that unresolved DNA damage in XRCC2-deficient cells triggers mitotic instability. Cytological analysis of XRCC2-deficient cell lines, centrosome immunostaining, spindle checkpoint assay Nature cell biology High 11025669
2000 Xrcc2 knockout in mice causes embryonic lethality from mid-gestation, with high levels of p53-dependent apoptosis in post-mitotic neurons of the developing brain and elevated chromosomal aberrations in embryonic cells, establishing an essential in vivo role for HR repair in neuronal development. Mouse Xrcc2 gene knockout, histology, chromosome aberration analysis, gamma-ray sensitivity assay The EMBO journal High 11118202
2000 RAD51L3 (RAD51D) possesses single-stranded DNA binding activity and DNA-stimulated ATPase activity, and directly interacts with XRCC2 to form a heterodimeric complex in human cells. Protein purification, ssDNA binding assay, ATPase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, direct interaction confirmed with purified proteins The Journal of biological chemistry High 10871607
2001 Ablation of XRCC2 in chicken DT40 B cells shifts immunoglobulin V gene diversification from gene conversion to somatic hypermutation, demonstrating that XRCC2-dependent HR processes a common initiating lesion through templated recombination rather than error-prone substitution. XRCC2 gene disruption in DT40 cells, sequencing of immunoglobulin V gene diversification products Nature High 11528482
2001 XRCC2 protein localizes to the nucleus and is required for damage-dependent RAD51 focus formation; site-directed mutations in the XRCC2 P-loop (ATP-binding domain) do not abolish complementation, indicating XRCC2 promotes RAD51-dependent recombination without requiring its own ATP binding. XRCC2-GFP fusion complementation, immunofluorescence of RAD51 foci in irs1 cells, P-loop site-directed mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 11301337
2002 The purified human XRCC2·RAD51D complex catalyzes homologous pairing between ssDNA and dsDNA and forms multimeric ring structures in the absence of DNA and filamentous structures on ssDNA, demonstrating direct biochemical activity in strand exchange. Co-expression and purification of Xrcc2·Rad51D complex from E. coli, homologous pairing assay, electron microscopy The Journal of biological chemistry High 11834724
2002 XRCC2 is required for the formation of both early (type 1) and late (type 2) RAD51 foci after ionizing radiation and mitomycin C treatment, with normal RAD51 protein levels present in XRCC2-mutant cells, confirming a role in RAD51 assembly rather than expression. Immunofluorescence of RAD51 foci in irs1 (XRCC2-deficient) and complemented cells at multiple time points post-irradiation Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology Medium 12488590
2004 The BCDX2 complex (RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2) preferentially binds branched DNA structures (Y-shaped DNA and Holliday junctions) over linear or nicked duplexes, and catalyzes strand annealing between complementary ssDNA molecules. Purification of BCDX2 complex, competitive DNA-binding assays with seven substrate types, strand-annealing assay Nucleic acids research High 15141025
2003 Xrcc2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit 30-fold reduction in gene conversion, reduced RAD51 focus formation, reduced sister-chromatid exchange, and high-frequency complex chromosome exchanges including homologue exchanges as detected by spectral karyotyping, demonstrating profound HR deficiency. Xrcc2 knockout MEFs, gene conversion reporter assay, SKY, RAD51 focus immunofluorescence, SCE assay Cancer research High 14678973
2005 XRCC2 and its partner RAD51D protein levels peak in S- and G2-phases; XRCC2-deficient cells are hypersensitive to hydroxyurea and fail to form RAD51 foci or chromatin-associated RAD51 after HU treatment but not after thymidine arrest, revealing an XRCC2-dependent sub-pathway for repair at HU-stalled but not thymidine-stalled replication forks. Cell-cycle protein expression analysis, RAD51 focus immunofluorescence and chromatin fractionation, HU/thymidine sensitivity assays in irs1 cells Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 15861395
2006 Embryonic lethality of Xrcc2-/- mice involves p53-dependent apoptosis; loss of p53 restores growth of Xrcc2-/- fibroblasts in culture but cannot rescue embryonic lethality; loss of ATM has little effect on Xrcc2-/- embryos, indicating the apoptotic response to HR deficiency in early development is p53-dependent but ATM-independent. Double knockout mouse generation (Xrcc2-/-;Trp53-/- and Xrcc2-/-;Atm-/-), embryo morphology, cell culture growth assays, Delta-like1 expression analysis DNA repair Medium 17116431
2009 XRCC2 deficiency causes a bias toward long-tract gene conversion during sister chromatid recombination, and this defect is corrected by wild-type XRCC2 and by XRCC2 ATP-binding/hydrolysis mutants, revealing an ATP-independent role for XRCC2 in controlling gene conversion termination distinct from XRCC3. SCR reporter assay in XRCC2-deficient hamster cells, complementation with WT and ATPase-mutant XRCC2 constructs Molecular and cellular biology High 19470754
2009 Proteomic co-precipitation of XRCC2 from mouse embryonic fibroblasts identifies interactions with SFPQ, NONO, MSH2, and MCM2, which were confirmed by Western blot and ex vivo co-precipitation with RAD51D, suggesting XRCC2 functions in complexes with nucleic acid binding and DNA replication/repair proteins. Bacterial expression, pull-down from MEF extracts, 1D SDS-PAGE and MS, Western blot confirmation Proteomics Medium 19658102
2010 XRCC2 interacts with RAD51 and RAD51L3 in the yeast two-hybrid system; XRCC2 localizes at sites of DNA damage under specialized micro-irradiation conditions; most truncations of XRCC2 abolish function, establishing that XRCC2 enhances RAD51 activity/assembly at damage sites. Yeast two-hybrid, micro-irradiation with XRCC2 focus visualization, complementation of truncation mutants DNA repair Medium 20189471
2015 ZNF281 transcriptionally activates XRCC2 (and XRCC4) through direct DNA binding at their promoters in response to genotoxic stress, as demonstrated by ChIP and luciferase reporter assays; ZNF281 silencing delays DNA repair and downregulates XRCC2 expression. ChIP, luciferase reporter assay, comet assay, siRNA knockdown of ZNF281 Oncogene Medium 26300006
2016 Wild-type XRCC2 corrects three FA cellular phenotypes (MMC hypersensitivity, chromosome breakage, G2-M accumulation) in cells from an FA patient with biallelic XRCC2 mutation; FANCD2 monoubiquitination and foci formation are normal in XRCC2-deficient cells, placing XRCC2/FANCU downstream of FANCD2 in the FA-BRCA pathway. Complementation of patient-derived FA cells with WT XRCC2, MMC sensitivity, chromosome breakage, cell-cycle, FANCD2 ubiquitination/foci assays Journal of medical genetics High 27208205
2018 XRCC2 (together with RAD51D) restrains active DNA synthesis during dNTP pool alterations independently of HDR; XRCC2 absence correlates with elevated RRM2 (ribonucleotide reductase subunit) and increased nucleotide pools; ATR phosphorylates XRCC2 at Ser247 to regulate this fork progression function. DNA fiber assay, RRM2 western blot, nucleotide pool measurement, ATR inhibition, phospho-site mutagenesis (Ser247), XRCC2 KD in cells Cell reports High 30566856
2018 A homozygous XRCC2 missense mutation (c.41T>C/p.Leu14Pro) causes meiotic arrest, azoospermia, and infertility in humans; knock-in mice carrying the equivalent mutation survive but exhibit meiotic arrest, azoospermia, and premature ovarian failure, establishing a requirement for XRCC2 in mammalian meiotic HR. Whole-exome sequencing, CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in mouse generation, testis histology, fertility assays Journal of medical genetics High 30042186
2019 Cancer-associated mutations G96C and G107V in the RAD51D N-terminal Walker A region disrupt RAD51D interaction with XRCC2, abolishing homologous recombination (sister chromatid recombination reporter assay), demonstrating that the RAD51D-XRCC2 interaction is required for DSB repair. Yeast two-hybrid and three-hybrid interaction assays, co-immunoprecipitation in U2OS cells, SCR reporter assay in RAD51D KO cells DNA repair High 30836272
2021 XRCC2 localizes to mitochondria and is responsible for repair of mitochondrial DNA damage; XRCC2 depletion impairs mitochondrial complex I activity and reduces mtDNA-encoded CI-related gene transcription in a RAD51-dependent manner; sXBP1 (activated by tunicamycin) binds the XRCC2 promoter (TGTCAT domain) to suppress XRCC2 expression. Mitochondrial fractionation, complex I activity assay, mtDNA damage assay, mtDNA-encoded gene RT-PCR, ChIP for sXBP1 at XRCC2 promoter, RAD51 co-dependency experiments Cancer letters Medium 33964350
2023 Cryo-EM structure of the BCDX2 complex reveals that RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2 mimics three RAD51 protomers aligned within a nucleoprotein filament while RAD51B is highly dynamic; biochemical and single-molecule analyses show BCDX2 stimulates nucleation and extension of RAD51 filaments on ssDNA in reactions dependent on coupled ATPase activities of RAD51B and RAD51C, promoting fork protection and DSB repair. Cryo-EM, AlphaFold2 modelling, structural proteomics (cross-linking MS), ATPase assays, single-molecule TIRFM, RAD51 filament assembly assays Nature High 37344587
2024 c-Myc functions as a transcriptional activator of XRCC2 (identified by ChIP and luciferase reporter assay); XRCC2 in turn suppresses FOS expression to promote NSCLC cell proliferation and doxorubicin resistance; knockdown of XRCC2 impairs proliferation in vitro and in vivo. ChIP, luciferase reporter assay, RNA-seq, flow cytometry rescue assay, xenograft mouse model Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy Medium 39153434

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 XRCC2 and XRCC3, new human Rad51-family members, promote chromosome stability and protect against DNA cross-links and other damages. Molecular cell 454 9660962
1999 Mammalian XRCC2 promotes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. Nature 289 10517641
2000 Mammalian recombination-repair genes XRCC2 and XRCC3 promote correct chromosome segregation. Nature cell biology 195 11025669
2000 Xrcc2 is required for genetic stability, embryonic neurogenesis and viability in mice. The EMBO journal 193 11118202
2001 Ablation of XRCC2/3 transforms immunoglobulin V gene conversion into somatic hypermutation. Nature 186 11528482
2012 Rare mutations in XRCC2 increase the risk of breast cancer. American journal of human genetics 137 22464251
1998 The XRCC2 DNA repair gene from human and mouse encodes a novel member of the recA/RAD51 family. Nucleic acids research 132 9628903
2008 Combinational polymorphisms of four DNA repair genes XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, and XRCC4 and their association with oral cancer in Taiwan. Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 108 18410587
1999 The XRCC2 and XRCC3 repair genes are required for chromosome stability in mammalian cells. Mutation research 106 10422536
2002 A potential role for the XRCC2 R188H polymorphic site in DNA-damage repair and breast cancer. Human molecular genetics 102 12023985
2000 The RAD51 family member, RAD51L3, is a DNA-stimulated ATPase that forms a complex with XRCC2. The Journal of biological chemistry 92 10871607
2008 Brca2/Xrcc2 dependent HR, but not NHEJ, is required for protection against O(6)-methylguanine triggered apoptosis, DSBs and chromosomal aberrations by a process leading to SCEs. DNA repair 90 18840549
2000 Homologous recombination as a potential target for caffeine radiosensitization in mammalian cells: reduced caffeine radiosensitization in XRCC2 and XRCC3 mutants. Oncogene 90 11126366
2001 XRCC2 is a nuclear RAD51-like protein required for damage-dependent RAD51 focus formation without the need for ATP binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 85 11301337
2009 Breast cancer risk and common single nucleotide polymorphisms in homologous recombination DNA repair pathway genes XRCC2, XRCC3, NBS1 and RAD51. Cancer epidemiology 81 20004634
2004 DNA repair gene XRCC2 and XRCC3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. International journal of cancer 79 15386379
2003 Homologous recombination deficiency leads to profound genetic instability in cells derived from Xrcc2-knockout mice. Cancer research 78 14678973
2008 Genetic polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1, XRCC2 and XRCC3 and risk of breast cancer in Cyprus. Breast cancer research and treatment 77 18188695
2010 Polymorphisms in RAD51, XRCC2 and XRCC3 genes of the homologous recombination repair in colorectal cancer--a case control study. Molecular biology reports 76 21104022
2017 Rare, protein-truncating variants in ATM, CHEK2 and PALB2, but not XRCC2, are associated with increased breast cancer risks. Journal of medical genetics 75 28779002
2004 Preferential binding to branched DNA strands and strand-annealing activity of the human Rad51B, Rad51C, Rad51D and Xrcc2 protein complex. Nucleic acids research 72 15141025
2016 Complementation of hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents demonstrates that XRCC2 is a Fanconi anaemia gene. Journal of medical genetics 71 27208205
2014 miR-7 inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting XRCC2. OncoTargets and therapy 68 24570594
2012 Exome sequencing reveals a novel Fanconi group defined by XRCC2 mutation. Journal of medical genetics 66 22232082
2002 Homologous pairing and ring and filament structure formation activities of the human Xrcc2*Rad51D complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 11834724
2007 XRCC2 and XRCC3 gene polymorphism and risk of pancreatic cancer. The American journal of gastroenterology 60 17986315
2018 XRCC2 mutation causes meiotic arrest, azoospermia and infertility. Journal of medical genetics 55 30042186
2010 The importance of XRCC2 in RAD51-related DNA damage repair. DNA repair 53 20189471
2023 Structure and function of the RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2 tumour suppressor. Nature 52 37344587
1997 The XRCC2 DNA repair gene: identification of a positional candidate. Genomics 52 9126486
2009 XRCC2 and XRCC3 regulate the balance between short- and long-tract gene conversions between sister chromatids. Molecular and cellular biology 50 19470754
2011 A role for XRCC2 gene polymorphisms in breast cancer risk and survival. Journal of medical genetics 48 21632523
1995 Localization to chromosome 7q36.1 of the human XRCC2 gene, determining sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Human molecular genetics 48 7711722
2011 Association studies of OGG1, XRCC1, XRCC2 and XRCC3 polymorphisms with differentiated thyroid cancer. Mutation research 46 21414327
2013 Roles of XRCC2, RAD51B and RAD51D in RAD51-independent SSA recombination. PLoS genetics 45 24278037
2012 Polymorphism of the DNA repair genes RAD51 and XRCC2 in smoking- and drinking-related laryngeal cancer in a Polish population. Archives of medical science : AMS 39 23319983
2015 ZNF281 contributes to the DNA damage response by controlling the expression of XRCC2 and XRCC4. Oncogene 38 26300006
2013 The Arabidopsis RAD51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2 play partially redundant roles in somatic DNA repair and gene regulation. The New phytologist 38 24102485
2005 Genetic polymorphisms in XRCC1, APE1, ADPRT, XRCC2, and XRCC3 and risk of chronic benzene poisoning in a Chinese occupational population. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 38 16284386
2013 Effects of XRCC2 and RAD51B mutations on somatic and meiotic recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 37 23521529
2009 Genetic variants in XRCC2: new insights into colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 37 19690184
2018 XRCC2 Regulates Replication Fork Progression during dNTP Alterations. Cell reports 36 30566856
2015 XRCC2 as a predictive biomarker for radioresistance in locally advanced rectal cancer patients undergoing preoperative radiotherapy. Oncotarget 32 26320178
2014 Correlation between selected XRCC2, XRCC3 and RAD51 gene polymorphisms and primary breast cancer in women in Pakistan. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 32 25556451
2012 Rare variants in XRCC2 as breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Journal of medical genetics 32 23054243
2006 A naturally occurring genetic variant of human XRCC2 (R188H) confers increased resistance to cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 32 17141189
2022 PARP inhibitor olaparib enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy on XRCC2-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Cell death & disease 31 35643812
2015 A systematic gene-gene and gene-environment interaction analysis of DNA repair genes XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, XRCC4, and oral cancer risk. Omics : a journal of integrative biology 30 25831063
2010 Genetics polymorphism in DNA repair genes by base excision repair pathway (XRCC1) and homologous recombination (XRCC2 and RAD51) and the risk of breast carcinoma in the Polish population. Polish journal of pathology : official journal of the Polish Society of Pathologists 30 21290343
2016 Association Studies Between XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3 Polymorphisms and Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 28 26938431
2012 The association between polymorphisms of the RAD51-G135C, XRCC2-Arg188His and XRCC3-Thr241Met genes and clinico-pathologic features in breast cancer in Poland. European journal of gynaecological oncology 28 22611952
2005 Xrcc2 deficiency sensitizes cells to apoptosis by MNNG and the alkylating anticancer drugs temozolomide, fotemustine and mafosfamide. Cancer letters 28 16298473
1995 Assignment of the XRCC2 human DNA repair gene to chromosome 7q36 by complementation analysis. Genomics 28 7607692
2014 Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of XRCC2 and XRCC3 homologous recombination repair genes and triple-negative breast cancer in Polish women. Clinical and experimental medicine 27 24728564
2012 Single nucleotide polymorphisms of RAD51 G135C, XRCC2 Arg188His and XRCC3 Thr241Met homologous recombination repair genes and the risk of sporadic endometrial cancer in Polish women. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 26 22487057
2014 XRCC2 promotes colorectal cancer cell growth, regulates cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Medicine 25 25526472
2021 XRCC2 repairs mitochondrial DNA damage and fuels malignant behavior in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer letters 24 33964350
2013 XRCC2 R188H (rs3218536), XRCC3 T241M (rs861539) and R243H (rs77381814) single nucleotide polymorphisms in cervical cancer risk. Pathology oncology research : POR 24 23539294
2015 Polymorphisms of homologous recombination RAD51, RAD51B, XRCC2, and XRCC3 genes and the risk of prostate cancer. Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) 23 26339569
2014 Impact of XRCC2 Arg188His polymorphism on cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. PloS one 23 24621646
2014 Combined effect of tobacco and DNA repair genes polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XRCC2 influence high risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in northeast Indian population. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 23 24958516
2010 XRCC2 Arg188His polymorphism is not directly associated with breast cancer risk: evidence from 37,369 subjects. Breast cancer research and treatment 23 20127279
2006 A role for Xrcc2 in the early stages of mouse development. DNA repair 23 17116431
2016 Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of XRCC2 and XRCC3 homologous recombination repair genes and ovarian cancer in Polish women. Experimental and molecular pathology 22 26801223
2015 RAD51, XRCC3, and XRCC2 mutation screening in Finnish breast cancer families. SpringerPlus 22 25918678
2009 The interaction profile of homologous recombination repair proteins RAD51C, RAD51D and XRCC2 as determined by proteomic analysis. Proteomics 21 19658102
2019 RAD51D splice variants and cancer-associated mutations reveal XRCC2 interaction to be critical for homologous recombination. DNA repair 19 30836272
2018 6-OHBDE-47 induces transcriptomic alterations of CYP1A1, XRCC2, HSPA1A, EGR1 genes and trigger apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 19 29601929
2008 Transcription-associated recombination is independent of XRCC2 and mechanistically separate from homology-directed DNA double-strand break repair. Nucleic acids research 19 19043071
2005 Differential roles of XRCC2 in homologous recombinational repair of stalled replication forks. Journal of cellular biochemistry 19 15861395
2015 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of RAD51-G172T and XRCC2-41657C/T Homologous Recombination Repair Genes and the Risk of Triple- Negative Breast Cancer in Polish Women. Pathology oncology research : POR 16 25743260
2003 A tumour-derived mutant allele of XRCC2 preferentially suppresses homologous recombination at DNA replication forks. Human molecular genetics 16 14645207
2019 Inherited variants in XRCC2 and the risk of breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment 14 31463769
2013 Hypermethylation of RAD51L3 and XRCC2 genes to predict late toxicity in chemoradiotherapy-treated cervical cancer patients. Folia biologica 14 24485306
2005 Defective DNA mismatch repair and XRCC2 mutation in uterine carcinosarcomas. Gynecologic oncology 14 16169065
2020 Association of XRCC1, XRCC2 and XRCC3 Gene Polymorphism with Esophageal Cancer Risk. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology 13 32214837
2020 ERCC2 Lys751Gln rs13181 and XRCC2 Arg188His rs3218536 Gene Polymorphisms Contribute to Subsceptibility of Colon, Gastric, HCC, Lung And Prostate Cancer. Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology 13 32277685
2019 XRCC2 (X-ray repair cross complementing 2). Atlas of genetics and cytogenetics in oncology and haematology 13 31275435
2018 Use of the XRCC2 promoter for in vivo cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cell death & disease 13 29549248
2017 XRCC2-Deficient Cells are Highly Sensitive to 5-Fluorouracil in Colorectal Cancer. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 13 28977800
2014 The Arg188His polymorphism in the XRCC2 gene and the risk of cancer. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 13 24414483
2002 XRCC2 is Required for the Formation of Rad51 Foci Induced by Ionizing Radiation and DNA Cross-Linking Agent Mitomycin C. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 13 12488590
2016 MiRNA-binding site functional polymorphisms in DNA repair genes RAD51, RAD52, and XRCC2 and breast cancer risk in Chinese population. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 12 27726100
2014 Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes XRCC2 and XRCC3 risk of gastric cancer in Turkey. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences 12 25428673
2021 A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis on association between X-ray repair cross complementing (XRCC1, XRCC2, and XRCC3) polymorphisms and oral cancer susceptibility. Gene 11 33631241
2021 Association of RAD51 and XRCC2 Gene Polymorphisms with Cervical Cancer Risk in the Bangladeshi Women. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 11 34319032
2016 Functional Analysis of Missense Variants in the Putative Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene XRCC2. Human mutation 11 27233470
2016 Polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XRCC2 DNA Repair genes and Interaction with Environmental Factors Influence the Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Northeast India. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 11 27356695
2014 shRNA-mediated XRCC2 gene knockdown efficiently sensitizes colon tumor cells to X-ray irradiation in vitro and in vivo. International journal of molecular sciences 11 24481064
2014 XRCC2 rs3218536 polymorphism decreases the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitor. Oncology letters 11 25120693
2014 Association of reduced XRCC2 expression with lymph node metastasis in breast cancer tissues. Familial cancer 11 25159888
2010 Xrcc2 modulates spontaneous and radiation-induced tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice. Molecular cancer research : MCR 11 20671066
2017 Haplotype analysis of XRCC2 gene polymorphisms and association with increased risk of head and neck cancer. Scientific reports 10 29038438
2022 Homologous recombination DNA repair gene RAD51, XRCC2 & XRCC3 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in South Indian women. PloS one 9 35061678
2021 Association between RAD51, XRCC2 and XRCC3 gene polymorphisms and risk of ovarian cancer: a case control and an in silico study. Molecular biology reports 9 34097201
2015 The effect of polymorphism in DNA repair genes RAD51 and XRCC2 in colorectal cancer in Turkish population. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 8 25932214
2015 Arg188His polymorphism in the XRCC2 gene and the risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 8 26400309
2013 Common gene variants in RAD51, XRCC2 and XPD are not associated with clinical outcome in soft-tissue sarcoma patients. Cancer epidemiology 8 24189466
2024 c-Myc-XRCC2-FOS axis promotes the proliferation and the resistance to Doxorubicin of NSCLC. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 7 39153434
2015 Analysis of XRCC2 and XRCC3 gene polymorphisms in pancreatic cancer. Biomedical reports 7 26893845