Affinage

SNRPB

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B' · UniProt P14678

Length
240 aa
Mass
24.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 19 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SNRPB encodes the core spliceosomal Sm proteins SmB and SmB', which arise from alternative splicing of a single locus and function as RNA-binding subunits of the Sm ring of U1 and U2 snRNPs (PMID:1825643, PMID:25897024). Within the Sm ring, SmB contributes a functionally redundant RNA-contact role: combined mutation of its RNA-binding residues with those of SmD3 is lethal in yeast, whereas single mutations are tolerated (PMID:25897024). SNRPB expression is auto-regulated through a conserved intragenic mechanism in which inclusion of an alternative exon bearing a premature termination codon triggers nonsense-mediated decay, tuning overall SmB/B' levels (PMID:25047197, PMID:25504470); heterozygous mutations that increase inclusion of this exon reduce functional protein and cause cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (PMID:25047197, PMID:25504470). Beyond its constitutive splicing role, SNRPB acts as a regulator of alternative splicing whose dosage shapes development and disease: Snrpb haploinsufficiency in neural crest cells causes mis-splicing of craniofacial transcripts and nuclear p53 accumulation, and is required for cranial neural crest formation across mouse and Xenopus models (PMID:35593225, PMID:35893124). In cancer, SNRPB drives oncogenic splicing programs, controlling intron retention and exon-skipping events in targets including RAB26, AKT3, LDHA, POLA1 and BRCA2 to promote tumorigenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and altered DNA-repair capacity (PMID:31511502, PMID:33289700, PMID:37391593). SmB localization and trafficking are governed by arginine methylation of its C-terminal RG repeats by the methylosome and by phosphorylation-dependent interaction with coilin at Cajal bodies (PMID:19997741, PMID:20659974).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1989 Medium

    Established that SmB' is not ubiquitous but tissue-restricted and correlated with alternative splicing capacity, first hinting that a core Sm protein could have regulatory rather than purely structural roles.

    Evidence Immunoblotting of SmB/SmB' across rodent cell types correlated with splicing activity

    PMID:2783916

    Open questions at the time
    • Correlation only, no direct functional manipulation
    • Mechanism linking SmB' to alternative splicing not defined
  2. 1991 High

    Resolved the origin of the two protein isoforms by showing SmB and SmB' are generated from a single gene via alternative splicing, defining the genetic architecture of the locus.

    Evidence PCR and genomic sequencing of HeLa DNA identifying splice consensus sequences flanking a 145-bp insertion

    PMID:1825643

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address functional distinction between isoforms
    • Regulation of the alternative splicing choice not characterized
  3. 1993 Medium

    Characterized differential incorporation of Sm variants into snRNP particles, showing SmB occupies both U1 and U2 snRNPs and can be displaced by SmN, establishing affinity-based assembly stoichiometry.

    Evidence Anti-snRNP immunoprecipitation in cell lines, rat brain, and SmN-transfected fibroblasts

    PMID:8371979

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of variant swapping on splicing output unresolved
    • Single-lab observation
  4. 1999 Medium

    Demonstrated dosage compensation among Sm variants, with SmB'/B upregulated when SmN is absent, indicating regulated stoichiometry of spliceosomal components.

    Evidence Western blotting of Prader-Willi brain tissue plus multi-species genomic/cDNA analysis

    PMID:10556313

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional rescue confirming compensation
    • Mechanism of cross-regulation not defined
  5. 2009 Medium

    Showed that coilin phosphorylation state selects between SmB' and SMN binding at Cajal bodies, linking post-translational control to snRNP biogenesis interactions.

    Evidence In vitro binding to phosphomimetic coilin constructs and Co-IP with phosphatase treatment

    PMID:19997741

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinase/phosphatase regulating coilin in this context not identified
    • Single lab, two methods
  6. 2010 High

    Established that arginine methylation of SmB's RG repeats by the methylosome directs its localization to germ-granule structures and is required for germ cell development, defining a methylation-controlled localization mechanism.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence and methylosome-mutant genetic analysis in Drosophila oogenesis

    PMID:20659974

    Open questions at the time
    • Conservation of the methylation-localization link to human SmB not tested here
    • Direct methyltransferase contact residues inferred genetically
  7. 2010 High

    Demonstrated that SmB is essential for stem cell maintenance via chromatoid body organization and post-transcriptional processing, showing a loss-of-function requirement for proliferation in vivo.

    Evidence RNAi knockdown, localization, CycB processing RT-PCR, and proliferation assays in planarian neoblasts

    PMID:20215344

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct splicing targets in stem cells not enumerated
    • Relationship to human disease phenotypes indirect
  8. 2013 Medium

    Identified SmB in highly mobile cytoplasmic vesicles whose behavior depends on SMN and SmB levels, implicating SmB in cytoplasmic snRNP biogenesis trafficking.

    Evidence Quantitative proteomics and live imaging with SMN/SmB knockdown in neural cells

    PMID:24357717

    Open questions at the time
    • Cargo and destination of vesicles not fully defined
    • Single lab
  9. 2014 High

    Defined the disease mechanism and the auto-regulatory logic of the locus: a PTC-containing alternative exon couples its own inclusion to NMD, and CCMS mutations increase inclusion to reduce functional SmB/B' (haploinsufficiency).

    Evidence Exome/Sanger sequencing and qRT-PCR of exon inclusion in CCMS patient leukocytes, replicated across two studies

    PMID:25047197 PMID:25504470

    Open questions at the time
    • Tissue-specific consequences of reduced SmB/B' not resolved by leukocyte data
    • Trans-acting factors controlling the exon choice unknown
  10. 2015 High

    Placed SmB structurally within the Sm ring as a functionally redundant RNA-contacting subunit, showing combined SmB+SmD3 RNA-binding mutations are lethal while singles are tolerated.

    Evidence Structure-guided mutagenesis and synthetic-lethality assays in yeast

    PMID:25897024

    Open questions at the time
    • Redundancy mapping in human cells not directly tested
    • Effect on specific splicing events not measured
  11. 2016 Medium

    Showed SNRPB acts as a transcriptome-wide regulator of alternative splicing and gene expression in cancer cells, including RNA-processing, DNA-repair and chromatin genes.

    Evidence SNRPB knockdown plus RNA-seq and proliferation/apoptosis assays in GBM cells

    PMID:27287018

    Open questions at the time
    • Individual functional targets not validated mechanistically
    • Single lab
  12. 2019 Medium

    Established a specific oncogenic splicing axis in which SNRPB suppresses RAB26 intron retention to maintain RAB26 protein and promote lung tumorigenesis.

    Evidence SNRPB knockdown/overexpression, RNA-seq, NMD validation, and RAB26 rescue in NSCLC cells and xenografts

    PMID:31511502

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding of SNRPB to RAB26 pre-mRNA not shown
    • Single lab
  13. 2020 Medium

    Connected SNRPB to upstream transcriptional control and downstream metabolic/signaling reprogramming, with c-Myc driving SNRPB and SNRPB-driven AKT3/LDHA variants activating Akt signaling and glycolysis, plus a Co-IP-based SNRPB–p53 interaction.

    Evidence ChIP/luciferase for c-Myc; RNA-seq and pathway assays for AKT3-204/LDHA-220 in HCC; Co-IP in cervical cancer

    PMID:31930637 PMID:32106364 PMID:33289700

    Open questions at the time
    • SNRPB–p53 interaction rests on a single Co-IP without reciprocal validation
    • Direct splicing mechanism for AKT3/LDHA variants not mapped to SNRPB binding
  14. 2022 High

    Established the developmental mechanism of CCMS-related phenotypes: Snrpb dosage controls splicing fidelity in neural crest, and its reduction activates the p53 pathway and mis-splices craniofacial regulators, with neural crest formation requiring Snrpb across species.

    Evidence Conditional Snrpb mouse KO with RNA-seq, p53 immunostaining, Trp53 epistasis, and Snrpb morpholino knockdown in Xenopus

    PMID:35593225 PMID:35893124

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct splicing targets that trigger p53 activation not fully resolved
    • Link between specific mis-splicing events and Fgf8/Shh changes indirect
  15. 2023 High

    Demonstrated that SNRPB suppresses exon-3 skipping of POLA1 and BRCA2 to drive ovarian cancer, controlling DNA-replication and homologous-recombination capacity and chemosensitivity, with miR-654-5p as an upstream regulator.

    Evidence SNRPB knockdown/overexpression, RNA-seq, NMD and BRCA2 domain analysis, POLA1/BRCA2 rescue, and miRNA 3'-UTR reporter

    PMID:37391593

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct SNRPB binding to POLA1/BRCA2 pre-mRNA not demonstrated
    • Generalizability beyond ovarian cancer untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How SNRPB achieves target selectivity — whether its splicing outputs reflect direct sequence-specific pre-mRNA contacts versus dosage-dependent effects on global snRNP assembly — remains unresolved.
  • No direct RNA-binding map of SNRPB to its reported target transcripts
  • Mechanism distinguishing structural Sm-ring role from regulatory splicing role not defined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003723 RNA binding 2 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 1 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2
Partners
COILSMN1TP53
Complex memberships
Sm core ring (U1 snRNP)U2 snRNP

Evidence

Reading pass · 19 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2014 Mutations in a regulatory alternative exon of SNRPB cause cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS) by disrupting auto-regulation: the alternative exon contains a premature termination codon (PTC) that triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) when included; mutations increase exon inclusion, reducing overall SNRPB expression. This establishes a conserved intragenic auto-regulatory mechanism controlling SNRPB levels. Exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, quantitative RT-PCR measuring exon inclusion and SNRPB expression in patient leukocytes Nature Communications High 25047197 25504470
2014 Heterozygous variants in SNRPB (all located in the PTC-introducing alternative exon of transcript 3) cause CCMS; qRT-PCR confirmed significant increase of the NMD-targeted transcript 3 in patient leukocytes, demonstrating haploinsufficiency via enhanced exon inclusion and reduced functional SmB/SmB' protein. Exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing in five unrelated CCMS patients, quantitative RT-PCR Human Mutation High 25504470
1991 SmB and SmB' are produced from a single gene by alternative splicing: genomic sequencing revealed that the 145-bp insertion found in SmB cDNA is flanked by splice consensus sequences, establishing that the two isoforms arise from alternative splicing of a common pre-mRNA transcript. PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing of HeLa genomic DNA; splice site identification Gene High 1825643
1999 The human SNRPB/B' locus is alternatively spliced to produce SmB or SmB' isoforms; Western analysis demonstrated that SmB'/B levels are dramatically upregulated in Prader-Willi syndrome brain tissue (which lacks SmN), establishing a compensatory feedback/dosage-compensation loop that regulates spliceosomal component stoichiometry. Genomic, cDNA and protein analyses across multiple vertebrate species; Western blotting of Prader-Willi syndrome brain tissue Nucleic Acids Research Medium 10556313
1989 SmB' protein expression is restricted to a subset of rodent cell types and is correlated with the ability to utilize an alternative RNA splicing pathway, providing the first evidence of tissue-specific expression of a spliceosome protein component and suggesting a role for SmB' in regulating alternative splicing. Immunoblotting of SmB and SmB' across multiple cell types and tissues; correlation with alternative splicing activity FEBS Letters Medium 2783916
1993 SmN and SmB show differential association with snRNP particles: SmN is present in U2 but excluded from U1 snRNPs at low expression levels, whereas SmB is present in both U1 and U2 snRNPs. At high SmN expression levels, SmN incorporates into both U1 and U2 and replaces SmB, indicating lower affinity of the pre-U1 snRNP for SmN versus SmB. Immunoprecipitation with anti-snRNP monoclonal antibodies in ND7 and F9 cell lines and SmN-transfected 3T3 fibroblasts; adult rat brain analysis Nucleic Acids Research Medium 8371979
2009 Coilin phosphorylation differentially regulates its interactions with SmB' and SMN in Cajal bodies: in vitro binding studies showed SmB' preferentially binds phosphomimetic coilin C-terminal constructs, whereas SMN preferentially binds dephosphorylated coilin. Co-immunoprecipitation and phosphatase experiments confirmed that SMN binds dephosphorylated coilin in vivo, demonstrating phosphorylation-dependent control of snRNP biogenesis interactions. In vitro binding assays with phosphomimetic coilin constructs, co-immunoprecipitation with phosphatase treatment Chromosoma Medium 19997741
2010 In Drosophila, SmB accumulates at the posterior pole of the oocyte in polar granules; this localization requires arginine methylation of RG repeats in SmB's C-terminus by the Capsuléen-Valois methylosome complex. Methylation of SmB arginine residues is essential for germ cell formation, migration, and differentiation, and for anchoring polar granules at the posterior cortex. Immunofluorescence localization during oogenesis; genetic analysis of methylosome mutants; functional studies of germ cell development in Drosophila Development High 20659974
2010 In planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, Smed-SmB localizes to both the nucleus and the chromatoid body of stem cells. dsRNA-mediated knockdown of Smed-SmB causes rapid loss of chromatoid body organization, impaired post-transcriptional processing of Smed-CycB transcripts, and severe proliferative failure of neoblasts, leading to depletion of the stem cell pool and lethality. RNAi knockdown, immunofluorescence localization, RT-PCR for CycB processing, stem cell proliferation assays Development High 20215344
2013 SmB protein forms highly mobile trafficking vesicles in neural cells; the morphology and mobility of these vesicles depend on cellular levels of both SMN and SmB, implicating SmB in cytoplasmic snRNP biogenesis trafficking in neural cells. Time-resolved quantitative proteomics, live imaging of SmB-positive vesicles in neural cells, SMN/SmB knockdown effects on vesicle behavior Journal of Cell Science Medium 24357717
2015 In yeast, simultaneous mutations of the RNA-binding Asn or Arg residues in SmD3 and SmB are lethal, demonstrating built-in redundancy in the Sm ring's RNA-binding triad (His/Ser-Asn-Arg); individual mutations are tolerated but combined SmD3+SmB mutations are not, placing SmB as a functionally redundant RNA-contact subunit within the Sm ring of U1 snRNP. Mutational analysis guided by crystal structure of human U1 snRNP; yeast growth assays; genetic interaction (synthetic lethality) screens RNA High 25897024
2016 SNRPB knockdown in a GBM cell line followed by RNA sequencing revealed that SNRPB regulates splicing and gene expression of genes involved in RNA processing, DNA repair, and chromatin remodeling, as well as gliomagenesis-associated pathways, establishing SNRPB as a functional regulator of alternative splicing in cancer cells. SNRPB knockdown in GBM cell lines, RNA sequencing, cell viability/proliferation/apoptosis assays Genome Biology Medium 27287018
2019 SNRPB promotes NSCLC tumorigenesis via regulation of RAB26: suppression of SNRPB causes intron 7 retention in RAB26 mRNA, activating NMD and reducing RAB26 protein; forced expression of RAB26 partially rescues the decreased tumorigenicity caused by SNRPB depletion, establishing a SNRPB→RAB26 splicing axis in lung cancer. SNRPB knockdown/overexpression in NSCLC cell lines and xenograft models, RNA-seq identifying intron retention, NMD validation, RAB26 rescue experiment Cell Death & Disease Medium 31511502
2020 SNRPB directly interacts with p53 in cervical cancer cells; Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated SNRPB-p53 interaction, and this interaction modulates cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation (SNRPB-p53 interaction), shRNA knockdown, xenograft model Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy Low 32106364
2020 SNRPB promotes AKT3-204 and LDHA-220 splice variant formation in HCC cells; SNRPB overexpression activates these variants to drive Akt pathway activation and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), while SNRPB knockdown reverses these effects, establishing a mechanistic link between SNRPB-driven alternative splicing and metabolic reprogramming. RNA sequencing for alternative splicing analysis, SNRPB overexpression/knockdown in HCC cell lines, Akt pathway and glycolysis functional assays Aging Medium 33289700
2020 c-Myc transcriptionally upregulates SNRPB in HCC; luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated direct c-Myc binding and transactivation of the SNRPB promoter, establishing c-Myc as a transcriptional driver of SNRPB overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), correlation in clinical samples Cell Biology International Medium 31930637
2022 Snrpb haploinsufficiency in neural crest cells of mice causes increased exon skipping (including in negative regulators of the p53 pathway) and intron retention, elevated nuclear p53 and p53 target gene expression, and mis-splicing of craniofacial transcripts (Smad2, Rere); ectopic/missing Fgf8 and Shh expression is also detected, establishing that SNRPB regulates splicing fidelity and p53 pathway activity during craniofacial development. Conditional Snrpb heterozygous knockout in mouse neural crest cells, RNAseq splicing analysis, p53 immunostaining, Trp53 double-mutant epistasis experiment, in situ hybridization for Fgf8/Shh Disease Models & Mechanisms High 35593225
2022 Knockdown of Snrpb in Xenopus embryos causes defects in cranial neural crest cell formation, establishing that SNRPB is required for neural crest specification and craniofacial development; this parallels EFTUD2 and TXNL4A knockdown phenotypes, suggesting a common spliceosomal mechanism underlying mandibulofacial dysostosis syndromes. Morpholino knockdown of Snrpb, Eftud2, and Txnl4a in Xenopus embryos; neural crest marker analysis at multiple developmental stages Journal of Developmental Biology Medium 35893124
2023 SNRPB promotes ovarian cancer progression by suppressing exon 3 skipping of POLA1 and BRCA2: SNRPB knockdown induces exon 3 skipping of POLA1 (leading to NMD) and of BRCA2 (causing loss of the PALB2-binding domain required for homologous recombination, increasing cisplatin sensitivity); POLA1 or BRCA2 knockdown partially phenocopies the effect of SNRPB overexpression, and miR-654-5p reduces SNRPB by binding its 3'-UTR. SNRPB knockdown/overexpression, RNA-seq for alternative splicing, NMD validation, BRCA2 domain functional analysis, POLA1/BRCA2 rescue/knockdown experiments, miRNA 3'-UTR reporter assay Oncogene High 37391593

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2011 The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature 560 21832995
1995 Immunoglobulin epitope spreading and autoimmune disease after peptide immunization: Sm B/B'-derived PPPGMRPP and PPPGIRGP induce spliceosome autoimmunity. The Journal of experimental medicine 294 7530756
2000 Cod and soy proteins compared with casein improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in rats. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 161 10710504
1992 Linear epitope mapping of an Sm B/B' polypeptide. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 92 1372022
2005 Genetic analysis of a unique bacteriocin, Smb, produced by Streptococcus mutans GS5. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 89 15673730
2022 Supergene origin and maintenance in Atlantic cod. Nature ecology & evolution 85 35177802
2016 Functional genomics analyses of RNA-binding proteins reveal the splicing regulator SNRPB as an oncogenic candidate in glioblastoma. Genome biology 84 27287018
2001 Loss of SM-B myosin affects muscle shortening velocity and maximal force development. Nature cell biology 82 11715025
2016 Antioxidant activity of cod (Gadus morhua) protein hydrolysates: Fractionation and characterisation of peptide fractions. Food chemistry 73 26988519
2004 Effects of alkylphenols on CYP1A and CYP3A expression in first spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 71 15084407
2014 Disrupted auto-regulation of the spliceosomal gene SNRPB causes cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. Nature communications 67 25047197
1990 Heterologous expression and epitope mapping of a human small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated Sm-B'/B autoantigen. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 66 1688587
2010 Smed-SmB, a member of the LSm protein superfamily, is essential for chromatoid body organization and planarian stem cell proliferation. Development (Cambridge, England) 60 20215344
2022 Biochar-mediated DNRA pathway of anammox bacteria under varying COD/N ratios. Water research 56 35074671
2019 SNRPB promotes the tumorigenic potential of NSCLC in part by regulating RAB26. Cell death & disease 56 31511502
2008 Molecular characterisation and expression analysis of interferon gamma in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Fish & shellfish immunology 52 19100838
2014 Daily rhythmicity of clock gene transcripts in atlantic cod fast skeletal muscle. PloS one 48 24921252
2006 Glucose and insulin responses in healthy women after intake of composite meals containing cod-, milk-, and soy protein. European journal of clinical nutrition 48 16482075
2014 Mutations in SNRPB, encoding components of the core splicing machinery, cause cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. Human mutation 46 25504470
2009 Coilin phosphorylation mediates interaction with SMN and SmB'. Chromosoma 43 19997741
1990 Epitope mapping of recombinant HeLa SmB and B' peptides obtained by the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 43 1694885
2018 Investigation of COD and COD/N ratio for the dominance of anammox pathway for nitrogen removal via isotope labelling technique and the relevant bacteria. Journal of hazardous materials 40 30576999
2017 Follicular T Cells from smB- Common Variable Immunodeficiency Patients Are Skewed Toward a Th1 Phenotype. Frontiers in immunology 38 28289412
2013 DNA barcoding for detecting market substitution in salted cod fillets and battered cod chunks. Food chemistry 38 23870888
2006 Neutrophils and B-cells in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Fish & shellfish immunology 38 17475507
1991 Detection and quantification of human anti-Sm antibodies using synthetic peptide and recombinant SmB antigens. Arthritis and rheumatism 38 2025310
2019 Tailoring Cod Gelatin Structure and Physical Properties with Acid and Alkaline Extraction. Polymers 36 31640195
2017 Discovery of microRNAs associated with the antiviral immune response of Atlantic cod macrophages. Molecular immunology 36 29190475
2020 SNRPB-mediated RNA splicing drives tumor cell proliferation and stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging 34 33289700
2015 Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity of COM and COD crystals with various sizes. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications 34 26354249
2017 Ancient DNA reveals the Arctic origin of Viking Age cod from Haithabu, Germany. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 33 28784790
2004 Isoform switching from SM-B to SM-A myosin results in decreased contractility and altered expression of thin filament regulatory proteins. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 33 15140746
2007 Specific endocytosis and degradation of naked DNA in the endocardial cells of cod (Gadus morhua L.). The Journal of experimental biology 32 17562882
1999 Concerted regulation and molecular evolution of the duplicated SNRPB'/B and SNRPN loci. Nucleic acids research 32 10556313
2016 Transcriptome profiling of the antiviral immune response in Atlantic cod macrophages. Developmental and comparative immunology 31 27255218
2013 Hepatoprotective effects of cod liver oil against sodium nitrite toxicity in rats. Pharmaceutical biology 31 23862714
2019 Enhanced and Balanced Microalgal Wastewater Treatment (COD, N, and P) by Interval Inoculation of Activated Sludge. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology 30 31434363
2005 (+)Insert smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-B) isoform expression in human tissues. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 30 16000639
2001 Single rabbit stomach smooth muscle cell myosin heavy chain SMB expression and shortening velocity. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 30 11208526
2020 SNRPB promotes cervical cancer progression through repressing p53 expression. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 29 32106364
2009 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) hemoglobin genes: multiplicity and polymorphism. BMC genetics 29 19728884
1999 Smooth-muscle myosin heavy-chain SM-B isoform expression in developing and adult rat lung. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 29 10100996
2015 Alternative adaptive immunity strategies: coelacanth, cod and shark immunity. Molecular immunology 27 26423359
2003 Peptide mimics of a major lupus epitope of SmB/B'. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 27 12727642
2002 Effect of antioxidants, citrate, and cryoprotectants on protein denaturation and texture of frozen cod (Gadus morhua). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 27 11902956
1991 The small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, SmB and B', are products of a single gene. Gene 27 1825643
2013 Influence of photoperiod on expression of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases in Atlantic cod. Gene 26 23454620
2012 Photoperiod influences growth and mll (mixed-lineage leukaemia) expression in Atlantic cod. PloS one 26 22590633
2010 Characterization and expression of digestive neutral lipases during ontogeny of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 26 20624477
2021 Subcritical Water Extraction and Hydrolysis of Cod (Gadus morhua) Frames to Produce Bioactive Protein Extracts. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 25 34071297
2014 Photobacterium piscicola sp. nov., isolated from marine fish and spoiled packed cod. Systematic and applied microbiology 25 24951451
2023 The splicing factor SNRPB promotes ovarian cancer progression through regulating aberrant exon skipping of POLA1 and BRCA2. Oncogene 24 37391593
2020 c-Myc-mediated SNRPB upregulation functions as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell biology international 24 31930637
1996 Nucleotide sequence of transferrin cDNAs and tissue-specific of the transferrin gene in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 24 8653583
2023 Regulation of Protein Flexibility and Promoting the Cod Protein Gel Formation Using Ultrasound Treatment. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 23 37967368
2018 Food Yellow4 reprotoxicity in relation to localization of DMC1 and apoptosis in rat testes: Roles of royal jelly and cod liver oil. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 23 30500739
2004 Recombinant cold-adapted trypsin I from Atlantic cod-expression, purification, and identification. Protein expression and purification 23 14680968
2023 Mechanisms of heat-mediated aggregation behavior of water-soluble cod protein. Food chemistry 22 37011572
2022 The Core Splicing Factors EFTUD2, SNRPB and TXNL4A Are Essential for Neural Crest and Craniofacial Development. Journal of developmental biology 22 35893124
2021 Typical structure, biocompatibility, and cell proliferation bioactivity of collagen from Tilapia and Pacific cod. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 22 34838415
2016 Structural Insights into Recognition of Hydrolyzed Carbapenems and Inhibitors by Subclass B3 Metallo-β-Lactamase SMB-1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 22 27161644
2011 Ontogenetic expression of maternal and zygotic genes in Atlantic cod embryos under ambient and thermally stressed conditions. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 22 21377533
2010 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) CC chemokines: Diversity and expression analysis. Developmental and comparative immunology 22 20381521
1996 A new method for detecting pericentric inversions using COD-FISH. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 22 9067435
2021 Nonlethal age estimation of three threatened fish species using DNA methylation: Australian lungfish, Murray cod and Mary River cod. Molecular ecology resources 21 34161658
2019 Characterization and Transcript Expression Analyses of Atlantic Cod Viperin. Frontiers in immunology 21 30894853
2023 Effects of weathered polyethylene microplastic ingestion on sexual maturation, fecundity and egg quality in maturing broodstock Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 20 36632969
2021 Rice proteins and cod proteins forming shared microstructures with enhanced functional and nutritional properties. Food chemistry 20 33740645
2015 Nucleotide variation and balancing selection at the Ckma gene in Atlantic cod: analysis with multiple merger coalescent models. PeerJ 20 25755922
2011 CO-FISH, COD-FISH, ReD-FISH, SKY-FISH. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 20 21461816
2008 Expression of the oligopeptide transporter, PepT1, in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 20 18396432
1989 Expression of the SmB' splicing protein in rodent cells capable of following an alternative RNA splicing pathway. FEBS letters 20 2783916
2020 A Nanopore Based Chromosome-Level Assembly Representing Atlantic Cod from the Celtic Sea. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 19 32641450
2022 Snrpb is required in murine neural crest cells for proper splicing and craniofacial morphogenesis. Disease models & mechanisms 18 35593225
2019 Molecular Mechanisms of hsdS Inversions in the cod Locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of bacteriology 18 30617241
2019 Characterization of a male specific region containing a candidate sex determining gene in Atlantic cod. Scientific reports 18 30644412
2019 Supplementation with cod protein hydrolysate in older adults: a dose range cross-over study. Journal of nutritional science 18 32042407
2014 Variation in embryonic mortality and maternal transcript expression among Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) broodstock: a functional genomics study. Marine genomics 18 24878168
2012 Photoperiod effects on the expression of kisspeptin and gonadotropin genes in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, during first maturation. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 18 22613785
2010 Arginine methylation of SmB is required for Drosophila germ cell development. Development (Cambridge, England) 18 20659974
2008 Isolation of putative probionts from cod rearing environment. Veterinary microbiology 18 18599226
2015 Structure-function analysis and genetic interactions of the Yhc1, SmD3, SmB, and Snp1 subunits of yeast U1 snRNP and genetic interactions of SmD3 with U2 snRNP subunit Lea1. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 17 25897024
2006 (+)Insert smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-B): from single molecule to human. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 17 16716643
2003 Cod protein lowers the hepatic triglyceride secretion rate in rats. The Journal of nutrition 17 12730428
2003 Creatine kinase and mitochondrial respiration in hearts of trout, cod and freshwater turtle. Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology 17 12856133
2016 Re-infection of the prion from the scrapie‑infected cell line SMB-S15 in three strains of mice, CD1, C57BL/6 and Balb/c. International journal of molecular medicine 16 26820255
2013 SmbFT, a putative ABC transporter complex, confers protection against the lantibiotic Smb in Streptococci. Journal of bacteriology 16 24123816
2024 Interaction of Bisphenol A and Its Analogs with Estrogen and Androgen Receptor from Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua). Environmental science & technology 15 39087390
2019 Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation. Global change biology 15 30570815
2017 Identification of Antibody Against SNRPB, Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein-Associated Proteins B and B', as an Autoantibody Marker in Crohn's Disease using an Immunoproteomics Approach. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 15 28204086
2014 Scrapie infection in experimental rodents and SMB-S15 cells decreased the brain endogenous levels and activities of Sirt1. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 15 25391763
2013 Time-resolved quantitative proteomics implicates the core snRNP protein SmB together with SMN in neural trafficking. Journal of cell science 15 24357717
2001 Effects of cod bradykinin and its analogs on vascular and intestinal smooth muscle of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Peptides 15 11445229
1993 The snRNP core protein SmB and tissue-specific SmN protein are differentially distributed between snRNP particles. Nucleic acids research 15 8371979
2021 Proteomics for species authentication of cod and corresponding fishery products. Food chemistry 14 34838403
2020 Severe thiamine deficiency in eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua). PloS one 14 31895939
2019 Nuclear DNA barcodes for cod identification in mildly-treated and processed food products. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment 14 30633651
2017 Sex steroids differentially regulate fshb, lhb and gnrhr expression in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 14 28780570
2022 The oncogenic role of SNRPB in human tumors: A pan-cancer analysis. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 13 36275630
2021 SNRPB is a mediator for cellular response to cisplatin in non-small-cell lung cancer. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 13 33835288

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