Affinage

RSPH3

Radial spoke head protein 3 homolog · UniProt Q86UC2

Length
560 aa
Mass
63.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
54 papers in source corpus 18 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RSPH3 is a conserved radial spoke stalk protein that functions as a dimeric A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) essential for radial spoke assembly, ciliary motility regulation, and flagellar beat coordination. The N-terminal domain mediates homodimerization and axoneme binding, while internal amphipathic helices scaffold PKA regulatory subunits (RIIα/RIIβ), additional spoke components via Dpy-30/RIIa domains, and active ERK1/2, integrating kinase signaling at the spoke base to control dynein-driven motility through I1 dynein as a downstream effector (PMID:11309423, PMID:18157907, PMID:19684019, PMID:23148234, PMID:41487906). RSPH3 is transported into cilia on anterograde IFT trains via the adapter ARMC2/PF27 and is deposited at the axoneme tip, where it incorporates into the RS1 subtype of radial spokes (PMID:34982025, PMID:39849482). Loss-of-function mutations in human RSPH3 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) with near-complete absence of radial spokes and central-complex defects, establishing RSPH3 as essential for RS stalk integrity upstream of RS head and neck assembly (PMID:26082196, PMID:26073779).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1993 High

    Identifying how RSP3 attaches to the axoneme answered where the radial spoke anchors and established that a discrete N-terminal domain (aa 1–85) is both necessary and sufficient for axoneme binding.

    Evidence In vitro axoneme-binding assays with truncated/fusion RSP3 proteins and transformation rescue of spokeless pf14 Chlamydomonas mutants

    PMID:8408197

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding partner on the axoneme not identified
    • Whether binding is direct to outer doublet or requires adaptor proteins unknown
  2. 2001 High

    Demonstrating that RSP3 is an AKAP with a defined RII-binding amphipathic helix (aa 144–180) answered how PKA is positioned at the radial spoke and linked spoke-localized kinase signaling to motility regulation.

    Evidence RII blot overlay on axonemes from motility mutants, truncation and point mutagenesis of RSP3 in Chlamydomonas

    PMID:11309423

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether mammalian RSPH3 AKAP function is conserved was not yet shown
    • Identity of PKA substrates at the spoke unknown
  3. 2004 Medium

    Isolation of RSP3 in a KI-extractable spoke stalk subcomplex with HSP40 and RSP4/6 in Ciona confirmed the stalk localization across species and identified co-migrating partners.

    Evidence Biochemical fractionation, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and immunoelectron microscopy in ascidian sperm axonemes

    PMID:15563603

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct stoichiometry of the subcomplex not determined
    • Whether HSP40 association is functionally relevant or a co-purification artifact unclear
  4. 2006 High

    Showing that disruption of the RSP3 RII-binding domain causes unregulated axonemal PKA and paralyzed motility—rescued by PKA inhibitors—established RSP3 as the functional AKAP that restrains PKA to permit normal flagellar beating.

    Evidence Transformation of pf14 with RII-binding domain point-mutant RSP3; demembranated cell reactivation ± PKA inhibitors in Chlamydomonas

    PMID:16571668

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream PKA substrates mediating the motility defect not identified
    • Whether other AKAPs compensate partially unknown
  5. 2008 High

    Demonstrating RSP3 homodimerization via the N-terminal axoneme-binding domain established that each radial spoke is built on a dimeric scaffold capable of positioning multiple signaling modules.

    Evidence Chemical crosslinking, native gel electrophoresis, and co-immunoprecipitation with epitope-tagged RSP3 in Chlamydomonas

    PMID:18157907

    Open questions at the time
    • Dimer interface residues not resolved at atomic level
    • Whether dimerization is required for IFT transport unknown
  6. 2009 High

    Identification of mammalian RSPH3 as a dual-kinase scaffold—binding active ERK1/2 and PKA RIIα/RIIβ with ERK-dependent modulation of the PKA interaction—extended the AKAP model to mammals and revealed crosstalk between MAPK and PKA pathways at radial spokes.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid (active ERK2 bait), co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, RII overlay in mammalian cells

    PMID:19684019

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological consequence of ERK-PKA crosstalk on ciliary motility not tested
    • RSPH3 phosphorylation sites for ERK not mapped in vivo
  7. 2012 High

    Two discoveries resolved that RSP3's amphipathic helices recruit non-PKA spoke components via RIIa/Dpy-30 domains and that LC8 dimers bind the N-terminus to enhance axoneme association, collectively defining RSP3 as a multi-valent structural hub.

    Evidence In vitro pull-downs and domain mapping for spoke protein binding; co-sedimentation, axoneme pull-down, and flagellar motility analysis of LC8-binding mutants in Chlamydomonas

    PMID:22753897 PMID:23148234

    Open questions at the time
    • Full inventory of proteins recruited by each amphipathic helix in vivo not established
    • Structural basis of LC8-mediated enhancement of axoneme binding unknown
  8. 2014 Medium

    Localization of mammalian RSPH3 to ependymal cilia and the perinuclear region, with overexpression promoting cortical neuron migration, suggested roles beyond canonical ciliary motility.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, in utero electroporation, subcellular fractionation in mouse cortex and cell lines

    PMID:25079589

    Open questions at the time
    • Loss-of-function neuronal phenotype not shown
    • Whether motility phenotype is cilia-dependent or cytoplasmic unclear
  9. 2015 High

    Two key advances: human RSPH3 loss-of-function mutations were shown to cause PCD with near-complete radial spoke absence, and mammalian RSPH3 was found to shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm to promote neurogenesis, broadening its functional repertoire.

    Evidence Genetic studies in PCD families with immunofluorescence/TEM of respiratory cilia; NLS/NES deletion mapping and in utero electroporation in mouse cortex

    PMID:26073779 PMID:26082196

    Open questions at the time
    • How RSPH3 nuclear shuttling relates to its AKAP function unknown
    • Genotype-phenotype correlation across different RSPH3 mutations not fully explored
  10. 2019 Medium

    Studies in Drosophila showed RSPH3 interacts with RSBP15 for stabilization and with Combover (Cmb, a Rho kinase effector) to coordinate sperm individualization, linking radial spoke function to actin-based processes in spermatogenesis.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, knockout/RNAi phenotype analysis, and TEM in Drosophila sperm

    PMID:31281031 PMID:31391193

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RSBP15 and Cmb interactions are conserved in mammals unknown
    • Direct binding domains on RSPH3 for these partners not mapped
  11. 2022 High

    Live imaging revealed that RSPH3 is co-transported with ARMC2 on anterograde IFT trains and deposited at the flagellar tip, solving how radial spoke precursors reach their assembly site.

    Evidence Live fluorescence imaging of tagged RSP3/ARMC2, IFT co-migration analysis, and rescue genetics in armc2/pf27 Chlamydomonas mutants

    PMID:34982025

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RSPH3 is transported as a preassembled spoke subcomplex or monomer/dimer unknown
    • Mechanism of tip unloading not defined
  12. 2023 Medium

    Identification of IQUB and LRRC23 as physical interactors placed RSPH3 in a calmodulin-regulated assembly pathway where IQUB recruits calmodulin to modulate RSPH3 AKAP activity for normal RS assembly.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, knockout/knockin mouse models with TEM and sperm motility phenotyping; WES and Co-IP for LRRC23

    PMID:36355624 PMID:37804054

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct calmodulin binding to RSPH3 not demonstrated
    • LRRC23 interaction validated only by single Co-IP
    • Whether IQUB regulation of RSPH3 occurs during IFT or after axoneme incorporation unclear
  13. 2025 Medium

    Proteomics placed RSPH3 specifically in the RS1 head, and genetic epistasis showed I1 dynein acts downstream of the RSP3–PKA signaling axis, completing the pathway order from spoke-localized PKA to dynein regulation.

    Evidence Mass spectrometry of RS fractions from Iqub-/- mouse sperm; double-mutant motility analysis (388;ida1) in Chlamydomonas

    PMID:39849482 PMID:41487906

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RSPH3 is in the RS1 head versus stalk needs reconciliation with prior stalk assignment
    • PKA substrate on I1 dynein not identified
    • Whether RS2/RS3 also contain RSPH3 in mammals unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the atomic structure of the RSPH3 dimer and its multi-protein spoke scaffold, the identity of PKA substrates linking RSPH3 signaling to I1 dynein regulation, and whether the nuclear shuttling and neurogenesis functions depend on the same AKAP activity used in cilia.
  • No high-resolution structure of RSPH3 dimer or spoke complex available
  • PKA substrate identity on I1 dynein unknown
  • Relationship between ciliary and nuclear RSPH3 functions unexplored

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 4 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005929 cilium 6 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 4 GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1474165 Reproduction 2 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 2
Partners
ARMC2DYNLL1IQUBLRRC23MAPK1MAPK3PRKAR2APRKAR2B
Complex memberships
RSP3 homodimerRadial spoke (RS1)

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 RSP3 (the Chlamydomonas ortholog of RSPH3) is an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) located in the radial spoke stalk; the RII-binding domain was mapped to amino acids 144–180, which form an amphipathic helix, and amino acid substitutions (L to P or VL to AA) in the central residues abolish RII binding. RII blot overlay on motility mutants, truncation analysis of RSP3, in vitro mutagenesis The Journal of cell biology High 11309423
1993 RSP3 (Chlamydomonas ortholog) contains an axoneme-binding domain within amino acids 1–85 (minimal active region 42–85); deletion of this domain abolishes binding to spokeless (pf14) axonemes, and fusion of residues 1–85 to an unrelated protein confers binding activity. In vitro axoneme-binding assay with truncated/fusion RSP3 proteins; transformation of pf14 mutants with mutagenized RSP3 genes The Journal of cell biology High 8408197
2006 Disruption of the PKA/RII-binding domain of RSP3 (Chlamydomonas ortholog) results in unregulated axonemal cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity and abnormal/paralyzed flagellar motility; PKA inhibitors rescue paralysis, confirming RSP3 is the axonemal AKAP that spatially regulates PKA to control motility. Transformation of pf14 mutant with RII-binding domain point mutant RSP3; reactivation experiments with demembranated cells ± PKA inhibitors Molecular biology of the cell High 16571668
2008 RSP3 (Chlamydomonas ortholog) forms a homodimer; the dimerization domain coincides with the N-terminal axoneme-binding domain. Each radial spoke is proposed to be built on an RSP3 dimer, enabling localization of multiple PKAs to control dynein activity. Chemical crosslinking, native gel electrophoresis, co-immunoprecipitation with epitope-tagged RSP3, truncation analysis Cell motility and the cytoskeleton High 18157907
2009 Mammalian RSPH3 binds active (phosphorylated) ERK1/2 and is a substrate for ERK1/2 phosphorylation; RSPH3 also scaffolds the PKA holoenzyme by binding RIIα and RIIβ regulatory subunits, and ERK1/2 activity/phosphorylation regulates the interaction between RSPH3 and PKA regulatory subunits. Yeast two-hybrid screen (active ERK2 bait), co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, RII overlay assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 19684019
2012 RSP3 (Chlamydomonas ortholog) functions as a dimeric structural scaffold that anchors four non-PKA radial spoke proteins (involved in spoke assembly and modulation) through two distinct amphipathic helices (AHs) that bind RIIa and Dpy-30 domains; one AH can bind both domain types in vitro. In vitro pull-down assays, domain-mapping with truncated RSP3, co-immunoprecipitation The Journal of cell biology High 23148234
2012 LC8 dimers bind in tandem to the N-terminal region of RSP3 (Chlamydomonas ortholog) and enhance RSP3 binding to axonemes; perturbation of RSP3's LC8-binding sites causes hypophosphorylated RSP3, defective LC8–RS–axoneme associations, and asynchronous flagellar beating. Co-sedimentation, in vitro binding assay, axoneme pull-down with RSP3 N-terminal fragments, flagellar motility analysis of mutants The Journal of cell biology High 22753897
2015 Loss-of-function RSPH3 mutations in humans cause PCD with near-complete absence of radial spokes and central-complex defects; RSPH3 protein is undetectable in cilia of affected individuals, while RS-neck protein RSPH23 and RS-head proteins RSPH1 and RSPH4A remain present, placing RSPH3 as essential for RS stalk assembly and upstream of RS-head and neck assembly. Genetic identification of loss-of-function mutations, immunofluorescence of respiratory cilia, transmission electron microscopy, high-speed videomicroscopy American journal of human genetics High 26073779
2014 Mouse RSP3 (mammalian RSPH3 ortholog) localizes to the perinuclear region in CHO and 293T cells and accumulates in ependymal cilia; overexpression in developing cortex increases neurons reaching the upper cortical plate, and RSP3 accumulates in the leading process of migrating cortical neurons. Immunofluorescence, in utero electroporation, subcellular fractionation Journal of molecular histology Medium 25079589
2015 Mouse RSP3 (mammalian RSPH3 ortholog) is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein containing two nuclear localization signals and a nuclear export signal; overexpression in developing cerebral cortex promotes neurogenesis and thickening of cortical layer II/III; RSP3 localizes to primary cilia of radial glial cells where it acts as a signaling mediator. Deletion mutant analysis of NLS/NES, in utero electroporation, immunofluorescence of primary cilia Histochemistry and cell biology Medium 26082196
2004 In the ascidian Ciona, RSP3 co-migrates with HSP40 and a RSP4/6 homolog as a KI-extractable complex from axonemes; immunoelectron microscopy localizes HSP40 to the distal spoke stalk (junction between head and stalk), defining the RSP3-containing subcomplex as the radial spoke stalk. Biochemical fractionation (gel filtration, ion exchange), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, immunoelectron microscopy Molecular biology of the cell Medium 15563603
2019 Drosophila dRSPH3 interacts with RSBP15 (a novel protein containing a DD_R_PKA superfamily domain) in sperm flagella; RSBP15 stabilizes dRSPH3, and loss of RSBP15 causes absence of mature sperm, defective individualization complex, and disrupted 9+2 axoneme structure; loss of dRSPH3 alone phenocopies rsbp15 knockout. Co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization by immunofluorescence, knockout phenotype analysis, transmission electron microscopy Journal of genetics and genomics Medium 31281031
2019 Drosophila RSP3 (dRSP3) interacts with Combover (Cmb), an effector of Rho kinase; knockdown of RSP3 in Drosophila causes defective sperm individualization with actin cones failing to move synchronously, phenocopying cmb mutants, and placing RSP3 as a component coordinating the individualization machinery with axonemes. Co-immunoprecipitation (Cmb binds RSP3), RNAi knockdown with actin cone motility assay Development (Cambridge, England) Medium 31391193
2023 RSPH3 physically interacts with IQUB in the yeast two-hybrid system; IQUB deficiency in mice/humans results in radial spoke defects and asthenospermia; the proposed mechanism is that IQUB recruits calmodulin to inhibit RSPH3/p-ERK1/2 AKAP activity, facilitating normal radial spoke assembly. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, western blot, knockout and knockin mouse models, transmission electron microscopy Human reproduction (Oxford, England) Medium 36355624
2023 LRRC23 interacts with RSPH3 in vitro (co-immunoprecipitation), and LRRC23 loss-of-function in a human patient abolishes radial spoke integrity, indicating LRRC23 functions within the RS complex upstream of or alongside RSPH3. Co-immunoprecipitation, transmission electron microscopy, whole-exome sequencing Clinical genetics Low 37804054
2025 RSPH3 is identified as a component of the radial spoke 1 (RS1) head in mammalian sperm; mass spectrometry in Iqub-deficient sperm shows RS1 deficiency with loss of RSPH3 among other RS1 components (RSPH6A, RSPH9, DYDC1), placing RSPH3 specifically in the RS1 subtype. Protein mass spectrometry of RS fractions, western blotting, transmission electron microscopy in Iqub-/- mice Cell communication and signaling : CCS Medium 39849482
2025 In Chlamydomonas, I1 dynein deficiency (ida1) is epistatic to the RSP3 RII-binding domain mutation (388), establishing that I1 dynein acts downstream of the RSP3–PKA signaling axis in the pathway regulating ciliary motility. Genetic epistasis — double mutant 388;ida1 motility analysis compared with single mutants microPublication biology Medium 41487906
2022 ARMC2/PF27 is required for intraflagellar transport (IFT) of radial spokes into Chlamydomonas flagella; RSP3 and ARMC2 co-migrate on anterograde IFT trains and are co-unloaded at the flagellar tip, after which RSP3 attaches to the axoneme while ARMC2 diffuses back; in armc2 mutants, RSP3 IFT is abolished and RS assembly is limited to the proximal flagellar region. Live fluorescence imaging of tagged proteins, IFT co-migration analysis, rescue genetics in armc2/pf27 mutants eLife High 34982025

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 54 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Hrr25-dependent phosphorylation state regulates organization of the pre-40S subunit. Nature 185 16738661
2006 Flagellar motility contributes to cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei and is modulated by an evolutionarily conserved dynein regulatory system. Eukaryotic cell 138 16607017
2018 The Ustilago maydis repetitive effector Rsp3 blocks the antifungal activity of mannose-binding maize proteins. Nature communications 94 29703884
2001 Flagellar radial spoke protein 3 is an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP). The Journal of cell biology 92 11309423
1993 Assembly of flagellar radial spoke proteins in Chlamydomonas: identification of the axoneme binding domain of radial spoke protein 3. The Journal of cell biology 76 8408197
2015 RSPH3 Mutations Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with Central-Complex Defects and a Near Absence of Radial Spokes. American journal of human genetics 72 26073779
1992 Sequence analysis reveals homology between two proteins of the flagellar radial spoke. Molecular and cellular biology 55 1508197
2016 Copper complexes based on chiral Schiff-base ligands: DNA/BSA binding ability, DNA cleavage activity, cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptosis. European journal of medicinal chemistry 54 26994692
2021 Genetic Defects in DNAH2 Underlie Male Infertility With Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the Sperm Flagella in Humans and Mice. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 51 33968937
2004 Molecular characterization of radial spoke subcomplex containing radial spoke protein 3 and heat shock protein 40 in sperm flagella of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Molecular biology of the cell 50 15563603
2014 Genome-wide interaction study of smoking and bladder cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 44 24662972
2006 Disruption of the A-kinase anchoring domain in flagellar radial spoke protein 3 results in unregulated axonemal cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity and abnormal flagellar motility. Molecular biology of the cell 37 16571668
2020 Patients with severe asthenoteratospermia carrying SPAG6 or RSPH3 mutations have a positive pregnancy outcome following intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 34 32124190
2008 Building a radial spoke: flagellar radial spoke protein 3 (RSP3) is a dimer. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 34 18157907
2012 The versatile molecular complex component LC8 promotes several distinct steps of flagellar assembly. The Journal of cell biology 32 22753897
2009 Preparation and antioxidative properties of a rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) protein hydrolysate and three peptide fractions. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 31 19432452
2012 A flagellar A-kinase anchoring protein with two amphipathic helices forms a structural scaffold in the radial spoke complex. The Journal of cell biology 28 23148234
2009 Radial spoke protein 3 is a mammalian protein kinase A-anchoring protein that binds ERK1/2. The Journal of biological chemistry 27 19684019
2022 Chlamydomonas ARMC2/PF27 is an obligate cargo adapter for intraflagellar transport of radial spokes. eLife 25 34982025
2005 The flagellar motility of Chlamydomonas pf25 mutant lacking an AKAP-binding protein is overtly sensitive to medium conditions. Molecular biology of the cell 25 16267272
2019 Dynamic Chirality in the Mechanism of Action of Allosteric CD36 Modulators of Macrophage-Driven Inflammation. Journal of medicinal chemistry 23 31774287
2008 Mass spectrometric proteome analysis suggests anaerobic shift in metabolism of Dauer larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochimica et biophysica acta 22 18620082
1997 A promoter trap for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: development of a gene cloning method using 5' RACE-based probes. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 20 9225472
2018 Radial spoke proteins regulate otolith formation during early zebrafish development. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 16 29475374
2018 In vivo analyses of radial spoke transport, assembly, repair and maintenance. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.) 16 30070024
2019 Combover interacts with the axonemal component Rsp3 and is required for Drosophila sperm individualization. Development (Cambridge, England) 15 31391193
2016 Myc-binding protein orthologue interacts with AKAP240 in the central pair apparatus of the Chlamydomonas flagella. BMC cell biology 13 27287193
2006 Molecular mapping and marker-assisted selection of genes for septoria speckled leaf blotch resistance in barley. Phytopathology 13 18944055
2023 Transcriptomic signatures for human male infertility. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 11 37670815
2017 Flagellar incorporation of proteins follows at least two different routes in trypanosomes. Biology of the cell 10 29148062
1976 Selection of extranuclear mutants of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 10 131734
2021 Common and Unique Genetic Background between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Excessive Body Weight. Genes 9 34573389
2019 RSBP15 interacts with and stabilizes dRSPH3 during sperm axoneme assembly in Drosophila. Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao 9 31281031
2018 SseL Deubiquitinates RPS3 to Inhibit Its Nuclear Translocation. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 9 30405005
2011 Nickel and low CO₂-controlled motility in Chlamydomonas through complementation of a paralyzed flagella mutant with chemically regulated promoters. BMC plant biology 9 21266063
2007 Molecular mapping of rsp1, rsp2, and rsp3 genes conferring resistance to septoria speckled leaf blotch in barley. Phytopathology 9 18944370
2004 Genomic organisation and nervous system expression of radial spoke protein 3. Gene 9 15225872
2023 IQUB deficiency causes male infertility by affecting the activity of p-ERK1/2/RSPH3. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 8 36355624
2009 Male germ cell-specific protein Trs4 binds to multiple proteins. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 7 19706271
2015 The mouse radial spoke protein 3 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that promotes neurogenesis. Histochemistry and cell biology 6 26082196
2014 Subcellular localization and function of mouse radial spoke protein 3 in mammalian cells and central nervous system. Journal of molecular histology 6 25079589
2025 IQUB mutation induces radial spoke 1 deficiency causing asthenozoospermia with normal sperm morphology in humans and mice. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 5 39849482
2023 LRRC23 deficiency causes male infertility with idiopathic asthenozoospermia by disrupting the assembly of radial spokes. Clinical genetics 5 37804054
2022 Burden of rare coding variants reveals genetic heterogeneity between obese and non-obese asthma patients in the African American population. Respiratory research 5 35524249
2012 Novel septoria speckled leaf blotch resistance loci in a barley doubled-haploid population. Phytopathology 4 22439859
2007 Sequence tagged site markers to rsp1, rsp2, and rsp3 genes for resistance to septoria speckled leaf blotch in barley. Phytopathology 4 18944371
2025 Heterogeneity of radial spoke components in Tetrahymena cilia. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2 40886204
2015 Genetic diversity of the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum using a RAPD marker. Comptes rendus biologies 2 26302834
2015 First Report of Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Brassica oleracea in Portugal. Plant disease 2 30699590
1976 RS virus components. I. Isolation and purification. Acta microbiologica Polonica 2 59527
2025 Identified Candidate Genes of Semen Trait in Three Pig Breeds Through Weighted GWAS and Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Analysis. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 1 39943208
2012 Xenopus radial spoke protein 3 gene is expressed in the multiciliated cells of epidermis and otic vesicles and sequentially in the nephrostomes. Development genes and evolution 1 23247584
2025 Multifaceted Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia-A Case Report. Reports (MDPI) 0 40729233
2025 Defective I1 dynein in Chlamydomonas axonemes is epistatic to the RII-binding domain function of radial spoke protein 3 (RSP3) in the regulation of ciliary motility. microPublication biology 0 41487906