Affinage

RFX1

MHC class II regulatory factor RFX1 · UniProt P22670

Length
979 aa
Mass
104.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
56 papers in source corpus 32 papers cited in narrative 32 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RFX1 is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that functions as a context-dependent activator or repressor by binding palindromic X-box/EP elements as homodimers or heterodimers with RFX2, RFX3, or MIBP1, with DNA binding at certain sites dependent on CpG methylation (PMID:8289803, PMID:2550788, PMID:1850932). The protein contains an N-terminal glutamine-rich activation domain and a C-terminal repression/dimerization domain that mutually neutralize each other, with the repression domain recruiting DNMT1, HDAC1, and SUV39H1 to maintain promoter DNA methylation and H3K9 trimethylation at target loci including CD11a, CD70, TLR4, IL-17A, and CD36 (PMID:9278482, PMID:20223637, PMID:21192791, PMID:30857550). RFX1 undergoes PKC-regulated nuclear translocation, STUB1-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation counteracted by KAT7-mediated acetylation, and alternative splicing by RBM39 that removes the repression-competent N-terminus (PMID:10918054, PMID:27283392, PMID:40192836, PMID:40033026). Conditional deletion of Rfx1 in T cells drives lupus-like autoimmunity and enhanced Th17 differentiation through epigenetic derepression of IL-17A, while myeloid-specific loss aggravates atherosclerosis via CD36 derepression, and Sertoli cell-specific loss disrupts testis cord integrity and causes infertility (PMID:29422534, PMID:38402833, PMID:27228460).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 17 steps
  1. 1989 High

    Identification of the DNA recognition logic of RFX1 (EF-C) established that it contacts symmetrical nucleotides within an inverted repeat and requires dimerization for stable binding, defining the structural basis for its palindromic site preference.

    Evidence Diethyl pyrocarbonate interference, competition binding, and site-directed mutagenesis on HBV enhancer

    PMID:2550788

    Open questions at the time
    • Crystal structure of RFX1-DNA complex not determined
    • Mechanism distinguishing half-site versus full palindrome occupancy unresolved
  2. 1991 Medium

    The discovery that RFX1 binding to certain sites requires CpG methylation revealed it as a methylation-sensitive transcription factor, raising the question of how it integrates epigenetic marks with transcriptional output.

    Evidence In vitro binding assays with methylated and unmethylated DNA substrates

    PMID:1850932

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for methylation-dependent versus methylation-independent binding unknown
    • In vivo relevance of methylation-dependent binding not shown at the time
  3. 1993 High

    Functional studies using antisense oligonucleotides demonstrated that RFX1 serves as a transactivator of hepatitis B virus enhancer I in cooperation with liver-specific factors and selectively regulates IFN-γ-inducible MHC class II expression, establishing its dual role in viral and immune gene regulation.

    Evidence Antisense knockdown in liver and monocytic cell lines with reporter and flow cytometry readouts

    PMID:8223867 PMID:8413236

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of cooperating liver-specific cofactor unknown
    • Mechanism distinguishing inducible from constitutive MHC class II regulation not defined
  4. 1994 High

    Cloning of RFX2 and RFX3 and demonstration of heterodimerization with RFX1 established the RFX family as a combinatorial regulatory system with shared DNA-binding and dimerization domains.

    Evidence Cloning, in vitro and in vivo heterodimerization assays, DNA-binding specificity assays

    PMID:8289803

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional specialization among heterodimer combinations not defined
    • In vivo stoichiometry and tissue-specific dimer preferences unknown
  5. 1995 High

    Discovery that MIBP1 associates with RFX1 in vivo and that their shared MIF-1/EP element functions as a silencer at c-myc identified a heterodimeric partnership for gene repression distinct from RFX family homodimers.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, supershift EMSA, and silencer reporter assays

    PMID:7760800

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of RFX1 versus MIBP1 to silencing not separated
    • How MIBP1-RFX1 complex is regulated remains unknown
  6. 1997 High

    Functional dissection revealed that RFX1 harbors mutually antagonistic activation and repression domains, explaining why the full-length protein is nearly transcriptionally inert unless regulatory inputs relieve self-neutralization.

    Evidence Deletion mutant and chimeric protein transfection reporter assays

    PMID:9278482

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal(s) that relieve self-neutralization in vivo not identified
    • Post-translational modifications affecting domain balance not mapped
  7. 1998 High

    Characterization of a split dimerization domain that forms two alternative homodimeric complexes, with the low-mobility palindromic complex correlating with repression, linked quaternary structure to functional output.

    Evidence Deletion analysis, EMSA, and transfection reporter assays

    PMID:9733744

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for the two alternative complexes not resolved
    • Whether heterodimers form analogous alternative complexes unknown
  8. 2000 High

    Demonstrating that PKC activation drives RFX1 nuclear translocation and consequent c-myc repression answered how external signals regulate RFX1 transcriptional activity.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation, EMSA supershift, PKC inhibitor, and reporter assays in HL-60 cells

    PMID:10918054

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct phosphorylation site(s) on RFX1 not mapped
    • Whether other kinases similarly regulate RFX1 localization untested
  9. 2001 High

    Mapping of a nonclassical C-terminal NLS with an adjacent autoinhibitory acidic region explained the coordinated regulation of nuclear import and DNA binding.

    Evidence Confocal microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and deletion mutant analysis

    PMID:11358531

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphorylation events that switch autoinhibition not biochemically validated
    • Import receptor for the nonclassical NLS not identified
  10. 2010 High

    The discovery that RFX1 recruits DNMT1, HDAC1, and SUV39H1 to CD11a/CD70 promoters in CD4+ T cells, and that RFX1 loss in SLE T cells causes epigenetic derepression, established RFX1 as an epigenetic scaffold linking DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, and H3K9 trimethylation to autoimmune disease.

    Evidence ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression/knockdown in primary human CD4+ T cells

    PMID:20223637 PMID:21192791

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RFX1 binds all three co-repressors simultaneously or sequentially unknown
    • Cause of RFX1 downregulation in SLE T cells not yet defined at this point
  11. 2010 High

    Identification of FGF1-1B as a direct RFX1 repression target in glioblastoma stem cells expanded the functional repertoire beyond immune genes to neural progenitor biology.

    Evidence Yeast one-hybrid, EMSA, ChIP, and neurosphere formation assays

    PMID:20189986

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RFX1 recruits the same epigenetic machinery at FGF1 as at immune gene promoters untested
  12. 2016 Medium

    Demonstration that STUB1 ubiquitinates RFX1 for proteasomal degradation, with STUB1 upregulation in SLE CD4+ T cells, provided a mechanistic explanation for RFX1 protein loss in lupus.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, overexpression in CD4+ T cells

    PMID:27283392

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific lysine residues ubiquitinated not mapped
    • Signal driving STUB1 upregulation in SLE not identified
  13. 2016 High

    Conditional Rfx1 knockout in Sertoli cells demonstrated an essential non-immune role: RFX1 directly activates Itga6 transcription to maintain testis cord basal lamina integrity and spermatogenesis.

    Evidence Conditional KO mice (Amh-Cre), ChIP, luciferase reporter, Western blot

    PMID:27228460

    Open questions at the time
    • Other RFX1 target genes in Sertoli cells not defined
    • Whether RFX2/RFX3 partially compensate not tested
  14. 2018 High

    Conditional T-cell Rfx1 knockout revealed that RFX1 deficiency promotes Th17 differentiation by epigenetically derepressing IL-17A downstream of STAT3 signaling, linking RFX1 to EAE and lupus-like disease in vivo.

    Evidence Conditional Rfx1 knockout mice, in vitro Th17 differentiation, ChIP, EAE and lupus-like models

    PMID:29422534

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether STAT3 directly binds the RFX1 promoter or acts indirectly not fully resolved
    • Genome-wide RFX1 targets in Th17 cells not catalogued
  15. 2019 Medium

    Extension of the RFX1 epigenetic silencing model to TLR4 in monocytes demonstrated that the DNMT1/HDAC1/SUV39H1 co-repressor recruitment mechanism operates across myeloid lineages, while identification of PP1c as an additional interactor hinted at broader chromatin regulatory functions.

    Evidence ChIP, co-IP, knockdown/overexpression in CD14+ monocytes; co-IP and chromatin assays for PP1c

    PMID:30654936 PMID:30857550

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of PP1c at RFX1 target promoters not mechanistically validated
    • Whether PP1c dephosphorylates histones or other chromatin factors at RFX1 loci unknown
  16. 2024 Medium

    Myeloid-specific Rfx1 knockout in ApoE-deficient mice showed that RFX1 represses CD36 in macrophages and restrains foam cell formation, extending RFX1's disease relevance from autoimmunity to atherosclerosis.

    Evidence Myeloid-specific conditional KO (Lyz2-Cre), dual luciferase reporter, ox-LDL lipid uptake assays

    PMID:38402833

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RFX1 recruits the same epigenetic co-repressors at CD36 not shown
    • Interaction with other macrophage transcription factors at CD36 locus undefined
  17. 2025 Medium

    Identification of KAT7-mediated acetylation as a signal promoting RFX1 proteasomal degradation, and RBM39-mediated exon 2 skipping producing a truncated RFX1 lacking repression activity, revealed two new layers of post-transcriptional/post-translational regulation with disease consequences in neuronal injury and hepatocellular carcinoma.

    Evidence RNA-seq, RIP-seq, knockdown/overexpression with rescue in neuronal and HCC models

    PMID:40033026 PMID:40192836

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetylation site(s) on RFX1 not mapped
    • How the truncated RFX1 isoform escapes nonsense-mediated decay or retains DNA binding not explained
    • Whether KAT7 and STUB1 regulate the same pool of RFX1 protein unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A genome-wide map of RFX1-bound sites across cell types, structural resolution of the RFX1 dimerization/repression domain with co-repressors, and identification of the precise post-translational modification sites governing self-neutralization remain open questions.
  • No genome-wide ChIP-seq across multiple cell types published
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of full-length RFX1 or its co-repressor complexes
  • Phosphorylation and acetylation sites governing activation-repression balance unmapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 8 GO:0003677 DNA binding 7
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 8 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3
Partners
DNMT1HDAC1KAT7MIBP1RFX2RFX3STUB1SUV39H1

Evidence

Reading pass · 32 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 RFX1 belongs to a novel family of DNA-binding proteins (RFX1, RFX2, RFX3) that share five conserved regions including DNA-binding and dimerization domains; RFX proteins heterodimerize both in vitro and in vivo, and their DNA binding shows a peculiar dependence on methylated CpG dinucleotides at certain sites. Cloning, in vitro and in vivo heterodimerization assays, DNA-binding specificity assays Molecular and cellular biology High 8289803
1993 RFX1 (identical to enhancer factor C, EF-C) is a transactivator of hepatitis B virus enhancer I; RFX1-specific antisense oligonucleotides inhibit EnhI-driven expression, and RFX1 transactivates EnhI in liver-derived but not non-liver cell lines, indicating cooperation with liver-specific factors. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition, transfection assays Molecular and cellular biology High 8413236
1989 EF-C (later identified as RFX1) binds to an inverted repeat (5'-GTTGCNNNGCAAC-3') in the HBV enhancer; diethyl pyrocarbonate interference and mutation analysis showed that EF-C contacts symmetrical nucleotides within the repeat, and spacer-length mutations demonstrated that binding is stabilized by dimerization. Diethyl pyrocarbonate interference binding assays, competition binding, site-directed mutagenesis, in vivo enhancer assays Molecular and cellular biology High 2550788
1997 RFX1 contains an N-terminal glutamine-rich activation domain and a C-terminal repression domain overlapping the dimerization domain; these two activities mutually neutralize each other in the intact protein, producing a nearly inactive transcription factor that can be relieved of self-neutralization to act as a dual-function regulator. Deletion mutant analysis, chimeric protein assays, transfection reporter assays Nucleic acids research High 9278482
1998 RFX1 possesses a split, extended dimerization domain composed of multiple conserved boxes; this domain mediates formation of two alternative homodimeric DNA-protein complexes (a standard complex and a novel extremely low-mobility complex formed only with palindromic DNA), and formation of the low-mobility complex correlates with transcriptional repression. Deletion analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, transfection reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 9733744
1995 MIBP1 and RFX1 are distinct molecules that associate in vivo and form complexes at the c-myc intron I (MIF-1) element and MHC class II X-box; the MIF-1/EP element can function as a silencer in HepG2 and HeLa cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, supershift EMSA, silencer assays Molecular and cellular biology High 7760800
1995 Purified EF-C/RFX1 requires an intact inverted repeat for stable binding and functional activity at viral enhancers; at the MHC class II DRA promoter, RFX1 binds only a half-site, which is unstable, suggesting an additional stabilizing activity is needed at MHC class II promoters. Chemical footprinting, modification interference assays, EMSA with purified protein, enhancer functional assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 7713944
1999 RFX1 binding inversely correlates with PCNA promoter transcriptional activity; mutations within the RFX1 consensus site reduce RFX1 binding and increase promoter activity, indicating RFX1 plays an inhibitory role in PCNA gene regulation. EMSA, site-directed mutagenesis, transfection reporter assays (CAT) The Journal of biological chemistry High 10336433
2000 Protein kinase C (PKC) activation induces nuclear translocation of RFX1 in HL-60 cells; increased nuclear RFX1 binds the c-myc intron 1 X box (MIE1), and this binding is required for PMA-induced down-regulation of c-myc expression. EMSA with supershift, subcellular fractionation, PKC inhibitor, transfection with myc reporter constructs, RFX1 antiserum The Journal of biological chemistry High 10918054
2001 RFX1 contains a nonclassical nuclear localization signal (NLS) at its extreme C-terminus; an adjacent acidic region potentiates the NLS but also inhibits DNA-binding activity (autoinhibitory mechanism); the dimerization domain enhances nuclear association, while the acidic region inhibits it, coordinating nuclear import and DNA binding potentially via PKC-mediated phosphorylation. Confocal fluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation, deletion mutant analysis European journal of biochemistry High 11358531
1993 RFX1 antisense oligonucleotides specifically inhibit IFN-γ-inducible but not constitutive expression of MHC class II genes (HLA-DR, -DQ, -DP) in monocytic cells, revealing distinct roles for RFX1 in the inducible versus constitutive modes of MHC class II regulation. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition, flow cytometry for HLA class II expression European journal of immunology Medium 8223867
1999 The C-terminal dimerization/repression domain of RFX1 mediates formation of two alternative homodimeric complexes conserved across yeast (Crt1, Sak1) and human RFX1; this domain independently mediates complex formation and transcriptional repression; the dimerization capacity is conserved but repression strength differs between species. Domain-swap chimeras with yeast orthologs, Gal4-fusion assays, EMSA Journal of molecular biology Medium 10556033
2010 RFX1 recruits co-repressors DNMT1 and HDAC1 to the CD11a and CD70 promoters in CD4+ T cells, maintaining DNA methylation and histone deacetylation; decreased RFX1 in SLE T cells causes DNA demethylation and histone hyperacetylation at these loci, leading to overexpression of CD11a and CD70 and lupus-like autoimmunity. ChIP, overexpression/knockdown experiments, co-immunoprecipitation, reporter assays Journal of autoimmunity High 20223637
2010 RFX1 interacts with histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 and recruits it to the CD11a and CD70 promoters in CD4+ T cells, regulating H3K9 tri-methylation; RFX1 overexpression increases and knockdown decreases H3K9me3 at these loci, correlating with CD11a and CD70 expression. ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot, immunofluorescence, overexpression/knockdown Arthritis research & therapy High 21192791
1993 RFX1 binds to the alpha element of the mouse rpL30 promoter; mutation of the alpha element that abolishes RFX1 binding reduces rpL30 promoter activity to ~43% of wild-type, indicating RFX1 is an important transactivator of this ribosomal protein gene. EMSA competition, antibody supershift, promoter mutagenesis and reporter assay Gene Medium 8224874
2010 RFX1 binds the 18-bp cis-element of the FGF1 1B promoter and represses FGF1-1B transcription; RFX1 overexpression reduces FGF1-1B mRNA and neurosphere formation, while RFX1 knockdown has the opposite effect in glioblastoma stem cells. Yeast one-hybrid, EMSA, ChIP, gain/loss-of-function assays, neurosphere assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 20189986
2016 RFX1 protein is targeted for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by the E3 ligase STUB1; STUB1 is upregulated in SLE CD4+ T cells, and STUB1 overexpression increases CD70 and CD11a levels, providing a mechanism for RFX1 downregulation in SLE. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, overexpression experiments, Western blot Clinical immunology Medium 27283392
2018 RFX1 functions downstream of STAT3 in CD4+ T cells; phosphorylated STAT3 inhibits RFX1 expression, and RFX1 deficiency increases IL-17A expression by increasing histone H3 acetylation and decreasing DNA methylation and H3K9me3 at the IL-17A locus, promoting Th17 differentiation. Conditional Rfx1 knockout mice, in vitro differentiation assays, forced expression, ChIP, EAE and lupus-like syndrome models Nature communications High 29422534
2003 RFX1 binds to the P sequence element (PSE-A) in the human GH locus in pituitary chromatin and co-immunoprecipitates with NF-1 family members; disruption of the RFX1 site within 263P blunts repressor activity, and both RFX1 and NF-1 are associated with P sequences in human pituitary tissue. ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, site-directed mutagenesis, transfection assays Molecular endocrinology Medium 12624117
2016 RFX1 directly activates transcription of Itga6 (integrin alpha-6) in Sertoli cells; conditional Rfx1 knockout mice (Rfx1flox/flox, Amh-Cre) show disrupted testis cord basal lamina, decreased integrin alpha-6, blocked spermatogenesis, and complete infertility. Conditional knockout, luciferase reporter assay, ChIP, Western blot Molecular reproduction and development High 27228460
2019 In CD14+ monocytes, RFX1 recruits DNMT1, HDAC1, and SUV39H1 to the TLR4 promoter, maintaining DNA methylation, H3K9me3, and histone deacetylation; RFX1 knockdown causes TLR4 overexpression with decreased DNA methylation and H3K9me3 and increased H3/H4 acetylation at the TLR4 promoter. ChIP, knockdown/overexpression, co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot Clinical epigenetics Medium 30857550
2019 The C-terminal repression domain of RFX1 interacts with protein phosphatase PP1c, and this interaction can target PP1c to specific genomic loci, suggesting PP1c recruitment as a mechanism of RFX1-mediated transcriptional repression. Co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin recruitment assays Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 30654936
2018 RFX1 homodimers and RFX1/RFX3 heterodimers bind specifically to the double-stranded D sequence of the AAV inverted terminal repeat, and RFX proteins interact with AAV genomes in the nucleus following transduction, acting as regulators of AAV-mediated transgene expression. EMSA, supershift assays, DNA pulldown from transduced cells Scientific reports Medium 29317724
2005 Alpha-adducin specifically interacts with RFX1 in a yeast two-hybrid screen; the interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and nuclear co-localization in cells, suggesting adducin may modulate RFX1 transcriptional regulatory activity. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization FEBS letters Low 16289097
1997 RFX1 and MIBP1 bind simultaneously (likely as a heterodimer) to the NRE gamma element of the HBV core promoter; RFX1 can transactivate the core promoter through NRE gamma, and mutations abolishing gene suppression prevent RFX1 binding, suggesting RFX1 and MIBP1 cooperate to negatively regulate core promoter activity. EMSA, mutagenesis, transfection reporter assays Virology Medium 9018153
2018 Doxorubicin promotes HBV replication by increasing RFX1 expression and enhancing RFX1 binding to HBV enhancer I; RFX1 knockdown and EP element mutation in the HBV enhancer I attenuate doxorubicin-induced HBV replication. RFX1 knockdown, ChIP, EP element mutation, HBV replication assay Cancer medicine Medium 29601674
2025 NgBR deficiency suppresses KAT7 expression, which impairs KAT7-mediated acetylation of RFX1; loss of acetylation stabilizes RFX1 by blocking proteasomal degradation, causing RFX1 to suppress FGF1 transcription and inactivate PI3K/AKT signaling, leading to neuronal damage. RNA sequencing, knockdown/overexpression, Western blot, rescue experiments Cellular and molecular life sciences Medium 40192836
2024 RFX1 inhibits CD36 expression by directly binding to the CD36 promoter in macrophages; myeloid-specific Rfx1 knockout (ApoE-/-Rfx1f/f Lyz2-Cre) mice show aggravated atherosclerotic lesions and increased foam cell formation. Dual luciferase reporter assays, myeloid-specific knockout mice, ox-LDL stimulation, lipid uptake assays International immunopharmacology Medium 38402833
2025 The splicing factor RBM39 binds RFX1 pre-mRNA and promotes skipping of exon 2, producing an N-terminal truncated RFX1 that lacks transcriptional repression activity on collagen genes, thereby activating the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and promoting HCC malignancy. RIP-seq, alternative splicing analysis, knockdown/overexpression, FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway assays Oncogene Medium 40033026
2009 RFX1 binds to the PNRC promoter and represses PNRC gene transcription in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by gel shift, ChIP, and co-transfection experiments. EMSA (gel shift), ChIP, co-transfection reporter assay Molekuliarnaia biologiia Low 19334528
2025 miR-320 suppresses RFX1 expression in hepatocytes; reduced RFX1 enhances FGF1 production; Rfx1 knockdown in hepatocytes mitigates MASH by enhancing FGF1-mediated AMPK activation. Hepatocyte-specific miR-320 knockout mice, AAV-mediated restoration, Rfx1 knockdown, AMPK pathway assays Acta pharmaceutica sinica B Medium 40893671
1991 EF-C (RFX1) binds to certain DNA sites only when CpG dinucleotides are methylated (m5C), while binding to other sites is methylation-independent; EF-C likely corresponds to the methylated DNA-binding protein (MDBP). In vitro DNA binding assays with methylated and unmethylated substrates Virology Medium 1850932

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 56 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2010 Epigenetics and SLE: RFX1 downregulation causes CD11a and CD70 overexpression by altering epigenetic modifications in lupus CD4+ T cells. Journal of autoimmunity 133 20223637
1994 RFX1, a transactivator of hepatitis B virus enhancer I, belongs to a novel family of homodimeric and heterodimeric DNA-binding proteins. Molecular and cellular biology 126 8289803
1993 Functional interaction of nuclear factors EF-C, HNF-4, and RXR alpha with hepatitis B virus enhancer I. Journal of virology 100 8389913
2018 IL-6/STAT3 pathway induced deficiency of RFX1 contributes to Th17-dependent autoimmune diseases via epigenetic regulation. Nature communications 97 29422534
1993 RFX1 is identical to enhancer factor C and functions as a transactivator of the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Molecular and cellular biology 80 8413236
2010 RFX1 regulates CD70 and CD11a expression in lupus T cells by recruiting the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1. Arthritis research & therapy 67 21192791
2023 Hypoxia-induced exosomes facilitate lung pre-metastatic niche formation in hepatocellular carcinoma through the miR-4508-RFX1-IL17A-p38 MAPK-NF-κB pathway. International journal of biological sciences 63 37781522
1989 Binding of nuclear factor EF-C to a functional domain of the hepatitis B virus enhancer region. Molecular and cellular biology 62 2550788
1997 The transcriptional activation and repression domains of RFX1, a context-dependent regulator, can mutually neutralize their activities. Nucleic acids research 55 9278482
1995 The myc intron-binding polypeptide associates with RFX1 in vivo and binds to the major histocompatibility complex class II promoter region, to the hepatitis B virus enhancer, and to regulatory regions of several distinct viral genes. Molecular and cellular biology 42 7760800
1999 Involvement of RFX1 protein in the regulation of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 41 10336433
2000 Activation of protein kinase C induces nuclear translocation of RFX1 and down-regulates c-myc via an intron 1 X box in undifferentiated leukemia HL-60 cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 10918054
2010 Regulation of FGF1 gene promoter through transcription factor RFX1. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 20189986
1995 Transcription factors RFX1/EF-C and ATF-1 associate with the adenovirus E1A-responsive element of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter. Nucleic acids research 34 7479004
2005 Molecular genetic analysis of the yeast repressor Rfx1/Crt1 reveals a novel two-step regulatory mechanism. Molecular and cellular biology 32 16107689
2014 Transcription factor RFX1 is crucial for maintenance of genome integrity in Fusarium graminearum. Eukaryotic cell 29 24465002
2011 Breast cancer cells proliferation is regulated by tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 through c-jun N-terminal kinase and cooperative induction of RFX-1 and AP-4 transcription factors. Molecular cancer research : MCR 29 21719561
2019 RFX1 downregulation contributes to TLR4 overexpression in CD14+ monocytes via epigenetic mechanisms in coronary artery disease. Clinical epigenetics 26 30857550
2004 Identification of an epigenetically silenced gene, RFX1, in human glioma cells using restriction landmark genomic scanning. Oncogene 26 15334059
1998 RFX1, a single DNA-binding protein with a split dimerization domain, generates alternative complexes. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 9733744
1993 Transcription factor RFX1 helps control the promoter of the mouse ribosomal protein-encoding gene rpL30 by binding to its alpha element. Gene 26 8224874
2014 RFX1-dependent activation of SHP-1 induces autophagy by a novel obatoclax derivative in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 25 24952874
2021 RFX1: a promising therapeutic arsenal against cancer. Cancer cell international 24 33964962
2018 ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 transcription factors facilitate the differentiation and characterisation of inner ear hair cell-like cells from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells harbouring A8344G mutation of mitochondrial DNA. Cell death & disease 24 29740017
2021 Long Non-coding RNA SNHG17 Upregulates RFX1 by Sponging miR-3180-3p and Promotes Cellular Function in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Frontiers in genetics 23 33519911
2001 Nuclear import and DNA-binding activity of RFX1. Evidence for an autoinhibitory mechanism. European journal of biochemistry 23 11358531
1995 Interaction of EF-C/RFX-1 with the inverted repeat of viral enhancer regions is required for transactivation. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 7713944
2009 Differential expression of Rfx1-4 during mouse spermatogenesis. Gene expression patterns : GEP 22 19596083
2000 Induction of Myc-intron-binding polypeptides MIBP1 and RFX1 during retinoic acid-mediated differentiation of haemopoietic cells. The Biochemical journal 22 10642512
2016 Transcription factor RFX1 is ubiquitinated by E3 ligase STUB1 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 21 27283392
1997 Interaction of transcription factors RFX1 and MIBP1 with the gamma motif of the negative regulatory element of the hepatitis B virus core promoter. Virology 21 9018153
2003 RFX1 and NF-1 associate with P sequences of the human growth hormone locus in pituitary chromatin. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 20 12624117
2018 RFX1 participates in doxorubicin-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation. Cancer medicine 17 29601674
1996 Locations of human and mouse genes encoding the RFX1 and RFX2 transcription factor proteins. Genomics 17 8661125
1999 The dimerization/repression domain of RFX1 is related to a conserved region of its yeast homologues Crt1 and Sak1: a new function for an ancient motif. Journal of molecular biology 16 10556033
1996 Interactions of the transcription factors MIBP1 and RFX1 with the EP element of the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Journal of virology 16 8709229
1993 Antisense oligonucleotides specific for regulatory factor RFX-1 inhibit inducible but not constitutive expression of all major histocompatibility complex class II genes. European journal of immunology 15 8223867
1992 The genes for MHC class II regulatory factors RFX1 and RFX2 are located on the short arm of chromosome 19. Genomics 14 1505960
2016 RFX1 maintains testis cord integrity by regulating the expression of Itga6 in male mouse embryos. Molecular reproduction and development 12 27228460
2005 RFX-1, a putative alpha Adducin interacting protein in a human kidney library. FEBS letters 12 16289097
1991 Methylation-dependent and -independent DNA binding of nuclear factor EF-C. Virology 12 1850932
2023 RXR agonist, Bexarotene, effectively reduces drug resistance via regulation of RFX1 in embryonic carcinoma cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 10 37301270
2021 RFX1-mediated CCN3 induction that may support chondrocyte survival under starved conditions. Journal of cellular physiology 10 33655492
2019 Recruitment of the protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit to promoters by the dual-function transcription factor RFX1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 9 30654936
1998 Analysis of methylation in the 5' region of the human alpha-galactosidase A gene containing a binding site for methylated DNA-binding protein/RFX1-4. Biological chemistry 9 9628349
2018 RFX1 and RFX3 Transcription Factors Interact with the D Sequence of Adeno-Associated Virus Inverted Terminal Repeat and Regulate AAV Transduction. Scientific reports 8 29317724
2025 Loss of NgBR causes neuronal damage through decreasing KAT7-mediated RFX1 acetylation and FGF1 expression. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 6 40192836
2024 RFX1 regulates foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by mediating CD36 expression. International immunopharmacology 6 38402833
2025 RBM39 promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by regulating RFX1's alternative splicing and subsequent activation of integrin signaling pathway. Oncogene 5 40033026
2025 Neuronal PD-L1 suppression attenuates ischemic stroke injury via PD-1/RFX1 axis-mediated microglial polarization. International journal of surgery (London, England) 3 40694022
2024 Transduction enhancing EF-C peptide nanofibrils are endocytosed by macropinocytosis and subsequently degraded. Biomaterials 2 39754968
2022 Efficient Gamma-Retroviral Transduction of Primary Human Skin Cells Using the EF-c Peptide as a Transduction Enhancer. Current protocols 2 35085429
2016 [Overexpression of lentivirus RFX1 and its inhibitory effect on proliferation of glioblastoma cells]. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences 2 27932754
2009 [Transcriptional regulation of the human gene coding for proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator (pnrc) by regulatory factor x (rfx1)]. Molekuliarnaia biologiia 1 19334528
2025 Downregulation of ubiquitous microRNA-320 in hepatocytes triggers RFX1-mediated FGF1 suppression to accelerate MASH progression. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 0 40893671
2025 RFX1 Regulates Immune Microenvironment and Predicts Immunotherapy Response in Colon Cancer: A Multi-Omics and Clinical Analysis. Oncology research 0 41425715