Affinage

TAF1C

TATA box-binding protein-associated factor RNA polymerase I subunit C · UniProt Q15572

Length
869 aa
Mass
95.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
95 papers in source corpus 28 papers cited in narrative 28 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TAF1C (TAFI110) is the largest subunit of SL1 (selectivity factor 1), the TBP-containing complex that confers promoter selectivity on RNA polymerase I and is necessary and sufficient for accurate rDNA transcription initiation (PMID:1547496, PMID:7801130). Within SL1, TAF1C binds TBP directly and interacts with each co-subunit (TAFI63, TAFI48, TAFI41) to form a stable complex that associates with the rDNA promoter independently of UBF, stabilizes UBF at the promoter through phosphorylation-dependent contacts, and loads Pol I via direct interaction of TAF1C and TAFI63 with hRRN3 (PMID:7801123, PMID:15970593, PMID:11250903). TAF1C is a target of cdc2/cyclin B-mediated phosphorylation that silences Pol I transcription at mitosis, and SL1 integrity is further regulated by PTEN-induced dissociation and by tumor suppressor Rb disruption of the UBF–SL1 interface (PMID:9857193, PMID:16055704, PMID:11042686). Homozygous loss-of-function or mislocalization variants in TAF1C cause a severe early-onset neurological syndrome in humans and embryonic lethality in mice (PMID:32779182, PMID:40371665, PMID:40953792).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1988 High

    Establishing that Pol I transcription requires cooperative interaction between two factors — SL1 and UBF — at the rDNA promoter answered how promoter recognition occurs for Pol I, revealing that SL1 lacks autonomous DNA-binding specificity and instead relies on protein–protein contact with UBF.

    Evidence DNase I footprinting and in vitro transcription reconstitution with purified human factors

    PMID:3413483

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of individual SL1 subunits unknown
    • Nature of SL1–UBF contacts undefined
  2. 1992 High

    Purification and reconstitution of SL1 from TBP plus three novel TAFIs (110, 63, 48) resolved the molecular composition question and demonstrated that Pol I uses a distinct TBP–TAF complex analogous to TFIID for Pol II.

    Evidence Chromatographic purification, glycerol gradient sedimentation, antibody depletion, and reconstituted in vitro transcription

    PMID:1547496

    Open questions at the time
    • Subunit stoichiometry not determined
    • Cloning and sequences of individual TAFIs not yet available
  3. 1994 High

    Demonstrating that each TAFI binds TBP independently and that TBP binding by SL1 TAFIs is mutually exclusive with TFIID TAFIIs established the principle that RNA polymerase selectivity arises from competition of distinct TAF sets for TBP, and that all four subunits are necessary and sufficient for transcription.

    Evidence Reconstitution with recombinant subunits, binding specificity assays, functional in vitro transcription

    PMID:7801123 PMID:7801130 PMID:8058785

    Open questions at the time
    • Species-specificity determinants unknown
    • Post-translational regulation not explored
  4. 1996 High

    In vivo imaging showed SL1/TAF1C co-localizes with UBF and Pol I at nucleolar rDNA sites and remains associated with rDNA during mitosis, confirming the biochemical model in intact cells.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation, actinomycin D treatment in HeLa cells

    PMID:8609157

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamics of SL1 loading/unloading in vivo unresolved
    • Contribution of individual TAFIs to localization not tested
  5. 1997 High

    Cloning of mouse TAFIs and assembly of chimeric human–mouse SL1 complexes showed that species-specific promoter selectivity arises from cumulative sequence differences among all TAFIs rather than a single subunit, and that SV40 large T antigen directly binds TAF1C, TAFI48, and TBP to activate Pol I transcription.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, chimeric complex reconstitution, in vitro transcription, co-IP with T-antigen mutants

    PMID:9050847 PMID:9203586

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of species selectivity undefined
    • How T antigen binding stimulates Pol I unknown
  6. 1998 High

    Identification of cdc2/cyclin B-mediated phosphorylation of TAF1C and TBP as the mechanism silencing Pol I at mitosis established a cell-cycle regulatory switch acting directly on the SL1 complex, disrupting its interaction with UBF.

    Evidence Phosphorylation assays, cell-free transcription with mitotic HeLa extracts, protein interaction studies

    PMID:9811537 PMID:9857193

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific phosphorylation sites on TAF1C not mapped
    • Phosphatase responsible for reactivation not identified
  7. 1999 High

    Mapping UBF's C-terminal activation domain as the SL1-contact surface and showing that UBF phosphorylation (by CK2 and a T-antigen-associated kinase) is required for productive UBF–SL1 interaction explained how growth signals and viral oncoproteins converge on the SL1–UBF interface to regulate rDNA transcription.

    Evidence UBF deletion mutants, alkaline phosphatase treatment, kinase assays, in vitro transcription reconstitution

    PMID:10082545 PMID:10082553

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of CK2-specific UBF phosphosites confirmed later but structural detail of the contact lacking
  8. 2001 High

    Discovery that hRRN3 directly contacts TAF1C (TAFI110) and TAFI63 within SL1 to recruit initiation-competent Pol I to the promoter positioned SL1 as the essential bridge between Pol I loading and promoter recognition, while PCAF acetylation of TAFI68 provided an additional activating modification on SL1.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro interaction and transcription assays, acetyltransferase assays with PCAF and mSir2a

    PMID:11250901 PMID:11250903

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of hRRN3–SL1 interface unknown
    • Acetylation of TAFI68 validated only in vitro
  9. 2005 High

    Showing that SL1 can bind rDNA promoters and direct accurate transcription independently of UBF, while also stabilizing UBF at the promoter, revised the prevailing model: SL1 promoter association rate — not UBF — is the rate-limiting step in pre-initiation complex assembly. Concurrently, PTEN was found to repress Pol I by dissociating SL1 subunits from the promoter.

    Evidence Immobilized template assays, DNase I footprinting, in vitro transcription, ChIP with PTEN mutants and siRNA

    PMID:15970593 PMID:16055704

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which PTEN dissociates SL1 not fully resolved
    • Whether PTEN acts directly on SL1 or via lipid signaling unclear
  10. 2007 High

    Identification of TAFI41 as a fourth essential SL1 subunit, whose depletion abolishes SL1 promoter occupancy and Pol I transcription in vivo, completed the subunit inventory of functional SL1.

    Evidence Co-purification, co-IP, immunodepletion, siRNA knockdown, ChIP

    PMID:17318177

    Open questions at the time
    • TAFI41 contacts within the complex not mapped
    • Whether TAFI41 has regulatory modifications unknown
  11. 2014 High

    Demonstrating that all four human TAFIs are necessary and sufficient for species-specific Pol I transcription in mouse cells definitively resolved the species-selectivity problem as a property distributed across all SL1 subunits including TAF1C.

    Evidence Reconstitution of human Pol I transcription in mouse cells using a reporter amplified by influenza virus RNA polymerase

    PMID:24928901

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural determinants of species selectivity still undefined at residue level
  12. 2015 High

    An unexpected role for SL1 in Pol II-dependent transcription emerged: AF4-family proteins recruit SL1 to load TBP onto TATA elements, and MLL–AEP fusions hijack this pathway, broadening SL1 function beyond Pol I.

    Evidence ChIP, co-IP, in vitro transcription assays in leukemia cell models

    PMID:26593443

    Open questions at the time
    • Which TAFIs mediate AF4 contact not defined
    • Generality of SL1 in Pol II transcription beyond MLL targets unknown
  13. 2020 Medium

    Discovery that homozygous TAF1C missense variants cause a severe neurological syndrome in humans, with reduced TAF1C protein in patient fibroblasts, established TAF1C as a Mendelian disease gene and linked Pol I transcription machinery to neurodegeneration.

    Evidence Patient fibroblast analysis with mRNA/protein quantification, clinical and MRI characterization

    PMID:32779182

    Open questions at the time
    • No reconstitution or rescue experiment performed
    • Whether rRNA synthesis is reduced in patient cells not directly measured
    • Mechanism of neuronal selectivity unknown
  14. 2025 Medium

    A TAF1C-p.Ser589Leu variant that mislocalizes from nucleoli to nucleoplasmic aggregates despite normal expression levels demonstrated that nucleolar targeting of TAF1C is essential for function, while mouse knockin models confirmed that Taf1c loss-of-function causes embryonic lethality.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence in patient cells; CRISPR-Cas9 mouse knockin/deletion with survival analysis

    PMID:40371665 PMID:40953792

    Open questions at the time
    • Mislocalization mechanism (e.g. aggregation-prone sequence) not characterized
    • Tissue-specific requirements for TAF1C dosage not explored
  15. 2026 Medium

    A genome-wide CRISPR screen identified TAF1C as a direct interactor of the H3K4 methyltransferase SETD1A, through which it reprograms enhancer/super-enhancer activity and drives ACSL4-dependent ferroptosis in steatotic hepatocytes — an SL1-independent, chromatin-regulatory function.

    Evidence Genome-wide CRISPR screen, co-IP (TAF1C–SETD1A), ATAC-seq, ChIP for H3K4me3/H3K27me3/H3K27ac, knockdown/overexpression in vitro and in vivo

    PMID:42031105

    Open questions at the time
    • Single study without independent replication
    • Whether this function requires other SL1 subunits or is TAF1C-autonomous not tested
    • Structural basis of TAF1C–SETD1A interaction unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • No high-resolution structure of the SL1 complex or of TAF1C exists; the precise cdc2/cyclin B phosphorylation sites on TAF1C, the structural basis of species-specific promoter selectivity at the residue level, the mechanism of PTEN-induced SL1 dissociation, and the basis for neuronal vulnerability to TAF1C loss remain open questions.
  • No cryo-EM or crystal structure of SL1 or TAF1C
  • Phosphorylation sites on TAF1C not mapped
  • Neuronal selectivity mechanism unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005730 nucleolus 2 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 1 GO:0005694 chromosome 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 1
Partners
RRN3SETD1ATAF1ATAF1BTAF1DTBPUBTF
Complex memberships
SL1 (TIF-IB)

Evidence

Reading pass · 28 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1992 SL1 (selectivity factor 1) is a complex containing TBP (TATA-binding protein) and three distinct TBP-associated factors (TAFIs); purified TAFIs reconstituted with recombinant TBP complement SL1 activity, demonstrating that TBP plus novel associated factors are integral components of SL1 and are necessary for RNA polymerase I promoter selectivity. Column chromatography, glycerol gradient sedimentation, antibody depletion, reconstitution in vitro transcription Cell High 1547496
1988 SL1 has no sequence-specific DNA binding activity on its own, but cooperates with UBF1 through direct protein-protein interactions to form a complex at UCE and core promoter elements, enabling RNA polymerase I transcriptional activation. DNase I footprinting, in vitro transcription reconstitution, purification Science High 3413483
1994 The three TAFI subunits of SL1 (TAFI110, TAFI63, TAFI48) each bind individually and specifically to TBP; they also interact with each other to form a stable TBP-TAF complex. TBP binding by SL1 TAFIs is mutually exclusive with binding by TFIID subunits (TAFII250 and TAFII150), indicating that promoter- and RNA polymerase-selective TBP-TAF complexes are formed through mutually exclusive TBP binding. Subunit interaction assays, reconstitution, co-immunoprecipitation Science High 7801123
1994 In vivo and in vitro assembly of functional SL1 complexes from recombinant TAFIs (110, 63, 48) and TBP reconstitutes transcriptionally active SL1 that supports transcription from the human rRNA gene promoter; partial complexes without TBP do not efficiently direct transcription, demonstrating that all four subunits are necessary and sufficient. Reconstitution in vitro transcription, recombinant protein assembly Science High 7801130
1994 The conserved core domain of TBP alone (without the N-terminal domain) is sufficient to assemble functional SL1, and TBP directly interacts with the smallest SL1 subunit TAFI48, as shown by in vitro protein-protein interaction assay. Immunopurification of epitope-tagged TBP deletion mutants, in vitro protein-protein interaction assay, in vitro transcription Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 8058785
1997 Mouse Pol I-specific TAFIs were cloned; human and mouse TAFI subunits can form stable chimeric complexes containing stoichiometric amounts of TBP and TAFIs, indicating conserved protein-protein contacts underlying SL1 assembly, while species-specific promoter selectivity results from cumulative subtle sequence differences among individual subunits. cDNA cloning, chimeric complex assembly, in vitro transcription Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9050847
1998 SL1 is inactivated during mitosis by cdc2/cyclin B-directed phosphorylation of two subunits, TBP and hTAFI110 (TAF1C), and reactivated by dephosphorylation; mitotic phosphorylation impairs the interaction of SL1 with UBF, preventing pre-initiation complex formation and shutting down rDNA transcription at mitosis. Cell-free transcription reconstitution, phosphorylation assays, protein-protein interaction studies, mitotic HeLa cell extracts The EMBO journal High 9857193
1998 Phosphorylation by cdc2/cyclin B inactivates SL1 (the TBP-containing factor) and abrogates Pol I transcription during mitosis; this provides a common mechanism for mitotic silencing of all three nuclear RNA polymerases via reversible inactivation of their respective TBP-TAF complexes. In vitro transcription in asynchronous vs. mitotic HeLa cell extracts, phosphorylation assays Journal of molecular biology High 9811537
1996 TBP/SL1 co-localizes with UBF and RNA polymerase I at sites of rRNA transcription in nucleoli of actively growing cells; during mitosis, TBP co-localizes with TAFIs (including TAF1C), UBF, and RNA polymerase I on chromosomal rRNA gene regions; anti-TBP antibodies co-immunoprecipitate TBP and TAFI63, confirming in vivo complex formation. Immunofluorescence microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation from cell extracts, actinomycin D treatment The Journal of cell biology High 8609157
1999 The carboxy-terminal activation domain of UBF makes direct contact with the TBP-TAFI complex SL1; UBF phosphorylation at the C-terminus is required for SL1 interaction and recruitment to the rDNA promoter, as alkaline phosphatase treatment of UBF abolishes its ability to interact with SL1 and activate transcription. Protein-protein interaction assays with UBF deletion mutants, alkaline phosphatase treatment, DNase I footprinting, in vitro transcription Molecular and cellular biology High 10082553
2001 PCAF acetylates TAF(I)68 (TAF1C), the second largest subunit of TIF-IB/SL1; acetylation by PCAF enhances binding of TAFI68 to the rDNA promoter and stimulates Pol I transcription; the NAD+-dependent deacetylase mSir2a deacetylates TAFI68 and represses Pol I transcription, demonstrating reversible acetylation as a regulatory mechanism. In vitro acetyltransferase assay, in vitro transcription reconstitution, promoter binding assays The EMBO journal High 11250901
2001 hRRN3 interacts directly with TAF(I)110 and TAF(I)63 subunits of SL1; this interaction defines a transcriptionally competent subpopulation of Pol I (I beta); blocking the hRRN3-SL1 connection prevents recruitment of Pol I to the rDNA promoter, establishing hRRN3 as the factor linking initiation-competent Pol I to SL1. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro interaction assays, Pol I transcription assays, siRNA depletion The EMBO journal High 11250903
2000 Rb interacts directly with UBF (requiring a functional A/B pocket) but does not inhibit UBF binding to DNA; instead, the UBF-Rb complex blocks the interaction of UBF with SL1 (using the 48 kDa subunit as SL1 marker), thereby repressing RNA Pol I transcription; p130 but not p107 similarly associates with UBF and represses rDNA transcription. Direct protein interaction assays, DNase footprinting, band-shift assays, immunoprecipitation Oncogene High 11042686
1997 SV40 large T antigen directly binds SL1 in vitro and in SV40-infected cells; the interaction occurs with three SL1 subunits: TBP, TAFI48, and TAFI110; large T antigen mutants that cannot bind SL1 are unable to stimulate Pol I transcription, indicating that SL1 recruitment of large T antigen to the rRNA promoter is required for Pol I activation. Immunoprecipitation in vitro and in vivo, in vitro transcription with T antigen deletion mutants, reconstituted transcription system Genes & development High 9203586
1999 A kinase activity strongly associated with large T antigen phosphorylates the C-terminal activation domain of UBF, promoting the formation of a stable UBF-SL1 complex and rescuing the inability of dephosphorylated UBF to activate Pol I transcription. Cell labeling, in vitro kinase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription reconstitution Molecular and cellular biology High 10082545
2005 Human SL1 can direct accurate Pol I transcription in the absence of UBF and can interact with the rDNA promoter independently and stably; SL1 significantly reduces the rate of dissociation of UBF from rDNA, stabilizing UBF at the promoter; the rate of SL1 association with the promoter (rather than UBF) is the primary determinant of pre-initiation complex formation rate. In vitro transcription, DNase I footprinting, immobilized template assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 15970593
2005 PTEN represses Pol I transcription through disruption of the SL1 complex; PTEN induces dissociation of SL1 subunits and reduces SL1 occupancy on the rRNA gene promoter as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation; PTEN-mediated repression requires its lipid phosphatase activity. ChIP assays, in vivo transcription measurement, siRNA knockdown, expression of constitutively active S6 kinase Molecular and cellular biology High 16055704
2006 CK2 kinase co-immunoprecipitates with the Pol I complex and is associated with the rRNA gene promoter; CK2 regulates the UBF-SL1 interaction by phosphorylating specific serines in the C-terminal domain of UBF, counteracting the inhibitory effect of HMG boxes 5 and 6; CK2 phosphorylation of UBF promotes multiple rounds of Pol I transcription re-initiation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, in vitro transcription with immobilized templates, inhibitor treatment Nucleic acids research High 16971462
2007 TAF(I)41 (encoded by MGC5306, now recognized as a novel SL1 subunit) co-purifies and co-immunoprecipitates with SL1; immunodepletion of TAFI41 dramatically reduces Pol I transcription; siRNA-mediated knockdown of TAFI41 causes loss of SL1 from the rDNA promoter in vivo and loss of Pol I from rDNA, with reduced pre-rRNA synthesis; addition of SL1 to TAFI41-depleted extracts restores transcription. Co-purification, co-immunoprecipitation, immunodepletion in vitro transcription, siRNA knockdown, ChIP The EMBO journal High 17318177
2014 Reconstitution of human Pol I transcription from the human rDNA promoter in mouse cells requires expression of all four human TAFI subunits of SL1; chimeric SL1 complexes containing human and mouse TAFIs can form but are inactive for human rDNA transcription, demonstrating that all four human TAFIs are necessary and sufficient for species-specific Pol I transcription. Novel in vivo transcription monitoring system (Pol I transcript with reporter amplified by influenza virus RNA polymerase), reconstitution in mouse cells, chimeric complex assembly Journal of cell science High 24928901
2015 The pSER domain of AF4 family proteins (component of the AEP coactivator) associates with SL1 on chromatin and loads TBP onto the TATA element to initiate RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription; MLL-AEP fusion proteins activate transcription initiation through SL1, revealing a role for SL1 as a TBP-loading factor in Pol II-dependent gene activation. ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription assays Nature communications High 26593443
2022 Conditional deletion of the TAF1B subunit of SL1 causes a striking depletion of UBTF at both rDNA promoters but not elsewhere across rDNA; UBTF1 (but not UBTF2) cooperates with SL1 at rDNA promoters, and together they generate the specificity required for rDNA promoter recognition in vivo; the UBTF-E210K mutation reduces SL1 promoter recruitment and rDNA transcription. Conditional knockout of TAF1B, ChIP-seq, CRISPR knock-in of UBTF-E210K, cell-based Pol I transcription assays PLoS genetics High 35139074
2015 TAF1C frameshift mutations (within a mononucleotide repeat C8 in the coding sequence) occur in gastric cancers and colorectal cancers with high microsatellite instability, with intratumoral heterogeneity of these mutations, suggesting a role in tumorigenesis. SSCP and DNA sequencing of tumor samples Pathology Low 25551296
2000 Human TAF1C (TAF(I)110) gene is localized to chromosome 16q24 as a single copy; it is transcribed into multiple RNA species that could potentially produce variant isoforms of SL1 with different activation potentials. Somatic cell hybrid panel analysis, radiation hybrid panel analysis, FISH, Northern blot Cytogenetics and cell genetics Low 10894955
2020 Homozygous TAF1C missense variants cause a severe early-onset neurological phenotype with global developmental delay; patient-derived fibroblasts show substantially reduced TAF1C mRNA and protein expression, implicating impaired Pol I transcription machinery in neurodegeneration. Patient fibroblast analysis, mRNA and protein quantification, clinical/MRI characterization Clinical genetics Medium 32779182
2025 A novel homozygous missense variant (p.Ser589Leu) in TAF1C causes loss of nucleolar localization and formation of abnormal thread-like aggregates within the nucleoplasm, despite normal transcript and protein expression levels, demonstrating that proper subnuclear localization of TAF1C is required for normal neuronal function. Immunofluorescence analysis of patient cells, protein expression analysis, clinical phenotyping Clinical genetics Medium 40371665
2025 Mouse Taf1c variants (Taf1cR202Q, Taf1cS428A, Taf1c11bpdel) result in underrepresentation of homozygous mice at organogenesis stages, demonstrating that Taf1c is required for embryonic survival without causing craniofacial anomalies in surviving mice. CRISPR-Cas9 mouse knockin/deletion, allelic combination survival analysis Developmental biology Medium 40953792
2026 TAF1C directly interacts with the H3K4 methyltransferase SETD1A to reprogram the epigenetic landscape by modulating H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27ac marks; TAF1C regulates enhancer and super-enhancer activities and increases ACSL4 expression, accelerating lipid synthesis and inducing ferroptosis in steatotic hepatocytes. Genome-wide CRISPR screen, ATAC-seq, co-immunoprecipitation (TAF1C-SETD1A), ChIP for histone marks, TAF1C knockdown/overexpression in vitro and in vivo Journal of advanced research Medium 42031105

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 95 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1992 The TATA-binding protein and associated factors are integral components of the RNA polymerase I transcription factor, SL1. Cell 390 1547496
1988 Functional cooperativity between transcription factors UBF1 and SL1 mediates human ribosomal RNA synthesis. Science (New York, N.Y.) 323 3413483
2005 Clostridium carboxidivorans sp. nov., a solvent-producing clostridium isolated from an agricultural settling lagoon, and reclassification of the acetogen Clostridium scatologenes strain SL1 as Clostridium drakei sp. nov. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 174 16166714
2001 Acetylation of TAF(I)68, a subunit of TIF-IB/SL1, activates RNA polymerase I transcription. The EMBO journal 162 11250901
2001 hRRN3 is essential in the SL1-mediated recruitment of RNA Polymerase I to rRNA gene promoters. The EMBO journal 154 11250903
1994 Reconstitution of transcription factor SL1: exclusive binding of TBP by SL1 or TFIID subunits. Science (New York, N.Y.) 133 7801123
1994 Assembly of transcriptionally active RNA polymerase I initiation factor SL1 from recombinant subunits. Science (New York, N.Y.) 131 7801130
1998 Mitotic silencing of human rRNA synthesis: inactivation of the promoter selectivity factor SL1 by cdc2/cyclin B-mediated phosphorylation. The EMBO journal 130 9857193
1996 In vivo evidence that TATA-binding protein/SL1 colocalizes with UBF and RNA polymerase I when rRNA synthesis is either active or inactive. The Journal of cell biology 128 8609157
2000 Rb and p130 regulate RNA polymerase I transcription: Rb disrupts the interaction between UBF and SL-1. Oncogene 110 11042686
2005 PTEN represses RNA Polymerase I transcription by disrupting the SL1 complex. Molecular and cellular biology 86 16055704
1994 The RSRF/MEF2 protein SL1 regulates cardiac muscle-specific transcription of a myosin light-chain gene in Xenopus embryos. Genes & development 84 7926733
1999 Recruitment of TATA-binding protein-TAFI complex SL1 to the human ribosomal DNA promoter is mediated by the carboxy-terminal activation domain of upstream binding factor (UBF) and is regulated by UBF phosphorylation. Molecular and cellular biology 79 10082553
2007 A novel TBP-associated factor of SL1 functions in RNA polymerase I transcription. The EMBO journal 78 17318177
1993 Cell type-specific regulation of SL-1 and SL-2 genes. Induction of the SL-2 gene but not the SL-1 gene by human keratinocytes in response to cytokines and phorbolesters. The Journal of biological chemistry 78 8349617
2005 TBP-TAF complex SL1 directs RNA polymerase I pre-initiation complex formation and stabilizes upstream binding factor at the rDNA promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 72 15970593
1997 Cloning of murine RNA polymerase I-specific TAF factors: conserved interactions between the subunits of the species-specific transcription initiation factor TIF-IB/SL1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71 9050847
2003 Structure of the intact stem and bulge of HIV-1 Psi-RNA stem-loop SL1. Journal of molecular biology 63 12559920
2000 Clostridium scatologenes strain SL1 isolated as an acetogenic bacterium from acidic sediments. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 60 10758858
1997 SV40 large T antigen binds to the TBP-TAF(I) complex SL1 and coactivates ribosomal RNA transcription. Genes & development 53 9203586
1994 TATA box-binding protein (TBP) is a constituent of the polymerase I-specific transcription initiation factor TIF-IB (SL1) bound to the rRNA promoter and shows differential sensitivity to TBP-directed reagents in polymerase I, II, and III transcription factors. Molecular and cellular biology 52 8264628
2002 Structure and stability of wild-type and mutant RNA internal loops from the SL-1 domain of the HIV-1 packaging signal. Journal of molecular biology 51 12225748
1996 The species-specific RNA polymerase I transcription factor SL-1 binds to upstream binding factor. Molecular and cellular biology 50 8552083
1996 The SL1 trans-spliced leader RNA performs an essential embryonic function in Caenorhabditis elegans that can also be supplied by SL2 RNA. Genes & development 46 8666237
2006 SL1 RNA gene recovery from Enterobius vermicularis ancient DNA in pre-Columbian human coprolites. International journal for parasitology 45 16950265
1998 Mitotic phosphorylation of the TBP-containing factor SL1 represses ribosomal gene transcription. Journal of molecular biology 45 9811537
2015 AF4 uses the SL1 components of RNAP1 machinery to initiate MLL fusion- and AEP-dependent transcription. Nature communications 44 26593443
2006 A new NMR solution structure of the SL1 HIV-1Lai loop-loop dimer. Nucleic acids research 44 16410614
2006 CK2-mediated stimulation of Pol I transcription by stabilization of UBF-SL1 interaction. Nucleic acids research 43 16971462
1995 SL1 trans-splicing specified by AU-rich synthetic RNA inserted at the 5' end of Caenorhabditis elegans pre-mRNA. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 38 7585246
1993 Effects of N-acetylglucosamine on carbohydrate fermentation by Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 and Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1. Infection and immunity 38 8418050
2003 Stem of SL1 RNA in HIV-1: structure and nucleocapsid protein binding for a 1 x 3 internal loop. Biochemistry 37 12731867
2003 Rev binds specifically to a purine loop in the SL1 region of the HIV-1 leader RNA. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 12851400
2004 A survey of SL1-spliced transcripts from the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG 33 15338281
2013 RNAi-mediated knockdown of catalase causes cell cycle arrest in SL-1 cells and results in low survival rate of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). PloS one 31 23555693
1999 A kinase activity associated with simian virus 40 large T antigen phosphorylates upstream binding factor (UBF) and promotes formation of a stable initiation complex between UBF and SL1. Molecular and cellular biology 27 10082545
2007 Nucleocapsid protein-mediated maturation of dimer initiation complex of full-length SL1 stemloop of HIV-1: sequence effects and mechanism of RNA refolding. Nucleic acids research 25 17341460
2018 Targeting c-met receptor tyrosine kinase by the DNA aptamer SL1 as a potential novel therapeutic option for myeloma. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 22 30353654
2016 TBP loading by AF4 through SL1 is the major rate-limiting step in MLL fusion-dependent transcription. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 22 27564129
2016 Biodegradation of phenanthrene by Rhizobium petrolearium SL-1. Journal of applied microbiology 19 27614183
1994 Physical mapping at 6q27 of the locus for the TATA box-binding protein, the DNA-binding subunit of TFIID and a component of SL1 and TFIIIB, strongly suggests that it is single copy in the human genome. Genomics 19 7959796
1994 The conserved core domain of the human TATA binding protein is sufficient to assemble the multisubunit RNA polymerase I-specific transcription factor SL1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 8058785
2022 Ribosomal DNA promoter recognition is determined in vivo by cooperation between UBTF1 and SL1 and is compromised in the UBTF-E210K neuroregression syndrome. PLoS genetics 18 35139074
2022 The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Sl1 Is Critical for Cadmium Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 18 35326106
2005 Conformational pathway for the kissing complex-->extended dimer transition of the SL1 stem-loop from genomic HIV-1 RNA as monitored by targeted molecular dynamics techniques. Journal of molecular biology 18 16023135
2012 Cis-acting element (SL1) of Potato virus X controls viral movement by interacting with the NbMPB2Cb and viral proteins. Virology 17 22405626
1999 Alterations in the conserved SL1 trans-spliced leader of Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate flexibility in length and sequence requirements in vivo. Molecular and cellular biology 17 10022876
2006 The SL1-SL2 (stem-loop) domain is the primary determinant for stability of the gamma retroviral genomic RNA dimer. The Journal of biological chemistry 16 16984912
2006 The SL1 stem-loop structure at the 5'-end of potato virus X RNA is required for efficient binding to host proteins and for viral infectivity. Molecules and cells 14 16511348
1997 The fundamental ribosomal RNA transcription initiation factor-IB (TIF-IB, SL1, factor D) binds to the rRNA core promoter primarily by minor groove contacts. The Journal of biological chemistry 14 9361004
1995 Determination of the folding topology of the SL1 RNA from Caenorhabditis elegans by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. Journal of molecular biology 14 7563053
1991 Chain formation and de-chaining in Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1. Oral microbiology and immunology 14 1820572
1980 Partial purification and properties of a mannofructokinase from Streptococcus mutans SL-1. Infection and immunity 13 6254885
2002 HIV-1(Lai) genomic RNA: combined used of NMR and molecular dynamics simulation for studying the structure and internal dynamics of a mutated SL1 hairpin. European biophysics journal : EBJ 12 12451421
2015 Frameshift mutations of TAF1C gene, a core component for transcription by RNA polymerase I, and its regional heterogeneity in gastric and colorectal cancers. Pathology 11 25551296
2011 Toxicity and differential protein analysis following destruxin A treatment of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SL-1 cells. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 11 21718714
2004 On the stability of different experimental dimeric structures of the SL1 sequence from the genomic RNA of HIV-1 in solution: a molecular dynamics simulation and electrophoresis study. Biopolymers 11 15150793
2023 NMR 1H,19F-based screening of the four stem-looped structure 5_SL1-SL4 located in the 5'-untranslated region of SARS-CoV 2 RNA. RSC medicinal chemistry 10 38283228
2014 Reconstitution of human rRNA gene transcription in mouse cells by a complete SL1 complex. Journal of cell science 10 24928901
1998 A novel transcription initiation factor (TIF), TIF-IE, is required for homogeneous Acanthamoeba castellanii TIF-IB (SL1) to form a committed complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 9765308
1980 Partial purification and properties of a specific glucokinase from Streptococcus mutans SL-1. Biochimica et biophysica acta 10 7357011
2017 PDIM and SL1 accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with mce4A expression. Gene 9 28988960
2016 SL1 revisited: functional analysis of the structure and conformation of HIV-1 genome RNA. Retrovirology 9 27835956
2014 The cytotoxicology of momordicins I and II on Spodoptera litura cultured cell line SL-1. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology 8 26071815
1994 Yeast TBP can replace its human homologue in the RNA polymerase I-specific multisubunit factor SL1. Journal of molecular biology 8 7966304
2022 A novel, essential trans-splicing protein connects the nematode SL1 snRNP to the CBC-ARS2 complex. Nucleic acids research 7 35736244
2019 Association of TATA box-binding protein-associated factor RNA polymerase I subunit C (TAF1C) with T2DM. Gene 7 31039436
2015 Elevated sL1-CAM levels in BALF and serum of IPF patients. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) 7 26610737
2007 Molecular dynamics simulation for probing the flexibility of the 35 nucleotide SL1 sequence kissing complex from HIV-1Lai genomic RNA. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 7 17313192
2000 Genomic localization of the human genes TAF1A, TAF1B and TAF1C, encoding TAF(I)48, TAF(I)63 and TAF(I)110 subunits of class I general transcription initiation factor SL1. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 7 10894955
2023 The Synergic Effect of Gut-Derived Probiotic Bacillus cereus SL1 And Ocimum sanctum on Growth, Intestinal Histopathology, Innate Immunity, and Expression of Enzymatic Antioxidant Genes in Fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822). Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins 6 37658190
2021 1H, 13C and 15N assignment of stem-loop SL1 from the 5'-UTR of SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecular NMR assignments 6 34453696
2019 Heterodera glycines utilizes promiscuous spliced leaders and demonstrates a unique preference for a species-specific spliced leader over C. elegans SL1. Scientific reports 6 30718603
2017 Cytotoxicity of chemical constituents from Torricellia tiliifolia DC. on Spodoptera litura (SL-1) cells. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology 6 29463404
2004 Base pairing at the stem-loop junction in the SL1 kissing complex of HIV-1 RNA: a thermodynamic study probed by molecular dynamics simulation. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 5 15107005
2022 Spliceosomal SL1 RNA binding to U1-70K: the role of the extended RRM. Nucleic acids research 4 35876068
2001 Modeling the dynamics of a mutated stem-loop in the SL1 domain of HIV-1Lai genomic RNA by 1H-NOESY spectra. Journal of biomolecular NMR 4 11563557
1997 Characteristics of nucleotide sequences flanking the trans-spliced leader SL1 exon in Dirofilaria immitis, Brugia malayi, and Brugia pahangi. The Journal of veterinary medical science 4 9450246
2024 Changes of MRGs and ARGs in Acinetobacter sp. SL-1 used for treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater with waste molasses as carbon source. The Science of the total environment 3 38340823
2020 Homozygous TAF1C variants are associated with a novel childhood-onset neurological phenotype. Clinical genetics 3 32779182
2003 Modeling the dynamics of the solvated SL1 domain of HIV-1 genomic RNA. Biopolymers 3 12717718
1995 Mechanical and electrophysiological effects of a hydroxyphenyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline, SL-1, on isolated rat cardiac tissues. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 3 8789420
2025 M. tuberculosis surface sulfoglycolipid SL-1 activates the mechanosensitive channel TRPV4 to enhance lysosomal biogenesis and exocytosis in macrophages. Molecular biology of the cell 2 40305098
2008 Insight into the intrinsic flexibility of the SL1 stem-loop from genomic RNA of HIV-1 as probed by molecular dynamics simulation. Biopolymers 2 18008323
2001 Solution structure of the SL1 RNA of the M1 double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biophysical journal 2 11259308
2025 Preclinical Evaluation of 68Ga-Labeled SL1 Aptamer for c-Met Targeted PET Imaging. Molecular pharmaceutics 1 39930702
2025 In Vitro Antiviral Activity of a Silydianin-Rich Extract from Silybum marianum Seeds Against Four Strains of Enteroviruses: EV71, Coxsackievirus B2, Coxsackievirus A10, and Poliovirus SL-1 and Its Impact on Improving Delayed Gastric Emptying in Mice. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) 1 40001439
2025 Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfolipid-1 (Sl-1) increases the excitability of mouse and human TRPV1-positive sensory neurons in a YM254890-reversible fashion. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 1 40666927
1975 Invertase in cell-free culture fluids of Streptococcus mutans strain SL-1. Experientia 1 1213052
2026 Interacting with GUN1 and MORF2, SL1 modulates plastid RNA editing during norflurazon-induced retrograde signaling. Plant physiology 0 41995017
2026 Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies TAF1C as an epigenetic determinant of lipid deposition via ACSL4-dependent ferroptosis in MASLD. Journal of advanced research 0 42031105
2025 The impact of the novel σ1 receptor ligand (S)-L1 on brain endothelial cells and cerebrovascular reactivity challenged by ischemia. European journal of pharmacology 0 40348322
2025 A Novel TAF1C Missense Variant Causes Neurodevelopmental Regression via Disrupted Nucleolar Localization and Nucleoplasmic Aggregation. Clinical genetics 0 40371665
2025 Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Translation Initiation Element SL1 by Molecules of Low Molecular Weight. Journal of the American Chemical Society 0 40758647
2025 Mouse variants in Taf1c result in reduced survival to birth. Developmental biology 0 40953792