Affinage

RFX1

MHC class II regulatory factor RFX1 · UniProt P22670

Length
979 aa
Mass
104.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
57 papers in source corpus 37 papers cited in narrative 37 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RFX1 is a ubiquitously expressed, dual-function transcription factor that recognizes palindromic inverted-repeat DNA elements (X-boxes/EP elements) through a conserved DNA-binding domain, binding as homodimers or as heterodimers with the related RFX2/RFX3 and the partner MIBP1 (PMID:2550788, PMID:8289803, PMID:7760800, PMID:29317724). It was first defined as the hepatitis B virus enhancer I factor EF-C, where its intact interaction with a full inverted repeat is required for enhancer transactivation and where altered spacer length or half-site occupancy abolishes function (PMID:2550788, PMID:8413236, PMID:7713944, PMID:29601674). Its activity is governed by an intramolecular architecture in which an N-terminal glutamine-rich activation domain and a C-terminal repression/dimerization domain mutually neutralize, rendering the intact protein nearly inactive until self-neutralization is relieved (PMID:9278482); this dual potential explains why RFX1 both activates targets such as Itga6 and CCN3 (PMID:27228460, PMID:33655492) and represses many others, including c-myc, PCNA, FGF1, and PNRC (PMID:10336433, PMID:10918054, PMID:20189986). RFX1-mediated repression operates largely through epigenetic silencing: at the CD11a, CD70, IL17A, and TLR4 promoters it recruits the co-repressors DNMT1, HDAC1, and the H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H1 to impose DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, and H3K9 trimethylation, and loss of RFX1 derepresses these genes and drives monocyte and Th17 activation relevant to autoimmunity (PMID:20223637, PMID:21192791, PMID:29422534, PMID:30857550). RFX1 abundance and nuclear access are tightly controlled — nuclear import depends on a C-terminal nonclassical NLS counteracted by an adjacent autoinhibitory acidic region and is induced by PKC activation (PMID:10918054, PMID:11358531), while protein stability is set by competing post-translational marks, with STUB1-mediated polyubiquitination driving proteasomal degradation and KAT7-mediated acetylation blocking it (PMID:27283392, PMID:40192836). In vivo conditional knockout studies establish physiological roles in fetal Sertoli cells for testis cord basal lamina integrity via Itga6 activation and in myeloid cells for restraining CD36-driven foam cell formation and atherosclerosis (PMID:27228460, PMID:38402833).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1989 High

    Established the DNA recognition logic of RFX1 (EF-C): how it reads its binding site and why dimerization is required.

    Evidence In vitro binding, DEPC interference, and spacer-mutagenesis on HBV/polyomavirus enhancers

    PMID:2550788

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the protein's gene identity
    • No cellular function established at this stage
  2. 1991 Medium

    Showed RFX1 binding can be CpG-methylation-dependent, linking it to methylation-sensitive gene readout.

    Evidence In vitro binding with methylated vs unmethylated substrates, identification as MDBP

    PMID:1850932

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of methylation-dependent binding not tested in cells
    • Structural basis of m5C recognition unknown
  3. 1993 High

    Defined RFX1 as EF-C, a functional HBV enhancer I transactivator, and placed it within a novel homo/heterodimeric RFX family.

    Evidence Antisense knockdown, transactivation reporter assays, cloning, and in vitro/in vivo heterodimerization with RFX2/RFX3

    PMID:8289803 PMID:8413236

    Open questions at the time
    • Liver-specific cofactors required for transactivation not all identified
    • Domain map of activation vs repression not yet resolved
  4. 1995 Medium

    Identified MIBP1 as an in vivo heterodimerization partner and showed RFX1-containing complexes can act as silencers at shared elements.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, EMSA supershift, and silencer reporter assays at c-myc, MHC II X-box, and HBV EP elements

    PMID:7760800 PMID:8709229

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of silencing not yet linked to chromatin modifiers
    • Whether MIBP1 is obligate for repression unknown
  5. 1997 High

    Resolved why intact RFX1 is nearly inactive — opposing activation and repression domains mutually neutralize, framing RFX1 as a context-switchable dual regulator.

    Evidence Deletion and chimeric construct transcription assays in transfected cells

    PMID:9278482

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological trigger that relieves self-neutralization not defined
    • Structural basis of intramolecular neutralization unknown
  6. 1998 Medium

    Linked an alternative low-mobility homodimeric complex formed on palindromic DNA to transcriptional repression, providing a conformational basis for the repressive mode.

    Evidence EMSA with dimerization-domain deletion mutants correlated with repression assays

    PMID:10556033 PMID:9733744

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular distinction between the two complexes not structurally defined
    • In vivo relevance of the low-mobility complex untested
  7. 1999 Medium

    Demonstrated RFX1 occupancy inversely controls target promoter strength, formalizing its inhibitory role at PCNA.

    Evidence EMSA site-directed mutants and reporter assays on the human PCNA PERE

    PMID:10336433

    Open questions at the time
    • No co-repressor recruitment shown at this locus
    • Endogenous regulation of PCNA by RFX1 not tested
  8. 2001 High

    Defined how RFX1 nuclear access is controlled — a C-terminal nonclassical NLS opposed by an autoinhibitory acidic region, with PKC induction triggering nuclear translocation and target repression.

    Evidence Confocal microscopy of deletion constructs, fractionation, and PKC-activation studies with c-myc reporters

    PMID:10918054 PMID:11358531

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct PKC phosphorylation sites not mapped
    • Signal upstream of PKC controlling RFX1 import unknown
  9. 2010 High

    Established the central repressive mechanism: RFX1 recruits DNMT1, HDAC1, and SUV39H1 to impose silencing chromatin marks, and its loss drives autoimmune gene overexpression.

    Evidence ChIP, Co-IP, and gain/loss-of-function in CD4+ T cells at CD11a/CD70 promoters

    PMID:20223637 PMID:21192791

    Open questions at the time
    • Order of co-repressor recruitment not defined
    • What lowers RFX1 in SLE T cells not yet identified here
  10. 2016 Medium

    Identified STUB1 as the E3 ligase degrading RFX1, connecting RFX1 protein turnover to derepression of autoimmune targets.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination assay, and STUB1 overexpression in SLE CD4+ T cells

    PMID:27283392

    Open questions at the time
    • Ubiquitin acceptor lysines not mapped
    • Regulation of STUB1 itself not addressed
  11. 2016 High

    Provided in vivo evidence for an activating role — RFX1 in fetal Sertoli cells directly activates Itga6 to maintain testis cord integrity.

    Evidence Conditional Amh-Cre Rfx1 knockout, histology, ChIP, and luciferase reporter on Itga6

    PMID:27228460

    Open questions at the time
    • How RFX1 switches to an activator at Itga6 unclear
    • Cofactors for activation in Sertoli cells unknown
  12. 2018 High

    Placed RFX1 downstream of IL-6/STAT3 in restraining Th17 differentiation through epigenetic repression of IL17A, with genetic confirmation in vivo.

    Evidence Conditional Rfx1 knockout mice, ChIP, reporter assays, and Th17 differentiation

    PMID:29422534

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which pSTAT3 lowers RFX1 not fully defined
    • Direct STAT3-RFX1 promoter interaction not detailed
  13. 2019 Medium

    Extended the DNMT1/HDAC1/SUV39H1 repression mechanism to TLR4 in monocytes, generalizing RFX1 as an innate-immune epigenetic brake.

    Evidence ChIP and gain/loss-of-function with reporter assays in CD14+ monocytes

    PMID:30857550

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the same co-repressor stoichiometry applies untested
    • PP1c interaction with RFX1's repression domain functionally unintegrated [#26]
  14. 2024 High

    Demonstrated a metabolic/atherosclerosis role — myeloid RFX1 directly represses CD36 to limit lipid uptake and foam cell formation.

    Evidence Conditional Lyz2-Cre Rfx1 knockout on ApoE-/- background, reporter assays, and lipid uptake assays

    PMID:38402833

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CD36 repression uses the same co-repressors not shown
    • Upstream signals setting RFX1 levels in plaque macrophages unknown
  15. 2025 Medium

    Defined competing post-translational control of RFX1 stability — KAT7-mediated acetylation blocks proteasomal degradation, opposing STUB1, and RBM39-driven exon-2 skipping generates a repression-dead truncated isoform.

    Evidence KAT7 knockdown/overexpression with proteasome inhibitors; RIP-seq and splicing analysis with RBM39 silencing

    PMID:40033026 PMID:40192836

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetylated lysines and their interplay with ubiquitination not mapped
    • Tissue distribution of the truncated isoform unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How RFX1 selects between activating and repressive modes at a given promoter, and the structural basis of its self-neutralization, remain unresolved.
  • No structure of full-length RFX1 or its DNA-bound complexes
  • Rules governing co-repressor vs co-activator recruitment unknown
  • Integration of phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination into a single regulatory logic not established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 6 GO:0003677 DNA binding 4 GO:0042393 histone binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 6 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 4
Partners
DNMT1HDAC1KAT7MIBP1RFX2RFX3STUB1SUV39H1

Evidence

Reading pass · 37 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1989 EF-C (RFX1) binds to an inverted repeat (5'-GTTGCNNNGCAAC-3') within the hepatitis B virus and polyomavirus enhancer regions; diethyl pyrocarbonate interference and competition assays showed it contacts symmetrical nucleotides within the inverted repeat; spacer-length mutagenesis showed that altering spacing by ≥3 bp abolishes binding, suggesting binding is stabilized by dimerization. In vitro binding assays, diethyl pyrocarbonate interference, competition binding with mutant sites, in vivo enhancer function assays with spacer mutants Molecular and cellular biology High 2550788
1991 EF-C (RFX1) exhibits methylation-dependent DNA binding: it binds certain DNA sites only when CpG dinucleotides are methylated (m5C), while other sites are bound in a methylation-independent manner; EF-C was concluded to correspond to the methylation-dependent DNA-binding protein MDBP. In vitro binding assays with methylated and unmethylated DNA substrates Virology Medium 1850932
1993 RFX1 is identical to the enhancer factor EF-C; RFX1-specific antisense oligonucleotides inhibit hepatitis B virus enhancer I (EnhI)-driven expression of HBV major surface antigen in HepG2 cells, and RFX1 acts as a transactivator of EnhI in transfection assays; transactivation is not observed in non-liver cell lines, indicating cooperation with liver-specific factors. Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown, transfection-based reporter assays, EMSA Molecular and cellular biology High 8413236
1993 RFX1 belongs to a novel family of homodimeric and heterodimeric DNA-binding proteins (RFX1, RFX2, RFX3); RFX proteins heterodimerize both in vitro and in vivo; they share five conserved regions including two domains required for DNA binding and dimerization; they have a peculiar dependence on methylated CpG dinucleotides at certain binding sites. Cloning, EMSA, in vitro and in vivo heterodimerization assays Molecular and cellular biology High 8289803
1993 RFX1 (EF-C) is required for efficient HBV enhancer I function but the EF-C site does not possess intrinsic enhancer activity alone; it functions synergistically with the adjacent GB element; HNF-4 transactivates via the GB element in an EF-C-site-dependent manner; RXRα transactivates via GB in response to retinoic acid largely EF-C-independently; COUP-TF antagonizes GB element activity in liver cells. In vitro binding assays (EMSA), transfection-based reporter assays, mutational analysis Journal of virology Medium 8389913
1993 RFX1 binds to the alpha element of the mouse rpL30 promoter; a mutation abolishing RFX1 binding reduces rpL30 promoter activity to ~43% of wild-type, indicating RFX1 plays an important role in rpL30 promoter strength. EMSA competition assay, antibody supershift, promoter activity assay with mutant alpha element Gene Medium 8224874
1995 MIBP1 and RFX1 associate in vivo to form a complex; both are present in DNA-protein complexes at the c-myc MIF-1 element, the MHC class II X-box, and the HBV EP element; tandem repeats of the MIBP1/RFX1-binding site can function as silencers in HepG2 and HeLa cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, EMSA with antibody supershift, reporter silencer assays Molecular and cellular biology Medium 7760800
1995 Intact interaction of EF-C/RFX1 with a full inverted repeat is required for transactivation of the HBV and polyomavirus enhancers; binding to the MHC class II DRA promoter represents unstable half-site interaction, suggesting an additional activity is required to stabilize RFX1 at MHC class II promoters. EMSA with purified protein and mutant binding sites, chemical footprinting, modification interference assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 7713944
1995 RFX1 (EF-C) associates with the PCNA E1A-responsive element (PERE) as the major component of the P1 complex; ATF-1 is a major component of the P2/P3 complexes; their binding was demonstrated by antibody interference EMSA and in vitro-synthesized protein assays. EMSA, antibody interference/supershift, in vitro protein synthesis Nucleic acids research Medium 7479004
1996 MIBP1 and RFX1 both bind to the EP element of HBV enhancer I; the EP element alone can repress transcription of an SV40 promoter in a position- and orientation-independent manner (silencer function) in hepatocarcinoma cells. EMSA with antibody supershift, reporter repression assays Journal of virology Medium 8709229
1997 RFX1 contains an N-terminal activation domain with a glutamine-rich region and a C-terminal repressor domain overlapping the dimerization domain; these activities mutually neutralize each other in the intact protein, producing a nearly inactive transcription factor; relief of self-neutralization can allow RFX1 to act as a dual-function regulator. Deletion mutant analysis, chimeric protein assays, transcriptional activity assays in transfected cells Nucleic acids research High 9278482
1997 RFX1 can bind to the NRE gamma subregion of the HBV core promoter and transactivate through this site; RFX1 can bind simultaneously with MIBP1 to NRE gamma, most likely as a heterodimer; mutations abolishing NRE gamma silencing also prevent RFX1 binding. EMSA, mutational analysis, transcriptional reporter assays Virology Medium 9018153
1998 RFX1 possesses a split, extended dimerization domain composed of several conserved boxes; it generates two alternative homodimeric DNA-protein complexes (a canonical complex and a novel low-mobility complex formed only with palindromic DNA); formation of the low-mobility complex correlates with transcriptional repression; different deletions within the dimerization domain alter the relative abundance of the two complexes. EMSA with deletion mutants, transcriptional repression assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9733744
1999 Mutations within the RFX1 consensus binding site in the human PCNA PERE reduce RFX1 binding and increase PCNA transcriptional activity; mutations that increase RFX1 binding reduce PCNA promoter activity; RFX1 plays an inhibitory role in PCNA gene regulation. EMSA with site-directed mutants, transient transfection reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10336433
1999 The C-terminal dimerization domain of RFX1 is conserved with yeast RFX orthologues Sak1 (S. pombe) and Crt1 (S. cerevisiae); the ability to generate two alternative homodimeric complexes is conserved across species; dimerization and repression capacity differs: RFX1 > Sak1 > Crt1. Domain swap/chimeric protein constructs, EMSA, Gal4-fusion transcriptional assays Journal of molecular biology Medium 10556033
2000 Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by PMA or bryostatin 1 induces nuclear translocation of RFX1 without altering total RFX1 levels; nuclear RFX1 binds to the c-myc intron 1 X box (MIE1); this binding is required for down-regulation of c-myc reporter expression; PKC inhibition abolishes both nuclear translocation and c-myc repression. Nuclear/cytosolic fractionation, EMSA with antibody supershift, reporter gene assays with X box mutations, specific PKC inhibitor The Journal of biological chemistry High 10918054
2001 RFX1 contains a nonclassical nuclear localization signal (NLS) at its extreme C-terminus; the adjacent acidic region potentiates NLS function but also inhibits nuclear DNA-binding activity, suggesting an autoinhibitory mechanism; the DNA-binding domain mediates tight nuclear association; the dimerization domain enhances nuclear association; phosphorylation by kinases such as PKC may coordinately regulate nuclear import and DNA binding. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of deletion constructs, subcellular fractionation, domain mapping European journal of biochemistry Medium 11358531
2003 RFX1 binds to P sequence element A (PSE-A) within the human GH locus 263P repressor element; disruption of the RFX1 site blunts repressor activity; RFX1 and NF-1 family members co-immunoprecipitate and both associate with P sequences in human pituitary tissue chromatin; association of these factors inversely correlates with CS promoter histone hyperacetylation. EMSA, reporter assays with mutant PSE-A, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation from human pituitary tissue Molecular endocrinology Medium 12624117
2010 RFX1 recruits co-repressors DNMT1 and HDAC1 to the CD11a and CD70 promoters in CD4+ T cells, causing DNA methylation and histone deacetylation and repressing their expression; reduced RFX1 in SLE CD4+ T cells causes loss of these epigenetic marks and CD11a/CD70 overexpression. ChIP assay, RFX1 overexpression and knockdown in CD4+ T cells, flow cytometry for surface marker expression Journal of autoimmunity High 20223637
2010 RFX1 binds 18-bp cis-elements of the FGF1 gene 1B promoter and negatively regulates FGF1-B mRNA expression and neurosphere formation in glioblastoma cells; RFX1 overexpression suppresses neurosphere formation while RFX1 knockdown increases it. Yeast one-hybrid assay, EMSA, ChIP, gain- and loss-of-function assays, neurosphere assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 20189986
2010 RFX1 recruits the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 to the CD11a and CD70 promoters in CD4+ T cells, regulating H3K9 tri-methylation; co-immunoprecipitation confirmed RFX1-SUV39H1 interaction; RFX1 levels correlate with H3K9me3 at these promoters. Co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot, immunofluorescence, ChIP with real-time PCR, RFX1 overexpression/knockdown Arthritis research & therapy High 21192791
2005 RFX-1 specifically interacts with alpha Adducin in a yeast two-hybrid screen; interaction was confirmed in cells by co-immunoprecipitation and colocalization; alpha Adducin and RFX-1 co-localize in the nucleus, suggesting Adducin may modulate RFX-1 transcriptional activity. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, colocalization microscopy FEBS letters Low 16289097
2016 RFX1 protein is degraded by polyubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation; the E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1 mediates this degradation; STUB1 is upregulated in SLE CD4+ T cells; STUB1 overexpression leads to elevated CD70 and CD11a levels consistent with reduced RFX1. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, STUB1 overexpression Clinical immunology Medium 27283392
2018 RFX1 represses IL-17A expression by recruiting repressive epigenetic marks (decreased H3 acetylation, increased DNA methylation, and increased H3K9 tri-methylation) at the IL17A promoter in CD4+ T cells; phosphorylated STAT3 inhibits RFX1 expression, placing RFX1 downstream of IL-6/STAT3 signaling in a non-canonical pathway regulating Th17 differentiation; conditional Rfx1 deletion in mice increases Th17 cell induction. ChIP, reporter assays, conditional Rfx1 knockout mice, in vitro Th17 differentiation assays, forced RFX1 re-expression Nature communications High 29422534
2018 RFX1 directly binds the HBV enhancer I EP element; doxorubicin increases RFX1 expression and its binding to HBV enhancer I; knocking down endogenous RFX1 or mutating the EP element significantly attenuates doxorubicin-promoted HBV replication. ChIP, siRNA knockdown, EP element mutagenesis, HBV replication assay Cancer medicine Medium 29601674
2019 RFX1 directly represses TLR4 transcription in CD14+ monocytes by recruiting DNMT1, HDAC1, and SUV39H1 to the TLR4 promoter, maintaining DNA methylation and H3K9 tri-methylation and limiting H3/H4 acetylation; RFX1 knockdown causes TLR4 overexpression and monocyte activation. ChIP, RFX1 knockdown and overexpression, reporter assay, Western blot Clinical epigenetics Medium 30857550
2019 The C-terminal repression domain of RFX1 directly interacts with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c); RFX1 can recruit PP1c to specific genomic sites/promoters. Co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin recruitment assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Low 30654936
2016 RFX1 is specifically expressed in fetal Sertoli cells and is required for testis cord integrity; conditional Rfx1 knockout mice (Rfx1flox/flox, Amh-Cre) show fragmented basal lamina and blocked spermatogenesis; RFX1 directly activates transcription of Itga6 (integrin alpha-6) as shown by luciferase reporter and ChIP assays. Conditional knockout mouse model, histology, luciferase reporter assay, ChIP Molecular reproduction and development High 27228460
2025 KAT7 acetyltransferase mediates acetylation of RFX1; NgBR deficiency suppresses KAT7 expression, impairing KAT7-mediated RFX1 acetylation, which stabilizes RFX1 by blocking its proteasomal degradation, thereby increasing RFX1-mediated repression of FGF1 transcription. RNA sequencing, Western blot, KAT7 knockdown/overexpression, proteasome inhibitor assays, neuronal damage models Cellular and molecular life sciences Medium 40192836
2025 The splicing factor RBM39 binds to RFX1 pre-mRNA (demonstrated by RIP-seq) and promotes skipping of exon 2 in HCC cells, producing an N-terminal truncated RFX1 isoform that loses transcriptional repression activity on collagen genes, thereby activating the FAK/PI3K/AKT integrin signaling pathway. RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq), RBM39 silencing, alternative splicing analysis, functional signaling pathway assays Oncogene Medium 40033026
2024 RFX1 directly represses CD36 transcription in macrophages (demonstrated by dual luciferase reporter assay); Rfx1 deficiency in myeloid cells (ApoE−/−Rfx1f/f Lyz2-Cre mice) aggravates atherosclerotic lesions; RFX1 loss increases foam cell formation via elevated CD36-mediated lipid uptake. Dual luciferase reporter assay, conditional myeloid Rfx1 knockout mice, RFX1 overexpression/silencing in macrophages, lipid uptake assays International immunopharmacology High 38402833
2018 RFX1 and RFX3 form homodimers and heterodimers that bind specifically to the double-stranded D sequence of AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs); these complexes can be pulled down bound to AAV genomes in transduced HEK-293 cells, and RFX proteins act as regulators of AAV-mediated transgene expression. EMSA, supershift with antibodies, AAV genome pulldown with RFX1/RFX3 antibodies Scientific reports Medium 29317724
2009 RFX1 binds to the human PNRC promoter region (demonstrated by EMSA/gel shift and ChIP); RFX1 represses PNRC promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner in co-transfection experiments. Gel shift assay, ChIP, co-transfection reporter assay Molekuliarnaia biologiia Low 19334528
2021 RFX1 mediates transcriptional activation of CCN3 under impaired glycolytic conditions in chondrocytic cells; inhibition of glycolysis induces RFX1 expression, and RFX1 silencing abolishes CCN3 induction; CCN3 produced via this pathway supports chondrocyte survival under energy starvation. Reporter gene assay, RFX1 knockdown (siRNA), glycolysis inhibitor treatments, in vivo cartilage imaging Journal of cellular physiology Medium 33655492
2014 RFX-1 (transcription factor) acts upstream of SHP-1 and is a critical regulator of SC-2001-mediated autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells; RFX-1 siRNA knockdown protects cells from SC-2001-induced autophagy; SC-2001 upregulates RFX-1, which activates SHP-1, leading to STAT3/Mcl-1 dephosphorylation and beclin-1 release. siRNA knockdown, LC3-II Western blot, electron microscopy, in vivo xenograft Oncotarget Medium 24952874
2011 RFX-1 and AP-4 transcription factors bind to the SHP1 epithelial-specific promoter in serum/IGF-1-stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer cells; JNK-activated binding of AP-4 and RFX-1 induces SHP1 expression, which negatively regulates cell proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, promoter reporter assays, JNK inhibitor, siRNA Molecular cancer research Medium 21719561
1993 RFX-1 antisense oligonucleotides drastically inhibit IFN-γ-induced expression of HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP in monocytic cells but have no effect on constitutive MHC class II expression in monocytes or B lymphocytes, demonstrating uncoupling of constitutive and inducible modes of MHC class II regulation and a selective role for RFX1 in inducible expression. Antisense oligonucleotides in cell culture, flow cytometry for HLA class II surface expression European journal of immunology Medium 8223867

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 57 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2010 Epigenetics and SLE: RFX1 downregulation causes CD11a and CD70 overexpression by altering epigenetic modifications in lupus CD4+ T cells. Journal of autoimmunity 135 20223637
1994 RFX1, a transactivator of hepatitis B virus enhancer I, belongs to a novel family of homodimeric and heterodimeric DNA-binding proteins. Molecular and cellular biology 126 8289803
2018 IL-6/STAT3 pathway induced deficiency of RFX1 contributes to Th17-dependent autoimmune diseases via epigenetic regulation. Nature communications 100 29422534
1993 Functional interaction of nuclear factors EF-C, HNF-4, and RXR alpha with hepatitis B virus enhancer I. Journal of virology 100 8389913
1993 RFX1 is identical to enhancer factor C and functions as a transactivator of the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Molecular and cellular biology 80 8413236
2010 RFX1 regulates CD70 and CD11a expression in lupus T cells by recruiting the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1. Arthritis research & therapy 68 21192791
2023 Hypoxia-induced exosomes facilitate lung pre-metastatic niche formation in hepatocellular carcinoma through the miR-4508-RFX1-IL17A-p38 MAPK-NF-κB pathway. International journal of biological sciences 66 37781522
1989 Binding of nuclear factor EF-C to a functional domain of the hepatitis B virus enhancer region. Molecular and cellular biology 62 2550788
1997 The transcriptional activation and repression domains of RFX1, a context-dependent regulator, can mutually neutralize their activities. Nucleic acids research 55 9278482
1995 The myc intron-binding polypeptide associates with RFX1 in vivo and binds to the major histocompatibility complex class II promoter region, to the hepatitis B virus enhancer, and to regulatory regions of several distinct viral genes. Molecular and cellular biology 42 7760800
1999 Involvement of RFX1 protein in the regulation of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 41 10336433
2000 Activation of protein kinase C induces nuclear translocation of RFX1 and down-regulates c-myc via an intron 1 X box in undifferentiated leukemia HL-60 cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 10918054
2010 Regulation of FGF1 gene promoter through transcription factor RFX1. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 20189986
1995 Transcription factors RFX1/EF-C and ATF-1 associate with the adenovirus E1A-responsive element of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter. Nucleic acids research 34 7479004
2005 Molecular genetic analysis of the yeast repressor Rfx1/Crt1 reveals a novel two-step regulatory mechanism. Molecular and cellular biology 32 16107689
2014 Transcription factor RFX1 is crucial for maintenance of genome integrity in Fusarium graminearum. Eukaryotic cell 29 24465002
2011 Breast cancer cells proliferation is regulated by tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 through c-jun N-terminal kinase and cooperative induction of RFX-1 and AP-4 transcription factors. Molecular cancer research : MCR 29 21719561
1998 RFX1, a single DNA-binding protein with a split dimerization domain, generates alternative complexes. The Journal of biological chemistry 27 9733744
2019 RFX1 downregulation contributes to TLR4 overexpression in CD14+ monocytes via epigenetic mechanisms in coronary artery disease. Clinical epigenetics 26 30857550
2004 Identification of an epigenetically silenced gene, RFX1, in human glioma cells using restriction landmark genomic scanning. Oncogene 26 15334059
1993 Transcription factor RFX1 helps control the promoter of the mouse ribosomal protein-encoding gene rpL30 by binding to its alpha element. Gene 26 8224874
2021 RFX1: a promising therapeutic arsenal against cancer. Cancer cell international 25 33964962
2014 RFX1-dependent activation of SHP-1 induces autophagy by a novel obatoclax derivative in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 25 24952874
2018 ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 transcription factors facilitate the differentiation and characterisation of inner ear hair cell-like cells from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells harbouring A8344G mutation of mitochondrial DNA. Cell death & disease 24 29740017
2021 Long Non-coding RNA SNHG17 Upregulates RFX1 by Sponging miR-3180-3p and Promotes Cellular Function in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Frontiers in genetics 23 33519911
2001 Nuclear import and DNA-binding activity of RFX1. Evidence for an autoinhibitory mechanism. European journal of biochemistry 23 11358531
1995 Interaction of EF-C/RFX-1 with the inverted repeat of viral enhancer regions is required for transactivation. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 7713944
2009 Differential expression of Rfx1-4 during mouse spermatogenesis. Gene expression patterns : GEP 22 19596083
2000 Induction of Myc-intron-binding polypeptides MIBP1 and RFX1 during retinoic acid-mediated differentiation of haemopoietic cells. The Biochemical journal 22 10642512
2016 Transcription factor RFX1 is ubiquitinated by E3 ligase STUB1 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 21 27283392
1997 Interaction of transcription factors RFX1 and MIBP1 with the gamma motif of the negative regulatory element of the hepatitis B virus core promoter. Virology 21 9018153
2003 RFX1 and NF-1 associate with P sequences of the human growth hormone locus in pituitary chromatin. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 20 12624117
2018 RFX1 participates in doxorubicin-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation. Cancer medicine 17 29601674
1996 Locations of human and mouse genes encoding the RFX1 and RFX2 transcription factor proteins. Genomics 17 8661125
1999 The dimerization/repression domain of RFX1 is related to a conserved region of its yeast homologues Crt1 and Sak1: a new function for an ancient motif. Journal of molecular biology 16 10556033
1996 Interactions of the transcription factors MIBP1 and RFX1 with the EP element of the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Journal of virology 16 8709229
1993 Antisense oligonucleotides specific for regulatory factor RFX-1 inhibit inducible but not constitutive expression of all major histocompatibility complex class II genes. European journal of immunology 15 8223867
1992 The genes for MHC class II regulatory factors RFX1 and RFX2 are located on the short arm of chromosome 19. Genomics 14 1505960
2016 RFX1 maintains testis cord integrity by regulating the expression of Itga6 in male mouse embryos. Molecular reproduction and development 12 27228460
2005 RFX-1, a putative alpha Adducin interacting protein in a human kidney library. FEBS letters 12 16289097
1991 Methylation-dependent and -independent DNA binding of nuclear factor EF-C. Virology 12 1850932
2023 RXR agonist, Bexarotene, effectively reduces drug resistance via regulation of RFX1 in embryonic carcinoma cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 10 37301270
2021 RFX1-mediated CCN3 induction that may support chondrocyte survival under starved conditions. Journal of cellular physiology 10 33655492
2019 Recruitment of the protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit to promoters by the dual-function transcription factor RFX1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 9 30654936
2018 RFX1 and RFX3 Transcription Factors Interact with the D Sequence of Adeno-Associated Virus Inverted Terminal Repeat and Regulate AAV Transduction. Scientific reports 9 29317724
1998 Analysis of methylation in the 5' region of the human alpha-galactosidase A gene containing a binding site for methylated DNA-binding protein/RFX1-4. Biological chemistry 9 9628349
2024 RFX1 regulates foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by mediating CD36 expression. International immunopharmacology 7 38402833
2025 RBM39 promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by regulating RFX1's alternative splicing and subsequent activation of integrin signaling pathway. Oncogene 6 40033026
2025 Loss of NgBR causes neuronal damage through decreasing KAT7-mediated RFX1 acetylation and FGF1 expression. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 6 40192836
2025 Neuronal PD-L1 suppression attenuates ischemic stroke injury via PD-1/RFX1 axis-mediated microglial polarization. International journal of surgery (London, England) 3 40694022
2024 Transduction enhancing EF-C peptide nanofibrils are endocytosed by macropinocytosis and subsequently degraded. Biomaterials 2 39754968
2022 Efficient Gamma-Retroviral Transduction of Primary Human Skin Cells Using the EF-c Peptide as a Transduction Enhancer. Current protocols 2 35085429
2016 [Overexpression of lentivirus RFX1 and its inhibitory effect on proliferation of glioblastoma cells]. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences 2 27932754
2025 Downregulation of ubiquitous microRNA-320 in hepatocytes triggers RFX1-mediated FGF1 suppression to accelerate MASH progression. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 1 40893671
2009 [Transcriptional regulation of the human gene coding for proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator (pnrc) by regulatory factor x (rfx1)]. Molekuliarnaia biologiia 1 19334528
2026 Single-Cell and Integrative Analyses Uncover Therapeutic Potential of RFX1-Mediated Cuproptosis in PitNETs. Journal of integrative neuroscience 0 42216643
2025 RFX1 Regulates Immune Microenvironment and Predicts Immunotherapy Response in Colon Cancer: A Multi-Omics and Clinical Analysis. Oncology research 0 41425715

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