Affinage

TAF1A

TATA box-binding protein-associated factor RNA polymerase I subunit A · UniProt Q15573

Length
450 aa
Mass
52.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
96 papers in source corpus 24 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TAF1A (TAF(I)48) is an essential subunit of the selectivity factor SL1/TIF-IB, the TBP-containing complex that directs species-specific RNA polymerase I transcription initiation at ribosomal DNA promoters. TAF1A binds TBP directly through its carboxyl-terminal domain and, together with TAF(I)63, TAF(I)110, and TAF(I)41, reconstitutes a transcriptionally active SL1 complex that can independently engage the rDNA promoter and stabilize UBF occupancy to nucleate pre-initiation complex formation (PMID:1547496, PMID:7801130, PMID:15970593). SL1 activity is positively regulated by PCAF-mediated acetylation of TAF1A and CK2-dependent UBF phosphorylation, and negatively regulated by mSir2a-mediated deacetylation, cdc2/cyclin B phosphorylation during mitosis, Rb sequestration of UBF, and PTEN-induced SL1 disassembly (PMID:11250901, PMID:9857193, PMID:16055704, PMID:11042686). Loss-of-function mutations in TAF1A cause a ribosomopathy manifesting as pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy, confirmed by zebrafish knockout recapitulation (PMID:28472305).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1992 High

    Identification of TAF1A as a core SL1 subunit resolved how TBP achieves Pol I promoter selectivity — not alone, but as part of a dedicated TBP-TAF complex distinct from TFIID.

    Evidence Chromatographic purification and reconstitution of SL1 from separated TAFs plus recombinant TBP, with in vitro Pol I transcription readout

    PMID:1547496

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of subunits within the SL1 complex was not determined
    • No structural information on TAF1A
  2. 1994 High

    Demonstration that TAF1A binds TBP directly and that SL1 TAFs compete with TFIID TAFs for TBP binding explained how mutually exclusive TBP-containing complexes are assembled for different RNA polymerase systems.

    Evidence Recombinant protein interaction assays and competitive binding experiments showing exclusivity between SL1 and TFIID subunits for TBP

    PMID:7801123 PMID:7801130 PMID:8058785

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding interface not structurally resolved
    • Order of subunit assembly onto TBP unknown
  3. 1997 High

    Cross-species reconstitution of human–mouse chimeric SL1 complexes revealed that species-specific rDNA transcription arises from cumulative differences across all TAF subunits rather than a single subunit, and that SL1 is a direct target for viral (SV40 large T antigen) activation of Pol I transcription.

    Evidence Chimeric SL1 assembly with in vitro transcription; co-immunoprecipitation of T antigen with TAF1A, TBP, and TAF(I)110 in infected cells

    PMID:9050847 PMID:9203586

    Open questions at the time
    • Which TAF surfaces confer species specificity not mapped
    • T antigen binding site on TAF1A not identified
  4. 1998 High

    Discovery that cdc2/cyclin B phosphorylation inactivates SL1 and disrupts its interaction with UBF established how rRNA transcription is silenced during mitosis, linking cell cycle kinase signaling to Pol I regulation.

    Evidence In vitro transcription in mitotic versus asynchronous HeLa extracts with kinase assays and UBF-SL1 interaction measurements

    PMID:9811537 PMID:9857193

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphorylation sites on TAF1A itself not mapped
    • Whether TAF1A is a direct cdc2 substrate unclear
  5. 1999 High

    Mapping the UBF activation domain contact to SL1 and showing that UBF phosphorylation is prerequisite for this interaction revealed a phosphorylation-dependent handshake model for pre-initiation complex assembly at rDNA.

    Evidence UBF deletion mutants, phosphatase treatment, DNase I footprinting, and reconstituted transcription

    PMID:10082553

    Open questions at the time
    • Which SL1 subunit(s) directly contact UBF not resolved
    • Identity of kinase phosphorylating UBF for SL1 interaction not established here
  6. 2001 High

    Identification of PCAF as an acetyltransferase and mSir2a as a deacetylase acting on TAF1A established reversible acetylation as a direct switch controlling SL1 promoter binding and Pol I transcription output.

    Evidence In vitro acetylation/deacetylation assays, rDNA promoter binding assays, and reconstituted Pol I transcription

    PMID:11250901

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetylated residues not identified
    • In vivo validation of acetylation-dependent regulation not shown
  7. 2001 High

    Demonstration that hRRN3 contacts TAF(I)110 and TAF(I)63 (but not TAF1A directly) to recruit initiation-competent Pol I defined SL1 as the platform bridging promoter-bound factors and Pol I, with different subunits serving distinct recruitment functions.

    Evidence Direct protein interaction assays, immunodepletion/add-back, and in vitro transcription

    PMID:11250903

    Open questions at the time
    • Role of TAF1A in the hRRN3 recruitment step not individually assessed
  8. 2004 Medium

    Mapping the TBP-binding domain and nucleolar localization signal to the TAF1A carboxyl-terminus, and identifying multiple importin-family receptors for its nuclear import, defined the structural basis for TAF1A's integration into SL1 and its targeting to the nucleolus.

    Evidence Domain deletion/GFP fusion localization, GST pulldowns with importins, yeast two-hybrid and mutagenesis for TBP binding

    PMID:15113842 PMID:15315821

    Open questions at the time
    • No crystal structure of the TAF1A C-terminus–TBP interface
    • Relative contributions of individual importins to TAF1A import in vivo untested
  9. 2005 High

    Showing that SL1 can bind the rDNA promoter and direct accurate transcription independently of UBF, and that SL1 stabilizes UBF occupancy, overturned the prevailing model in which UBF recruits SL1, establishing SL1 as the primary promoter-recognition factor.

    Evidence Immobilized template assays, DNase I footprinting, and reconstituted UBF-free Pol I transcription

    PMID:15970593

    Open questions at the time
    • DNA sequence determinants recognized by SL1 not identified
  10. 2005 High

    Discovery that PTEN disrupts SL1 integrity and reduces its rDNA promoter occupancy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling connected growth-suppressive tumor suppressor pathways to direct regulation of ribosome biogenesis via SL1 disassembly.

    Evidence ChIP, in vitro transcription, siRNA knockdown, and constitutively active S6K rescue experiments

    PMID:16055704

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct phosphorylation target(s) within SL1 downstream of S6K not identified
  11. 2006 High

    Identification of CK2 as a kinase that phosphorylates UBF's C-terminus to promote UBF-SL1 interaction and Pol I re-initiation added a positive-regulatory kinase branch to the signaling network controlling pre-initiation complex stability.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP, immobilized template transcription, and CK2 inhibitor experiments

    PMID:16971462

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CK2 also phosphorylates SL1 subunits directly not assessed
  12. 2015 High

    Discovery that SL1 is co-opted by the AEP/AF4 complex to load TBP onto RNA Pol II-dependent promoters expanded SL1's role beyond Pol I, revealing an unexpected function in MLL-fusion-driven oncogenic transcription.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP at Pol II target genes, in vitro transcription, and domain deletion analysis

    PMID:26593443

    Open questions at the time
    • Which SL1 subunit directly contacts the AF4 pSER domain not resolved
    • Generality of SL1 involvement in Pol II transcription beyond MLL-fusion contexts unclear
  13. 2017 Medium

    Identification of recessive TAF1A mutations in pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy, confirmed by zebrafish knockout, established TAF1A loss-of-function as a cause of ribosomopathy with tissue-selective cardiac manifestation.

    Evidence Whole exome sequencing in affected family, zebrafish TAF1A homolog knockout with cardiac phenotyping, nucleolar morphology analysis in patient cardiomyocytes

    PMID:28472305

    Open questions at the time
    • Single family reported; independent cohort replication needed
    • Mechanism of cardiac tissue selectivity not explained
    • Functional impact of specific patient mutations on SL1 assembly not biochemically tested
  14. 2022 Medium

    Conditional deletion of the partner subunit TAF1B demonstrated that SL1 is required for UBTF occupancy at rDNA promoters in cells, supporting an induced-fit model where SL1 and UBTF1 cooperate to generate promoter specificity in vivo.

    Evidence Conditional TAF1B deletion, ChIP for UBTF and Pol I, quantitative rDNA transcription analysis

    PMID:35139074

    Open questions at the time
    • TAF1A-specific contribution to UBTF stabilization in vivo not individually dissected
    • No structural model of the SL1–UBTF–rDNA ternary complex

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • No high-resolution structure of the human SL1 complex or of TAF1A's interfaces with TBP, UBF, or the rDNA promoter has been determined, and the specific acetylation and phosphorylation sites on TAF1A that regulate its activity remain unmapped.
  • Atomic-resolution structure of SL1 needed
  • Acetylated residues on TAF1A not identified
  • Direct phosphorylation of TAF1A by growth-regulatory kinases not tested
  • Mechanism of cardiac tissue-selective vulnerability in TAF1A ribosomopathy unexplained

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3
Localization
GO:0005730 nucleolus 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2
Partners
PCAFSIRT1TAF1BTAF1CTAF1DTBPUBF
Complex memberships
SL1/TIF-IB

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1992 TAF1A (TAF(I)48) is an integral subunit of the RNA polymerase I promoter selectivity factor SL1, which is a complex containing TBP and three distinct TAFs (TAF(I)110, TAF(I)63, and TAF(I)48). Purified TAFs reconstituted with recombinant TBP complement SL1 transcriptional activity, demonstrating that TBP plus these novel associated factors are necessary for SL1 function. Column chromatography, glycerol gradient sedimentation, antibody depletion, in vitro transcription reconstitution Cell High 1547496
1994 TAF(I)48 (TAF1A) binds directly and individually to TBP and participates in forming a stable TBP-TAF complex. When TBP is first bound by TAF(I)48 (or other SL1 TAFs), TFIID subunits (TAFII250, TAFII150) cannot bind TBP, revealing mutually exclusive TBP binding between SL1 and TFIID subunits. Subunit interaction assays, recombinant protein binding, competitive binding experiments Science High 7801123
1994 TBP together with TAF(I)110, TAF(I)63, and TAF(I)48 (TAF1A) are necessary and sufficient to reconstitute a transcriptionally active SL1 complex; partial complexes lacking TBP do not efficiently direct transcription in vitro. In vivo and in vitro assembly of recombinant SL1, in vitro RNA polymerase I transcription assay Science High 7801130
1994 The conserved core domain of TBP (without the N-terminal variable domain) is sufficient to assemble a functional SL1 complex with TAF(I)48 (TAF1A), TAF(I)63, and TAF(I)110, and TBP directly interacts with the smallest TAF, TAF(I)48, in an in vitro protein-protein interaction assay. Immunopurification of epitope-tagged TBP variants, in vitro protein-protein interaction assay, in vitro transcription Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences High 8058785
1997 Human TAF(I)48 (TAF1A), TAF(I)63, and TAF(I)110 can form stable chimeric complexes with their mouse counterparts, demonstrating conserved protein-protein contacts for SL1 assembly; species-specific promoter selectivity is likely the result of cumulative subtle differences between individual TAF subunits. cDNA cloning of murine TAFIs, chimeric complex assembly, in vitro transcription Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences High 9050847
1998 SL1 (including its TAF(I)110 subunit) is inactivated by cdc2/cyclin B-directed phosphorylation during mitosis, blocking rRNA transcription; phosphorylation impairs the interaction of SL1 with UBF, preventing pre-initiation complex formation. Reconstituted cell-free transcription system, mitotic HeLa cell extracts, phosphorylation assays, protein-protein interaction studies The EMBO Journal High 9857193
1998 Phosphorylation by cdc2/cyclin B inactivates the TBP-containing factor SL1 (which includes TAF1A/TAF(I)48) and abrogates RNA polymerase I transcription during mitosis, linking cell cycle kinase activity to rDNA transcriptional silencing. In vitro transcription in mitotic vs. asynchronous HeLa cell extracts, kinase assays Journal of Molecular Biology High 9811537
1999 The carboxy-terminal activation domain of UBF makes direct contact with the SL1 complex (including TAF1A/TAF(I)48), and UBF phosphorylation is required for the UBF-SL1 interaction; dephosphorylation of UBF abolishes its ability to interact with SL1 and activate Pol I transcription. Protein-protein interaction assays with UBF deletion mutants, alkaline phosphatase treatment, DNase I footprinting, in vitro reconstituted transcription Molecular and Cellular Biology High 10082553
2001 PCAF acetylates TAF(I)68 (TAF1A; the second largest subunit of TIF-IB/SL1), and this acetylation enhances binding of TAF(I)68 to the rDNA promoter and stimulates RNA Pol I transcription. The NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase mSir2a deacetylates TAF(I)68 and represses Pol I transcription, demonstrating reversible acetylation as a regulatory mechanism. In vitro acetylation assay, rDNA promoter binding assay, in vitro transcription reconstitution, deacetylation assay The EMBO Journal High 11250901
2001 hRRN3 interacts directly with TAF(I)110 and TAF(I)63 of SL1, and blocking this interaction prevents recruitment of initiation-competent RNA Pol I (Pol I beta) to the rDNA promoter, establishing SL1 (including TAF1A) as the essential mediator of Pol I recruitment. Direct protein-protein interaction assays, immunodepletion, in vitro transcription The EMBO Journal High 11250903
1996 TBP/SL1 colocalizes with UBF and RNA Pol I at sites of rRNA transcription in the nucleolus of actively growing cells; during mitosis and after actinomycin D treatment, TBP co-localizes with TAF(I)s (including TAF(I)63) and remains associated with rRNA genes. Anti-TBP antibodies co-immunoprecipitate TBP and TAF(I)63 from cell extracts. Immunofluorescence colocalization, co-immunoprecipitation from cell extracts The Journal of Cell Biology High 8609157
1997 SV40 large T antigen directly binds SL1 in vitro and in SV40-infected cells, associating with three SL1 subunits: TBP, TAF(I)48 (TAF1A), and TAF(I)110. Large T antigen mutants that cannot bind SL1 are unable to stimulate Pol I transcription, establishing SL1 recruitment as a crucial step in viral activation of rRNA synthesis. Immunoprecipitation (in vitro and in vivo), in vitro transcription with deletion mutants Genes & Development High 9203586
2000 Rb directly interacts with UBF (requiring a functional A/B pocket) and this UBF-Rb complex blocks the interaction of UBF with SL1 (using the 48 kDa/TAF1A subunit as marker), thereby repressing rDNA transcription; p130 but not p107 similarly associates with UBF to regulate Pol I transcription. Direct protein interaction assays, DNase footprinting, band-shift assays, overexpression studies Oncogene High 11042686
2005 Human SL1 (containing TAF1A) can direct accurate Pol I transcription independently of UBF and can interact with the rDNA promoter stably on its own; SL1 significantly reduces the rate of UBF dissociation from the rDNA promoter, suggesting SL1 directs pre-initiation complex formation and UBF stabilization rather than UBF recruiting SL1. In vitro transcription reconstitution, DNase I footprinting, immobilized template assays The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 15970593
2005 PTEN represses RNA Pol I transcription by inducing dissociation of SL1 subunits (including TAF1A) from each other and reducing occupancy of SL1 on the rRNA gene promoter, through a mechanism requiring PTEN's lipid phosphatase activity and PI3K/Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription, siRNA knockdown, constitutively active S6K rescue Molecular and Cellular Biology High 16055704
2006 CK2 co-immunoprecipitates with the Pol I complex, associates with the rRNA gene promoter, and regulates the UBF-SL1 interaction by phosphorylating specific serines in the C-terminus of UBF, counteracting the inhibitory effect of HMG boxes five and six. CK2-mediated phosphorylation promotes multiple rounds of Pol I transcription re-initiation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, in vitro transcription with immobilized templates, CK2 inhibitor treatment Nucleic Acids Research High 16971462
2007 TAF(I)41 (MGC5306) is a novel component of SL1 that co-purifies and co-immunoprecipitates with SL1; its immunodepletion from nuclear extracts drastically reduces Pol I transcription (restored by SL1 addition), and siRNA knockdown causes loss of SL1 from the rDNA promoter and reduced pre-rRNA synthesis in vivo. Co-purification, co-immunoprecipitation, immunodepletion, in vitro transcription, siRNA knockdown, ChIP The EMBO Journal High 17318177
2004 The carboxyl-terminal 51 residues of TAF(I)48 (TAF1A) are required and sufficient for its localization to the nucleus and nucleolus, and this region interacts with multiple beta-karyopherin nuclear import receptors (importin beta, transportin, RanBP5) in a Ran-dependent manner. Domain deletion analysis, GFP fusion localization, GST pulldown with nuclear import receptors Journal of Biochemistry Medium 15113842
2004 A TBP-binding domain within the carboxyl-terminus of human TAF(I)48 (TAF1A) was identified; mutations in uncharged and positive residues in this domain impair TBP binding. Residues within and adjacent to helix 2 of TBP are required for interaction with the TAF(I)48 carboxyl-terminus. Yeast two-hybrid, direct protein-protein interaction assays, mutagenesis Gene Medium 15315821
2000 The human genes TAF1A, TAF1B, and TAF1C, encoding the SL1 subunits TAF(I)48, TAF(I)63, and TAF(I)110 respectively, are present as single copies in the human genome localized at 1q42, 2p25, and 16q24; TAF1C and TAF1B are transcribed into multiple RNAs potentially producing variant isoforms of SL1. Somatic cell hybrid panel analysis, radiation hybrid panel analysis, FISH, Northern blot Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics Medium 10894955
2014 Human rRNA gene transcription can be reconstituted in mouse cells by expressing all four human SL1 TAF subunits (including TAF1A/TAF(I)48); chimeric SL1 complexes containing both human and mouse TAFs can assemble but are inactive for human rDNA transcription, demonstrating that all four human TAFIs are necessary and sufficient to overcome species-specific transcription barriers. Reconstitution by transfection of human TAFIs into mouse cells, in vivo Pol I transcription monitoring with influenza RDRP reporter, chimeric complex assembly Journal of Cell Science High 24928901
2015 The pSER domain of AF4 family proteins (AEP complex) associates with SL1 (including TAF1A subunit) on chromatin and loads TBP onto the promoter to initiate RNA Pol II-dependent transcription; MLL-AEP fusion proteins activate transcription through SL1, revealing SL1 as a TBP-loading factor for RNAP2-dependent gene activation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, in vitro transcription, domain deletion analysis Nature Communications High 26593443
2017 Recessive compound heterozygous mutations in TAF1A are associated with pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy; zebrafish knockout of the TAF1A homolog recapitulates heart failure with pericardial edema, decreased ventricular systolic function, and embryonic mortality, establishing TAF1A loss-of-function as causative for ribosomopathy-associated cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyocytes from affected patients show gene-specific nucleolar segregation defects indicative of impaired rRNA synthesis. Whole exome sequencing, zebrafish knockout model, nucleolar morphology analysis in patient cardiomyocytes Human Molecular Genetics Medium 28472305
2022 Conditional deletion of the TAF1B subunit of SL1 causes striking depletion of UBTF at both rDNA promoters, and cooperation between SL1 and the UBTF1 splice variant generates the specificity required for rDNA promoter recognition in cells; UBTF1 plays an architectural role in an induced-fit model of RNA Pol I promoter recognition. Conditional gene deletion, ChIP, quantitative rDNA transcription analysis PLoS Genetics Medium 35139074

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 96 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1992 The TATA-binding protein and associated factors are integral components of the RNA polymerase I transcription factor, SL1. Cell 390 1547496
1988 Functional cooperativity between transcription factors UBF1 and SL1 mediates human ribosomal RNA synthesis. Science (New York, N.Y.) 323 3413483
2005 Clostridium carboxidivorans sp. nov., a solvent-producing clostridium isolated from an agricultural settling lagoon, and reclassification of the acetogen Clostridium scatologenes strain SL1 as Clostridium drakei sp. nov. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 174 16166714
2001 Acetylation of TAF(I)68, a subunit of TIF-IB/SL1, activates RNA polymerase I transcription. The EMBO journal 162 11250901
2001 hRRN3 is essential in the SL1-mediated recruitment of RNA Polymerase I to rRNA gene promoters. The EMBO journal 154 11250903
1994 Reconstitution of transcription factor SL1: exclusive binding of TBP by SL1 or TFIID subunits. Science (New York, N.Y.) 133 7801123
1994 Assembly of transcriptionally active RNA polymerase I initiation factor SL1 from recombinant subunits. Science (New York, N.Y.) 131 7801130
1998 Mitotic silencing of human rRNA synthesis: inactivation of the promoter selectivity factor SL1 by cdc2/cyclin B-mediated phosphorylation. The EMBO journal 130 9857193
1996 In vivo evidence that TATA-binding protein/SL1 colocalizes with UBF and RNA polymerase I when rRNA synthesis is either active or inactive. The Journal of cell biology 128 8609157
2000 Rb and p130 regulate RNA polymerase I transcription: Rb disrupts the interaction between UBF and SL-1. Oncogene 110 11042686
2005 PTEN represses RNA Polymerase I transcription by disrupting the SL1 complex. Molecular and cellular biology 86 16055704
1994 The RSRF/MEF2 protein SL1 regulates cardiac muscle-specific transcription of a myosin light-chain gene in Xenopus embryos. Genes & development 84 7926733
1999 Recruitment of TATA-binding protein-TAFI complex SL1 to the human ribosomal DNA promoter is mediated by the carboxy-terminal activation domain of upstream binding factor (UBF) and is regulated by UBF phosphorylation. Molecular and cellular biology 79 10082553
2007 A novel TBP-associated factor of SL1 functions in RNA polymerase I transcription. The EMBO journal 78 17318177
1993 Cell type-specific regulation of SL-1 and SL-2 genes. Induction of the SL-2 gene but not the SL-1 gene by human keratinocytes in response to cytokines and phorbolesters. The Journal of biological chemistry 78 8349617
2005 TBP-TAF complex SL1 directs RNA polymerase I pre-initiation complex formation and stabilizes upstream binding factor at the rDNA promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 72 15970593
1997 Cloning of murine RNA polymerase I-specific TAF factors: conserved interactions between the subunits of the species-specific transcription initiation factor TIF-IB/SL1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71 9050847
2003 Structure of the intact stem and bulge of HIV-1 Psi-RNA stem-loop SL1. Journal of molecular biology 63 12559920
2000 Clostridium scatologenes strain SL1 isolated as an acetogenic bacterium from acidic sediments. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 60 10758858
1997 SV40 large T antigen binds to the TBP-TAF(I) complex SL1 and coactivates ribosomal RNA transcription. Genes & development 53 9203586
1994 TATA box-binding protein (TBP) is a constituent of the polymerase I-specific transcription initiation factor TIF-IB (SL1) bound to the rRNA promoter and shows differential sensitivity to TBP-directed reagents in polymerase I, II, and III transcription factors. Molecular and cellular biology 52 8264628
2002 Structure and stability of wild-type and mutant RNA internal loops from the SL-1 domain of the HIV-1 packaging signal. Journal of molecular biology 51 12225748
1996 The species-specific RNA polymerase I transcription factor SL-1 binds to upstream binding factor. Molecular and cellular biology 50 8552083
1996 The SL1 trans-spliced leader RNA performs an essential embryonic function in Caenorhabditis elegans that can also be supplied by SL2 RNA. Genes & development 46 8666237
2006 SL1 RNA gene recovery from Enterobius vermicularis ancient DNA in pre-Columbian human coprolites. International journal for parasitology 45 16950265
1998 Mitotic phosphorylation of the TBP-containing factor SL1 represses ribosomal gene transcription. Journal of molecular biology 45 9811537
2015 AF4 uses the SL1 components of RNAP1 machinery to initiate MLL fusion- and AEP-dependent transcription. Nature communications 44 26593443
2006 A new NMR solution structure of the SL1 HIV-1Lai loop-loop dimer. Nucleic acids research 44 16410614
2006 CK2-mediated stimulation of Pol I transcription by stabilization of UBF-SL1 interaction. Nucleic acids research 43 16971462
1995 SL1 trans-splicing specified by AU-rich synthetic RNA inserted at the 5' end of Caenorhabditis elegans pre-mRNA. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 38 7585246
1993 Effects of N-acetylglucosamine on carbohydrate fermentation by Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 and Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1. Infection and immunity 38 8418050
2003 Stem of SL1 RNA in HIV-1: structure and nucleocapsid protein binding for a 1 x 3 internal loop. Biochemistry 37 12731867
2003 Rev binds specifically to a purine loop in the SL1 region of the HIV-1 leader RNA. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 12851400
2004 A survey of SL1-spliced transcripts from the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG 33 15338281
2013 RNAi-mediated knockdown of catalase causes cell cycle arrest in SL-1 cells and results in low survival rate of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). PloS one 31 23555693
1999 A kinase activity associated with simian virus 40 large T antigen phosphorylates upstream binding factor (UBF) and promotes formation of a stable initiation complex between UBF and SL1. Molecular and cellular biology 27 10082545
2007 Nucleocapsid protein-mediated maturation of dimer initiation complex of full-length SL1 stemloop of HIV-1: sequence effects and mechanism of RNA refolding. Nucleic acids research 25 17341460
2018 Targeting c-met receptor tyrosine kinase by the DNA aptamer SL1 as a potential novel therapeutic option for myeloma. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 22 30353654
2016 TBP loading by AF4 through SL1 is the major rate-limiting step in MLL fusion-dependent transcription. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 22 27564129
2017 Recessive TAF1A mutations reveal ribosomopathy in siblings with end-stage pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy. Human molecular genetics 21 28472305
2016 Biodegradation of phenanthrene by Rhizobium petrolearium SL-1. Journal of applied microbiology 19 27614183
1994 Physical mapping at 6q27 of the locus for the TATA box-binding protein, the DNA-binding subunit of TFIID and a component of SL1 and TFIIIB, strongly suggests that it is single copy in the human genome. Genomics 19 7959796
1994 The conserved core domain of the human TATA binding protein is sufficient to assemble the multisubunit RNA polymerase I-specific transcription factor SL1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 8058785
2022 Ribosomal DNA promoter recognition is determined in vivo by cooperation between UBTF1 and SL1 and is compromised in the UBTF-E210K neuroregression syndrome. PLoS genetics 18 35139074
2022 The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Sl1 Is Critical for Cadmium Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 18 35326106
2005 Conformational pathway for the kissing complex-->extended dimer transition of the SL1 stem-loop from genomic HIV-1 RNA as monitored by targeted molecular dynamics techniques. Journal of molecular biology 18 16023135
2012 Cis-acting element (SL1) of Potato virus X controls viral movement by interacting with the NbMPB2Cb and viral proteins. Virology 17 22405626
1999 Alterations in the conserved SL1 trans-spliced leader of Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate flexibility in length and sequence requirements in vivo. Molecular and cellular biology 17 10022876
2006 The SL1-SL2 (stem-loop) domain is the primary determinant for stability of the gamma retroviral genomic RNA dimer. The Journal of biological chemistry 16 16984912
2006 The SL1 stem-loop structure at the 5'-end of potato virus X RNA is required for efficient binding to host proteins and for viral infectivity. Molecules and cells 14 16511348
1997 The fundamental ribosomal RNA transcription initiation factor-IB (TIF-IB, SL1, factor D) binds to the rRNA core promoter primarily by minor groove contacts. The Journal of biological chemistry 14 9361004
1995 Determination of the folding topology of the SL1 RNA from Caenorhabditis elegans by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. Journal of molecular biology 14 7563053
1991 Chain formation and de-chaining in Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1. Oral microbiology and immunology 14 1820572
1980 Partial purification and properties of a mannofructokinase from Streptococcus mutans SL-1. Infection and immunity 13 6254885
2020 TAF1A and ZBTB41 serve as novel key genes in cervical cancer identified by integrated approaches. Cancer gene therapy 12 33311601
2002 HIV-1(Lai) genomic RNA: combined used of NMR and molecular dynamics simulation for studying the structure and internal dynamics of a mutated SL1 hairpin. European biophysics journal : EBJ 12 12451421
2011 Toxicity and differential protein analysis following destruxin A treatment of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SL-1 cells. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 11 21718714
2004 On the stability of different experimental dimeric structures of the SL1 sequence from the genomic RNA of HIV-1 in solution: a molecular dynamics simulation and electrophoresis study. Biopolymers 11 15150793
2023 NMR 1H,19F-based screening of the four stem-looped structure 5_SL1-SL4 located in the 5'-untranslated region of SARS-CoV 2 RNA. RSC medicinal chemistry 10 38283228
2014 Reconstitution of human rRNA gene transcription in mouse cells by a complete SL1 complex. Journal of cell science 10 24928901
1998 A novel transcription initiation factor (TIF), TIF-IE, is required for homogeneous Acanthamoeba castellanii TIF-IB (SL1) to form a committed complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 9765308
1980 Partial purification and properties of a specific glucokinase from Streptococcus mutans SL-1. Biochimica et biophysica acta 10 7357011
2017 PDIM and SL1 accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with mce4A expression. Gene 9 28988960
2016 SL1 revisited: functional analysis of the structure and conformation of HIV-1 genome RNA. Retrovirology 9 27835956
2014 The cytotoxicology of momordicins I and II on Spodoptera litura cultured cell line SL-1. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology 8 26071815
1994 Yeast TBP can replace its human homologue in the RNA polymerase I-specific multisubunit factor SL1. Journal of molecular biology 8 7966304
2022 A novel, essential trans-splicing protein connects the nematode SL1 snRNP to the CBC-ARS2 complex. Nucleic acids research 7 35736244
2015 Elevated sL1-CAM levels in BALF and serum of IPF patients. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) 7 26610737
2007 Molecular dynamics simulation for probing the flexibility of the 35 nucleotide SL1 sequence kissing complex from HIV-1Lai genomic RNA. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 7 17313192
2004 The carboxyl-terminus directs TAF(I)48 to the nucleus and nucleolus and associates with multiple nuclear import receptors. Journal of biochemistry 7 15113842
2000 Genomic localization of the human genes TAF1A, TAF1B and TAF1C, encoding TAF(I)48, TAF(I)63 and TAF(I)110 subunits of class I general transcription initiation factor SL1. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 7 10894955
2023 The Synergic Effect of Gut-Derived Probiotic Bacillus cereus SL1 And Ocimum sanctum on Growth, Intestinal Histopathology, Innate Immunity, and Expression of Enzymatic Antioxidant Genes in Fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822). Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins 6 37658190
2021 1H, 13C and 15N assignment of stem-loop SL1 from the 5'-UTR of SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecular NMR assignments 6 34453696
2019 Heterodera glycines utilizes promiscuous spliced leaders and demonstrates a unique preference for a species-specific spliced leader over C. elegans SL1. Scientific reports 6 30718603
2017 Cytotoxicity of chemical constituents from Torricellia tiliifolia DC. on Spodoptera litura (SL-1) cells. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology 6 29463404
2004 Base pairing at the stem-loop junction in the SL1 kissing complex of HIV-1 RNA: a thermodynamic study probed by molecular dynamics simulation. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 5 15107005
2022 Spliceosomal SL1 RNA binding to U1-70K: the role of the extended RRM. Nucleic acids research 4 35876068
2004 Identification of a domain within human TAF(I)48, a subunit of Selectivity Factor 1, that interacts with helix 2 of TBP. Gene 4 15315821
2001 Modeling the dynamics of a mutated stem-loop in the SL1 domain of HIV-1Lai genomic RNA by 1H-NOESY spectra. Journal of biomolecular NMR 4 11563557
1997 Characteristics of nucleotide sequences flanking the trans-spliced leader SL1 exon in Dirofilaria immitis, Brugia malayi, and Brugia pahangi. The Journal of veterinary medical science 4 9450246
2024 Changes of MRGs and ARGs in Acinetobacter sp. SL-1 used for treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater with waste molasses as carbon source. The Science of the total environment 3 38340823
2003 Modeling the dynamics of the solvated SL1 domain of HIV-1 genomic RNA. Biopolymers 3 12717718
1995 Mechanical and electrophysiological effects of a hydroxyphenyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline, SL-1, on isolated rat cardiac tissues. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 3 8789420
2025 M. tuberculosis surface sulfoglycolipid SL-1 activates the mechanosensitive channel TRPV4 to enhance lysosomal biogenesis and exocytosis in macrophages. Molecular biology of the cell 2 40305098
2008 Insight into the intrinsic flexibility of the SL1 stem-loop from genomic RNA of HIV-1 as probed by molecular dynamics simulation. Biopolymers 2 18008323
2001 Solution structure of the SL1 RNA of the M1 double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biophysical journal 2 11259308
2025 Preclinical Evaluation of 68Ga-Labeled SL1 Aptamer for c-Met Targeted PET Imaging. Molecular pharmaceutics 1 39930702
2025 In Vitro Antiviral Activity of a Silydianin-Rich Extract from Silybum marianum Seeds Against Four Strains of Enteroviruses: EV71, Coxsackievirus B2, Coxsackievirus A10, and Poliovirus SL-1 and Its Impact on Improving Delayed Gastric Emptying in Mice. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) 1 40001439
2025 Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfolipid-1 (Sl-1) increases the excitability of mouse and human TRPV1-positive sensory neurons in a YM254890-reversible fashion. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 1 40666927
2023 Juvenile-onset multifocal atrial arrhythmias, atrial standstill and compound heterozygosity of genetic variants in TAF1A: sentinel event for evolving dilated cardiomyopathy-a case report. European heart journal. Case reports 1 37501913
1975 Invertase in cell-free culture fluids of Streptococcus mutans strain SL-1. Experientia 1 1213052
2026 LncRNA TAF1A-AS1 regulates the progression in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting miR-664b-3p/USP22 axis. Discover oncology 0 41588282
2026 Interacting with GUN1 and MORF2, SL1 modulates plastid RNA editing during norflurazon-induced retrograde signaling. Plant physiology 0 41995017
2025 The impact of the novel σ1 receptor ligand (S)-L1 on brain endothelial cells and cerebrovascular reactivity challenged by ischemia. European journal of pharmacology 0 40348322
2025 Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Translation Initiation Element SL1 by Molecules of Low Molecular Weight. Journal of the American Chemical Society 0 40758647
2024 Biallelic potential disease-causing missense variants in TAF1A in two siblings with infantile restrictive cardiomyopathy. European journal of medical genetics 0 39209150