Affinage

TGOLN2

Trans-Golgi network integral membrane protein 2 · UniProt O43493

Length
437 aa
Mass
45.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
45 papers in source corpus 32 papers cited in narrative 30 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TGOLN2 (TGN38/TGN46) is a type I integral membrane protein of the trans-Golgi network that constitutively cycles between the TGN and the plasma membrane, serving as both an organizational marker of the TGN and an active participant in secretory cargo sorting (PMID:2204342, PMID:8443412). Its steady-state TGN localization is enforced by two independent determinants: a cytoplasmic tyrosine-based YQRL motif that is necessary and sufficient for retrieval from the cell surface, and a non-overlapping transmembrane-domain signal that operates by a distinct mechanism (PMID:8436587, PMID:8491209, PMID:8226795, PMID:8163544). Internalized protein is recovered from early endosomes through the endocytic recycling compartment back to the TGN, a route kinetically and pharmacologically distinct from the late-endosomal pathway used by furin (PMID:9722606, PMID:10465644). The YQRL motif mediates internalization through direct, high-affinity engagement of the µ2 subunit of the AP2 clathrin adaptor, an interaction requiring both Ser331 and Tyr333 and tuned by sequence context flanking the YXXØ core (PMID:9162036, PMID:9794796); Ser331 additionally governs efficient endosome-to-TGN retrieval, since its mutation reroutes the protein to lysosomes (PMID:9693371). In polarized epithelial cells these cytoplasmic determinants also direct exclusive basolateral cycling (PMID:7865877, PMID:9859110). At the TGN, the lumenal domain acts as a cargo receptor that loads the secretory protein PAUF into protein kinase D-dependent CARTS carriers destined for the plasma membrane (PMID:38466628), and the cytoplasmic tail engages a phosphorylation-regulated p62/rab6 complex required for exocytic vesicle budding in a cell-free system (PMID:8349729, PMID:7615064). Beyond core trafficking, the lumenal domain binds integrin β1 to regulate integrin α5β1 surface distribution (PMID:11208159), the cytoplasmic tail binds the F-actin-associated protein neurabin via Ser331 (PMID:10514494), and TGN38 is required for spindle pole function and asymmetric division during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation (PMID:25486359).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1990 High

    Established the molecular identity of a dedicated TGN marker, providing the first defined protein handle to study the trans-Golgi network as a discrete compartment.

    Evidence cDNA cloning with organelle-specific antibodies and immunolocalization

    PMID:2204342

    Open questions at the time
    • Function beyond localization unknown at this stage
    • No trafficking itinerary defined
  2. 1992 High

    Showed TGN38 is not statically resident but dynamically maintained, and that BFA collapses the TGN around the MTOC by a microtubule- and GTP-hydrolysis-dependent process, distinguishing TGN behavior from the Golgi stack.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence with isoform-specific antibodies plus nocodazole and GTPγS perturbation

    PMID:1575675 PMID:1730751

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of the GTPase dependence not identified
    • Cycling itinerary not yet measured
  3. 1993 High

    Defined the cycling between TGN and plasma membrane and localized the TGN-targeting and internalization information to a cytoplasmic tyrosine (YQRL) motif, framing TGN residence as a dynamic retrieval steady state.

    Evidence Cell-surface antibody assays, Tac-chimera expression, deletion and site-directed mutagenesis, immuno-EM

    PMID:8226795 PMID:8436587 PMID:8443412 PMID:8491209

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytosolic machinery reading the motif not identified
    • Endosomal route not resolved
  4. 1993 High

    Connected the cytoplasmic tail to the budding machinery by identifying a p62/rab6 complex whose phosphorylation-regulated binding is required for exocytic vesicle formation, giving TGN38 an active role in carrier biogenesis.

    Evidence Co-IP, biochemical fractionation, and cell-free vesicle budding assay with immunodepletion and competing peptides

    PMID:8349729

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular identity and direct binding stoichiometry of p62 not fully resolved
    • In vivo requirement in intact cells not shown
  5. 1994 High

    Resolved that TGN retention uses two parallel, independent signals — a transmembrane-domain determinant and the cytoplasmic motif — and that the latter doubles as a basolateral sorting signal in polarized cells.

    Evidence CD4/CD8 and Tac chimeras, quantitative immuno-EM, FACS, metabolic labeling, polarized MDCK expression

    PMID:7865877 PMID:8163544

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of the transmembrane retention signal unknown
    • Receptor reading the basolateral determinant not identified
  6. 1994 High

    Provided structural and regulatory context for the internalization motif, showing it adopts a nascent helix and that phosphatase inhibition shifts TGN38 to the surface, linking phosphorylation state to compartment integrity.

    Evidence 2D NMR of synthetic peptide; okadaic acid treatment with surface-TGN38 quantification

    PMID:8037693 PMID:8125922

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological kinase/phosphatase not identified in these studies
    • Structure of the motif bound to its adaptor not determined
  7. 1995 Medium

    Linked phosphorylation directly to budding regulation by showing tail phosphorylation blocks p62 binding, establishing a switch governing exocytic carrier assembly.

    Evidence In vitro phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain and p62 binding assay

    PMID:7615064

    Open questions at the time
    • Single in vitro binding assay without cellular confirmation
    • Responsible kinase not identified
  8. 1996 High

    Confirmed conservation of the trafficking program in the human ortholog TGN46, validating rat TGN38 biology in human cells.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, immunofluorescence, and cell-surface cycling assays in human cells

    PMID:8907712

    Open questions at the time
    • Human-specific functional differences not explored
    • Cargo function not yet addressed
  9. 1997 High

    Identified µ2 of AP2 as the direct adaptor reading the motif and quantified the interaction, mechanistically grounding clathrin-mediated internalization; additionally placed TGN38 surface levels under insulin/receptor tyrosine kinase control.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, biophysical affinity (IAsys, fluorescence), mutagenesis; in vitro insulin-receptor kinase and Syk SH2 binding assays; immuno-EM tubule quantification

    PMID:9084986 PMID:9162036 PMID:9369226

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological relevance of insulin/Syk signaling in vivo unclear
    • Spatial coupling of µ2 binding to budding sites not mapped
  10. 1998 High

    Defined the full endocytic retrieval itinerary and the distinct molecular roles of Ser331 and Tyr333, separating µ2-dependent internalization from Ser331-dependent endosome-to-TGN return, and demonstrated a recycling-compartment route distinct from furin.

    Evidence Kinetic trafficking of Tac-TGN38 chimeras in CHO cells, comparative furin chimeras, nocodazole/wortmannin perturbation, full-length mutagenesis, yeast two-hybrid specificity analysis

    PMID:10465644 PMID:9422759 PMID:9693371 PMID:9722606 PMID:9794796 PMID:9859110

    Open questions at the time
    • Sorting machinery directing the recycling-compartment-to-TGN step unknown
    • Mechanism distinguishing splice-variant retention (TGN51) unresolved
  11. 1998 High

    Exploited TGN38-based targeting to quantify the resting luminal pH of the TGN and its ionic maintenance, using the protein as a tool to characterize the compartment it marks.

    Evidence pH-sensitive fluorophore on CD25-TGN38/furin chimeras, ratio imaging, ionophore calibration, concanamycin inhibition

    PMID:9442042

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not establish a TGN38 role in pH regulation itself
    • Compartment-intrinsic vs probe-imposed effects not separated
  12. 1999 High

    Connected the cytoplasmic tail to the actin cytoskeleton through Ser331-dependent neurabin binding and showed that µ2 phosphorylation does not gate the TGN38 interaction, refining the regulatory model.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding, co-IP from PC12 cells; in vitro µ2 phosphorylation and binding assay

    PMID:10050758 PMID:10514494

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of neurabin/actin linkage for trafficking not defined
    • Tissue specificity of neurabin-I interaction not generalized
  13. 2000 Medium

    Extended TGN38 function to the lumenal domain by demonstrating an integrin β1 interaction that controls integrin α5β1 surface trafficking, the first lumenal-domain cargo-type role.

    Evidence Lumenal-domain expression, reciprocal co-IP at endogenous levels, colocalization, surface biotinylation in Cos-7 cells

    PMID:11208159

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect binding not fully distinguished
    • Single-lab observation without in vivo physiological model
  14. 2014 Medium

    Revealed a non-secretory function in meiosis, where TGN38 supports spindle pole organization and asymmetric oocyte division.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in mouse oocytes, γ-tubulin colocalization, checkpoint and division-outcome analysis, nocodazole/taxol perturbation

    PMID:25486359

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism linking a TGN protein to spindle poles unknown
    • Whether this reflects a direct or trafficking-dependent role unresolved
  15. 2024 High

    Defined the cargo-receptor function long implied for the lumenal domain, showing TGN46 sorts PAUF into PKD-dependent CARTS carriers and is required for cargo loading at the TGN.

    Evidence Knockdown/knockout, quantitative microscopy, lumenal-domain mutagenesis, PAUF and CARTS trafficking assays

    PMID:38466628

    Open questions at the time
    • Full repertoire of cargoes recognized by the lumenal domain unknown
    • Structural basis of lumenal cargo recognition not determined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how the cytoplasmic retrieval machinery and the lumenal cargo-receptor function are mechanistically coordinated within single carriers, and how phosphorylation integrates budding, cargo capture, and recycling in living cells.
  • No integrated structural model of the protein in a budding carrier
  • Cargo recognition determinants in the lumenal domain not mapped to residues
  • In vivo physiological consequences of loss across tissues not established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0038024 cargo receptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005768 endosome 2 GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2 GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 1
Pathway
R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 3 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2
Partners
AP2M1ITGB1NEURABINP62RAB6

Evidence

Reading pass · 30 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1990 TGN38 (TGOLN2) was identified and molecularly cloned as a type I integral membrane protein specifically localized to the trans-Golgi network. cDNA library screening with organelle-specific antibodies, sequencing, immunolocalization The Biochemical journal High 2204342
1992 TGN38 isoform TGN41 was identified; TGN localization signal resides in the cytoplasmic tail sequence common to both isoforms. cDNA cloning, sequencing, isoform-specific antibody production, immunolocalization The Biochemical journal Medium 1575675
1992 Brefeldin A treatment causes the TGN (marked by TGN38) to collapse around the microtubule organizing center rather than redistributing to the ER; this collapse is microtubule-dependent and GTP hydrolysis-dependent. Immunofluorescence microscopy with TGN38-specific antibodies; nocodazole and GTPγS perturbation experiments The Journal of cell biology High 1730751
1993 TGN38 cycles between the plasma membrane and the TGN; brefeldin A alters the kinetics of internalization and the morphology of intracellular structures through which TGN38 passes. Cell surface antibody binding assays, immunofluorescence in BFA-treated vs. control cells Molecular biology of the cell High 8443412
1993 The cytoplasmic YQRL tyrosine-containing motif is necessary and sufficient for TGN localization of TGN38; this motif also functions as an internalization signal, and TGN localization involves retrieval from the plasma membrane. Chimeric protein expression (TGN38 cytoplasmic domain fused to Tac), deletion analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy The Journal of cell biology High 8226795 8436587 8491209
1993 A cytosolic p62/rab6 complex co-immunoprecipitates with TGN38/41 and is required for budding of exocytic vesicles from the TGN; phosphorylation of p62 regulates dissociation of this complex from TGN38/41; immunodepletion or competing peptides against p62, rab6, or TGN38/41 cytoplasmic domains completely inhibit vesicle budding in a cell-free system. Co-immunoprecipitation, sizing column fractionation, velocity sedimentation, cell-free vesicle budding assay with immunodepletion and competing peptides The Journal of cell biology High 8349729
1993 Overexpression of TGN38/41 leads to mislocalization of γ-adaptin, indicating a direct or indirect interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38/41 and γ-adaptin. Regulated overexpression (metallothionein promoter) in COS and Heb7a cells, immunofluorescence FEBS letters Medium 8082813
1994 The TGN38 transmembrane domain contains a TGN-localization signal independent of and non-overlapping with the cytoplasmic YQRL signal, suggesting these two signals operate by different mechanisms. Chimeric protein expression (CD4/CD8 with TGN38 transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains), immunofluorescence, quantitative immunoelectron microscopy, FACS, metabolic labeling in HeLa cells The Journal of cell biology High 8163544
1994 The YQRL internalization motif in the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38/41 lies within a nascent helix structure (not a beta-turn) as determined by 2D NMR analysis of a 21-amino acid synthetic peptide. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of synthetic peptide encompassing the TGN38/41 internalization motif The Journal of biological chemistry High 8125922
1994 TGN38 recycles via the basolateral membrane in polarized MDCK cells; the cytoplasmic domain contains both TGN localization and basolateral sorting determinants, and mutations that disrupt TGN localization also abolish polarized basolateral delivery. Expression of TGN38 and Tac-TGN38 chimeras in polarized MDCK cells, immunofluorescence, domain mutation analysis Molecular biology of the cell High 7865877
1994 Okadaic acid (protein phosphatase inhibitor) induces reversible fragmentation of the TGN (monitored by TGN38) and leads to a ~10-fold increase in TGN38 at the plasma membrane, linking phosphorylation state to TGN integrity and TGN38 surface expression. Immunofluorescence with TGN38 antibodies in okadaic acid-treated NRK cells, quantification of surface TGN38 The Biochemical journal Medium 8037693
1995 Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38 prevents binding of p62, a cytoplasmic protein essential for exocytic vesicle formation at the TGN, suggesting phosphorylation-regulated control of the TGN38/p62 interaction governs exocytic trafficking. In vitro phosphorylation of TGN38 cytoplasmic domain, p62 binding assay FEBS letters Medium 7615064
1996 The human TGN38 homologue (TGN46) localizes primarily to the TGN and cycles via endosomes to the cell surface; conservation of the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail underlies retention and retrieval signals. cDNA cloning, sequencing, immunofluorescence, cell surface cycling assays in human cells Journal of cell science High 8907712
1996 GFP-tagged TGN38 expressed stably in NRK cells correctly localizes to the TGN and shows identical responses to BFA and temperature blocks as endogenous TGN38; elevated TGN38 expression in NRK cells does not fragment the TGN, suggesting TGN38 plays a role in maintaining TGN morphology. Stable transfection, live-cell fluorescence imaging, GFP fusion protein localization, BFA and nocodazole perturbation Journal of cell science Medium 9013339
1997 TGN46 (human TGN38 ortholog) localizes predominantly to tubular structures of the TGN rather than to the Golgi stack where GalT resides, as shown by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy (~80% of TGN46 in tubules). Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy, confocal microscopy with 3D reconstruction in HeLa cells European journal of cell biology High 9084986
1997 Both Ser331 and Tyr333 of TGN38 are required for interaction with the µ2 subunit of AP2 clathrin adaptor complex; the dissociation constant for the cytosolic tail of TGN38 and µ2 was determined to be 58 nM. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding of recombinant fusion proteins, IAsys optical biosensor, tryptophan fluorescence equilibrium measurement, site-directed mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 9162036
1997 Insulin stimulation leads to increased cell surface expression of TGN38; the insulin receptor can phosphorylate the cytosolic domain of TGN38 in vitro on tyrosine, and tyrosine-phosphorylated TGN38 specifically binds the SH2 domain of Syk kinase. Cell surface expression assay (insulin stimulation), in vitro kinase assay with insulin receptor, SH2 domain binding assay with phospho-TGN38 FEBS letters Medium 9369226
1998 After endocytosis, TGN38 (via TacTGN38 chimera) traffics from early endosomes through the endocytic recycling compartment to the TGN; 80% of internalized protein rapidly returns to the cell surface (t1/2 = 9 min), while the remainder reaches the TGN (t1/2 ~46 min for TGN loading). Stable transfection of TacTGN38 chimera in CHO cells, kinetic trafficking analysis using fluorescent and 125I-labeled antibodies, quantitative confocal microscopy, kinetic modeling The Journal of cell biology High 9722606
1998 TGN38 cytoplasmic domain specifically interacts with µ2 (AP2) with highest affinity; context surrounding the YXXØ motif critically determines specificity of µ-chain binding, with C-terminal residues (NLKL) reducing interaction affinity with µ2. Yeast two-hybrid system comparing TGN38 and lgp120 cytosolic domains with multiple µ-chain subunits (µ2, µ3A, µ4); domain swap and deletion mutagenesis The Biochemical journal High 9794796
1998 TGN38 chimeras (TGN38 and furin retrieval signals) reach the TGN via distinct endosomal routes: TGN38 traffics via the endocytic recycling compartment, while furin uses late endosomes; TGN38 transport to TGN is nocodazole-insensitive (unlike furin) and the two pathways are differentially sensitive to wortmannin. Chimeric Tac-TGN38 and Tac-furin proteins in CHO cells, fluorescence microscopy, nocodazole and wortmannin pharmacological perturbation, trafficking kinetics The Journal of cell biology High 10465644
1998 The S331 hydroxyl group in the cytosolic domain of TGN38 is required for efficient trafficking from endosomes to the TGN; S331A/D/E mutations cause missorting of endocytosed TGN38 to lysosomes and increase surface TGN38, while S331T has little effect. Site-directed mutagenesis of full-length TGN38, cell surface expression assays, lysosomal targeting analysis in transfected cells Molecular biology of the cell High 9693371
1998 TGN resident proteins (TGN38, furin) were used as retrieval vehicles to target pH-sensitive fluorescent probes to the TGN lumen; the resting luminal pH of the TGN is ~5.95 (CHO) and 5.91 (HeLa), maintained by vacuolar-type ATPase H+ pumping with Cl- and K+ providing counterion conductance. Chimeric TGN38/furin constructs with extracellular CD25 epitope labeled with pH-sensitive fluorophore, ratio fluorescence imaging, ionophore calibration, pharmacological inhibition (concanamycin) The Journal of biological chemistry High 9442042
1998 TGN38 cycles exclusively via the basolateral domain in polarized human Caco-2 cells; the heavily glycosylated extracytosolic domain does not contain a dominant apical targeting signal. Expression of TGN38 in polarized Caco-2 cells, cell surface domain-selective antibody binding assays Molecular membrane biology Medium 9859110
1998 TGN51 (a human splice variant of TGN46/TGOLN2 with two additional tyrosine-containing motifs) localizes to the TGN even when the YQRL motif shared with TGN46 is mutated, suggesting TGN51 has a unique TGN retention mechanism compared to TGN46 and TGN48. cDNA cloning via alternative splicing analysis, expression in CHO cells, co-localization with β-1,4-galactosyltransferase, tyrosine motif mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9422759
1999 TGN38 directly interacts with the F-actin binding protein neurabin-I (brain-specific) and neurabin-II/spinophilin (ubiquitous) via the coiled-coil region of neurabin; this interaction depends on Ser331 (but not Tyr333) of TGN38 and preferentially involves the dimeric form of neurabin; interaction confirmed in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation from PC12 cells. Yeast two-hybrid screen with TGN38 cytosolic domain as bait, in vitro protein interaction assays, co-immunoprecipitation from stably transfected PC12 cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 10514494
1999 Phosphorylation of µ2 (AP2 medium chain) by the clathrin-coated vesicle-associated kinase has no significant effect on its interaction with the TGN38 cytosolic domain in vitro, indicating reversible µ2 phosphorylation does not regulate direct binding to TGN38's tyrosine motif. In vitro phosphorylation of recombinant µ2 by CCV-associated kinase, in vitro binding assay with TGN38 cytosolic domain FEBS letters Medium 10050758
2000 The luminal domain of TGN38 interacts with integrin β1; overexpression of TGN38 luminal domain or full-length TGN38 increases integrin α5β1 at the plasma membrane; TGN38 and integrin β1 co-immunoprecipitate under physiological (non-overexpression) conditions; modification of TGN38 trafficking causes parallel changes in integrin α5β1 distribution. Expression of TGN38 luminal domain in Cos-7 cells, reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence colocalization, plasma membrane biotinylation Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) Medium 11208159
2002 Elevated expression of full-length TGN38 in NRK cells increases secretion of a specific 48-kDa glycoprotein identified as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, while the lumenal domain alone has no reproducible effect on secretion or organelle morphology. Stable transfection of NRK cells with full-length TGN38 and lumenal domain constructs, metabolic labeling, protein secretion analysis, organelle morphology assessment European journal of cell biology Medium 12494998
2014 TGN38 colocalizes with γ-tubulin at meiotic spindle poles in mouse oocytes; siRNA depletion of TGN38 causes metaphase I arrest with spindle assembly checkpoint activation, reduced first polar body extrusion, impaired peripheral spindle migration, and symmetric cell division rather than the normal asymmetric division. siRNA knockdown in mouse oocytes, immunofluorescence colocalization with γ-tubulin, spindle checkpoint marker analysis, live imaging of cell division outcomes, nocodazole/taxol perturbation experiments Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Medium 25486359
2024 TGN46 (human TGOLN2) functions as a receptor for sorting the secretory cargo protein PAUF into CARTS (protein kinase D-dependent TGN-to-plasma membrane carriers); TGN46 is required for cargo loading into nascent carriers at the TGN; the lumenal domain of TGN46 encodes its cargo sorting function. Knockdown/knockout of TGN46, quantitative fluorescence microscopy, mutagenesis of TGN46 lumenal domain, cargo (PAUF) trafficking assays, CARTS carrier analysis eLife High 38466628

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 45 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1990 Identification, sequencing and expression of an integral membrane protein of the trans-Golgi network (TGN38). The Biochemical journal 345 2204342
1993 Localization of TGN38 to the trans-Golgi network: involvement of a cytoplasmic tyrosine-containing sequence. The Journal of cell biology 246 8436587
1992 Perturbation of the morphology of the trans-Golgi network following Brefeldin A treatment: redistribution of a TGN-specific integral membrane protein, TGN38. The Journal of cell biology 226 1730751
1993 TGN38 is maintained in the trans-Golgi network by a tyrosine-containing motif in the cytoplasmic domain. The EMBO journal 219 8491209
1998 An endocytosed TGN38 chimeric protein is delivered to the TGN after trafficking through the endocytic recycling compartment in CHO cells. The Journal of cell biology 206 9722606
2003 GLUT4 recycles via a trans-Golgi network (TGN) subdomain enriched in Syntaxins 6 and 16 but not TGN38: involvement of an acidic targeting motif. Molecular biology of the cell 182 12631717
1999 Chimeric forms of furin and TGN38 are transported with the plasma membrane in the trans-Golgi network via distinct endosomal pathways. The Journal of cell biology 180 10465644
1998 Mechanism of acidification of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In situ measurements of pH using retrieval of TGN38 and furin from the cell surface. The Journal of biological chemistry 168 9442042
1993 TGN38/41 recycles between the cell surface and the TGN: brefeldin A affects its rate of return to the TGN. Molecular biology of the cell 135 8443412
1994 The TGN38 glycoprotein contains two non-overlapping signals that mediate localization to the trans-Golgi network. The Journal of cell biology 131 8163544
1993 A cytosolic complex of p62 and rab6 associates with TGN38/41 and is involved in budding of exocytic vesicles from the trans-Golgi network. The Journal of cell biology 124 8349729
1993 The SXYQRL sequence in the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38 plays a major role in trans-Golgi network localization. The Journal of biological chemistry 120 8226795
1997 Distinct compartmentalization of TGN46 and beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase in HeLa cells. European journal of cell biology 110 9084986
1996 Primate homologues of rat TGN38: primary structure, expression and functional implications. Journal of cell science 97 8907712
1996 TGN38-green fluorescent protein hybrid proteins expressed in stably transfected eukaryotic cells provide a tool for the real-time, in vivo study of membrane traffic pathways and suggest a possible role for ratTGN38. Journal of cell science 75 9013339
1994 Okadaic acid treatment leads to a fragmentation of the trans-Golgi network and an increase in expression of TGN38 at the cell surface. The Biochemical journal 70 8037693
1994 TGN38 recycles basolaterally in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Molecular biology of the cell 55 7865877
1994 Analysis of the co-localization of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) and the trans Golgi network marker TGN38 within 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The Biochemical journal 49 8010955
1998 Efficient trafficking of TGN38 from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network requires a free hydroxyl group at position 331 in the cytosolic domain. Molecular biology of the cell 44 9693371
1998 Specificity of interaction between adaptor-complex medium chains and the tyrosine-based sorting motifs of TGN38 and lgp120. The Biochemical journal 43 9794796
1999 Direct interaction of the trans-Golgi network membrane protein, TGN38, with the F-actin binding protein, neurabin. The Journal of biological chemistry 42 10514494
1994 Polarized distribution of the trans-Golgi network marker TGN38 during the in vitro development of neocortical neurons: effects of nocodazole and brefeldin A. The European journal of neuroscience 42 8000569
1994 Overexpression of TGN38/41 leads to mislocalisation of gamma-adaptin. FEBS letters 41 8082813
1993 TGN38/41: a molecule on the move. Trends in cell biology 41 14731742
1997 Serine 331 and tyrosine 333 are both involved in the interaction between the cytosolic domain of TGN38 and the mu2 subunit of the AP2 clathrin adaptor complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 9162036
1992 Epitope mapping of two isoforms of a trans Golgi network specific integral membrane protein TGN38/41. FEBS letters 37 1280229
1992 Identification, molecular characterization and immunolocalization of an isoform of the trans-Golgi-network (TGN)-specific integral membrane protein TGN38. The Biochemical journal 37 1575675
1994 The tyrosine-containing internalization motif in the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38/41 lies within a nascent helix. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 8125922
1996 Transferrin receptor containing the SDYQRL motif of TGN38 causes a reorganization of the recycling compartment but is not targeted to the TGN. The Journal of cell biology 31 8991088
1998 Molecular cloning and expression of a novel human trans-Golgi network glycoprotein, TGN51, that contains multiple tyrosine-containing motifs. The Journal of biological chemistry 28 9422759
2024 Sorting of secretory proteins at the trans-Golgi network by human TGN46. eLife 21 38466628
2000 The luminal domain of TGN38 interacts with integrin beta 1 and is involved in its trafficking. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 21 11208159
1997 Insulin dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine internalisation motif of TGN38 creates a specific SH2 domain binding site. FEBS letters 19 9369226
1993 An electron microscopic study of TGN38/41 dynamics. Journal of cell science. Supplement 17 8144704
2004 Rapid dendritic transport of TGN38, a putative cargo receptor. Brain research. Molecular brain research 14 15306122
2020 RGS4 controls Gαi3-mediated regulation of Bcl-2 phosphorylation on TGN38-containing intracellular membranes. Journal of cell science 10 32501280
2014 TGN38 is required for the metaphase I/anaphase I transition and asymmetric cell division during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 8 25486359
2002 Characterisation of the lumenal domain of TGN38 and effects of elevated expression of TGN38 on glycoprotein secretion. European journal of cell biology 8 12494998
1995 Control of p62 binding to TGN38/41 by phosphorylation. FEBS letters 8 7615064
1998 TGN38 cycles via the basolateral membrane of polarized Caco-2 cells. Molecular membrane biology 7 9859110
1999 Phosphorylation of the medium chain subunit of the AP-2 adaptor complex does not influence its interaction with the tyrosine based internalisation motif of TGN38. FEBS letters 6 10050758
1995 Strain-specific presence of two TGN38 isoforms and absence of TGN41 in mouse. The Journal of biological chemistry 6 7540170
2018 Golgi Distribution of Lyn to Caveolin- and Giantin-Positive cis-Golgi Membranes and the Caveolin-Negative, TGN46-Positive trans-Golgi Network. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 5 29311477
2010 Case-control association study of TGOLN2 in attempted suicide. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 5 20468057
2024 Whole-exome sequencing reveals an association of rs112065068 in TGOLN2 gene with distant metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Gene 2 38670394

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