Affinage

PAF1

RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 homolog · UniProt Q8N7H5

Round 2 corrected
Length
531 aa
Mass
60.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
130 papers in source corpus 40 papers cited in narrative 40 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PAF1 is the defining subunit of the conserved PAF1 complex (PAF1C; comprising PAF1, CTR9, CDC73, LEO1, RTF1, and SKI8 in humans), which associates with RNA polymerase II to coordinate transcription elongation, promoter-proximal pausing, co-transcriptional histone modifications, and RNA 3′-end processing. PAF1C enforces Pol II pausing by recruiting the Integrator-PP2A complex to oppose P-TEFb/SEC-driven pause release, and upon pausing release it facilitates chromatin elongation synergistically with TFIIS; acute PAF1 degradation shifts the INTAC/P-TEFb balance, causing widespread derepression of paused genes (PMID:26279188, PMID:35363521, PMID:20178742). The complex is essential for co-transcriptional H2B monoubiquitination—mediated through Rtf1's histone modification domain interacting with Rad6/RNF20—which in turn drives H3K4 and H3K79 methylation, while also promoting H3K36 trimethylation and suppressing heterochromatin spreading by facilitating histone turnover (PMID:16307923, PMID:27840029, PMID:17948059, PMID:25807481). PAF1C additionally governs snoRNA and mRNA 3′-end formation, regulates transcript nuclear export, maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency through interaction with Oct3/4, and serves as a critical node in antiviral transcription that is targeted by influenza NS1, dengue NS5, and HIV Tat/LEDGF (PMID:16246725, PMID:28190769, PMID:19821493, PMID:22419161, PMID:34797876, PMID:32426500).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 2002 High

    Identification of the yeast Paf1 complex as a distinct Pol II-associated entity (Paf1, Ctr9, Leo1, Rtf1, Cdc73) that physically interacts with elongation factors Spt4-Spt5 and FACT, establishing PAF1C as a transcription elongation complex biochemically distinct from the Srb-mediator.

    Evidence TAP-MS purification, co-immunoprecipitation, genetic suppressor screens, and 6-azauracil sensitivity assays in yeast

    PMID:11884586 PMID:11927560

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural information on PAF1C assembly
    • Mechanism by which PAF1C promotes elongation undefined
    • Vertebrate homologs not yet characterized
  2. 2005 High

    Discovery that PAF1C coordinates co-transcriptional H2B monoubiquitination via a trimeric hPAF/RNF20-40/UbcH6 complex and that this modification is a prerequisite for H3K4 and H3K79 methylation, establishing PAF1C as the central histone modification platform during elongation.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution of H2B ubiquitination with purified factors; ChIP; RNAi knockdown; gene expression analysis in human cells

    PMID:16307923 PMID:16713563

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of Rtf1-Rad6 interaction unknown at this point
    • Relative contributions of individual PAF1C subunits to ubiquitination unclear
  3. 2005 High

    PAF1C functions extend beyond elongation to RNA 3′-end formation: loss of Paf1 causes accumulation of 3′-extended snoRNA transcripts and alters mRNA poly(A) site utilization, with misprocessed mRNAs subject to NMD, revealing a post-transcriptional quality control role.

    Evidence Northern blot for snoRNA read-through; microarray profiling; poly(A) site analysis; NMD epistasis in yeast

    PMID:16246724 PMID:16246725

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Nrd1 recruitment by PAF1C only partially defined
    • Whether poly(A) site selection role is conserved in mammals unknown
  4. 2005 High

    Identification of a conserved human PAF1 complex (hPAF1C) associated with multiple Pol II phospho-isoforms, and linked to H3K4 methyltransferase activity through parafibromin, extending PAF1C function to vertebrates.

    Evidence Cellular purification of parafibromin with mass spectrometry; co-IP; immunofluorescence in human cells

    PMID:15632063

    Open questions at the time
    • Parafibromin-MLL interaction mechanism unresolved
    • How oncogenic parafibromin mutations disrupt complex function structurally unknown
  5. 2007 High

    PAF1C cooperates with Bur1-Bur2 kinase to promote H3K36 trimethylation and suppress cryptic transcription initiation, broadening the histone modification repertoire controlled by PAF1C and revealing a Set2-independent anti-cryptic transcription pathway.

    Evidence ChIP for histone modifications; Northern blot for cryptic transcripts; genetic double-mutant analysis in yeast

    PMID:17948059

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Set2-independent suppression of cryptic initiation not fully elucidated
    • Whether this pathway operates in mammalian cells untested
  6. 2009 High

    Resolution of how PAF1C participates in active elongation: hPAF1C collaborates with DSIF/Spt5 and Tat-SF1 in a P-TEFb-dependent manner, while reconstituted systems showed PAF1C acts synergistically with TFIIS through direct interaction to overcome nucleosomal barriers.

    Evidence Biochemical elongation assays; reconstituted chromatin-transcription with purified factors; ChIP-qPCR at FOS; siRNA knockdown

    PMID:19952111 PMID:20178742

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of PAF1C-TFIIS synergy undefined
    • In vivo dynamics of factor loading order not resolved at single-gene resolution
  7. 2010 High

    HIV-1 Tat assembles a super elongation complex (Tatcom1) that stably incorporates PAF1C alongside P-TEFb and MLL-fusion partners; PAF1 is required for Tat transactivation, revealing that viral factors co-opt PAF1C for pathological transcription.

    Evidence Affinity purification of Tat-associated factors from HeLa nuclear extract; mass spectrometry; siRNA knockdown with transcriptional reporter

    PMID:20471949

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PAF1C is required for all Tat-dependent elongation or only a subset of proviral configurations
    • Direct contact surface between Tat and PAF1C subunits unmapped
  8. 2011 High

    MAPK signaling directly modulates PAF1C: Mpk1/ERK5 interacts with the Paf1 subunit non-catalytically to prevent premature Sen1/Nab3-dependent transcription termination, establishing PAF1C as a signal-responsive elongation checkpoint.

    Evidence Genetic epistasis; site-directed mutagenesis; ChIP; kinase-dead Mpk1 complementation; cross-species (yeast-human) conservation

    PMID:21376235

    Open questions at the time
    • Full set of signaling kinases that impinge on PAF1C unknown
    • Whether ERK5-PAF1 interaction is direct in human cells awaits structural validation
  9. 2012 High

    Influenza NS1 uses a histone-mimic sequence to directly target hPAF1C and suppress antiviral transcriptional elongation, establishing PAF1C as a key node in innate antiviral transcription and a target of pathogen immune evasion.

    Evidence Biochemical interaction assays; ChIP; siRNA PAF1C knockdown; infection assays with NS1 histone-mimic mutants

    PMID:22419161

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other viral histone mimics target PAF1C unknown
    • Structural basis of NS1-PAF1C interaction unresolved
  10. 2013 High

    Crystal structure of the human Paf1/Leo1 heterodimer revealed the antiparallel β-sheet interface and demonstrated direct binding to histone H3, octamers, and nucleosomes, providing the first structural view of how PAF1C engages chromatin.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of hPaf1/hLeo1; biochemical pulldown with histone substrates

    PMID:24038468

    Open questions at the time
    • Full PAF1C holo-complex structure lacking
    • Whether nucleosome binding by Paf1/Leo1 is required for elongation in vivo untested
  11. 2015 High

    PAF1C was redefined as a master regulator of Pol II pausing in metazoans: PAF1 depletion causes genome-wide release of paused Pol II via enhanced SEC recruitment, while P-TEFb controls initial PAF1C loading and PAF1C in turn recruits CDK12, establishing a hierarchical elongation checkpoint model.

    Evidence GRO-seq; RNA-seq; ChIP-seq for Pol II and Ser2P; rapid PAF1C depletion; in vitro kinase assays

    PMID:26279188 PMID:26659056

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which PAF1C blocks SEC access not structurally resolved
    • Whether pausing regulation is gene-class specific remains incompletely characterized
  12. 2015 High

    PAF1C suppresses heterochromatin spreading in fission yeast by promoting histone turnover and preventing RNAi-directed silencing; loss of Paf1C allows siRNA-triggered heritable heterochromatin formation at euchromatic loci, linking elongation complex function to epigenetic memory.

    Evidence Genetic screens; ChIP-exo for H3K9me2; histone turnover assays; reporter silencing in S. pombe

    PMID:25807481 PMID:26518661

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PAF1C-mediated histone turnover suppresses heterochromatin in mammalian cells unknown
    • Mechanism of RNAi-independent heterochromatin boundary maintenance not fully defined
  13. 2016 High

    Structural and genomic dissection of the Rtf1 histone modification domain revealed a direct Rad6-binding surface that stimulates H2B ubiquitylation independently of transcription; the nucleosome acidic patch contacts Rtf1 to position the modification machinery, completing the molecular mechanism of PAF1C-dependent H2Bub.

    Evidence Crystal structure of Rtf1 HMD; ChIP-exo; site-specific crosslinking in vivo; transcription-free reconstituted ubiquitylation assay

    PMID:27840029 PMID:31226204

    Open questions at the time
    • How Rtf1 HMD engagement is regulated during elongation kinetically unresolved
    • Structural model of full Rtf1-nucleosome-Rad6 ternary complex lacking
  14. 2017 High

    Paf1 loading on Pol II is quantitatively variable between genes and regulated by promoter identity; high Paf1 occupancy promotes transcript nuclear export while low occupancy supports only elongation, revealing a dual-function model where PAF1C levels encode transcript fate.

    Evidence NET-seq; nuclear export assays; quantitative ChIP in yeast

    PMID:28190769

    Open questions at the time
    • How promoter elements quantitatively tune PAF1C loading unknown
    • Whether the export function operates in mammalian cells untested
  15. 2022 High

    Acute PAF1 degradation demonstrated that PAF1 recruits the Integrator-PP2A (INTAC) complex to enforce pausing; PAF1 loss shifts the INTAC/P-TEFb balance toward hyperphosphorylated SPT5 and premature Pol II release, while also impairing downstream elongation processivity, unifying pausing enforcement and elongation facilitation as coupled PAF1 functions.

    Evidence Auxin-inducible degron system; GRO-seq; ChIP-seq; phosphoproteomics; INTAC recruitment assays

    PMID:35363521

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether INTAC recruitment is a direct PAF1 contact or mediated by a bridging factor structurally unresolved
    • How gene-specific INTAC/P-TEFb ratios are set remains unknown
  16. 2023 High

    Spt6 directly contacts PAF1C subunit Cdc73 through its tandem SH2 domain, and rapid Spt6 depletion dissociates Paf1 from chromatin genome-wide, establishing Spt6 as a critical upstream recruiter of PAF1C to the elongation machinery.

    Evidence Site-specific crosslinking in yeast; in vitro binding assays (Cdc73-Spt6); rapid Spt6 depletion; ChIP for Paf1 and histone modifications

    PMID:36928138

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Spt6-Cdc73 interaction is conserved in human cells at structural level
    • Relative contributions of Spt6 versus Pol II CTD in anchoring PAF1C in vivo unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A full cryo-EM structure of intact PAF1C bound to the Pol II elongation complex on a nucleosomal template—resolving how all subunits simultaneously engage Pol II, the nucleosome, and processing factors—remains outstanding, as does a unified quantitative model of how PAF1C loading levels are established at individual genes to determine their elongation, modification, and export fate.
  • No holo-PAF1C structure on a nucleosomal Pol II template
  • Quantitative model linking PAF1C occupancy to gene-specific transcriptional outcomes lacking
  • Therapeutic potential of targeting PAF1C in viral infection or cancer mechanistically unexplored

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0042393 histone binding 2
Localization
GO:0005694 chromosome 4 GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 6 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 6 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
CDC73CTR9LEO1RNF20RTF1SPT5SPT6TFIIS
Complex memberships
PAF1 complex (PAF1C)Tat super elongation complex (Tatcom1)

Evidence

Reading pass · 40 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 Rtf1 and Leo1 are members of the RNA polymerase II-associated Paf1 complex; the Paf1 complex physically interacts with transcription elongation factors Spt4-Spt5 and Spt16-Pob3 (yeast FACT); paf1 and leo1 mutations suppress cold-sensitive spt5 mutations; Paf1 complex defects cause 6-azauracil sensitivity and impaired PUR5 induction, implicating the complex in transcription elongation. Affinity purification of Rtf1 + mass spectrometry; allele-specific genetic suppressor screens; physical interaction assays (co-immunoprecipitation); 6-azauracil sensitivity assays The EMBO journal High 11927560
2002 Ctr9, Rtf1, and Leo1 are components of the yeast Paf1-RNA polymerase II complex, as revealed by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry; deletion of PAF1 or CTR9 produces severe pleiotropic phenotypes; deletion of LEO1 or RTF1 suppresses many paf1Δ phenotypes, including restoring CLN1 expression; the complex is biochemically distinct from the Srb-mediator holoenzyme. Tandem affinity purification; mass spectrometry; genetic epistasis (double-deletion analysis); gene expression assays Molecular and cellular biology High 11884586
2004 The yeast Paf1 complex (Paf1, Ctr9, Cdc73, Rtf1, Leo1) has functions independent of actively transcribing RNA Pol II: loss of Paf1 reduces Pol II Ser2 phosphorylation and shortens poly(A) tails, linking the complex to posttranscriptional events; loss of Rtf1 or Cdc73 displaces Paf1 factors from chromatin with little phenotypic consequence, demonstrating that major Paf1 functions can be independent of actively elongating Pol II. ChIP; Western blot for Pol II CTD phosphorylation; poly(A) tail length assays; genetic deletion analysis Molecular cell High 15149594
2005 Parafibromin (human CDC73/HRPT2 product) is the core of a human Paf1 complex (hPAF1C) that includes homologs of Leo1, Paf1, and Ctr9; hPAF1C associates with non-phosphorylated and Ser2/Ser5-phosphorylated forms of RNA Pol II; parafibromin interacts with a histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex; oncogenic parafibromin mutants lose association with hPAF1 complex members and with the H3K4 methyltransferase complex. Cellular purification of parafibromin + mass spectrometry; co-immunoprecipitation; immunofluorescence; cotransfection assays Molecular and cellular biology High 15632063
2005 The yeast Paf1 complex is required for snoRNA 3′-end formation: deletion of Paf1 causes accumulation of 3′-extended snoRNA transcripts; Paf1C associates with and facilitates Nrd1 recruitment to the SNR47 gene; this function is independent of Set1, Set2, or Dot1 histone methyltransferases; Nab3 was identified as a dosage suppressor of rtf1 missense mutations. Northern blot; ChIP; genetic suppressor analysis (dosage suppressor screen); deletion analysis Molecular cell High 16246725
2005 The yeast Paf1 complex has a posttranscriptional role: Paf1 loss alters poly(A) site utilization of primary target genes SDA1 and MAK21, producing 3′-extended mRNAs; the 3′-extended MAK21 RNA is sensitive to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD); primary Paf1C target promoters are not responsive to Paf1 loss, indicating the critical changes occur posttranscriptionally. Conditional and null alleles of PAF1; microarray expression profiling; poly(A) site analysis; NMD assays (upf1 deletion) Molecular cell High 16246724
2006 H2B monoubiquitination by RNF20/40 and UbcH6 is dependent on the human PAF complex, the histone chaperone FACT, and active transcription in a reconstituted chromatin-transcription system; H2B monoubiquitination in turn facilitates FACT function, stimulating transcript elongation through the nucleosomal barrier. Reconstituted chromatin-transcription system with purified factors; in vitro ubiquitination assay; ChIP (in vivo corroboration) Cell High 16713563
2007 Paf1 complex and Bur1-Bur2 cooperate to regulate histone H3 K36 tri-methylation (requiring specific Paf1 complex components), and together suppress cryptic transcription initiation through a Set2-independent pathway; H3K36 tri-methylation is more strongly reduced at 5′ gene ends in paf1Δ; elevated histone acetylation at 5′ ends in paf1Δ is independent of K36 methylation. ChIP for histone modifications; Northern blot for cryptic transcripts; genetic double-mutant analysis (paf1Δ set2Δ) The EMBO journal High 17948059
2008 Paf1 complex subunit deletions (paf1, leo1, ctr9, rtf1) reduce telomerase RNA (TLC1) abundance, causing telomere shortening; overexpression of TLC1 partially rescues telomere length and growth defects in Paf1C mutants, indicating that TLC1 is a critical direct or indirect Paf1C target. Real-time RT-PCR for TLC1 levels; telomere length assay; TLC1 overexpression rescue experiments in deletion strains Molecular and cellular biology Medium 18411302
2009 The human Paf1 complex (Paf1C) and Tat-SF1 collaborate non-redundantly with DSIF/Spt4-Spt5 to facilitate efficient RNA Pol II elongation; these factors are recruited to the FOS gene in a temporally coordinated manner; elongation activation depends on P-TEFb-mediated phosphorylation of the Spt5 C-terminal region; hPAF1C directly participates in elongation control beyond its chromatin-related functions. Activity-based biochemical elongation assay; ChIP-qPCR at FOS gene; siRNA knockdown; P-TEFb inhibition Genes & development High 19952111
2009 Human RAD6 serves as the cognate E2-conjugating enzyme for H2B-K120 ubiquitylation; RAD6 is recruited to transcribed genes through direct interaction with hPAF-bound hBRE1; hPAF-mediated transcription is required for efficient H2B ubiquitylation; H2B ubiquitylation directly stimulates hSET1-dependent H3K4 di- and trimethylation. Affinity purification; co-immunoprecipitation; ChIP; in vitro ubiquitylation assay with purified factors; RNAi knockdown Cell High 19410543
2009 PAF1/PD2 (human homolog) is overexpressed in mouse embryonic stem cells and is required for maintenance of self-renewal; PAF1/PD2 directly interacts with Oct3/4 and RNA polymerase II, and through these interactions regulates Oct3/4-mediated gene expression; PAF1/PD2 knockout reduces Oct3/4, SOX2, Nanog, and Shh levels and induces endodermal differentiation markers. Co-immunoprecipitation; knockdown/knockout ESC lines; flow cytometry; gene expression analysis Stem cells Medium 19821493
2010 The yeast Paf1 complex Leo1 subunit binds RNA in vitro; Leo1 (but not Rtf1) is required for Paf1C RNA binding in vivo (RNA-IP); cells lacking Leo1 have reduced Paf1C recruitment to chromatin and decreased histone H3 trimethylation at H3K4 within transcribed regions, suggesting RNA binding by Leo1 stabilizes Paf1C at actively transcribed genes. In vitro RNA-binding assay with purified proteins; RNA-IP (cross-linking and immunoprecipitation); ChIP for H3K4me3 and complex subunits The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 20732871
2010 Human PAF1C directly facilitates activator (p53)- and histone acetyltransferase (p300)-dependent transcription elongation from a recombinant chromatin template in a biochemically defined system; hPAF1C and SII/TFIIS act synergistically through direct hPAF1C-SII interactions and cooperative binding to RNA Pol II. Reconstituted chromatin-transcription system; in vitro transcription assay; co-immunoprecipitation; biochemical fractionation Cell High 20178742
2010 HIV-1 Tat assembles a multifunctional transcription elongation complex (Tatcom1) that stably includes the core active P-TEFb, MLL-fusion partners (AF9, AFF4, AFF1, ENL, ELL), and the PAF1 complex; MLL-fusion partners and PAF1 are required for Tat transactivation; optimal CDK9 CTD-kinase activity is AF9-dependent. Affinity purification of Tat-associated factors from HeLa nuclear extract; mass spectrometry; co-immunoprecipitation; siRNA knockdown with transcriptional reporter Molecular cell High 20471949
2011 Mpk1 MAPK interacts with the Paf1 subunit of Paf1C to facilitate transcription elongation via a non-catalytic mechanism; a Paf1 mutation blocking this interaction causes Sen1-dependent premature transcription termination through a Nab3-binding site in the promoter-proximal region of an Mpk1-induced gene; this mechanism is conserved between yeast Mpk1 and human ERK5. Genetic epistasis; site-directed mutagenesis of Paf1 interaction surface; ChIP; in vitro kinase-dead Mpk1 complementation; yeast two-hybrid Cell High 21376235
2012 Influenza A H3N2 NS1 protein possesses a histone-like sequence (histone mimic) that targets the human PAF1 transcription elongation complex (hPAF1C); NS1 binding to hPAF1C suppresses hPAF1C-mediated transcriptional elongation; PAF1 plays a crucial role in the antiviral response; hPAF1C deficiency reduces antiviral gene expression and renders cells more susceptible to viruses. Biochemical interaction assays; ChIP; siRNA knockdown of PAF1C; viral infection assays with NS1 histone-mimic mutants; gene expression analysis Nature High 22419161
2013 Crystal structure of the human Paf1/Leo1 subcomplex reveals a tightly associated heterodimer through antiparallel β-sheet interactions; Leo1 binds to PAF1C through Paf1; Ctr9 is the key scaffold protein assembling PAF1C; the Paf1/Leo1 heterodimer binds histone H3, the histone octamer, and nucleosomes in vitro. X-ray crystallography of hPaf1/hLeo1 subcomplex; biochemical pulldown/binding assays with histone H3, octamer, and nucleosome Nucleic acids research High 24038468
2013 H1.2 linker histone stably interacts with Cul4A E3 ubiquitin ligase and PAF1 elongation complexes; H1.2 bridges the interaction between Cul4A and PAF1 complexes via interaction with Ser2-phosphorylated RNAPII; this cooperation potentiates target gene transcription via H4K31 ubiquitylation, H3K4me3, and H3K79me2; individual knockdown of H1.2, Cul4A, or PAF1 abolishes these histone marks. Co-immunoprecipitation; ChIP; siRNA knockdown; reporter assays Cell reports Medium 24360965
2014 PAF1 is a molecular regulator of promoter-proximal RNA Pol II pausing in metazoans: PAF1 depletion leads to increased release of paused Pol II into gene bodies at thousands of genes, increased nascent and mature transcripts, and increased Pol II CTD Ser2 phosphorylation; mechanistically, PAF1 depletion allows recruitment of the Super Elongation Complex (SEC), a Ser2P kinase, effecting increased productive elongation. GRO-seq (nascent transcription); RNA-seq; ChIP-seq for Pol II and Ser2P; siRNA PAF1 depletion; SEC recruitment assays Cell High 26279188
2014 H2B K34 ubiquitylation by the MOF-MSL complex is part of early transcription elongation networks; PAF1, MSL, and RNF20/40 complexes are recruited and stabilized at active gene promoters through direct binary interactions; stabilized complexes regulate chromatin association of pTEFb through a positive feedback loop and facilitate Pol II transition during early elongation. Co-immunoprecipitation; ChIP-seq; siRNA knockdown; genome-wide Pol II processivity analysis Molecular cell Medium 24837678
2015 Fission yeast Paf1C negatively controls RNAi-directed heterochromatin formation: temporary siRNA expression in Paf1C mutants triggers stable heritable heterochromatin at homologous loci; Paf1C prevents targeting of nascent transcripts by siRNA-containing RITS complex by promoting efficient transcription termination and rapid release of RNA from the transcription site; impaired termination initiates bi-stable heterochromatin, but impairment of both termination and RNA release is required for stability. Genetic analysis (paf1C mutants); siRNA induction system; ChIP for heterochromatin marks; reporter gene silencing assays; RNA analysis Nature High 25807481
2015 PAF1 (Paf1/PD2) expression is induced by FOSL1 downstream of CHRNA7 signaling in cigarette-smoke-exposed pancreatic cancer cells; PAF1 knockdown abolishes CSE-induced stem cell features; PAF1 interacts with PHD-finger protein 5A (a pluripotent transcription factor); ChIP confirmed FOSL1 binding to the PAF1 promoter. siRNA knockdown; ChIP; RNA-seq; immunoblot; sphere formation assay; KRAS mouse model Gastroenterology Medium 29864419
2015 PAF1 is a critical regulator of paused Pol II release: P-TEFb directly regulates initial PAF1 complex recruitment to genes; subsequent recruitment of CDK12 is dependent on PAF1C; P-TEFb, PAF1C, and CDK12 cooperate in pausing release and Pol II CTD phosphorylation. ChIP-seq; rapid PAF1C depletion; in vitro kinase assays; co-immunoprecipitation Science High 26659056
2015 PAF1C is required for DENV2 restriction: PAF1C promotes expression of STAT2-independent immune response genes; DENV2 NS5 nuclear localization and C-terminal methyltransferase domain are required for NS5-PAF1C interaction; NS5 antagonizes PAF1C recruitment to immune response gene chromatin. PAF1 knockout cells; RNA-seq; co-immunoprecipitation with NS5 domain mutants; ChIP PLoS pathogens Medium 34797876
2016 The histone modification domain (HMD) of Paf1C subunit Rtf1 directly interacts with the ubiquitin conjugase Rad6 and stimulates H2B ubiquitylation independently of transcription; the crystal structure of the Rtf1 HMD identifies a conserved Rad6 interaction surface; ChIP-exo localizes the H2Bub machinery and shows Paf1C targets the Rtf1 HMD to appropriate genomic locations; HMD-dependent H2Bub stimulation is reproduced in a transcription-free reconstituted in vitro system. Crystal structure of Rtf1 HMD; site-specific in vivo crosslinking; ChIP-exo; transcription-free reconstituted in vitro ubiquitylation assay Molecular cell High 27840029
2016 Yeast Mec1 (ATR), INO80C, and PAF1C cooperate to limit transcription-replication conflicts: PAF1C and RNAPII are degraded/removed from transcribed genes near early-firing origins in a Mec1- and INO80-dependent manner upon replication stress (hydroxyurea); loss of paf1Δ impairs replication fork restart after stalling, similar to ino80 and mec1 mutants. Proteomic analysis of chromatin-bound RNAPII; genetic epistasis (paf1Δ, ino80, mec1 mutants); ChIP; replication fork restart assays Genes & development Medium 26798134
2017 Paf1 levels on Pol II vary between genes and are regulated by promoters in response to environmental cues; high Paf1 levels on Pol II promote transcript nuclear export while low levels reflect nuclear retention; strains lacking Paf1 show elongation defects; Paf1 has two distinct functions: a core function in elongation (satisfied by low Paf1 levels) and a regulatory function in differential transcript fate. Strand-specific nucleotide-resolution sequencing (NET-seq); nuclear export assays; Paf1 deletion strains; quantitative ChIP Molecular cell High 28190769
2018 PAF1C interacts with SETDB1 (H3K9 methyltransferase); a CDC73 mutant unable to support AML cell growth shows stabilized PAF1C-SETDB1 interaction; SETDB1 overexpression or stabilization of this interaction reduces Meis1 and Hoxa9 transcription and increases promoter H3K9me3, indicating PAF1C can mediate H3K9me3-dependent transcriptional repression in AML. Proteomics (AP-MS) for CDC73 interactions; co-immunoprecipitation; ChIP for H3K9me3; gene expression analysis in AML cells Oncotarget Medium 29774127
2018 A 87-amino-acid peptide encoded by the circular form of LINC-PINT directly interacts with PAF1 complex (PAF1C) and inhibits transcriptional elongation of multiple oncogenes, suppressing glioblastoma cell proliferation. RNC-seq (ribosome nascent-chain complex-bound RNA sequencing); co-immunoprecipitation; reporter elongation assays; in vitro and in vivo tumor models Nature communications Medium 30367041
2019 Paf1C (Paf1 and Ctr9 subunits) functions as a transcriptional repressor of ATG32 in glucose-rich conditions: Paf1C binds the ATG32 promoter; glucose starvation dissociates Paf1C from ATG32, increasing Atg32 and Atg11 expression and facilitating mitophagy; Paf1C suppresses glucose-starvation-induced autophagy but not nitrogen-starvation- or rapamycin-induced autophagy; this mitophagic role extends to mammals. ChIP (Paf1C at ATG32 promoter); genetic deletion of PAF1 and CTR9; mitophagy assays; gene expression analysis; mammalian validation Autophagy Medium 31525119
2019 PAF1C components Paf1 and Leo1 selectively facilitate transcription of long toxic GGGGCC repeat expansions (>30 repeats) in C9orf72-associated FTD but not shorter non-toxic expansions; depletion of PAF1C in Drosophila reduces toxic RNA and GR dipeptide production; LEO1 binds C9+ repeat chromatin in human cells; PAF1 and LEO1 are upregulated in C9+ FTD and correlate with repeat-containing C9orf72 transcripts. Drosophila genetic screen; PAF1C knockdown; RNA quantification; chromatin immunoprecipitation (LEO1); human patient tissue analysis Nature neuroscience Medium 31110321
2019 The nucleosome acidic patch directly interacts with Paf1C subunit Rtf1 (via its histone modification domain) and FACT subunit Spt16, as revealed by site-specific crosslinking of histone H2A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; an acidic patch mutant shows defects in nucleosome positioning and occupancy genome-wide; Rtf1-nucleosome acidic patch interaction supports its role in H2B K123 ubiquitylation. Site-specific protein crosslinking in vivo; ChIP for nucleosome positioning/occupancy; genetic analysis of acidic patch mutant Nucleic acids research High 31226204
2020 LEDGF/p75 suppresses HIV proviral transcription during latency by recruiting PAF1 complex to the provirus, promoting promoter-proximal Pol II pausing; upon latency reversal, casein kinase II (CKII)-dependent association of LEDGF/p75 with MLL1 complex competitively displaces PAF1C from the provirus; CKII inhibition prevents PAF1 dissociation and blocks recruitment of both MLL1 and Super Elongation Complex. Co-immunoprecipitation; ChIP; CKII pharmacological inhibition; PAF1 depletion; HIV latency and reactivation models Science advances Medium 32426500
2021 KDM4A and PAF1 co-regulate a transcriptional program essential for AML leukemogenesis; loss of KDM4A causes global accumulation of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 at KDM4A-targeted loci, downregulating a KDM4A-PAF1 controlled transcriptional program; this regulatory network is distinct from KDM4C-dependent programs. KDM4A knockdown/knockout in AML cells; ChIP-seq for H3K9me3 and H3K27me3; co-immunoprecipitation; patient data analysis Cell death & disease Medium 34083515
2022 PAF1 governs Pol II pausing by recruiting Integrator-PP2A (INTAC) complex, in addition to ensuring elongation; upon acute PAF1 degradation, most destabilized polymerase undergoes release due to skewed INTAC/P-TEFb balance, resulting in hyperphosphorylated SPT5; impaired Pol II progression during elongation combined with altered pause release frequency determines final transcriptional outputs; PAF1 degradation causes cumulative decline in histone modifications affecting PAF1 target gene transcription. Rapid degradation systems (auxin-inducible degron); GRO-seq; ChIP-seq; phosphoproteomics; INTAC recruitment assays Science advances High 35363521
2023 Spt6 directly interacts with Paf1C subunit Cdc73 through Spt6's tandem SH2 domain; rapid depletion of Spt6 dissociates Paf1 from chromatin and alters patterns of Paf1C-dependent histone modifications genome-wide; Cdc73 also directly contacts the largest subunit of Pol II; both interactions require the Spt6 tandem SH2 domain. Site-specific protein crosslinking in yeast; in vitro interaction assay (Cdc73-Spt6); rapid Spt6 depletion; ChIP for Paf1 and histone modifications genome-wide Nucleic acids research High 36928138
2011 DNMTs interact specifically with the PAF1 transcriptional elongation complex during early differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, with PAF1 binding at promoters of pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG, providing a molecular link for silencing of these genes during differentiation. Quantitative proteomics; co-immunoprecipitation; ChIP at OCT4/NANOG promoters Science signaling Medium 21406692
2005 The human RNF20/40 complex is the E3 ligase and UbcH6 the E2-conjugating enzyme for H2B-Lys120 monoubiquitination; UbcH6 physically interacts with RNF20/40 and the hPAF complex; a trimeric hPAF/RNF20/40/UbcH6 complex stimulates H2B monoubiquitination in vitro; this activity is required for H3K4 and H3K79 methylation and HOX gene expression. In vitro ubiquitination reconstitution; co-immunoprecipitation; ChIP; RNAi knockdown; gene expression analysis Molecular cell High 16307923
2015 Paf1 complex factors Leo1 and Paf1 promote local histone turnover in fission yeast to prevent the spreading of heterochromatin into euchromatic regions: deletion of Leo1 decreases nucleosome turnover, stabilizing heterochromatin; this mechanism is RNAi-independent; ChIP-exo mapping reveals increased H3K9me2 spreading at multiple facultative heterochromatin loci in leo1Δ and paf1Δ. Random mutant library screen; ChIP-exo for H3K9me2; histone turnover assays; reporter silencing assays EMBO reports Medium 26518661

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2013 Infernal 1.1: 100-fold faster RNA homology searches. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 2599 24008419
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2010 Interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathway. Science signaling 765 20086235
2003 Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nature genetics 754 14702039
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2006 Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. Cell 590 16713563
2018 A peptide encoded by circular form of LINC-PINT suppresses oncogenic transcriptional elongation in glioblastoma. Nature communications 570 30367041
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2009 RAD6-Mediated transcription-coupled H2B ubiquitylation directly stimulates H3K4 methylation in human cells. Cell 426 19410543
2005 Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. Genome research 409 16344560
2015 Panorama of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes. Nature 407 26344197
2005 Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation. Molecular cell 400 16307923
2011 System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Science signaling 382 21406692
2005 Glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reductase 1 regulate anxiety in mice. Nature 382 16244648
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
2010 HIV-1 Tat assembles a multifunctional transcription elongation complex and stably associates with the 7SK snRNP. Molecular cell 326 20471949
2012 Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of HIV-1 gene expression. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 309 22355797
2016 Identification of Zika Virus and Dengue Virus Dependency Factors using Functional Genomics. Cell reports 306 27342126
2012 Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and sarcopenia. Endocrine 297 22815045
1998 Delta-1 activation of notch-1 signaling results in HES-1 transactivation. Molecular and cellular biology 283 9819428
2012 A high-throughput approach for measuring temporal changes in the interactome. Nature methods 273 22863883
2002 The Paf1 complex physically and functionally associates with transcription elongation factors in vivo. The EMBO journal 265 11927560
2012 Suppression of the antiviral response by an influenza histone mimic. Nature 252 22419161
2004 Transferrin receptor 1. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 242 15313461
2005 The parafibromin tumor suppressor protein is part of a human Paf1 complex. Molecular and cellular biology 228 15632063
2010 (1,3)-beta-glucans activate both dectin-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 223 20421639
2010 The human PAF1 complex acts in chromatin transcription elongation both independently and cooperatively with SII/TFIIS. Cell 222 20178742
2017 Optimized fragmentation schemes and data analysis strategies for proteome-wide cross-link identification. Nature communications 221 28524877
2010 The Paf1 complex: platform or player in RNA polymerase II transcription? Biochimica et biophysica acta 212 20060942
2002 Ctr9, Rtf1, and Leo1 are components of the Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex. Molecular and cellular biology 204 11884586
2018 An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein interactions and subcellular localizations. Nature communications 201 29568061
2011 Next-generation sequencing to generate interactome datasets. Nature methods 200 21516116
2015 A deep proteomics perspective on CRM1-mediated nuclear export and nucleocytoplasmic partitioning. eLife 198 26673895
2015 PAF1, a Molecular Regulator of Promoter-Proximal Pausing by RNA Polymerase II. Cell 197 26279188
2015 RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 regulates the release and phosphorylation of paused RNA polymerase II. Science (New York, N.Y.) 197 26659056
1995 PU.1 (Spi-1) autoregulates its expression in myeloid cells. Oncogene 187 7478579
1998 Interleukin-1. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 176 9785472
2010 CaV2.1 channelopathies. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 172 20204399
2004 The Paf1 complex has functions independent of actively transcribing RNA polymerase II. Molecular cell 149 15149594
2009 CDE-1 affects chromosome segregation through uridylation of CSR-1-bound siRNAs. Cell 148 19804759
1998 Role of PU.1 in hematopoiesis. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 136 9474745
2017 Emerging Insights into the Roles of the Paf1 Complex in Gene Regulation. Trends in biochemical sciences 130 28870425
2005 A posttranscriptional role for the yeast Paf1-RNA polymerase II complex is revealed by identification of primary targets. Molecular cell 117 16246724
2014 HIV-1 uncoating is facilitated by dynein and kinesin 1. Journal of virology 115 25231297
2007 Regulation of histone modification and cryptic transcription by the Bur1 and Paf1 complexes. The EMBO journal 113 17948059
2001 Phenotypic spectrum of mutations in DAX-1 and SF-1. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 105 11738790
2016 Mec1, INO80, and the PAF1 complex cooperate to limit transcription replication conflicts through RNAPII removal during replication stress. Genes & development 98 26798134
2014 MacroH2A1.1 and PARP-1 cooperate to regulate transcription by promoting CBP-mediated H2B acetylation. Nature structural & molecular biology 98 25306110
2008 Kv7.1 (KCNQ1) properties and channelopathies. The Journal of physiology 96 18174212
2015 Regulation of IGF -1 signaling by microRNAs. Frontiers in genetics 95 25628647
2009 DSIF, the Paf1 complex, and Tat-SF1 have nonredundant, cooperative roles in RNA polymerase II elongation. Genes & development 95 19952111
2005 A Requirement for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Paf1 complex in snoRNA 3' end formation. Molecular cell 95 16246725
1995 A nonmammalian homolog of the PAF1 gene (Zellweger syndrome) discovered as a gene involved in caryogamy in the fungus Podospora anserina. Cell 92 7600573
2016 The Histone Modification Domain of Paf1 Complex Subunit Rtf1 Directly Stimulates H2B Ubiquitylation through an Interaction with Rad6. Molecular cell 88 27840029
2015 The Paf1 complex represses small-RNA-mediated epigenetic gene silencing. Nature 84 25807481
2015 Using CellMiner 1.6 for Systems Pharmacology and Genomic Analysis of the NCI-60. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 83 26048278
2021 The Paf1 Complex: A Keystone of Nuclear Regulation Operating at the Interface of Transcription and Chromatin. Journal of molecular biology 82 33811920
2014 H2B ubiquitylation promotes RNA Pol II processivity via PAF1 and pTEFb. Molecular cell 81 24837678
2018 Cigarette Smoke Induces Stem Cell Features of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via PAF1. Gastroenterology 78 29864419
2012 1q21.1 Microduplication expression in adults. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 78 23018752
2014 Germline mutations in the PAF1 complex gene CTR9 predispose to Wilms tumour. Nature communications 76 25099282
2011 Mpk1 MAPK association with the Paf1 complex blocks Sen1-mediated premature transcription termination. Cell 76 21376235
2002 Microbial dehalorespiration with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Science (New York, N.Y.) 75 12411705
1999 Thrombospondin-1, PECAM-1, and regulation of angiogenesis. Histology and histopathology 73 9987673
2001 Regulation of BOB.1/OBF.1 stability by SIAH. The EMBO journal 72 11483518
2015 The Paf1 complex factors Leo1 and Paf1 promote local histone turnover to modulate chromatin states in fission yeast. EMBO reports 68 26518661
2023 Rapid Access to 2-Substituted Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 66 36696089
2006 The requirements for COMPASS and Paf1 in transcriptional silencing and methylation of histone H3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 66 16582434
2019 Toxic expanded GGGGCC repeat transcription is mediated by the PAF1 complex in C9orf72-associated FTD. Nature neuroscience 65 31110321
2008 SPDL-1 functions as a kinetochore receptor for MDF-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Journal of cell biology 58 18936247
2013 Chromosome 2q31.1 associates with ESRD in women with type 1 diabetes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 57 24029427
2010 NKX3.1 activates cellular response to DNA damage. Cancer research 57 20395202
2013 Structural insights into Paf1 complex assembly and histone binding. Nucleic acids research 56 24038468
2013 Linker Histone H1.2 cooperates with Cul4A and PAF1 to drive H4K31 ubiquitylation-mediated transactivation. Cell reports 53 24360965
2000 PU.1 expression in microglia. Journal of neuroimmunology 51 10713349
1999 Association of Pur alpha and E2F-1 suppresses transcriptional activity of E2F-1. Oncogene 51 10597240
2008 APE1/Ref-1 regulates PTEN expression mediated by Egr-1. Free radical research 50 18324520
2004 Predicting genes expressed via -1 and +1 frameshifts. Nucleic acids research 50 15371551
2002 TGF beta-1 downregulates DMP-1 and DSPP in odontoblasts. Connective tissue research 50 12489180
2017 Paf1 Has Distinct Roles in Transcription Elongation and Differential Transcript Fate. Molecular cell 49 28190769
2007 Interactions between Idd5.1/Ctla4 and other type 1 diabetes genes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 49 18056379
2021 Constrained chromatin accessibility in PU.1-mutated agammaglobulinemia patients. The Journal of experimental medicine 48 33951726
2009 RNA polymerase II associated factor 1/PD2 maintains self-renewal by its interaction with Oct3/4 in mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 47 19821493
2020 Skeletal muscle CaV1.1 channelopathies. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 46 32222817
2022 Coordinated regulation of RNA polymerase II pausing and elongation progression by PAF1. Science advances 45 35363521
2022 PI(18:1/18:1) is a SCD1-derived lipokine that limits stress signaling. Nature communications 45 35624087
2020 The energy landscape of -1 ribosomal frameshifting. Science advances 42 31911945
2019 Inhibition of CHK 1 (Checkpoint Kinase 1) Elicits Therapeutic Effects in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 42 31092016
2011 RUNX1 regulates corepressor interactions of PU.1. Blood 42 21518930
2007 Differential regulation of primitive myelopoiesis in the zebrafish by Spi-1/Pu.1 and C/ebp1. Zebrafish 40 18041923
2010 PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN is a component of the PAF1 complex and assists in regulating expression of genes within H3K27ME3-enriched chromatin. Plant physiology 39 20363855
2010 Leo1 subunit of the yeast paf1 complex binds RNA and contributes to complex recruitment. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 20732871
1999 DAX-1, an 'antitestis' gene. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 39 10412368
2014 miRNA-1 regulates endothelin-1 in diabetes. Life sciences 38 24394957
2008 Multiple yeast genes, including Paf1 complex genes, affect telomere length via telomerase RNA abundance. Molecular and cellular biology 38 18411302
1995 An overview of the toxicology of HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). Human & experimental toxicology 37 8579881
2018 HIV-1 Vpr Reprograms CLR4DCAF1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase to Antagonize Exonuclease 1-Mediated Restriction of HIV-1 Infection. mBio 36 30352932
2006 NKX3.1 is regulated by protein kinase CK2 in prostate tumor cells. Molecular and cellular biology 36 16581776
2000 Gab-1-mediated IGF-1 signaling in IRS-1-deficient 3T3 fibroblasts. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 10744748
2018 PD2/PAF1 at the Crossroads of the Cancer Network. Cancer research 35 29311159
2012 The 1-1-1 fallacy. Immunological reviews 32 22500837
2019 The nucleosome acidic patch directly interacts with subunits of the Paf1 and FACT complexes and controls chromatin architecture in vivo. Nucleic acids research 29 31226204
2019 The Paf1 complex transcriptionally regulates the mitochondrial-anchored protein Atg32 leading to activation of mitophagy. Autophagy 29 31525119
2021 A KDM4A-PAF1-mediated epigenomic network is essential for acute myeloid leukemia cell self-renewal and survival. Cell death & disease 28 34083515
2016 The SNW Domain of SKIP Is Required for Its Integration into the Spliceosome and Its Interaction with the Paf1 Complex in Arabidopsis. Molecular plant 28 27130079
2011 Subtype specific elevated expression of hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL-1) in epithelial ovarian cancer. PloS one 28 21695196
2021 Nuclear dengue virus NS5 antagonizes expression of PAF1-dependent immune response genes. PLoS pathogens 27 34797876
2018 PAF1 complex interactions with SETDB1 mediate promoter H3K9 methylation and transcriptional repression of Hoxa9 and Meis1 in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 27 29774127
2007 PU.1 activates transcription of SHP-1 gene in hematopoietic cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 27 17218319
1996 Molecular analysis of the lissencephaly gene 1 (LIS-1) in medulloblastomas. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology 27 8804025
2005 The 1.1-angstrom structure of the spindle checkpoint protein Bub3p reveals functional regions. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 15644329
2017 LncRNA-RP11-714G18.1 suppresses vascular cell migration via directly targeting LRP2BP. Immunology and cell biology 25 29363163
2011 9-1-1: PCNA's specialized cousin. Trends in biochemical sciences 25 21978893
2009 PU.1 activation relieves GATA-1-mediated repression of Cebpa and Cbfb during leukemia differentiation. Molecular cancer research : MCR 24 19825991
2023 Spt6 directly interacts with Cdc73 and is required for Paf1 complex occupancy at active genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic acids research 23 36928138
2020 Competition between PAF1 and MLL1/COMPASS confers the opposing function of LEDGF/p75 in HIV latency and proviral reactivation. Science advances 23 32426500
2012 Effects of the Paf1 complex and histone modifications on snoRNA 3'-end formation reveal broad and locus-specific regulation. Molecular and cellular biology 23 23109428
2005 Separation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Paf1 complex from RNA polymerase II results in changes in its subnuclear localization. Eukaryotic cell 23 15643076
2017 An Apple Protein Kinase MdSnRK1.1 Interacts with MdCAIP1 to Regulate ABA Sensitivity. Plant & cell physiology 22 29016962
2014 PDX-1 (pancreatic/duodenal homeobox-1 protein 1). Pathologica 22 25845046
1999 Association with E2F-1 governs intracellular trafficking and polyubiquitination of DP-1. Oncogene 21 9989809
1987 Expression of cytoskeletal protein 4.1 during avian erythroid cellular maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 21 3469646
2017 Phyllotactic regularity requires the Paf1 complex in Arabidopsis. Development (Cambridge, England) 20 28982682