Affinage

SNRPB

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B' · UniProt P14678

Round 2 corrected
Length
240 aa
Mass
24.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SNRPB (SmB/B') is a core Sm ring protein of spliceosomal snRNPs that functions broadly in pre-mRNA splicing and whose dosage is critical for neural crest development and tumor biology. SmB/B' assembles with six other Sm proteins into a heptameric ring around snRNAs, with its RG-repeat domain symmetrically dimethylated by the PRMT5/pICln methylosome to direct it to the SMN complex for snRNP biogenesis, and its interaction with coilin in Cajal bodies is regulated by coilin phosphorylation status (PMID:10025403, PMID:11713266, PMID:19997741). SNRPB expression is auto-regulated through an NMD-linked alternative exon, and haploinsufficiency caused by mutations in this element underlies cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome, in which mis-splicing of p53 pathway regulators in neural crest cells produces craniofacial malformations (PMID:25047197, PMID:35593225). In cancer, SNRPB is transcriptionally upregulated by c-Myc and promotes tumorigenesis by controlling alternative splicing of specific targets including RAB26, AKT3, LDHA, POLA1, and BRCA2, linking its splicing activity to proliferation, glycolysis, and DNA repair pathways (PMID:31930637, PMID:31511502, PMID:33289700, PMID:37391593).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1990 High

    Establishing that SmB and SmB' arise from a single gene by alternative splicing resolved a longstanding question about the molecular basis of the Sm antigen doublet and mapped its dominant autoimmune epitopes to the proline-rich C-terminus.

    Evidence PCR-amplified cDNA cloning, trpE fusion protein expression, and ELISA epitope mapping with SLE sera in HeLa cells

    PMID:1372022 PMID:1688587 PMID:1694885

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the proline-rich epitope–antibody interaction was not determined
    • Functional significance of the B vs. B' splice isoforms remained undefined
  2. 1995 High

    Demonstrating that immunization with SNRPB C-terminal peptides triggers epitope spreading to other spliceosomal proteins established a mechanistic model for how anti-Sm autoimmunity initiates and diversifies in lupus.

    Evidence Rabbit immunization with synthetic PPPGMRPP and PPPGIRGP peptides, serial ELISA, immunoprecipitation of spliceosomal antigens, and clinical phenotyping

    PMID:7530756

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether epitope spreading proceeds identically in human SLE was not confirmed
    • The role of B-cell versus T-cell tolerance in this model was not dissected
  3. 1999 High

    Crystal structures of Sm heterodimers including D3B revealed the conserved Sm fold and predicted the heptameric ring architecture that positions SmB/B' for snRNA binding, providing the first atomic-level framework for understanding Sm core assembly.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of recombinant Sm protein complexes

    PMID:10025403

    Open questions at the time
    • A complete heptameric ring structure with snRNA bound was not yet available
    • Contribution of SmB-specific domains (e.g. RG tail) to ring function was not resolved
  4. 2001 High

    Identification of the PRMT5/pICln methylosome as the enzyme that symmetrically dimethylates SmB RG repeats and channels Sm proteins to SMN for snRNP assembly established the post-translational modification pathway governing snRNP biogenesis.

    Evidence Biochemical fractionation, mass spectrometry of sDMA sites, in vitro methylation and methylosome-to-SMN transfer assays

    PMID:11713266 PMID:9323129

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of individual RG-repeat sites to SMN binding was not dissected in human cells
    • Whether methylation is reversible in vivo was unknown
  5. 2002 High

    Comprehensive spliceosome proteomics confirmed SmB/B' as a bona fide core component of functional human spliceosomes, anchoring all prior biochemical studies in a validated splicing context.

    Evidence MBP affinity purification of functional spliceosomes followed by nanoscale LC-MS/MS

    PMID:12226669

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamic association of SmB/B' across spliceosome assembly stages was not resolved
  6. 2009 High

    Showing that coilin phosphorylation differentially regulates binding to SMN versus SmB' explained how Cajal bodies switch between snRNP assembly and storage functions, revealing a phosphorylation-dependent handoff mechanism.

    Evidence In vitro binding with phosphomimetic coilin fragments plus in vivo co-immunoprecipitation with phosphatase treatment

    PMID:19997741

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of kinases/phosphatases controlling coilin phosphorylation at the relevant sites was not established
    • Whether this regulation occurs in all cell types was not tested
  7. 2010 High

    Genetic dissection in Drosophila showed that specific subsets of SmB arginine methylation sites control distinct germ cell functions—polar granule anchoring versus migration—demonstrating that SmB methylation encodes functionally separable information beyond snRNP assembly.

    Evidence Genetic analysis of methylosome mutants, immunofluorescence during oogenesis, functional rescue with methylation-site SmB transgenes

    PMID:20659974

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether analogous site-specific methylation functions exist in mammalian germ cells was not tested
  8. 2014 High

    Discovery that SNRPB mutations cause cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome by disrupting an autoregulatory NMD-linked alternative exon established SNRPB haploinsufficiency as a Mendelian disease mechanism and revealed a conserved feedback circuit controlling spliceosome component levels.

    Evidence Exome/Sanger sequencing of CCMS patients, quantitative RT-PCR measuring transcript isoforms and NMD sensitivity

    PMID:25047197 PMID:25504470

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative threshold of SNRPB reduction needed to trigger pathology was not defined
    • Cell-type specificity of the NMD autoregulation was not characterized
  9. 2022 High

    Conditional Snrpb haploinsufficiency in neural crest cells in mice and Xenopus showed that mis-splicing of p53 pathway regulators (Smad2, Rere) and activation of p53 drive the craniofacial phenotype, positioning SNRPB within the emerging class of craniofacial spliceosomopathies.

    Evidence Conditional heterozygous KO mouse model with RNA-seq, p53 immunofluorescence, Trp53 genetic rescue; morpholino knockdown in Xenopus with neural crest marker analysis

    PMID:35593225 PMID:35893124

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether p53 deletion fully rescues CCMS phenotype or additional pathways contribute is unclear
    • Specific splicing events downstream of p53 activation were not delineated
  10. 2023 Medium

    A series of cancer studies demonstrated that SNRPB, transcriptionally upregulated by c-Myc, promotes tumorigenesis across multiple cancer types by controlling alternative splicing of specific oncogenic targets (RAB26, AKT3, LDHA, POLA1, BRCA2), linking core spliceosome dosage to tumor-promoting splicing programs.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown with RNA-seq in GBM, NSCLC, HCC, and ovarian cancer cells; ChIP/luciferase reporter for c-Myc regulation; xenograft models; RAB26/POLA1/BRCA2 rescue experiments; cisplatin sensitivity assays

    PMID:27287018 PMID:31511502 PMID:31930637 PMID:33289700 PMID:37391593

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether SNRPB's oncogenic splicing effects are direct (SmB/B' contacts the regulated exons) or indirect through global spliceosome stoichiometry is unknown
    • No structural basis for target selectivity among alternative exons
    • Findings are largely from single-lab studies across different cancer types

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The mechanism by which SNRPB dosage selectively affects splicing of specific transcripts (neural crest genes, oncogenic targets) versus globally impairing splicing is not understood, nor is it clear how the autoregulatory NMD exon is sensed and tuned.
  • No genome-wide CLIP data defining direct RNA targets of SmB/B'
  • Trans-regulatory logic of the NMD autoregulatory exon is not characterized
  • No high-resolution structure of SmB/B' within a fully assembled human spliceosome with snRNA

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003723 RNA binding 2 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005730 nucleolus 1 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 2
Partners
CLNS1ACOILPRMT5SMN1SNRPD1SNRPD2SNRPD3SNRPE
Complex memberships
Methylosome (PRMT5/pICln)SMN complexSm core heptamer (U1/U2/U4/U5 snRNP)

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1990 SmB and SmB' proteins in HeLa cells are derived from alternative splicing of a single common RNA transcript, producing proteins identical except for their COOH-terminal residues; six distinct epitopes were mapped on Sm-B'/B by bacterially expressed fusion proteins, with five overlapping the proline-rich carboxyl-terminus. PCR amplification of cDNA, expression of trpE fusion proteins, immunoblot epitope mapping with SLE and MRL mouse sera Journal of immunology High 1688587 1694885
1992 The predominant autoimmune epitope of Sm B/B' is a proline-rich sequence PPPGMRPP located in the carboxyl-terminus; the motif PPPG(I,M)(R,K) best defines this binding, and limited amino acid variance destroys antigenicity. ELISA binding of overlapping octapeptides spanning the full Sm B/B' sequence with characterized SLE sera Journal of immunology High 1372022
1995 Immunization with SNRPB-derived peptides PPPGMRPP and PPPGIRGP triggers epitope spreading: antibodies initially targeting these peptides subsequently cross-react with other Sm B/B' octapeptides and then with other spliceosomal proteins (D, 70K, A, C), breaking spliceosome tolerance and producing lupus-like disease (anti-Sm precipitins, anti-dsDNA, thrombocytopenia, seizures, proteinuria). Rabbit immunization with synthetic peptides, serial serum monitoring by ELISA, immunoprecipitation of spliceosomal antigens, clinical phenotype assessment The Journal of experimental medicine High 7530756
1999 Crystal structures of the Sm protein complexes D3B and D1D2 show a common fold (N-terminal helix followed by a five-stranded antiparallel beta sheet); the seven Sm proteins (including B/B') are predicted to form a closed ring with snRNA bound in the positively charged central hole. X-ray crystallography of recombinant Sm protein complexes Cell High 10025403
1997 SMN (survival motor neuron protein) directly interacts with spliceosomal snRNP Sm core proteins including SmB, D1, D2, D3, and E; SMN and its associated protein SIP1 form a specific complex with these snRNP proteins, implicating SMN in spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation, direct binding assays, yeast two-hybrid Cell High 9323129
2001 The methylosome (a 20S complex containing JBP1/PRMT5 methyltransferase and pICln) methylates SmB and other Sm proteins at symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA) residues within their RG-rich domains; this modification directs Sm proteins to the SMN complex for assembly into snRNP core particles. Biochemical fractionation, mass spectrometry, in vitro methylation assays, transfer assays from methylosome to SMN complex Molecular and cellular biology High 11713266
2002 SNRPB (SmB/B') was identified as one of approximately 145 distinct proteins constituting the human spliceosome, confirmed as a core component of the snRNP machinery by proteomic analysis of purified, functional spliceosomes. Maltose-binding protein affinity chromatography to isolate functional spliceosomes, nanoscale LC-MS/MS proteomics Nature High 12226669
2004 SmB arginine residues within RG-repeat domains are methylated in vivo; heavy methyl SILAC identified SmB among proteins with confirmed in vivo methylation sites. Heavy methyl SILAC with [13CD3]methionine metabolic labeling, LC-MS/MS Nature methods High 15782174
2009 Coilin phosphorylation differentially regulates its interactions with SMN and SmB': in vitro binding studies show SMN binds preferentially to dephosphorylated coilin, while SmB' binds preferentially to phosphomimetic coilin constructs; co-immunoprecipitation confirmed SMN binds dephosphorylated coilin in vivo, indicating phosphorylation status of coilin manages snRNP flow through Cajal bodies. In vitro binding with phosphomimetic C-terminal coilin fragments, co-immunoprecipitation with phosphatase treatment, bacterially expressed full-length coilin Chromosoma High 19997741
2010 In Drosophila, arginine methylation of SmB by the Capsuléen-Valois methylosome complex is required for SmB localization to the posterior pole of the oocyte (polar granules) and is essential for germ cell formation, migration, and differentiation; specific subsets of RG-repeat arginine methylation control polar granule anchoring versus germ cell migration. Immunofluorescence localization during oogenesis, genetic analysis of methylosome mutants, functional rescue experiments with methylation-site mutant SmB transgenes Development High 20659974
2013 SmB forms highly mobile trafficking vesicles in neural cells that depend on cellular levels of both SMN and SmB for their morphology and mobility; time-resolved quantitative proteomics identified SmB-associated proteins preferentially in newly assembled versus mature snRNPs, implicating SmB vesicles in snRNP biogenesis in the cytoplasm. Time-resolved quantitative proteomics (SILAC-based), live-cell imaging of SmB vesicles, SMN/SmB knockdown experiments Journal of cell science Medium 24357717
2014 Mutations in SNRPB cause cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS): specifically, mutations in a regulatory alternative exon of SNRPB that contains a premature termination codon cause increased exon inclusion, triggering nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and decreased overall SNRPB expression; this establishes auto-regulation of SNRPB through a conserved intragenic NMD-linked alternative exon. Exome and Sanger sequencing of CCMS patients, quantitative RT-PCR to measure transcript isoforms, functional characterization of the NMD-linked alternative exon Nature communications High 25047197 25504470
2016 SNRPB knockdown in glioblastoma cell lines reduces viability and promotes apoptosis; RNA sequencing after SNRPB knockdown revealed that SNRPB regulates splicing of genes involved in RNA processing, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, and gliomagenesis-associated pathways, identifying SNRPB as an oncogenic candidate whose loss-of-function impairs GBM cell survival. shRNA knockdown, viability/proliferation/apoptosis assays, RNA sequencing for alternative splicing analysis Genome biology Medium 27287018
2019 SNRPB promotes NSCLC tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo by regulating splicing of RAB26: SNRPB suppression causes intron 7 retention in RAB26 mRNA, activating nonsense-mediated RNA decay and reducing RAB26 protein; forced RAB26 expression partially rescues the decreased tumorigenicity caused by SNRPB depletion. shRNA knockdown, xenograft in vivo model, RT-PCR for intron retention, NMD reporter assays, RAB26 rescue experiments Cell death & disease Medium 31511502
2020 SNRPB promotes HCC cell proliferation and stemness by driving formation of AKT3-204 and LDHA-220 splice variants, which activate the Akt signaling pathway and aerobic glycolysis respectively; knockdown of SNRPB reverses these effects. shRNA knockdown, SNRPB overexpression, RNA sequencing for alternative splicing, functional proliferation/stemness assays, western blotting for Akt pathway activation Aging Medium 33289700
2020 SNRPB directly interacts with p53 protein in cervical cancer cells; this interaction represses p53 expression and is required for SNRPB-mediated promotion of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and suppression of apoptosis; SNRPB knockdown increases p53 levels and reduces tumor growth in xenografts. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrating SNRPB-p53 interaction, shRNA knockdown with proliferation/migration/invasion/apoptosis assays, xenograft tumor model, p53 expression analysis Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy Medium 32106364
2020 c-Myc transcriptionally upregulates SNRPB in hepatocellular carcinoma; luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated c-Myc binding to the SNRPB promoter, and positive correlation between c-Myc and SNRPB expression was confirmed in clinical samples. Luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), expression correlation in clinical HCC samples Cell biology international Medium 31930637
2022 Snrpb heterozygous mouse embryos arrest shortly after implantation; conditional heterozygous deletion of Snrpb in neural crest cells causes craniofacial malformations (modeling CCMS) with increased exon skipping and intron retention, particularly in negative regulators of the p53 pathway, leading to elevated nuclear p53 and p53 target gene expression; mis-splicing of Smad2, Rere, and ectopic/missing Fgf8 and Shh expression contribute to craniofacial defects. Conditional knockout mouse model, RNAseq for splicing analysis, immunofluorescence for p53, genetic rescue with Trp53 deletion Disease models & mechanisms High 35593225
2022 Knockdown of Snrpb in Xenopus embryos causes defects in cranial neural crest cell formation, resulting in mandibulofacial dysostosis; this phenotype is shared with knockdown of other core splicing factors (Eftud2, Txnl4a), suggesting a common etiology for craniofacial spliceosomopathies through early depletion of neural crest progenitors. Morpholino-mediated knockdown in Xenopus embryos, in situ hybridization and immunostaining for neural crest markers at multiple developmental stages Journal of developmental biology Medium 35893124
2023 SNRPB promotes ovarian cancer progression by suppressing exon 3 skipping of POLA1 and BRCA2: SNRPB knockdown induces exon 3 skipping of POLA1 (causing NMD) and BRCA2 (causing loss of the PALB2 binding domain required for homologous recombination), sensitizing cells to cisplatin; miR-654-5p was found to repress SNRPB by binding its 3'-UTR. RNA-seq for alternative splicing, RT-PCR validation of specific exon skipping events, POLA1/BRCA2 rescue experiments, cisplatin sensitivity assays, miRNA binding assay Oncogene Medium 37391593

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 1704 16169070
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
2012 The mRNA-bound proteome and its global occupancy profile on protein-coding transcripts. Molecular cell 973 22681889
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2002 Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome. Nature 725 12226669
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2018 High-Density Proximity Mapping Reveals the Subcellular Organization of mRNA-Associated Granules and Bodies. Molecular cell 580 29395067
1997 The spinal muscular atrophy disease gene product, SMN, and its associated protein SIP1 are in a complex with spliceosomal snRNP proteins. Cell 569 9323129
2011 The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature 555 21832995
2001 Spliceosomal UsnRNP biogenesis, structure and function. Current opinion in cell biology 545 11343899
2017 Anticancer sulfonamides target splicing by inducing RBM39 degradation via recruitment to DCAF15. Science (New York, N.Y.) 533 28302793
2020 SARS-CoV-2 Disrupts Splicing, Translation, and Protein Trafficking to Suppress Host Defenses. Cell 449 33080218
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2010 Systematic analysis of human protein complexes identifies chromosome segregation proteins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 421 20360068
2013 The intracellular interactome of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains reveals their function as sorting machineries toward exosomes. The Journal of biological chemistry 413 23463506
2011 IFIT1 is an antiviral protein that recognizes 5'-triphosphate RNA. Nature immunology 405 21642987
2011 Image-based genome-wide siRNA screen identifies selective autophagy factors. Nature 405 22020285
1999 Crystal structures of two Sm protein complexes and their implications for the assembly of the spliceosomal snRNPs. Cell 374 10025403
2007 Systematic analysis of the protein interaction network for the human transcription machinery reveals the identity of the 7SK capping enzyme. Molecular cell 367 17643375
2004 Identifying and quantifying in vivo methylation sites by heavy methyl SILAC. Nature methods 364 15782174
2015 Aerobic glycolysis tunes YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity. The EMBO journal 362 25796446
2001 The methylosome, a 20S complex containing JBP1 and pICln, produces dimethylarginine-modified Sm proteins. Molecular and cellular biology 354 11713266
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
1995 Immunoglobulin epitope spreading and autoimmune disease after peptide immunization: Sm B/B'-derived PPPGMRPP and PPPGIRGP induce spliceosome autoimmunity. The Journal of experimental medicine 294 7530756
2000 Cod and soy proteins compared with casein improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in rats. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 160 10710504
2007 Location of a possible miRNA processing site in SmD3/SmB nuclear bodies in Arabidopsis. Plant & cell physiology 111 17675322
1992 Linear epitope mapping of an Sm B/B' polypeptide. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 92 1372022
2005 Genetic analysis of a unique bacteriocin, Smb, produced by Streptococcus mutans GS5. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 89 15673730
2016 Functional genomics analyses of RNA-binding proteins reveal the splicing regulator SNRPB as an oncogenic candidate in glioblastoma. Genome biology 84 27287018
2022 Supergene origin and maintenance in Atlantic cod. Nature ecology & evolution 83 35177802
2001 Loss of SM-B myosin affects muscle shortening velocity and maximal force development. Nature cell biology 82 11715025
2016 Protective effect of gelatin peptides from pacific cod skin against photoaging by inhibiting the expression of MMPs via MAPK signaling pathway. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 76 27768951
2011 SMB-1, a novel subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase, associated with ISCR1 and a class 1 integron, from a carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolate. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 76 21876060
2016 Antioxidant activity of cod (Gadus morhua) protein hydrolysates: Fractionation and characterisation of peptide fractions. Food chemistry 73 26988519
2004 Effects of alkylphenols on CYP1A and CYP3A expression in first spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 71 15084407
1990 Heterologous expression and epitope mapping of a human small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated Sm-B'/B autoantigen. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 66 1688587
2014 Disrupted auto-regulation of the spliceosomal gene SNRPB causes cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. Nature communications 64 25047197
2022 Biochar-mediated DNRA pathway of anammox bacteria under varying COD/N ratios. Water research 54 35074671
2021 Genomic stability through time despite decades of exploitation in cod on both sides of the Atlantic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54 33827928
2019 SNRPB promotes the tumorigenic potential of NSCLC in part by regulating RAB26. Cell death & disease 53 31511502
2008 Molecular characterisation and expression analysis of interferon gamma in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Fish & shellfish immunology 51 19100838
2007 Spermatogenesis in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): a novel model of cystic germ cell development. Biology of reproduction 51 17881768
2014 Daily rhythmicity of clock gene transcripts in atlantic cod fast skeletal muscle. PloS one 48 24921252
2001 Detection of nodularin in flounders and cod from the Baltic Sea. Environmental toxicology 46 11339711
2014 Mutations in SNRPB, encoding components of the core splicing machinery, cause cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. Human mutation 45 25504470
2009 Coilin phosphorylation mediates interaction with SMN and SmB'. Chromosoma 43 19997741
1990 Epitope mapping of recombinant HeLa SmB and B' peptides obtained by the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 43 1694885
2019 A migration-associated supergene reveals loss of biocomplexity in Atlantic cod. Science advances 38 31249864
2017 Follicular T Cells from smB- Common Variable Immunodeficiency Patients Are Skewed Toward a Th1 Phenotype. Frontiers in immunology 38 28289412
2006 Neutrophils and B-cells in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Fish & shellfish immunology 38 17475507
1991 Detection and quantification of human anti-Sm antibodies using synthetic peptide and recombinant SmB antigens. Arthritis and rheumatism 38 2025310
2010 Cod cathelicidin: isolation of the mature peptide, cleavage site characterisation and developmental expression. Developmental and comparative immunology 37 20950641
2009 Immunological differences in intestine and rectum of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Fish & shellfish immunology 37 19332137
2007 Hydrogen-atom transfer in open-shell organometallic chemistry: the reactivity of Rh(II)(cod) and Ir(II)(cod) radicals. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 37 17219454
2019 Tailoring Cod Gelatin Structure and Physical Properties with Acid and Alkaline Extraction. Polymers 36 31640195
2009 Identification of Igsigma and Iglambda in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and Iglambda in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Immunogenetics 35 19333591
2015 Membrane biofilm development improves COD removal in anaerobic membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment. Microbial biotechnology 34 26238293
2015 Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity of COM and COD crystals with various sizes. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications 34 26354249
2017 Ancient DNA reveals the Arctic origin of Viking Age cod from Haithabu, Germany. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 33 28784790
2020 SNRPB-mediated RNA splicing drives tumor cell proliferation and stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging 32 33289700
2015 Structure-function relationships in histidine-rich antimicrobial peptides from Atlantic cod. Biochimica et biophysica acta 32 25839356
2007 Specific endocytosis and degradation of naked DNA in the endocardial cells of cod (Gadus morhua L.). The Journal of experimental biology 32 17562882
2013 Hepatoprotective effects of cod liver oil against sodium nitrite toxicity in rats. Pharmaceutical biology 31 23862714
2019 Enhanced and Balanced Microalgal Wastewater Treatment (COD, N, and P) by Interval Inoculation of Activated Sludge. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology 30 31434363
2016 Transcriptome profiling of the antiviral immune response in Atlantic cod macrophages. Developmental and comparative immunology 30 27255218
2005 (+)Insert smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-B) isoform expression in human tissues. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 30 16000639
1977 An Aeromonas species implicated in ulcer-disease of the cod (Gadus morhua). Nordisk veterinaermedicin 30 325501
2009 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) hemoglobin genes: multiplicity and polymorphism. BMC genetics 29 19728884
2020 SNRPB promotes cervical cancer progression through repressing p53 expression. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 28 32106364
2015 Coupling of anaerobic digester and microbial fuel cell for COD removal and ammonia recovery. Bioresource technology 27 26142819
2015 Alternative adaptive immunity strategies: coelacanth, cod and shark immunity. Molecular immunology 27 26423359
2015 Treatment of SMB-S15 Cells with Resveratrol Efficiently Removes the PrP(Sc) Accumulation In Vitro and Prion Infectivity In Vivo. Molecular neurobiology 26 26440667
2013 Influence of photoperiod on expression of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases in Atlantic cod. Gene 26 23454620
2012 Photoperiod influences growth and mll (mixed-lineage leukaemia) expression in Atlantic cod. PloS one 26 22590633
2003 Peptide mimics of a major lupus epitope of SmB/B'. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 26 12727642
2021 Subcritical Water Extraction and Hydrolysis of Cod (Gadus morhua) Frames to Produce Bioactive Protein Extracts. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 25 34071297
2015 Stabilizing a flexible interdomain hinge region harboring the SMB binding site drives uPAR into its closed conformation. Journal of molecular biology 25 25659907
2010 Characterization and expression of digestive neutral lipases during ontogeny of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 25 20624477
2018 Impaired insulin signaling pathways affect ovarian steroidogenesis in cows with COD. Animal reproduction science 24 29622349
2014 Photobacterium piscicola sp. nov., isolated from marine fish and spoiled packed cod. Systematic and applied microbiology 24 24951451
2020 c-Myc-mediated SNRPB upregulation functions as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell biology international 23 31930637
2018 Food Yellow4 reprotoxicity in relation to localization of DMC1 and apoptosis in rat testes: Roles of royal jelly and cod liver oil. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 23 30500739
2004 Recombinant cold-adapted trypsin I from Atlantic cod-expression, purification, and identification. Protein expression and purification 23 14680968
2021 Typical structure, biocompatibility, and cell proliferation bioactivity of collagen from Tilapia and Pacific cod. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 22 34838415
2016 Structural Insights into Recognition of Hydrolyzed Carbapenems and Inhibitors by Subclass B3 Metallo-β-Lactamase SMB-1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 22 27161644
2014 Global transcriptome analysis identifies regulated transcripts and pathways activated during oogenesis and early embryogenesis in Atlantic cod. Molecular reproduction and development 22 24687555
2010 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) CC chemokines: Diversity and expression analysis. Developmental and comparative immunology 22 20381521
1996 A new method for detecting pericentric inversions using COD-FISH. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 22 9067435
2023 Mechanisms of heat-mediated aggregation behavior of water-soluble cod protein. Food chemistry 21 37011572
2022 The Core Splicing Factors EFTUD2, SNRPB and TXNL4A Are Essential for Neural Crest and Craniofacial Development. Journal of developmental biology 21 35893124
2023 The splicing factor SNRPB promotes ovarian cancer progression through regulating aberrant exon skipping of POLA1 and BRCA2. Oncogene 20 37391593
2021 Rice proteins and cod proteins forming shared microstructures with enhanced functional and nutritional properties. Food chemistry 20 33740645
2019 Characterization and Transcript Expression Analyses of Atlantic Cod Viperin. Frontiers in immunology 20 30894853
2015 Ultrapure LPS induces inflammatory and antibacterial responses attenuated in vitro by exogenous sera in Atlantic cod and Atlantic salmon. Fish & shellfish immunology 20 25655332
2015 Nucleotide variation and balancing selection at the Ckma gene in Atlantic cod: analysis with multiple merger coalescent models. PeerJ 20 25755922
2011 CO-FISH, COD-FISH, ReD-FISH, SKY-FISH. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 20 21461816
2023 Effects of weathered polyethylene microplastic ingestion on sexual maturation, fecundity and egg quality in maturing broodstock Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 18 36632969
2019 Molecular Mechanisms of hsdS Inversions in the cod Locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of bacteriology 18 30617241
2019 Characterization of a male specific region containing a candidate sex determining gene in Atlantic cod. Scientific reports 18 30644412
2019 Supplementation with cod protein hydrolysate in older adults: a dose range cross-over study. Journal of nutritional science 18 32042407
2014 Ontogeny of redox regulation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. Free radical biology & medicine 18 24873722
2014 Variation in embryonic mortality and maternal transcript expression among Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) broodstock: a functional genomics study. Marine genomics 18 24878168
2012 Photoperiod effects on the expression of kisspeptin and gonadotropin genes in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, during first maturation. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 18 22613785
2010 Arginine methylation of SmB is required for Drosophila germ cell development. Development (Cambridge, England) 18 20659974
2008 Isolation of putative probionts from cod rearing environment. Veterinary microbiology 18 18599226
2022 Snrpb is required in murine neural crest cells for proper splicing and craniofacial morphogenesis. Disease models & mechanisms 17 35593225
2006 (+)Insert smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-B): from single molecule to human. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 17 16716643
2019 Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for rapid detection of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Molecular and cellular probes 16 31295518
2013 SmbFT, a putative ABC transporter complex, confers protection against the lantibiotic Smb in Streptococci. Journal of bacteriology 16 24123816
2008 Photoperiod-modulated testis maturation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, L.). Biology of reproduction 16 19038862
2019 Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation. Global change biology 15 30570815
2016 Re-infection of the prion from the scrapie‑infected cell line SMB-S15 in three strains of mice, CD1, C57BL/6 and Balb/c. International journal of molecular medicine 15 26820255
2014 Scrapie infection in experimental rodents and SMB-S15 cells decreased the brain endogenous levels and activities of Sirt1. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 15 25391763
2013 Time-resolved quantitative proteomics implicates the core snRNP protein SmB together with SMN in neural trafficking. Journal of cell science 15 24357717
2021 Proteomics for species authentication of cod and corresponding fishery products. Food chemistry 14 34838403
2020 Severe thiamine deficiency in eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua). PloS one 14 31895939
2019 Nuclear DNA barcodes for cod identification in mildly-treated and processed food products. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment 14 30633651
2017 Sex steroids differentially regulate fshb, lhb and gnrhr expression in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 14 28780570
2021 SNRPB is a mediator for cellular response to cisplatin in non-small-cell lung cancer. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 13 33835288
2012 Interaction between submicron COD crystals and renal epithelial cells. International journal of nanomedicine 13 22973095
2012 Establishing a cell line from Atlantic cod as a novel tool for in vitro studies. Fish & shellfish immunology 13 23108254
2012 Hemoglobin polymorphisms in Atlantic cod--a review of 50 years of study. Marine genomics 13 23199881