Affinage

RTF1

RNA polymerase-associated protein RTF1 homolog · UniProt Q92541

Round 2 corrected
Length
710 aa
Mass
80.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
56 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RTF1 is a conserved transcription elongation factor that functions both as a dissociable subunit of the PAF1 complex and independently to couple RNA polymerase II elongation with cotranscriptional histone modifications and chromatin remodeling. Its Plus3 domain binds Cdk9-phosphorylated SPT5 to recruit RTF1 to active chromatin (PMID:23775116, PMID:24385927), and cryo-EM structures show that RTF1 extends helices along the Pol II protrusion to a bridge-helix 'latch' that allosterically stimulates polymerase translocation (PMID:32541898). The histone modification domain (HMD) directly contacts the N-terminal helix of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6/UBE2A to promote H2B monoubiquitylation, which in turn drives H3-K4 and H3-K79 methylation cascades required for proper gene expression, snoRNA 3′-end formation, telomeric silencing, cardiomyocyte differentiation, and Th17 cell fate specification (PMID:27840029, PMID:37216505, PMID:21441211, PMID:41537425, PMID:40073106). RTF1 also directly recruits the nucleosome remodeler CHD1 via its N-terminal region to restore nucleosome positioning in gene bodies after elongation (PMID:40867051).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1997 Medium

    The initial discovery of Rtf1 established it as a nuclear factor that modulates TBP-dependent promoter selection, raising the question of whether it functions in transcription initiation, elongation, or both.

    Evidence Genetic suppressor screen and transcription start-site mapping in yeast

    PMID:9234706

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of TBP regulation unclear
    • No biochemical complex identified
    • No elongation function yet demonstrated
  2. 2000 Medium

    Genetic interactions with SPT4, SPT5, SPT16, and other elongation factors repositioned Rtf1 as a transcription elongation factor, resolving whether it acts at initiation or elongation.

    Evidence Synthetic lethal screens and 6-azauracil/mycophenolic acid sensitivity assays in yeast

    PMID:11014804

    Open questions at the time
    • No physical complex identified
    • Biochemical mechanism of elongation function unknown
  3. 2002 High

    Identification of Rtf1 as a subunit of the Paf1/Pol II complex established the physical framework through which Rtf1 associates with the elongating polymerase.

    Evidence Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry in yeast

    PMID:11884586

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Rtf1 can function independently of PAF1C unknown
    • Mechanism of action within the complex unresolved
  4. 2003 High

    Demonstrating that Rtf1 is required for H2B-K123 ubiquitylation and downstream H3-K4/K79 methylation revealed its primary chromatin-modifying function and explained its role in telomeric silencing.

    Evidence ChIP, histone modification western blots, and genetic deletion in yeast

    PMID:12876293

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct biochemical mechanism of H2Bub stimulation unknown
    • Which domain mediates histone modification unclear
  5. 2008 Medium

    NMR structure of the human Plus3 domain revealed a Tudor/PAZ-like fold with single-stranded DNA binding capacity, providing the first structural insight into how RTF1 engages nucleic acid during elongation.

    Evidence NMR structure determination and in vitro DNA binding assays

    PMID:18184592

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of ssDNA binding undemonstrated
    • Binding partner on Pol II unknown
  6. 2011 High

    Identification and mutagenesis of the histone modification domain (HMD) pinpointed a discrete ~90-residue region sufficient for H2Bub-dependent histone methylation and snoRNA 3′-end formation, separating this activity from other Rtf1 domains.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis with histone modification and 3′-end processing readouts in yeast

    PMID:21441211 PMID:22699496

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct protein target of HMD not identified
    • Whether HMD acts within or outside PAF1C unclear
  7. 2013 High

    Demonstration that the Plus3/Spt5-interaction domain binds Cdk9-phosphorylated SPT5 to recruit Paf1C to chromatin resolved the long-standing question of how RTF1 is targeted to actively elongating genes.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro binding, ChIP, and mutagenesis in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe

    PMID:23775116 PMID:24385927

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Plus3-pSpt5 is the sole recruitment mechanism unknown
    • Structural basis of the interaction unresolved
  8. 2015 High

    Reconstituted in vitro transcription showed that human RTF1 activates elongation independently of PAF1C and regulates distinct gene subsets, establishing RTF1 as a bona fide autonomous elongation factor.

    Evidence In vitro transcription, RNA-seq, and ChIP in human cells

    PMID:26217014

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the 'Rtf1 coactivator' required in vitro unknown
    • Structural basis of PAF1C-independent function unclear
  9. 2016 High

    Crystal structure of the HMD and identification of its direct contact with Rad6 resolved how RTF1 stimulates H2B ubiquitylation at the biochemical level, confirmed by a transcription-free reconstituted assay.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, in vitro ubiquitylation, site-specific in vivo crosslinking, ChIP-exo in yeast

    PMID:27840029

    Open questions at the time
    • How HMD-Rad6 interaction is coordinated with Bre1/RNF20-RNF40 E3 ligase activity not fully defined
    • Structural context on the nucleosome unknown
  10. 2020 High

    Cryo-EM of the complete Pol II elongation complex revealed how RTF1 physically bridges the Plus3–pSPT5 interaction to the Pol II protrusion, funnel, and bridge helix, establishing an allosteric mechanism for stimulating polymerase translocation.

    Evidence Cryo-EM structure determination with in vitro elongation assays and mutagenesis

    PMID:32541898

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the latch mechanism operates identically in vivo untested
    • How HMD and Plus3 activities are coordinated on the same elongation complex unclear
  11. 2023 High

    Mapping the Rad6 N-terminal helix as the primary HMD contact surface, with separation-of-function mutants phenocopying H2Bub loss, provided the highest-resolution view of the RTF1-Rad6 interface and its transcriptome-wide consequences.

    Evidence Crosslinking-MS, in vivo crosslinking, separation-of-function mutagenesis, RNA-seq in yeast

    PMID:37216505

    Open questions at the time
    • No structure of the ternary HMD-Rad6-nucleosome complex
    • Whether this interface is identical in human UBE2A–RTF1 untested
  12. 2023 High

    RTF1 loss-of-function in zebrafish and mouse demonstrated its essential role in cardiomyocyte differentiation through Plus3/Spt5-dependent promoter-proximal pausing control, extending RTF1 biology to vertebrate organogenesis.

    Evidence Morpholino knockdown, genetic KO in zebrafish/mouse, ChIP-seq, CDK9 inhibitor rescue

    PMID:37233188 PMID:41537425

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets in cardiac progenitors incompletely catalogued
    • Whether HMD-dependent H2Bub or Plus3-dependent pausing is the primary cardiac mechanism not fully dissected
  13. 2025 High

    Identification of the RTF1 N-terminus as a direct CHD1 recruitment module revealed a new axis by which RTF1 coordinates nucleosome remodeling with elongation, explaining cryptic transcription phenotypes in rtf1 mutants.

    Evidence Co-IP, domain truncation, ChIP-seq, cryptic transcription assays in yeast and mouse

    PMID:40867051

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CHD1 recruitment is coordinated with or independent of H2Bub activity unknown
    • Structural basis of the RTF1-CHD1 CHCT interaction unresolved
  14. 2025 Medium

    RTF1's H2Bub1-promoting activity was linked to Th17 cell differentiation and circadian clock regulation, broadening its physiological scope to immune and circadian biology beyond chromatin biochemistry.

    Evidence T cell-specific KO and Th17 assays (mammalian); Co-IP of RTF1 with CLK/BMAL1 and ChIP for H3K4me3 at clock genes (Drosophila/human)

    PMID:40073106 PMID:41186576

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide targets in Th17 cells not mapped
    • Whether RTF1-CLOCK interaction is direct or bridged by PAF1C unclear
    • Circadian role not yet validated by in vivo KO in mammals

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis of the RTF1–CHD1 interaction on chromatin, how RTF1's multiple functional domains (Plus3, HMD, N-terminal CHD1-binding region, C-terminal latch) are coordinated within a single elongation complex, and the identity of the 'Rtf1 coactivator' needed for PAF1C-independent activation in human cells.
  • No ternary structure of HMD-Rad6-nucleosome
  • Rtf1 coactivator identity unknown
  • Coordination of Plus3, HMD, CHD1-binding, and latch on a single EC not visualized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0042393 histone binding 4 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0003677 DNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0005694 chromosome 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 2
Pathway
R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 6 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2 R-HSA-9909396 Circadian clock 1
Partners
CDC73CHD1CTR9LEO1PAF1RAD6RNF40SPT5
Complex memberships
PAF1 complex (PAF1C)Pol II elongation complex (EC*)

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 RTF1 (Rtf1) was identified as a nuclear protein in yeast that regulates TBP DNA-binding properties and TATA site selection; loss-of-function and missense alleles alter transcription initiation, and the rtf1 null suppresses effects of a Ty delta insertion in the HIS4 promoter, indicating Rtf1 modulates TBP-dependent promoter activity in vivo. Genetic suppressor screen, indirect immunofluorescence localization, transcription start-site mapping Molecular and cellular biology Medium 9234706
2000 Rtf1 functions as a transcription elongation factor in S. cerevisiae; rtf1Δ is sensitive to 6-azauracil and mycophenolic acid (elongation-defect markers), and synthetic lethal interactions were found with elongation factors SPT4, SPT5, SPT16, PPR2, CTD kinase CTK1, CTD phosphatase FCP1, and Srb/Mediator component SRB5. Synthetic lethal screen, 6-azauracil/mycophenolic acid sensitivity assays, genetic epistasis Genetics Medium 11014804
2002 Rtf1 is a component of the Paf1/RNA Pol II complex in S. cerevisiae, associated with Paf1, Cdc73, Ctr9, Leo1, and Pol II but not with the Srb-mediator; deletion of RTF1 suppresses many paf1Δ phenotypes including growth defects and reduced CLN1 expression. Tandem affinity purification, mass spectrometry, genetic double-mutant analysis Molecular and cellular biology High 11884586
2003 Rtf1 is required for global histone H2B ubiquitination at K123 in yeast, and this activity underlies its role in promoting H3-K4 and H3-K79 methylation (but not H3-K36 methylation); Rtf1 also promotes recruitment of Set1 (H3-K4 methylase) to the 5′ region of active genes and is important for telomeric silencing. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, histone modification western blots, genetic deletion analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 12876293
2008 The Plus3 domain of human RTF1 adopts an NMR structure with a β-stranded subdomain resembling PAZ/Tudor domains and can bind single-stranded DNA in vitro via residues on the rim of the β-sheet, suggesting a role in transcription elongation. NMR structure determination, in vitro DNA binding assays Structure Medium 18184592
2008 S. pombe Rtf1 (replication termination factor) mediates site-specific replication termination at the RTS1 polar barrier through two chimeric myb/SANT domains; one domain interacts with RTS1 repeated motifs and the enhancer region, and the C-terminal tail mediates self-interaction required for polarity of termination. NOTE: This paper describes the S. pombe replication-termination Rtf1, which is a distinct protein from the transcriptional elongation Rtf1/PAF1C subunit. Domain mapping, DNA binding assays, point mutagenesis, dominant phenotype analysis Genetics Medium 18723894
2011 Single amino acid substitutions in the conserved histone modification domain (HMD) of yeast Rtf1 abolish H2B ubiquitylation and impair H3 methylation; HMD mutations also disrupt snoRNA 3′-end formation, revealing a role for Rtf1-dependent H2BK123 ubiquitylation in noncoding RNA termination. Site-directed mutagenesis, histone modification assays, 3′-end processing assays, genetic analysis Genetics High 21441211
2012 A 90-amino acid histone modification domain (HMD) of Rtf1, when expressed as the sole Rtf1 source in yeast, is sufficient to promote H3-K4, H3-K79 methylation, and H2B-K123 ubiquitylation independently of other Paf1C subunits and without requiring a DNA-tethering fusion, and the HMDs from other species function in yeast. Domain truncation/expression in rtf1Δ cells, chromatin immunoprecipitation, histone modification western blots Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 22699496
2013 A highly conserved domain of yeast Rtf1 directly interacts with the C-terminal repeat domain (CTR) of Spt5 to recruit the Paf1 complex to active chromatin; mutations disrupting this interaction or deletion of the Spt5 CTR release Paf1C from chromatin, and the Rtf1 Spt5-interacting domain alone can associate with active genes in a Spt5-CTR-dependent manner. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis Molecular and cellular biology High 23775116
2013 In S. pombe, Cdk9 phosphorylation of Spt5 creates a direct binding site for Prf1/Rtf1; Prf1 and PAF complex are biochemically separate in cell extracts and exert opposing effects on the RNAPII elongation complex, defining two distinct Cdk9-dependent pathways with opposing effects on elongation and H2B monoubiquitylation. Co-immunoprecipitation, genetic epistasis, biochemical fractionation, phosphorylation-dependent binding assays PLoS genetics High 24385927
2015 Human RTF1 functions as a transcription elongation factor independently of the PAF1 complex; it requires a 'Rtf1 coactivator' activity (distinct from PAF1C or DSIF) for transcriptional activation in vitro, the Plus3 domain is critical for this function, and human RTF1 and PAF1C regulate distinct gene subsets with PAF1C recruited to genes independently of RTF1. In vitro transcription assays, RNA-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation, mutational analysis Molecular and cellular biology High 26217014
2016 The HMD of yeast Paf1C subunit Rtf1 directly interacts with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6 to stimulate H2B ubiquitylation; the crystal structure of the Rtf1 HMD was solved, a conserved Rad6-interaction surface was identified by site-specific in vivo crosslinking, and HMD-dependent stimulation of H2Bub was demonstrated in a transcription-free reconstituted in vitro system. Crystal structure determination, in vitro H2B ubiquitylation assay (transcription-free), site-specific in vivo crosslinking, ChIP-exo Molecular cell High 27840029
2020 Cryo-EM structure of the complete porcine/human Pol II elongation complex (EC*) containing RTF1 reveals that the RTF1 Plus3 domain contacts Pol II subunit RPB12 and the phosphorylated C-terminal region of DSIF subunit SPT5; RTF1 extends four α-helices along the Pol II protrusion/RPB10 to the funnel, and a C-terminal 'latch' reaching the bridge helix is required for RTF1's strong stimulation of Pol II elongation, suggesting allosteric activation of translocation. Cryo-EM structure determination, in vitro Pol II elongation assays, mutagenesis Nature structural & molecular biology High 32541898
2020 In S. pombe, the Plus3 domain of Prf1/Rtf1 and phospho-Spt5 act in parallel (not linearly) to promote Prf1 function; an alternate Plus3 interface overlapping the pSpt5-binding site can interact with single-stranded nucleic acid or with the PAF complex in vitro, and the Prf1 C-terminal region also acts in parallel with pSpt5. Genetic epistasis, in vitro binding assays (Plus3 domain vs. ssDNA, PAF), mutagenesis Molecular and cellular biology Medium 32366382
2023 The primary contact surface for the Rtf1 HMD on Rad6 is the highly conserved N-terminal helix of Rad6; separation-of-function mutations in RAD6 that impair the Rad6-HMD interaction selectively block H2B-K123 ubiquitylation without affecting other Rad6 functions, and transcriptome profiles of these mutants closely resemble those of H2B ubiquitylation-site mutants. In vitro crosslinking/mass spectrometry, in vivo protein crosslinking, genetic separation-of-function mutagenesis, RNA-seq Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 37216505
2023 Rtf1 is essential for cardiogenesis in zebrafish and mouse; loss of Rtf1 arrests cardiac progenitors in an immature state, the Plus3 domain (mediating Spt5 interaction) is required for cardiac progenitor formation, ChIP-seq shows reduced RNAPII occupancy at the TSS of cardiac genes in rtf1 morphants (reflecting reduced pausing), and pharmacological inhibition of CDK9-dependent pause release restores cardiomyocyte formation. Morpholino knockdown, genetic knockout (zebrafish/mouse), ChIP-seq, CDK9 inhibitor rescue eLife High 41537425
2023 Rtf1 ablation in neonatal and adult mouse cardiomyocytes causes sarcomere breakdown, myofibril disorganization, disrupted cell-cell junctions, fibrosis, and dilated cardiomyopathy-like systolic dysfunction, demonstrating continuous requirement for Rtf1 in maintaining cardiac structural gene expression. Cardiomyocyte-specific knockout (mouse), neonatal knockdown, histology, echocardiography, gene expression profiling Journal of cardiovascular development and disease Medium 37233188
2025 An N-terminal region of Rtf1 directly interacts with the CHCT domain of the nucleosome remodeler Chd1; disrupting this interaction causes Chd1 accumulation at gene 5′ ends, increased cryptic transcription, altered nucleosome positioning, and shifted histone modification profiles. The interaction is conserved: mouse RTF1 interacts with CHCT domains of CHD1 and CHD2. Co-immunoprecipitation, domain truncation mapping, mutagenesis, ChIP-seq, cryptic transcription assays Nucleic acids research High 40867051
2025 In mammalian cells, RTF1 facilitates histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) via its HMD domain for Th17 cell differentiation; Rtf1 deficiency selectively disrupts Th17 differentiation while leaving Treg unaffected, and cells lacking the H2Bub1 E3 ligase subunit RNF40 (which physically interacts with RTF1) phenocopy the Rtf1 deficiency. T cell-specific knockout, H2Bub1 western blots, Th17 differentiation assays, co-immunoprecipitation (RTF1-RNF40) Journal of immunology Medium 40073106
2025 In Drosophila, RTF1 physically interacts with the circadian clock transcription factor CLK, promotes CLK occupancy on per/tim promoters, and enhances H3K4me3 deposition (via SET1 complex, which also forms a complex with CLK and RTF1) at these loci to activate per transcription and sustain circadian rhythm amplitude. Human RTF1 physically interacts with BMAL1/CLOCK and affects circadian rhythms in U2OS cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP assays, genetic knockdown, circadian locomotion assays, period overexpression rescue The Journal of cell biology Medium 41186576
2025 PAF1C (but not its dissociable subunit RTF1) is required for transcription restart after DNA damage; RTF1 stimulates H2B-K120 ubiquitylation and H3K4me3 but these histone marks are dispensable for post-repair transcription restoration, placing RTF1's histone modification activity outside the transcription restart pathway. siRNA knockdown, transcription restart assays (EU incorporation after UV), histone modification ChIP bioRxivpreprint Medium

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 56 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell 2861 17081983
2012 Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 1718 22658674
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2010 Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height. Nature 1451 20881960
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2018 High-Density Proximity Mapping Reveals the Subcellular Organization of mRNA-Associated Granules and Bodies. Molecular cell 580 29395067
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2009 RAD6-Mediated transcription-coupled H2B ubiquitylation directly stimulates H3K4 methylation in human cells. Cell 426 19410543
2013 The intracellular interactome of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains reveals their function as sorting machineries toward exosomes. The Journal of biological chemistry 413 23463506
2015 Panorama of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes. Nature 407 26344197
2011 System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Science signaling 382 21406692
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
2012 A high-throughput approach for measuring temporal changes in the interactome. Nature methods 273 22863883
2003 The Rtf1 component of the Paf1 transcriptional elongation complex is required for ubiquitination of histone H2B. The Journal of biological chemistry 237 12876293
2005 The parafibromin tumor suppressor protein is part of a human Paf1 complex. Molecular and cellular biology 228 15632063
2018 Mapping the Genetic Landscape of Human Cells. Cell 225 30033366
2010 The human PAF1 complex acts in chromatin transcription elongation both independently and cooperatively with SII/TFIIS. Cell 222 20178742
2009 A genome-scale RNAi screen for Oct4 modulators defines a role of the Paf1 complex for embryonic stem cell identity. Cell stem cell 217 19345177
2002 Ctr9, Rtf1, and Leo1 are components of the Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex. Molecular and cellular biology 204 11884586
2018 An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein interactions and subcellular localizations. Nature communications 201 29568061
2005 The human PAF complex coordinates transcription with events downstream of RNA synthesis. Genes & development 190 16024656
1996 Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. VI. The coding sequences of 80 new genes (KIAA0201-KIAA0280) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from cell line KG-1 and brain. DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes 178 9039502
2013 The protein interaction landscape of the human CMGC kinase group. Cell reports 174 23602568
2020 Synthetic Lethal and Resistance Interactions with BET Bromodomain Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Molecular cell 159 32416067
2005 The HRPT2 tumor suppressor gene product parafibromin associates with human PAF1 and RNA polymerase II. Molecular and cellular biology 154 15923622
2011 Interactions of pathological hallmark proteins: tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25, beta-amyloid, and alpha-synuclein. The Journal of biological chemistry 131 21832049
2009 Comparison of substrate specificity of the ubiquitin ligases Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 using proteome arrays. Molecular systems biology 129 19953087
2020 Structure of complete Pol II-DSIF-PAF-SPT6 transcription complex reveals RTF1 allosteric activation. Nature structural & molecular biology 128 32541898
2000 Synthetic lethal interactions suggest a role for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rtf1 protein in transcription elongation. Genetics 110 11014804
2016 The Histone Modification Domain of Paf1 Complex Subunit Rtf1 Directly Stimulates H2B Ubiquitylation through an Interaction with Rad6. Molecular cell 88 27840029
1997 Identification of RTF1, a novel gene important for TATA site selection by TATA box-binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular and cellular biology 64 9234706
2013 The recruitment of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Paf1 complex to active genes requires a domain of Rtf1 that directly interacts with the Spt4-Spt5 complex. Molecular and cellular biology 58 23775116
2012 Small region of Rtf1 protein can substitute for complete Paf1 complex in facilitating global histone H2B ubiquitylation in yeast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54 22699496
2013 The PAF complex and Prf1/Rtf1 delineate distinct Cdk9-dependent pathways regulating transcription elongation in fission yeast. PLoS genetics 43 24385927
2015 Characterization of the Human Transcription Elongation Factor Rtf1: Evidence for Nonoverlapping Functions of Rtf1 and the Paf1 Complex. Molecular and cellular biology 42 26217014
2008 Structure and DNA binding of the human Rtf1 Plus3 domain. Structure (London, England : 1993) 42 18184592
2011 Identification of a role for histone H2B ubiquitylation in noncoding RNA 3'-end formation through mutational analysis of Rtf1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 41 21441211
2008 Rtf1-mediated eukaryotic site-specific replication termination. Genetics 32 18723894
2023 Paf1 complex subunit Rtf1 stimulates H2B ubiquitylation by interacting with the highly conserved N-terminal helix of Rad6. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 37216505
2020 Spt5 Phosphorylation and the Rtf1 Plus3 Domain Promote Rtf1 Function through Distinct Mechanisms. Molecular and cellular biology 8 32366382
2012 The Paf1 complex subunit Rtf1 buffers cells against the toxic effects of [PSI+] and defects in Rkr1-dependent protein quality control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 6 22595241
2023 Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rtf2 is important for replication fork barrier activity of RTS1 via splicing of Rtf1. eLife 4 37615341
2025 A direct interaction between the Chd1 CHCT domain and Rtf1 controls Chd1 distribution and nucleosome positioning on active genes. Nucleic acids research 3 40867051
2024 A direct interaction between the Chd1 CHCT domain and Rtf1 controls Chd1 distribution and nucleosome positioning on active genes. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 3 39677735
2023 Rtf1-dependent transcriptional pausing regulates cardiogenesis. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2 37873297
2026 Rtf1-dependent transcriptional pausing regulates cardiogenesis. eLife 1 41537425
2025 Rtf1 HMD domain facilitates global histone H2B monoubiquitination and regulates morphogenesis and virulence in the meningitis-causing pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. eLife 1 40353352
2023 Rtf1 Transcriptionally Regulates Neonatal and Adult Cardiomyocyte Biology. Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 1 37233188
2025 RTF1 mediates epigenetic control of Th17 cell differentiation via H2B monoubiquitination. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 0 40073106
2025 RTF1 enhances CLK occupancy and histone methylation at key circadian clock pacemaker gene loci. The Journal of cell biology 0 41186576
2024 The Rtf1/Prf1-dependent histone modification axis counteracts multi-drug resistance in fission yeast. Life science alliance 0 38514187