Affinage

SP1

Transcription factor Sp1 · UniProt P08047

Round 2 corrected
Length
785 aa
Mass
80.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 55 papers cited in narrative 55 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SP1 is a ubiquitously expressed Cys2His2 zinc-finger transcription factor that binds GC-box promoter elements through its C-terminal zinc finger domain and activates RNA polymerase II transcription via glutamine-rich transactivation domains that engage coactivators including TAFII55, TAFII110, and the ARC/DRIP mediator complex on chromatin templates (PMID:3319186, PMID:3059495, PMID:7824954, PMID:10235267). SP1 integrates diverse signaling inputs through extensive post-translational regulation: phosphorylation by PKA, ERK2, Cyclin A-CDK, JNK1, and ATM modulates its DNA-binding activity and stability, while O-GlcNAcylation of its transactivation domain inhibits interactions with coactivators (TAF110, p300) and partner transcription factors (Oct1, Elf-1), and SUMO1 conjugation activates whereas SUMO2 represses its function (PMID:9261118, PMID:11598016, PMID:9343410, PMID:24706897). Protein turnover is controlled by RNF4-mediated ubiquitination of sumoylated SP1 targeting it for proteasomal degradation, counterbalanced by the deubiquitinases USP39 and ZRANB1, with ATM-dependent phosphorylation at Ser101 coupling DNA damage to SP1 degradation and cellular senescence (PMID:21983342, PMID:34197957, PMID:34765294, PMID:34550526). Through physical interactions with signal-responsive partners including RB, HDAC1, STAT1, Smad2/3, estrogen receptor, c-Myc, BRCA1, and SIRT6, SP1 coordinates transcriptional programs governing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence across multiple tissue contexts (PMID:1588949, PMID:10409740, PMID:8530443, PMID:10878024, PMID:9328340, PMID:11274368, PMID:31372634).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1987 High

    Cloning of SP1 established that its sequence-specific GC-box binding resides in three C-terminal Cys2His2 zinc finger motifs requiring Zn²⁺, defining the structural basis of its DNA recognition.

    Evidence cDNA cloning with bacterial expression of truncated fragments and zinc chelation experiments

    PMID:3319186

    Open questions at the time
    • No crystal structure of the zinc finger–DNA complex at this time
    • Full-length protein behavior in chromatin context unknown
  2. 1988 High

    Functional dissection revealed that SP1 possesses separable domains for DNA binding and transcriptional activation, and that O-GlcNAc modification regulates transactivation without affecting DNA binding, establishing SP1 as a modularly regulated transcription factor.

    Evidence Deletion mutagenesis with in vitro transcription; lectin inhibition and glycosylation analysis

    PMID:3059495 PMID:3139301

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific O-GlcNAc sites not yet mapped
    • Identity of the activation domain partners unknown
  3. 1989 High

    Demonstration that SP1 glutamine-rich domains mediate protein–protein self-association and synergistic transcription from distal and proximal sites resolved how SP1 achieves cooperative activation over distance.

    Evidence Glutaraldehyde cross-linking, co-immunoprecipitation, and in vitro transcription with DNA-binding-deficient SP1 mutants

    PMID:2512012

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of SP1–SP1 multimerization unknown
    • Relevance of synergy at endogenous loci not tested
  4. 1993 High

    Identification of TAFII55 and YY1 as direct SP1 interaction partners, and DNA-PK as an SP1 kinase requiring co-localization on DNA, revealed that SP1 serves as a platform for integrating coactivator recruitment and kinase signaling at promoters.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation and domain mapping for TAFII55/YY1; in vitro kinase assays for DNA-PK

    PMID:7824954 PMID:8003102 PMID:8422676

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of DNA-PK phosphorylation on SP1 activity not established
    • Whether TAFII55 interaction is required in vivo unclear
  5. 1997 High

    Three parallel advances—O-GlcNAc blocking TAF110/holo-SP1 interaction, PKA phosphorylation stimulating both DNA binding and transactivation, and estrogen receptor physically interacting with SP1 for ERE-independent signaling—established SP1 as a convergence node for metabolic, cAMP, and hormonal signals.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of O-GlcNAc sites with in vitro interaction assays; in vitro PKA phosphorylation; ER co-immunoprecipitation with gel shift

    PMID:9261118 PMID:9328340 PMID:9343410

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc vs. phosphorylation not determined
    • ER–SP1 interaction structure not resolved
  6. 1999 High

    Discovery that ERK2 directly phosphorylates SP1 to enhance DNA binding, that HDAC1 binds SP1's C-terminus to mediate repression (competed by E2F1), and that ARC/DRIP coactivator potentiates SP1 on chromatin templates defined SP1 as a bifunctional transcription factor whose output depends on the balance of coactivator vs. corepressor recruitment.

    Evidence In vitro ERK2 kinase assay; co-IP of HDAC1–SP1 with trichostatin A and E2F1 competition; in vitro chromatin transcription with ARC

    PMID:10235267 PMID:10409740 PMID:9918860

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide targets differentially regulated by HDAC1 vs. ARC not mapped
    • Which ERK2 phospho-sites on SP1 are functionally critical not resolved
  7. 2000 High

    Demonstration that Smad3/Smad4 directly bind SP1 via MH1 domains and cooperatively enhance SP1 binding to the p21 promoter established SP1 as a central effector of TGF-β–mediated growth arrest.

    Evidence GST pull-down with phosphorylated Smads, EMSA, Drosophila SL-2 reconstitution, GAL4 fusion assays

    PMID:10878024

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide extent of Smad–SP1 co-regulation not determined
    • Whether Smad2 and Smad3 are functionally redundant at SP1 targets unclear
  8. 2001 High

    Cyclin A-CDK phosphorylation of SP1's N-terminus augmenting DNA binding and c-Myc interaction with SP1's zinc finger domain mediating p21 repression linked SP1 activity directly to cell cycle control, with opposing phosphorylation-dependent activation and protein sequestration as regulatory mechanisms.

    Evidence In vitro/in vivo phosphorylation with site-directed mutagenesis; reciprocal co-IP and GST pull-down for c-Myc–SP1

    PMID:11274368 PMID:11598016

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-cycle-phase-specific phosphorylation landscape of SP1 not comprehensively mapped
    • Whether c-Myc–SP1 interaction is phosphorylation-dependent unknown
  9. 2007 Medium

    Integrated analysis of SP1 phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination revealed a coupled degradation code: Ser-7 phosphorylation enhances ubiquitination, Ser-59 phosphorylation by CycA/CDK2 drives N-terminal cleavage relieving SUMO-1 repression, and a β-TrCP binding motif links phosphorylation to proteasomal turnover.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of phosphorylation and sumoylation sites, in vitro/in vivo ubiquitination and sumoylation assays, kinase inhibitors

    PMID:18239466

    Open questions at the time
    • β-TrCP interaction not validated by reciprocal pull-down
    • Relative contributions of each modification to steady-state SP1 levels in vivo unclear
  10. 2011 High

    Identification of RNF4 as the E3 ligase that specifically recognizes sumoylated SP1 at Lys16 for proteasomal degradation, and that JNK1 phosphorylation at Thr739 disrupts this interaction during mitosis, explained how SP1 levels are maintained through the cell cycle despite constitutive sumoylation.

    Evidence In vitro reconstituted sumoylation/ubiquitination with RNF4, co-IP domain mapping, site-directed mutagenesis

    PMID:21983342

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases contribute to SP1 turnover not tested
    • Structural basis of RNF4 recognition of sumoylated SP1 unknown
  11. 2014 High

    Differential effects of SUMO1 (activating) versus SUMO2 (inhibitory, at K683 reducing DNA binding and at K16 increasing turnover) on SP1 resolved why sumoylation can both positively and negatively regulate transcription, with SUMO2 additionally recruiting SP3 as a repressor.

    Evidence In vitro sumoylation assay, ChIP, co-IP, site-directed mutagenesis in lens cells

    PMID:24706897

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide partitioning of SUMO1- vs. SUMO2-modified SP1 at promoters not characterized
    • SUMO paralog specificity mechanism not resolved
  12. 2018 High

    Discovery that caspase-3 cleaves SP1 at Asp183 during DNA-damage-induced apoptosis, generating a transcriptionally active 70 kDa fragment that itself promotes apoptosis, revealed a feed-forward amplification loop linking SP1 to programmed cell death.

    Evidence In vitro caspase cleavage assay, D183A mutagenesis, ectopic expression of cleavage product with apoptosis assays

    PMID:29236199

    Open questions at the time
    • Transcriptional targets of the SP1-70C fragment not identified
    • Whether this cleavage occurs in non-DNA-damage apoptotic contexts unknown
  13. 2019 High

    SIRT6 was shown to bind SP1's zinc finger domain and repress SP1 target gene transcription independently of its deacetylase activity, with SIRT6 loss increasing SP1 occupancy at mTOR pathway promoters and activating protein synthesis, connecting SP1 to metabolic regulation.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation with domain mapping, ChIP for SP1 occupancy, muscle-specific SIRT6 KO mice

    PMID:31372634

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of deacetylase-independent repression not defined
    • Whether SIRT6–SP1 interaction is regulated by post-translational modifications unknown
  14. 2021 Medium

    Identification of USP39 and ZRANB1 as deubiquitinases that stabilize SP1, and the demonstration that ATM phosphorylation at Ser101 couples DNA damage to SP1 sumoylation, RNF4-mediated degradation, and cellular senescence, completed the regulatory circuit governing SP1 protein levels in stress and aging.

    Evidence Co-IP, deubiquitination assays, protein half-life measurements, site-directed mutagenesis with senescence markers

    PMID:34197957 PMID:34550526 PMID:34765294

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of USP39 vs. ZRANB1 to SP1 stability in different tissues unknown
    • Whether ATM-SP1-senescence axis operates in vivo aging not tested
  15. 2022 Medium

    S-sulfhydration of SP1 by H₂S was shown to inhibit SP1 transcriptional activity at the HDAC6 promoter, suppressing NF-κB-mediated inflammation, revealing a gasotransmitter-mediated post-translational modification layer governing SP1 function in immune contexts.

    Evidence S-sulfhydration assay, ChIP at HDAC6 promoter, in vivo arthritis model

    PMID:35453416

    Open questions at the time
    • S-sulfhydration sites on SP1 not mapped to specific cysteines
    • Interplay between S-sulfhydration and redox-sensitive zinc finger cysteine oxidation not addressed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A comprehensive structural model of full-length SP1 in complex with DNA and coactivators/corepressors is lacking, and the genome-wide integration of combinatorial post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcylation, sumoylation, S-sulfhydration) on SP1 target selectivity and transcriptional output remains undefined.
  • No high-resolution structure of full-length SP1 or its multi-domain complexes
  • Combinatorial PTM code governing SP1 target gene selectivity not resolved
  • Tissue-specific SP1 interactome not comprehensively mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 4 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 2
Partners
ESR1HDAC1RB1RNF4SIRT6SMAD3STAT1YY1

Evidence

Reading pass · 55 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1987 SP1 encodes a 696 C-terminal amino acid protein whose sequence-specific DNA-binding activity localizes to the C-terminal 168 amino acids containing three contiguous Zn(II) finger motifs; purified SP1 requires Zn(II) for sequence-specific GC-box binding. cDNA cloning, bacterial expression of truncated fragments, DNA-binding assays, zinc chelation experiments Cell High 3319186
1988 SP1 bears multiple O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) monosaccharide residues; wheat germ agglutinin specifically inhibits the transcriptional activation but not the DNA-binding function of SP1, demonstrating that O-GlcNAc affects transcriptional activity. Lectin inhibition assay, in vitro transcription, glycosylation analysis Cell High 3139301
1988 SP1 has distinct functional regions: zinc finger domain for sequence-specific DNA binding, a separate region regulating affinity of DNA binding, and at least two distinct segments contributing to transcriptional activation; bacterially expressed SP1 can stimulate RNA synthesis initiation in vitro. Deletion mutagenesis, bacterial expression, in vitro transcription assay Science High 3059495
1989 SP1 contains glutamine-rich activation domains that can act synergistically; distally and proximally bound SP1 molecules interact via protein-protein contacts (demonstrated by glutaraldehyde cross-linking) to synergistically stimulate transcription, and a DNA-binding-deficient SP1 mutant retaining glutamine-rich domains can superactivate transcription by interacting with proximally bound SP1. Deletion mutagenesis, in vitro transcription, glutaraldehyde cross-linking, co-immunoprecipitation Cell High 2512012
1990 A naturally occurring C-to-G mutation at -202 of the G-gamma globin gene increases the sequence's similarity to the SP1 consensus and confers 5–10-fold higher affinity for SP1 in vitro, demonstrating that SP1 binding affinity is sequence-context-dependent and correlates with elevated gamma globin expression in hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), competitive binding with mutant oligonucleotides Molecular and cellular biology Medium 1688466
1991 SP1 is ubiquitously expressed but shows at least 100-fold variation in mRNA and protein levels across cell types; highest levels are found in developing hematopoietic cells, fetal cells, and spermatids, suggesting a regulatory role in differentiation beyond housekeeping gene transcription. RNA analysis (Northern blot), immunohistochemical localization Molecular and cellular biology Medium 2005904
1992 The retinoblastoma gene product (RB) positively regulates SP1 transcriptional activity in vivo; using a GAL4-SP1 fusion protein, RB was shown to directly enhance SP1-mediated transcription. GAL4-SP1 fusion co-transfection, reporter gene assay Molecular and cellular biology Medium 1588949
1993 SP1 and YY1 physically interact, and this protein-protein interaction underlies synergistic enhancement of transcription from the adeno-associated virus P5 promoter initiator element when SP1 binding sites are present upstream. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription assay Nature High 8003102
1993 BTEB and SP1 share nearly identical sequence specificities and binding modes for GC box DNA; purified BTEB has a dissociation constant of ~3×10⁻¹⁰ M for BTE binding, comparable to SP1. Orthophenanthroline-Cu footprinting, methylation interference, competitive gel mobility shift assay, Kd measurement Journal of biochemistry Medium 8276776
1993 DNA-PK phosphorylates SP1 only when both SP1 and DNA-PK are co-localized on the same DNA molecule; DNA-PK is composed of Ku antigen (which directs DNA binding) and a ~350 kDa catalytic subunit, and DNA-PK requires DNA ends for activation. In vitro phosphorylation assay, DNA crosslinking, co-immunoprecipitation Cell High 8422676
1994 RB stimulates SP1-mediated transcription by liberating SP1 from a ~20 kDa heat-labile negative regulator (Sp1-I); recombinant RB reverses Sp1-I-mediated inhibition of SP1-DNA binding, and Sp1-I is also an RB-associated protein. Mobility shift assay, preincubation with anti-RB antibodies, addition of recombinant RB, co-transfection with GAL4-SP1, identification of Sp1-I by protease sensitivity and size Molecular and cellular biology Medium 8007947
1994 SP1 DNA-binding activity is redox-sensitive: H₂O₂ treatment of purified SP1 abolishes GC-box binding, which is fully restored by dithiothreitol, indicating that cysteine residues (likely in the zinc fingers) are critical for DNA binding. EMSA, DNase I footprinting, H₂O₂ treatment, DTT restoration, purified protein experiments European journal of biochemistry High 7925470
1995 STAT1 and SP1 directly and selectively interact in primary cells (without overexpression), and co-occupation of contiguous STAT1 and SP1 DNA-binding sites is required for full interferon-gamma-induced activation of the ICAM-1 gene, revealing a physical basis for STAT1/SP1 transcriptional synergy. Co-immunoprecipitation in primary cells, DNA-protein binding assay, transfected reporter assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 8530443
1995 TAFII55 (a human TFIID subunit) interacts with SP1 via the SP1 DNA-binding domain (distinct from the glutamine-rich activation domains that interact with Drosophila TAFII110), defining a separate co-activator interaction surface on SP1. cDNA cloning, co-immunoprecipitation, domain mapping with GST fusion proteins Science High 7824954
1997 O-GlcNAc modification of the glutamine-rich transactivation domain (B-c) of SP1 inhibits protein-protein interactions with Drosophila TAF110 and holo-SP1 in vitro; mutation at the mapped glycosylation site permits transcriptional activation in HeLa cells, suggesting O-GlcNAc prevents untimely protein associations. Overexpression and glycosylation mapping, site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro interaction assay with TAF110 and holo-SP1, transfection reporter assay Molecular and cellular biology High 9343410
1997 PKA phosphorylates SP1 directly in vitro and stimulates both its DNA-binding and trans-activating properties; PKA agonists and antagonists modulate SP1-dependent transcription in cells, establishing SP1 as a cAMP-responsive transcription factor. In vitro phosphorylation of recombinant SP1 by exogenous PKA, reporter gene assay in insect cells, PKA inhibitor/activator treatments The Journal of biological chemistry High 9261118
1997 Estrogen receptor (ER) physically interacts with SP1 (demonstrated by immunoprecipitation), enhances SP1-DNA binding in a hormone-independent manner, and enables estrogen-dependent transactivation through GC-rich SP1-binding sites even without a canonical ERE, defining an ERE-independent estrogen signaling pathway via SP1. Gel mobility shift assay, co-immunoprecipitation, transient transfection with ER deletion mutants Molecular endocrinology High 9328340
1998 RB physically associates with SP1 in all phases of the cell cycle (demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and gel-shift supershift), and this association increases SP1-mediated transcription of the dihydrofolate reductase gene through its proximal GC box. Co-immunoprecipitation, EMSA supershift, nuclear extract immunodepletion, transient transfection with RB and SP1 Oncogene High 9591776
1999 ERK2 directly phosphorylates SP1, and this phosphorylation stimulates SP1 DNA-binding activity; the RAS-ERK pathway (blocked by MEK1 inhibitor PD98059) mediates EGF-inducible SP1 binding and gastrin promoter activation through a GC-rich element. In vitro phosphorylation with recombinant ERK2, gel mobility shift assay, MEK inhibitor experiments, co-transfection Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 9918860
1999 HDAC1 directly binds to the C-terminal domain of SP1 and mediates transcriptional repression; this interaction is demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation, and co-expression of E2F1 competes with HDAC1 for SP1 binding, relieving HDAC1-dependent repression. Co-immunoprecipitation, trichostatin A treatment, reporter gene assay, E2F1 competition experiment Molecular and cellular biology High 10409740
1999 ARC (activator-recruited cofactor) directly interacts with SP1 and strongly enhances SP1-directed transcription on chromatin-assembled DNA templates in vitro, indicating ARC/DRIP is a key chromatin-selective co-activator for SP1. In vitro transcription on chromatin templates, co-activator interaction assay Nature High 10235267
1999 RAS induces p21(Cip1/Waf1) transcription through GC-rich SP1/SP3-binding sites at -83 to -54 bp of the p21 promoter; mutation of both SP1 sites abolishes RAS-induced transcriptional activation, establishing SP1 as a downstream effector of RAS signaling for p21 induction. Conditional/transient Ras expression, promoter deletion/mutation analysis, EMSA Oncogene Medium 10597223
2000 SP1 binds to an 80 bp neuronal specificity element in the tau promoter alongside AP-2, and mutation of any of the three protein-binding sites within this element decreases tau gene transcriptional activation; DNase I footprint identifies a third binding region in neuronal cells. DNase I footprinting, EMSA, site-directed mutagenesis, reporter gene assay Journal of neurochemistry Medium 10987820
2000 Smad3 and Smad4 physically and directly interact with SP1 via their MH1 (Mad-Homology 1) domain; co-incubation of phosphorylated Smad3, Smad4, and SP1 in vitro enhances SP1 binding to the p21 proximal promoter; Smad proteins cooperate with SP1's glutamine-rich transactivation domain to activate p21 transcription. GST pull-down, in vitro binding with phosphorylated Smads, EMSA, Drosophila SL-2 cell reconstitution, GAL4 domain fusion assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 10878024
2001 Cyclin A-CDK complexes physically interact with SP1 (co-immunoprecipitation) and phosphorylate SP1 in the N-terminal region in vitro and in vivo; cyclin A-CDK-mediated phosphorylation augments SP1 DNA-binding activity and SP1-dependent transcription, with the phosphorylation site mutation abrogating these effects. Modified DNA binding site selection/PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation, site-directed mutagenesis, co-transfection reporter assay The EMBO journal High 11598016
2001 c-Myc physically interacts with SP1 and SP3 (co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down); the central region of c-Myc interacts with the zinc finger domain of SP1, and this interaction may underlie c-Myc-mediated repression of the p21 promoter by sequestering SP1. Co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, domain mapping Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 11274368
2001 RAR/RXR heterodimers physically interact with SP1, potentiate SP1 binding to GC box motifs, and enhance transactivation of GC-rich promoters lacking a canonical RARE; functional GC box hexanucleotide sequences are required for the RAR/RXR-SP1 interaction. Reporter assay, gel shift assay, Western blot, deletion/mutation analysis of GC box motifs Molecular endocrinology Medium 11579201
2002 Mutant huntingtin interacts with SP1 and TAFII130, inhibits SP1 binding to DNA in postmortem HD patient brain tissue, and reduces dopamine D2 receptor gene transcription; co-expression of SP1 and TAFII130 reverses mutant huntingtin-mediated transcriptional inhibition and protects striatal neurons from huntingtin toxicity. Co-immunoprecipitation, EMSA with postmortem tissue, cell-culture transcription assay, neuronal protection assay Science High 11988536
2002 A SNP (SNP309) in the MDM2 promoter increases the affinity of SP1 for this promoter element, resulting in higher MDM2 RNA and protein levels and consequent attenuation of the p53 pathway; this links SP1 binding affinity directly to cancer predisposition. Reporter gene assay, EMSA with wild-type vs. SNP309 oligonucleotides, Western blot, clinical association Cell High 15550242
2003 BRCA1 interacts directly with SP1 (co-immunoprecipitation), mapping the SP1-binding domain to BRCA1 residues 260–802; this interaction prevents SP1 from binding the IGF-IR promoter and underlies BRCA1-mediated repression of IGF-IR transcription. Co-immunoprecipitation, EMSA, GST-tagged BRCA1 fragment binding assay, reporter assay FEBS letters Medium 12706836
2004 SP1 and SP3 are organized into distinct, non-overlapping intranuclear domains that infrequently associate with sites of active transcription; both SP1 and SP3 associate with HDAC1, HDAC2, and ERα in MCF-7 cells, but ChIP/re-ChIP shows they do not co-occupy the same TFF1 promoter, demonstrating functional non-equivalence. Indirect immunofluorescence with image deconvolution, ChIP and re-ChIP assay, nuclear fractionation Molecular biology of the cell Medium 15987735
2005 Smad3 phosphorylated constitutively in scleroderma fibroblasts interacts with both SP1 and the co-activator p300 (demonstrated by immunoprecipitation), enhancing COL1A2 collagen gene promoter activity; combined overexpression of Smad3 and SP1 synergistically activates the TGF-β response in normal fibroblasts. Immunoprecipitation, CAT reporter assay, immunoblotting Rheumatology Medium 16319104
2006 SP1 overexpression induces apoptosis in all cell types tested; apoptotic pathways are cell-type specific, and the DNA-binding domain of SP1 is required for SP1-induced apoptosis (demonstrated with truncated SP1 lacking the DNA-binding domain). Retroviral and inducible overexpression, flow cytometry for apoptosis, truncation mutagenesis Oncogene Medium 16715126
2006 Src oncogene induces MMP-2 expression via the ERK/SP1 signaling pathway; activated ERK enhances SP1 binding to the -91/-84 Sp1 site in the MMP-2 promoter, and dominant-negative ERK2 or MEK inhibitor PD98059 reduces SP1 DNA-binding activity and MMP-2 promoter activity. RT-PCR, promoter deletion/mutation analysis, EMSA, MEK/ERK inhibitor experiments, dominant-negative ERK2 Journal of cellular physiology Medium 16453304
2007 Phosphorylation of SP1 is the major driving force for coupled proteolytic processing, desumoylation, and degradation; Serine-7 enhances ubiquitinylation, Serine-59 regulates N-terminal cleavage (relieving SUMO-1 repression at Lys-16), and CyclinA/Cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of Ser-59 upregulates SP1-dependent transcription; SP1 contains a functional phosphorylation-dependent β-TrCP binding motif. Site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro and in vivo ubiquitination/sumoylation assays, kinase inhibitors, reporter gene assay Cell cycle Medium 18239466
2008 O-GlcNAc within the second serine/threonine-rich region of SP1 interrupts the physical interaction between SP1 and Oct1, inhibiting cooperative activation of the U2 snRNA gene by SP1 and Oct1. Co-immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assay, O-GlcNAc site mapping FEBS letters Medium 19070619
2009 O-GlcNAc on SP1 inhibits the physical interaction between SP1 and Elf-1 transcription factors, negatively regulating transcription of the Pem oncofetal protein gene. Co-immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Low 19285002
2009 SP1 overexpression induces apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway; wild-type p53 accumulates and activates apoptotic signaling in response to SP1 overexpression (during mitosis, affecting chromatin packaging), whereas p53-null or p53-mutant cells are protected; p53 knockdown rescues SP1-overexpression-induced apoptosis. Adenoviral GFP-SP1 expression, flow cytometry (sub-G1, caspase-3 cleavage, annexin-V), p53 shRNA knockdown International journal of cancer Medium 19588484
2009 HSP90 interacts with SP1 during mitosis and maintains SP1 stability; disruption of HSP90 (by geldanamycin or shRNA) leads to SP1 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which is prevented when SP1 is phosphorylated at Thr278/739 by JNK-1; HSP90-SP1 interaction thereby regulates SP1-dependent gene expression (p21 and 12(S)-lipoxygenase). Co-immunoprecipitation, geldanamycin treatment, shRNA knockdown, site-directed mutagenesis, ubiquitination assay, reporter gene assay Journal of molecular biology Medium 19245816
2010 HDAC1 overexpression induces cellular senescence through a novel SP1/PP2A/pRb pathway: HDAC1 increases SP1 deacetylation, enhances SP1-p300 interaction, and the SP1/p300 complex binds the PP2Ac promoter to induce PP2Ac expression, leading to hypophosphorylation of pRb and cell cycle arrest. Tet-off inducible system, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, reporter gene assay, Western blotting Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 21420382
2010 SP1 phosphorylation by PKC-ERK at Thr453 and Thr739 is required for MBP gene transcription in differentiating oligodendrocytes; mutation of these residues decreases MBP transcriptional activity, and PKC regulates SP1 phosphorylation only in differentiating but not precursor cells. Site-directed mutagenesis, kinase inhibitor experiments (PD98059, PMA), ChIP, reporter gene assay Journal of neuroscience research Medium 20882567
2011 Sumoylated SP1 is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the ubiquitin E3 ligase RNF4; RNF4 binds to sumoylated SP1 (at Lys16) and the C-terminus of SP1; JNK1-mediated phosphorylation of SP1 at Thr739 during mitosis disrupts the SP1-RNF4 interaction, protecting SP1 from degradation and maintaining its levels during cell cycle progression. In vitro and in vivo sumoylation/ubiquitination assays, co-immunoprecipitation, domain mapping, site-directed mutagenesis Journal of molecular biology High 21983342
2014 SUMO2 negatively regulates SP1 by sumoylating it at K683 (attenuating DNA binding) and at K16 (increasing turnover); SUMO2 also interferes with SP1-p300 coactivator interaction and recruits SP3 as a repressor to β-crystallin promoters; conversely, SUMO1 positively regulates SP1 and forms complexes with it during lens development. In vitro sumoylation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, overexpression/knockdown in lens cells, site-directed mutagenesis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 24706897
2018 Caspase-3 cleaves SP1 at aspartic acid 183 (a novel caspase cleavage site) during apoptosis induced by DNA damage or TRAIL; the resulting 70 kDa C-terminal fragment (Sp1-70C, aa 184–785) retains transcriptional activity and promotes apoptosis when overexpressed; the D183A mutation confers resistance to cleavage and reduces apoptosis. In vitro caspase cleavage assay, site-directed mutagenesis (D183A), ectopic expression of cleavage product, apoptosis assays Apoptosis High 29236199
2019 SIRT6 binds to the zinc finger DNA-binding domain of SP1 and represses SP1 transcriptional activity, independently of SIRT6's deacetylase activity; SIRT6 deficiency increases SP1 occupancy at mTOR signaling gene promoters, activating mTOR and increasing global protein synthesis. Co-immunoprecipitation (SIRT6-SP1 interaction), ChIP (SP1 occupancy at promoters), pharmacological inhibition of mTOR/SP1, muscle-specific SIRT6 KO mice Nucleic acids research High 31372634
2019 SP1 directly binds to the Notch2 gene promoter and governs FOXL2+ pregranulosa cell recruitment and maintenance during primordial folliculogenesis; SP1 knockdown specifically in pregranulosa cells suppresses nest breakdown, oocyte apoptosis, and primordial follicle formation in mice. Lgr5-KI reporter mouse model, FOXL2+ cell-specific SP1 knockdown, ChIP for SP1 on Notch2 promoter Journal of molecular cell biology Medium 31282930
2021 USP39 deubiquitinates SP1 protein, stabilizes it, and prolongs its half-life; knockdown of USP39 decreases SP1 protein levels and promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, effects reversed by forced SP1 expression. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, protein half-life measurement, USP39 knockdown/SP1 rescue experiments Cellular signalling Medium 34197957
2021 ZRANB1 deubiquitinase directly binds SP1 and stabilizes it by deubiquitination; ZRANB1 knockdown decreases SP1 and downstream LOXL2 expression, and SP1 overexpression rescues the suppression of HCC growth and metastasis caused by ZRANB1 knockdown. Co-immunoprecipitation, deubiquitination assay, SP1 overexpression rescue, in vitro and in vivo functional assays American journal of cancer research Medium 34765294
2021 TRRAP HAT cofactor is required for SP1 binding at target gene promoters (especially microtubule dynamics genes); TRRAP deletion impairs SP1-dependent transcription, and ectopic expression of Stathmin3/4 (SP1/TRRAP targets) ameliorates TRRAP-deficient neuron defects, linking TRRAP-HAT-SP1 to microtubule dynamics and neuroprotection. Integrated transcriptomics, ChIP (SP1 binding at promoters), proteomics, conditional KO (Purkinje neurons), ectopic rescue expression eLife High 33594975
2021 DNA damage-induced ATM-mediated phosphorylation of SP1 at serine 101 promotes sumoylation of SP1 at lysine 16, which then recruits RNF4 to cause proteasomal degradation of SP1 and drive cellular senescence; SP1 S101A (ATM phospho-null) or K16R (sumo-null) mutations prevent this degradation and reduce senescence markers. Site-directed mutagenesis, DNA damage induction, ATM inhibition, senescence marker assays GeroScience Medium 34550526
2022 HDAC2 regulates M2-like tumor-associated macrophage phenotype via acetylation of histone H3 and transcription factor SP1; suppression of HDAC2 in macrophages alters the HDAC2-SP1 axis to switch macrophage polarization from M2-like to M1-like, reducing tumor growth and angiogenesis. HDAC2 KO in myeloid cells (4 murine lung cancer models), HDAC2 inhibition, co-culture systems, pharmacological class I HDAC inhibition Cancer research Medium 37205635
2022 CVB3 infection induces nuclear translocation of SP1, which then binds the TFRC promoter to upregulate TFRC transcription, promoting ferroptosis via iron overload and lipid peroxide accumulation; the SP1/TFRC/Fe axis is required for CVB3-induced ferroptosis. Time-course CVB3 infection model, ChIP (SP1 binding to TFRC promoter), TFRC knockdown, cellular ferroptosis markers Cell death & disease Medium 35821227
2022 S-sulfhydration of SP1 by hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) inhibits SP1 transcriptional activity at the HDAC6 promoter, leading to reduced HDAC6 expression, decreased MyD88 deacetylation, and suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation in adjuvant-induced arthritis. In vivo arthritis model, S-sulfhydration assay, SP1 overexpression/knockdown, ChIP (SP1 at HDAC6 promoter), HDAC6 reporter assay Antioxidants Medium 35453416
2023 SIRPA phosphorylates SP1 at threonine 278 (Thr278) through ERK activation, protecting SP1 from proteasomal degradation; SP1 in turn activates SLC7A3 expression by binding its promoter, increasing arginine uptake; arginine itself further stabilizes SP1 in an ERK-independent manner, creating a 'SP1 stabilization circle' that promotes osteosarcoma metastasis. Phosphorylation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP (SP1 at SLC7A3 promoter), site-directed mutagenesis, xenograft mouse model Cancer letters Medium 37769797
2024 SP1 directly binds the GSDME promoter at the -36 to -28 site and promotes GSDME gene transcription, thereby enhancing caspase-3-mediated pyroptosis in response to chemotherapy drugs; SP1 knockdown or inhibition suppresses GSDME expression and reduces pyroptosis; this regulation synergizes with STAT3 activity and antagonizes DNA methylation. ChIP (SP1 on GSDME promoter), SP1 knockdown/inhibition, pyroptosis assays, STAT3 co-regulation analysis Cell death & disease Medium 38238307

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 The regulation of E2F by pRB-family proteins. Genes & development 1945 9694791
2012 Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 1718 22658674
1987 Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell 1538 3319186
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2006 A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. Nature biotechnology 1336 16964243
2009 A census of human transcription factors: function, expression and evolution. Nature reviews. Genetics 1191 19274049
2004 Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1159 15302935
1993 The DNA-dependent protein kinase: requirement for DNA ends and association with Ku antigen. Cell 1074 8422676
2004 A single nucleotide polymorphism in the MDM2 promoter attenuates the p53 tumor suppressor pathway and accelerates tumor formation in humans. Cell 1065 15550242
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2017 Impact of cytosine methylation on DNA binding specificities of human transcription factors. Science (New York, N.Y.) 934 28473536
1988 O-glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. Cell 818 3139301
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2007 HIF-2alpha promotes hypoxic cell proliferation by enhancing c-myc transcriptional activity. Cancer cell 645 17418410
2010 An atlas of combinatorial transcriptional regulation in mouse and man. Cell 573 20211142
2002 Sp1 and TAFII130 transcriptional activity disrupted in early Huntington's disease. Science (New York, N.Y.) 560 11988536
1991 Developmental expression of Sp1 in the mouse. Molecular and cellular biology 528 2005904
1989 Synergistic activation by the glutamine-rich domains of human transcription factor Sp1. Cell 498 2512012
2004 Tumor-selective action of HDAC inhibitors involves TRAIL induction in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Nature medicine 452 15619633
2015 Sp1 and the 'hallmarks of cancer'. The FEBS journal 445 25393971
1998 Caspase cleavage of gene products associated with triplet expansion disorders generates truncated fragments containing the polyglutamine tract. The Journal of biological chemistry 441 9535906
2011 HIV latency. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 439 22229121
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
1995 Cloning of an intrinsic human TFIID subunit that interacts with multiple transcriptional activators. Science (New York, N.Y.) 374 7824954
1999 Composite co-activator ARC mediates chromatin-directed transcriptional activation. Nature 363 10235267
2004 Gene regulation by Sp1 and Sp3. Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire 353 15284899
1999 Histone deacetylase 1 can repress transcription by binding to Sp1. Molecular and cellular biology 351 10409740
2001 Myc represses the p21(WAF1/CIP1) promoter and interacts with Sp1/Sp3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 350 11274368
1997 Functional synergy between the transcription factor Sp1 and the estrogen receptor. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 344 9328340
2003 Human Sin3 deacetylase and trithorax-related Set1/Ash2 histone H3-K4 methyltransferase are tethered together selectively by the cell-proliferation factor HCF-1. Genes & development 337 12670868
2000 Role of Smad proteins and transcription factor Sp1 in p21(Waf1/Cip1) regulation by transforming growth factor-beta. The Journal of biological chemistry 337 10878024
1988 Distinct regions of Sp1 modulate DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 335 3059495
1993 Interaction between transcription factors Sp1 and YY1. Nature 272 8003102
1992 The retinoblastoma gene product regulates Sp1-mediated transcription. Molecular and cellular biology 260 1588949
1995 Stat1 depends on transcriptional synergy with Sp1. The Journal of biological chemistry 238 8530443
1997 Modulation of transcription factor Sp1 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The Journal of biological chemistry 196 9261118
1997 O glycosylation of an Sp1-derived peptide blocks known Sp1 protein interactions. Molecular and cellular biology 190 9343410
1994 The retinoblastoma gene product RB stimulates Sp1-mediated transcription by liberating Sp1 from a negative regulator. Molecular and cellular biology 189 8007947
1999 Sp1 phosphorylation by Erk 2 stimulates DNA binding. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 181 9918860
2005 The family feud: turning off Sp1 by Sp1-like KLF proteins. The Biochemical journal 168 16266294
1994 The DNA-binding efficiency of Sp1 is affected by redox changes. European journal of biochemistry 140 7925470
2022 TFRC upregulation promotes ferroptosis in CVB3 infection via nucleus recruitment of Sp1. Cell death & disease 103 35821227
2001 Cyclin A-CDK phosphorylates Sp1 and enhances Sp1-mediated transcription. The EMBO journal 103 11598016
2001 Transactivation via RAR/RXR-Sp1 interaction: characterization of binding between Sp1 and GC box motif. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 93 11579201
2006 Overexpression of Sp1 transcription factor induces apoptosis. Oncogene 91 16715126
2021 LSD1-Demethylated LINC01134 Confers Oxaliplatin Resistance Through SP1-Induced p62 Transcription in HCC. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 87 34322883
2003 BRCA1-Sp1 interactions in transcriptional regulation of the IGF-IR gene. FEBS letters 80 12706836
2007 Sp1 and Sp3 regulate basal transcription of the survivin gene. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 79 17350596
2014 Sp1-mediated microRNA-182 expression regulates lung cancer progression. Oncotarget 72 24519909
2014 Sumoylation differentially regulates Sp1 to control cell differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69 24706897
2008 Regulation of Sp1 by cell cycle related proteins. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 68 18769160
2006 Src oncogene activates MMP-2 expression via the ERK/Sp1 pathway. Journal of cellular physiology 68 16453304
2009 Overexpression of Sp1 leads to p53-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. International journal of cancer 67 19588484
2012 Crosstalk of Sp1 and Stat3 signaling in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 65 22342309
2011 Interplay of posttranslational modifications in Sp1 mediates Sp1 stability during cell cycle progression. Journal of molecular biology 63 21983342
1999 Ras induces p21Cip1/Waf1 cyclin kinase inhibitor transcriptionally through Sp1-binding sites. Oncogene 61 10597223
2019 Circular RNA circSCAF11 Accelerates the Glioma Tumorigenesis through the miR-421/SP1/VEGFA Axis. Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids 60 31400609
2014 Transcriptional factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) promotes the proliferation of glioma cells by up-regulating midkine (MDK). Molecular biology of the cell 60 25428991
2014 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) maintains basal epithelial expression of the miR-200 family: implications for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 24627491
2010 Therapeutic effects of the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin A in glioblastoma. Journal of neuro-oncology 59 20556479
2009 Transcription factor Sp1 induces ADAM17 and contributes to tumor cell invasiveness under hypoxia. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 57 19772640
2005 Differential intranuclear organization of transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3. Molecular biology of the cell 56 15987735
2015 Sp1 cooperates with Sp3 to upregulate MALAT1 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology reports 54 26352013
2000 Tau promoter confers neuronal specificity and binds Sp1 and AP-2. Journal of neurochemistry 53 10987820
2008 SP1 protein-based nanostructures and arrays. Nano letters 52 18193911
2005 Sp1 and Sp3 activate transcription of the human dopamine transporter gene. Journal of neurochemistry 52 15816870
1993 Comparison of DNA-binding properties between BTEB and Sp1. Journal of biochemistry 51 8276776
2014 An axis involving SNAI1, microRNA-128 and SP1 modulates glioma progression. PloS one 48 24959930
2023 The HDAC2-SP1 Axis Orchestrates Protumor Macrophage Polarization. Cancer research 47 37205635
2010 GATA2 and Sp1 positively regulate the c-kit promoter in mast cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 47 20833840
2002 Sp1 is essential for estrogen receptor alpha gene transcription. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 46 12429135
2018 P2RX7-MAPK1/2-SP1 axis inhibits MTOR independent HSPB1-mediated astroglial autophagy. Cell death & disease 44 29749377
2003 E2F and Sp1/Sp3 Synergize but are not sufficient to activate the MYCN gene in neuroblastomas. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 14645238
2002 Sp1 and Egr1 regulate transcription of the Dmrt1 gene in Sertoli cells. Biology of reproduction 44 11870074
1998 Retinoblastoma protein associates with SP1 and activates the hamster dihydrofolate reductase promoter. Oncogene 44 9591776
2019 SIRT6 transcriptionally regulates global protein synthesis through transcription factor Sp1 independent of its deacetylase activity. Nucleic acids research 43 31372634
1990 A naturally occurring gamma globin gene mutation enhances SP1 binding activity. Molecular and cellular biology 43 1688466
2021 USP39 promotes tumorigenesis by stabilizing and deubiquitinating SP1 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cellular signalling 42 34197957
1996 buttonhead and D-Sp1: a novel Drosophila gene pair. Mechanisms of development 42 8892232
2016 MiR-24 enhances radiosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting SP1. Cancer medicine 41 26922862
2013 CCL19/CCR7 upregulates heparanase via specificity protein-1 (Sp1) to promote invasion of cell in lung cancer. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 40 23649655
2016 E3 ubiquitin ligase SP1 regulates peroxisome biogenesis in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 38 27799549
2008 Sp1 transcription factor as a target for anthracyclines: effects on gene transcription. Biochimie 37 18226599
2005 Constitutively phosphorylated Smad3 interacts with Sp1 and p300 in scleroderma fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 37 16319104
2008 MT-SP1 proteolysis and regulation of cell-microenvironment interactions. Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library 36 17981566
2007 Phosphorylation mediates Sp1 coupled activities of proteolytic processing, desumoylation and degradation. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 36 18239466
2024 Transcription factor Sp1 transcriptionally enhances GSDME expression for pyroptosis. Cell death & disease 34 38238307
2024 Chronic Stress-Induced and Tumor Derived SP1+ Exosomes Polarizing IL-1β+ Neutrophils to Increase Lung Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 34 39630109
2020 SP1 governs primordial folliculogenesis by regulating pregranulosa cell development in mice. Journal of molecular cell biology 33 31282930
2020 The SP1-12LOX axis promotes chemoresistance and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 33 32375633
2011 Lipoic acid inhibits leptin secretion and Sp1 activity in adipocytes. Molecular nutrition & food research 33 21351249
2008 Transcriptional regulation of BRD7 expression by Sp1 and c-Myc. BMC molecular biology 33 19111069
1999 Expression of MXI1, a Myc antagonist, is regulated by Sp1 and AP2. The Journal of biological chemistry 33 10497252
2022 Role of Sp1 in atherosclerosis. Molecular biology reports 31 35715606
2019 SP1 regulates KLF4 via SP1 binding motif governed by DNA methylation during odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Journal of cellular biochemistry 31 31009133
2009 Heat shock protein 90 is important for Sp1 stability during mitosis. Journal of molecular biology 31 19245816
2023 SIRPA enhances osteosarcoma metastasis by stabilizing SP1 and promoting SLC7A3-mediated arginine uptake. Cancer letters 29 37769797
2022 Sp1 S-Sulfhydration Induced by Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Inflammation via HDAC6/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 28 35453416
2018 Caspase cleavage of transcription factor Sp1 enhances apoptosis. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 28 29236199
2017 Downregulation of decidual SP1 and P300 is associated with severe preeclampsia. Journal of molecular endocrinology 28 29273682
2008 O-GlcNAc modification of Sp1 inhibits the functional interaction between Sp1 and Oct1. FEBS letters 28 19070619
2007 Sp1 and Sp3 regulate basal transcription of the human APOBEC3G gene. Nucleic acids research 28 17517765
2013 ERβ-dependent effects on uterine endothelial cells are cell specific and mediated via Sp1. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 27 23756706
2020 SP1/TGF‑β1/SMAD2 pathway is involved in angiogenesis during osteogenesis. Molecular medicine reports 26 32016481
2020 LLGL1 Regulates Gemcitabine Resistance by Modulating the ERK-SP1-OSMR Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology 26 32615164
2021 Sp1-Mediated circRNA circHipk2 Regulates Myogenesis by Targeting Ribosomal Protein Rpl7. Genes 25 34066653
2020 ZEB1 Mediates Fibrosis in Corneal Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition Through SP1 and SP3. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 25 32721022
2019 Robust hematopoietic specification requires the ubiquitous Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors. Epigenetics & chromatin 25 31164147
2019 Palmitate acid promotes gastric cancer metastasis via FABP5/SP1/UCA1 pathway. Cancer cell international 24 30948929
2009 O-GlcNAc inhibits interaction between Sp1 and Elf-1 transcription factors. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 24 19285002
2016 The Genomic Context and Corecruitment of SP1 Affect ERRα Coactivation by PGC-1α in Muscle Cells. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 23 27182621
2011 Overexpression of HDAC1 induces cellular senescence by Sp1/PP2A/pRb pathway. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 21420382
2019 Sp1 in Astrocyte Is Important for Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptogenesis. Molecular neurobiology 22 31317491
2018 MiR-150-3p targets SP1 and suppresses the growth of glioma cells. Bioscience reports 22 29654167
2020 Targeting the NCOA3-SP1-TERT axis for tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell death & disease 21 33239622
2003 Involvement of PKA and Sp1 in the induction of p27(Kip1) by tamoxifen. Biochemical pharmacology 21 12907235
2021 Beyond HAT Adaptor: TRRAP Liaisons with Sp1-Mediated Transcription. International journal of molecular sciences 20 34830324
2021 Deubiquitinase ZRANB1 drives hepatocellular carcinoma progression through SP1-LOXL2 axis. American journal of cancer research 18 34765294
2010 Sp1 phosphorylation is involved in myelin basic protein gene transcription. Journal of neuroscience research 18 20882567
2002 Importance of Sp1 consensus motifs in the MYCN promoter. Surgery 18 12219017
2002 Steroid hormones, endometrial gene regulation and the Sp1 family of proteins. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 18 12445596
2021 HAT cofactor TRRAP modulates microtubule dynamics via SP1 signaling to prevent neurodegeneration. eLife 17 33594975
2021 DNA damage-induced degradation of Sp1 promotes cellular senescence. GeroScience 17 34550526
2018 Dendropanax morbifera Prevents Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy by Inhibiting the Sp1/GATA4 Pathway. The American journal of Chinese medicine 17 29986596
2008 Butyrate-induced phosphatase regulates VEGF and angiogenesis via Sp1. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 17 18655767
2005 Sp1 and Sp3 regulate basal transcription of the human CYP2F1 gene. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 16 15860659
2019 SP1 and RARα regulate AGAP2 expression in cancer. Scientific reports 15 30674964
2015 Down-regulation of EPHX2 gene transcription by Sp1 under high-glucose conditions. The Biochemical journal 15 26341485