Affinage

RBMX

RNA-binding motif protein, X chromosome · UniProt P38159

Length
391 aa
Mass
42.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
60 papers in source corpus 32 papers cited in narrative 32 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RBMX (hnRNP G) is a multifunctional nuclear RNA-binding protein that integrates alternative splicing regulation, genome maintenance, and transcriptional control. Its N-terminal RRM recognizes a 5'-AAN-3' RNA motif and cooperates with a central nascent transcript targeting domain and a C-terminal auxiliary RNA-binding domain to engage pre-mRNAs; through protein–protein interactions with Tra2β, SRSF1, U2AF65, and hnRNP A1, RBMX directs exon inclusion or exclusion in targets including SMN2, tau exon 10, PKM, MDM4, and HPV16 transcripts, with its splicing activity modulated by PRMT5-mediated arginine methylation, SUMOylation, and phosphorylation (PMID:24692659, PMID:34260915, PMID:35357488, PMID:33564070). RBMX also maintains chromosome integrity by accumulating at DNA double-strand breaks in a PARP1-dependent manner to promote BRCA2-mediated homologous recombination, by activating ATR on repetitive ssDNA through an RBMX–TopBP1 axis, and by protecting centromeric sister chromatid cohesion as a Wapl inhibitor in association with cohesin and satellite I noncoding RNA (PMID:22344029, PMID:32494026, PMID:22832223, PMID:29383807). Additionally, RBMX promotes TERRA degradation via the nuclear exosome adaptor ZCCHC8 to prevent telomeric R-loops, and acts as a transcriptional regulator at loci such as CBX5 and SREBP-1c; mutations in RBMX cause Shashi-XLID and Gustavson syndrome, with patient-derived iPSCs showing dysregulated MDM4 splicing and aberrant p53 activation (PMID:37756323, PMID:34458856, PMID:34260915, PMID:37277488).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1993 High

    The initial cloning of RBMX established it as an O-GlcNAc-glycosylated hnRNP containing an N-terminal RRM and a C-terminal SR/G-rich domain, placing it in the hnRNP family of RNA-binding proteins.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, sequencing, and glycosylation characterization of hnRNP G/p43

    PMID:7692398

    Open questions at the time
    • No RNA targets or functional consequence identified
    • O-GlcNAc modification functional role unknown
  2. 2000 High

    Demonstrating that RBMX physically interacts with the SR-like splicing factor Tra2β in nuclear extracts and that the RBMX interaction domain inhibits Tra2β-dependent splicing established RBMX as a splicing co-regulator rather than a passive RNA-binding protein.

    Evidence Endogenous Co-IP in HeLa extracts plus in vitro splicing assays with domain fragments

    PMID:10749975

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous splicing targets not yet identified
    • Mechanism of phosphorylation-enhanced interaction unresolved
  3. 2002 High

    Showing that RBMX promotes SMN2 exon 7 inclusion through Tra2β interaction and increases endogenous SMN protein identified a disease-relevant splicing target and confirmed that RBMX acts as a splicing activator in a therapeutically important context (spinal muscular atrophy).

    Evidence In vivo splicing assays with deletion mutants, SMN protein quantification

    PMID:12165565

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise RNA-binding site on SMN2 exon 7 not mapped
    • Whether RBMX acts alone or in an obligate complex with Tra2β unclear
  4. 2005 High

    Loss-of-function studies in zebrafish and Xenopus revealed that RBMX is essential for vertebrate neural development, brain patterning, and somitogenesis, expanding its role beyond splicing regulation to organismal development.

    Evidence Morpholino knockdown in zebrafish and Xenopus embryos with in situ hybridization for neural markers

    PMID:15895365 PMID:18521943

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream splicing targets responsible for developmental phenotypes not identified
    • Maternal vs. zygotic contribution unresolved
  5. 2006 Medium

    Identification of RBMX as a transcription factor binding the SREBP-1c promoter SRE in hepatocytes demonstrated a gene-regulatory function distinct from splicing, later reinforced by SAFB1 cooperation at the same promoter.

    Evidence MALDI-TOF MS identification, EMSA supershift, gain/loss-of-function in hepatoma cells; yeast two-hybrid and ChIP for SAFB1 cooperation

    PMID:17188681 PMID:19403048

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide transcriptional targets uncharacterized
    • Whether RBMX binds DNA directly or via RNA intermediates at promoters not distinguished
  6. 2010 High

    Systematic domain dissection revealed a modular architecture: the RRM is dispensable for recruitment to nascent transcripts, which instead requires a central NTD (aa 186–236), while a separate C-terminal auxiliary RBD recognizes hairpin RNA — resolving how RBMX engages transcripts through multiple independent domains.

    Evidence Deletion analysis on lampbrush chromosomes in amphibian oocytes plus in vitro RNA-binding assays

    PMID:21327109

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of NTD targeting unknown
    • How domain modules cooperate in mammalian cells not tested
  7. 2012 High

    Two parallel discoveries repositioned RBMX as a genome integrity factor: it accumulates at DNA double-strand breaks in a PARP1-dependent manner to promote homologous recombination via BRCA2, and it associates with cohesin subunits and acts as a Wapl inhibitor to maintain centromeric sister chromatid cohesion.

    Evidence Genome-wide siRNA screen with HR reporters, PARP inhibitor experiments, BRCA2 expression analysis; Co-IP with Scc1/Smc3/Wapl, chromosome spreads showing premature chromatid separation

    PMID:22344029 PMID:22832223

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular mechanism of Wapl inhibition unknown
    • Whether RNA-binding activity is required for DNA damage recruitment not tested
    • Relationship between cohesion and HR functions unclear
  8. 2014 High

    The NMR structure of the RBMX RRM bound to SMN2-derived RNA defined the 5'-AAN-3' recognition motif and showed that RBMX, Tra2β, and SRSF9 form a trimeric complex on SMN2 exon 7, providing the first atomic-resolution view of RBMX-RNA recognition and its cooperative splicing mechanism.

    Evidence NMR structure determination, RNA-binding mutagenesis, in vitro and in vivo splicing assays

    PMID:24692659

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length RBMX structure unavailable
    • How the auxiliary RBD and NTD integrate with RRM recognition not addressed
  9. 2018 Medium

    Discovery that RBMX associates with satellite I noncoding RNA specifically during mitosis as part of a centromeric ncRNP complex linked its RNA-binding function to its cohesion-protection role, showing that satellite I RNA stabilizes RBMX and Sororin at centromeres.

    Evidence LC/MS of satellite I ncRNP, siRNA knockdown of satellite I RNA and RBMX, immunofluorescence

    PMID:29383807

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct RNA-protein binding vs. indirect association not distinguished
    • Whether other centromeric RNAs participate not explored
  10. 2020 High

    Super-resolution imaging established that RBMX binds ssDNA at sites adjacent to but non-overlapping with RPA and recruits TopBP1 to activate ATR on repetitive DNA during replication stress, defining a junction-independent ATR activation pathway at fragile sites.

    Evidence STORM microscopy, ChIP-seq showing enrichment at repetitive DNA, micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange assays

    PMID:32494026

    Open questions at the time
    • How RBMX recognizes ssDNA versus RNA at stalled forks not resolved
    • Interplay between ATR activation and cohesion-protection roles at centromeres unexplored
  11. 2021 High

    Three mechanistic advances converged: RBMX competitively displaces hnRNP A1 to switch PKM splicing from PKM2 to PKM1 suppressing the Warburg effect; PRMT5-mediated methylation of the RBMX RGG/RG motif controls SRSF1 complex assembly and MDM4 exon 6 inclusion to regulate p53 (with Shashi-XLID iPSCs confirming disease relevance); and RBMX/RBMXL1 regulate CBX5 nascent transcription essential for AML cell survival.

    Evidence Co-IP, RIP, mini-gene splicing assays, in vivo tumor models; PRMT5 methylation assays, CRISPR iPSC models; ATAC-seq, nascent transcription, genetic rescue in murine/human AML

    PMID:33564070 PMID:34260915 PMID:34458856

    Open questions at the time
    • Full catalog of PRMT5-regulated RBMX splicing targets unknown
    • Whether PKM switching and MDM4 regulation are coordinated unclear
    • CBX5 transcriptional mechanism (direct DNA binding vs. RNA-mediated) not resolved
  12. 2022 High

    Domain mapping on HPV16 transcripts identified residues 236–286 as the splicing-effector region interacting with U2AF65, and showed that DNA damage-induced deSUMOylation of RBMX enhances its interaction with viral mRNAs, revealing SUMOylation as a regulatory switch for RBMX splicing activity.

    Evidence Mini-gene splicing assays, mutagenesis, Co-IP with U2AF65, SUMOylation assays under DDR conditions

    PMID:35357488

    Open questions at the time
    • SUMO acceptor lysine(s) on RBMX not identified
    • Whether SUMOylation similarly regulates host mRNA splicing untested
  13. 2023 High

    RBMX was shown to bind TERRA and the nuclear exosome adaptor ZCCHC8 simultaneously, channeling TERRA for degradation; loss of RBMX elevates TERRA, increases telomeric R-loops and replication stress, directly connecting RBMX's RNA-binding function to telomere stability.

    Evidence RIP, Co-IP with ZCCHC8, R-loop assays, telomere instability assays

    PMID:37756323

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RBMX distinguishes TERRA from other G-rich RNAs mechanistically unknown
    • Structural basis of simultaneous TERRA/ZCCHC8 binding unresolved
  14. 2024 Medium

    Pathogen-directed dephosphorylation of RBMX at S189 by mycobacterial PstP alters PLA2G7 splicing to amplify inflammation, while SOCS5 engages the RBMX RRM via its SH2 domain to co-activate SREBP1 for lipogenesis, extending RBMX post-translational regulation to infection and metabolic signaling.

    Evidence Multi-omics (phosphoproteomics, interactomics) for PstP/S189; Co-IP, GST-pulldown, promoter assays with SH2 mutagenesis for SOCS5

    PMID:38429411 PMID:41675711

    Open questions at the time
    • S189 phosphorylation stoichiometry and kinase identity in uninfected cells unknown
    • In vivo relevance of SOCS5-RBMX axis to lipogenesis not demonstrated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Major open questions include the full-length structure of RBMX, the global landscape of its splicing and transcriptional targets in different tissues, how its parallel roles in splicing, cohesion, DNA repair, and telomere maintenance are coordinated or compete for the same protein pool, and how the multiple post-translational modifications (O-GlcNAc, PRMT5 methylation, SUMOylation, phosphorylation) are integrated to tune function.
  • No full-length structural model available
  • Tissue-specific target repertoire unknown
  • Coordination between genome stability and RNA processing roles unresolved
  • Combinatorial PTM code not systematically mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA 8 GO:0003723 RNA binding 6 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0003677 DNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 5 GO:0005694 chromosome 3 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2
Pathway
R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 9 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 2
Partners
HNRNPA1SAFB1SRSF1TOPBP1TRA2BU2AF2WAPLZCCHC8
Complex memberships
Centromeric satellite I ncRNP complexRBMX/SRSF1 higher-order splicing complexTra2β/hnRNP G/SRSF9 trimeric splicing complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 32 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 RBMX (hnRNP G/p43) is an RNA-binding protein that is O-linked N-acetylglucosamine glycosylated, contains an RNP-consensus RNA binding domain (RBD) at the amino terminus, and a carboxyl domain rich in serines, arginines, and glycines. cDNA cloning, sequencing, glycosylation characterization Nucleic acids research High 7692398
2000 RBMX (hnRNP G) interacts with Tra2beta (an SR-like splicing factor) via protein-protein interaction; endogenous hnRNP G and Tra2beta are associated in HeLa nuclear extracts; phosphorylation enhanced the interaction and reduced competing RNA binding; the protein interaction domain of RBM inhibited splicing in vitro of a pre-mRNA substrate containing a Tra2beta-bound enhancer. Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins, in vitro splicing assay, phosphorylation assay Human molecular genetics High 10749975
2002 RBMX (hnRNP G) promotes inclusion of SMN2 exon 7 by directly and specifically binding to Htra2-beta1 (an SR-like splicing factor); this protein-protein interaction (rather than non-specific RNA binding) mediates exon 7 inclusion; recombinant hnRNP G increases endogenous SMN protein levels. In vivo splicing assays, direct protein-protein interaction assays, deletion mutant analysis Human molecular genetics High 12165565
2003 RBMX (hnRNP G) and hTra2beta have opposing effects on exon inclusion/exclusion; hnRNP G acts via a specific sequence to repress the skeletal muscle-specific exon (SK) of TPM3 and stimulates inclusion of the non-muscle exon; binding of hnRNP G to the exon is antagonized by hTra2beta; both proteins have opposite effects on a dystrophin pseudo-exon linked to X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. Mini-gene transfection splicing assays, co-transfection in cardiac and skeletal myoblasts Human molecular genetics High 12761049
2007 RBMX (hnRNP G) forms a complex with ZAP3, PP1, SAM68, CIA, and NF110/45; the interaction of hnRNP G with ZAP3 is lost upon digestion of endogenous nucleic acid, indicating RNA-dependent interaction. Proteomic analysis of ZAP3 complex, co-immunoprecipitation, nucleic acid digestion Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 17890166
2008 RBMX (hnRNP G) binds and transactivates the Txnip tumor suppressor promoter in vivo; a K22R mutation in the RBD abolishes this transcriptional activity; overexpression of Txnip alone inhibits anchorage-independent growth, linking RBMX tumor suppression to Txnip upregulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), promoter reporter assays, site-directed mutagenesis, anchorage-independent growth assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 18541147
2008 RBMX is required for normal anterior neural plate patterning, neurogenesis, neural crest development, and muscle segmentation in Xenopus; morpholino-mediated knockdown causes these specific developmental defects. Morpholino knockdown in Xenopus laevis embryos, expression cloning screen Developmental dynamics Medium 18521943
2008 RBMX associates with ARTS-1 via co-immunoprecipitation; RNAi depletion of RBMX reduces both constitutive release of TNFR1 exosome-like vesicles and IL-1β-mediated proteolytic cleavage of TNFR1 ectodomains; conversely, RBMX overexpression increases both pathways of TNFR1 release. Co-immunoprecipitation, RNA interference, ELISA for TNFR1 shedding, overexpression Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 18445477
2009 RBMX (hnRNP G) activates the testis-specific TLE4-T cassette exon by directly binding pre-mRNA sequences around this exon as a splicing co-activator; a high-affinity binding site for hnRNP G-T (the germ cell paralog) was also identified, showing sequence-specific RNA binding. RNA pull-down, mini-gene splicing assays, co-expression with Tra2beta, identification of binding site PLoS genetics High 19893608
2009 RBMX interacts with SAFB1; both SAFB1 and RBMX bind to the upstream region of the Srebp-1c gene promoter (by ChIP); SAFB1 knockdown reduces RBMX-induced Srebp-1c promoter activity, and SAFB1 overexpression only affects Srebp-1c promoter in the presence of RBMX. Yeast two-hybrid, immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), RNA interference, reporter assays BMB reports Medium 19403048
2010 RBMX (hnRNP G) has a modular domain organization: the RRM is not required for recruitment to nascent transcripts; a centrally positioned Nascent Transcripts Targeting Domain (NTD, residues 186-236) acts autonomously to target hnRNP G to active transcription units; an additional auxiliary C-terminal RNA Binding Domain (RBD, 58 residues) recognizes a hairpin RNA motif. Deletion analysis in amphibian oocytes (lampbrush chromosomes), in vitro RNA-binding assays Nucleus High 21327109
2011 RBMX (hnRNP G) forms a complex with SRp75 and interacts with hnRNPE2; hnRNP G and SRp75 inhibit splicing of tau exon 10 while hnRNPE2 activates it; SRp75 binds to the proximal downstream intron of tau exon 10 at the FTDP-17 hotspot region. Co-transfection, co-immunoprecipitation, RNAi Gene Medium 21723381
2012 RBMX accumulates at DNA double-strand break lesions through multiple domains in a PARP1-dependent manner and promotes homologous recombination by facilitating proper BRCA2 expression; identified in a genome-wide siRNA screen as a positive regulator of HR. Genome-wide siRNA screen, localization to DNA lesions, PARP1 inhibitor experiments, BRCA2 expression analysis Nature cell biology High 22344029
2012 RBMX associates with chromatin and with cohesin subunits Scc1 and Smc3 and cohesion regulator Wapl; RBMX depletion causes premature loss of cohesin from centromeric regions before anaphase, resulting in premature chromatid separation with delocalization of shugoshin complex and outer kinetochore proteins; RBMX maintains cohesion only in the presence of Wapl, suggesting it acts as a Wapl inhibitor; cohesion defects are detectable in G2 phase. RNAi, co-immunoprecipitation with cohesin subunits, chromosome spreading, localization studies Cell reports High 22832223
2014 The RRM domain of RBMX (hnRNP G) specifically recognizes a 5'-AAN-3' motif (two consecutive adenines); the RRM interacts with SMN2 exon 7 at a polyA tract upstream of the Tra2-β1 binding site; this interaction is required for hnRNP G splicing activity; hnRNP G participates in a trimeric Tra2-β1/hnRNP G/SRSF9 complex on SMN2 exon 7. NMR structure of RRM bound to SMN2-derived RNA, mutagenesis of RRM and RNA binding sites, in vitro and in vivo splicing assays Nucleic acids research High 24692659
2015 RBMX interacts with Borna disease virus (BDV) nucleoprotein; knockdown of RBMX disrupts viral speckle of transcripts (vSPOTs) formation and reduces BDV transcription and replication. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence of viral factories The Journal of general virology Medium 26333388
2018 RBMX associates with satellite I noncoding RNA specifically during M phase and is a component of the centromeric ncRNP complex; RBMX knockdown induces premature separation of sister chromatid cohesion and abnormal nuclear division; satellite I RNA knockdown reduces RBMX and Sororin levels, suggesting satellite I RNA stabilizes RBMX/Sororin in the ncRNP complex. LC/MS of purified satellite I ncRNP complex, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, cell fractionation Genes to cells Medium 29383807
2018 RBMX (hnRNP G) prevents inclusion of the central exon between HPV16 splice sites SA3358 and SD3632 on late L1 mRNAs by binding an 8-nucleotide splicing enhancer element, acting as a splicing inhibitor for this viral exon. RNA-binding assays, mini-gene splicing assays, mutagenesis of splicing enhancer The Journal of general virology Medium 29458523
2019 NORAD lncRNA interaction with RBMX is dispensable for genomic stability maintenance; extensive RNA FISH and fractionation established NORAD localizes predominantly to the cytoplasm; genetic rescue experiments showed PUM binding (not RBMX binding) is required for NORAD-mediated genome maintenance. RNA FISH, subcellular fractionation, genetic rescue experiments with NORAD mutants eLife High 31343408
2020 RBMX is an ssDNA-binding protein that activates ATR on repetitive DNAs during replication stress; using super-resolution STORM, RBMX and RPA bind adjacent but non-overlapping sites on ssDNA; RBMX facilitates positioning of TopBP1 to activate ATR associated with RPA; this pathway is independent of ssDNA-dsDNA junctions and the 9-1-1 complex; RBMX/RPA are enriched on repetitive DNAs (fragile sites) by ChIP-seq; RBMX depletion causes defective TopBP1 localization, replication defects, micronuclei, and increased sister-chromatid exchange. Super-resolution STORM microscopy, ChIP-seq, siRNA knockdown, micronuclei assay, sister chromatid exchange assay Cell death and differentiation High 32494026
2021 RBMX interacts with hnRNP A1 via its RGG motif; RBMX competitively inhibits the combination of the hnRNP A1 RGG motif with sequences flanking PKM exon 9, shifting PKM splicing from PKM2 to PKM1, thereby suppressing aerobic glycolysis and bladder cancer tumorigenicity. Co-immunoprecipitation, RIP, mini-gene splicing assays, in vitro and in vivo tumor models Oncogene High 33564070
2021 RBMX and its retrogene RBMXL1 directly bind mRNAs, control nascent transcription of the CBX5 (HP1α) locus, regulate chromatin accessibility, and are required for myeloid leukemia cell survival; forced CBX5 expression rescues RBMX/L1 depletion-induced growth arrest and apoptosis. RIP, ATAC-seq, nascent transcription assays, rescue experiments, loss-of-function in murine and human AML models Nature cancer High 34458856
2021 The RBMX RGG/RG motif is methylated by PRMT5; this methylation regulates assembly of RBMX with SRSF1 into higher-order complexes; RBMX/SRSF1 complex binding to MDM4 pre-mRNA promotes exon 6 inclusion and maintains MDM4 protein levels; depletion of RBMX or disruption by PRMT5 inhibition reduces SRSF1 binding to MDM4 pre-mRNA, causes exon 6 skipping, lowers MDM4 protein, and activates p53; Shashi-XLID iPSCs with deleted RGG/RG motif show dysregulated MDM4 splicing, aberrant p53 upregulation, and neural progenitor differentiation/apoptosis defects. PRMT5 methylation assay, Co-IP, RIP, mini-gene splicing assays, CRISPR-Cas9 Shashi-XLID iPSC model, transcriptomic analysis Cell reports High 34260915
2022 RBMX (hnRNP G) promotes HPV16 E2 mRNA splicing through binding a uridine-less splicing enhancer (ACGAGGACGAGGACAAGGA) upstream of SA2709; the splicing-enhancing function maps to amino acids 236-286 of hnRNP G which also interact with splicing factor U2AF65; DNA damage response (DDR) reduces sumoylation of hnRNP G, enhancing its interaction with E2 mRNAs and U2AF65; hnRNP G also promotes intron retention in HPV16 E6 coding region, inhibiting production of spliced E7 oncogene mRNAs. RNA-binding assays, mini-gene splicing assays, mutagenesis, Co-IP with U2AF65, sumoylation assays, DDR induction Nucleic acids research High 35357488
2023 RBMX binds TERRA (telomere repeat-containing RNA) and simultaneously binds nuclear exosome targeting protein ZCCHC8; RBMX depletion elevates TERRA levels, enhances telomere R-loop formation, replication stress, and telomere instability; RBMX promotes TERRA degradation by facilitating its transport to the nuclear exosome. RIP, Co-IP, R-loop assay, telomere instability assays, siRNA knockdown PLoS genetics High 37756323
2023 A Pro162 deletion in RBMX (Gustavson syndrome) leads to disturbed RNA polymerase II transcription (enriched for transcription factors) in neuronal cells; fluorescence polarization assay and prediction tools identify a novel SH3-binding motif in hnRNP G, and the deletion reduces affinity to SH3 domains. Genomic sequencing, gene expression analysis in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, fluorescence polarization binding assay European journal of human genetics Medium 37277488
2024 RBMX is dephosphorylated at serine 189 (S189) by mycobacterial phosphatase PstP during Mtb infection; this dephosphorylation alters RBMX splicing activity, causing alternative splicing of PLA2G7 with increased inclusion of exon 9, producing a PLA2G7 isoform that potentiates inflammatory responses. Multi-omics (proteomics, phosphoproteomics, interactomics), identification of PstP as the phosphatase, splicing analysis of PLA2G7 iMetaOmics Medium 41675711
2024 SOCS5 interacts with RBMX via its SH2 domain (critical residues Y413 and D443 binding to the RBMX RRM domain); SOCS5-RBMX complex co-stimulates the SREBP1 promoter to induce de novo lipogenesis; mutations in the SH2 domain reverse this effect. Co-IP, GST-pulldown, promoter reporter assay, mutagenesis of SH2 domain NPJ precision oncology Medium 38429411
2024 SUMOylation of RBMX regulates its exosomal miRNA sorting function; deSUMOylated RBMX in diabetic kidney disease promotes packaging of protective miRNAs (miR-26a, miR-23c, miR-874) into exosomes, which target CERS6 to regulate mitochondrial health. Co-immunoprecipitation, SUMOylation assays, RNA immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, exosome isolation Journal of advanced research Medium 39341454
2005 RBMX is required for normal embryonic brain development in zebrafish; rbmx morpholino knockdown causes underdeveloped head and eyes, reduced body size, defective somite patterning, absence of jaws, and severely reduced expression of fore- and hindbrain markers otx2 and krox20. Antisense morpholino knockdown in zebrafish, in situ hybridization for neural markers Developmental dynamics High 15895365
2006 RBMX functions as a hepatic transcriptional regulator of the SREBP-1c gene in response to high-fructose diet; identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as the nuclear protein binding to the SRE in the SREBP-1c promoter; anti-RBMX antibody displaces promoter-binding complexes in EMSA; RBMX overexpression or knockdown regulates SREBP-1c promoter activity in hepatoma cells. MALDI-TOF MS identification, EMSA with antibody supershift, overexpression and RNAi in hepatoma cells FEBS letters Medium 17188681
2020 RBMX specifically binds and stabilizes the lncRNA BLACAT1 mRNA; RIP, RNA pull-down, and RNA stability assays confirmed this interaction; RBMX-mediated BLACAT1 stabilization promotes autophagy, cancer cell stemness, and sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. RIP, RNA pull-down, RNA stability assay (actinomycin D chase) American journal of cancer research Medium 33294259

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 60 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 A genome-wide homologous recombination screen identifies the RNA-binding protein RBMX as a component of the DNA-damage response. Nature cell biology 359 22344029
2019 Regulation of Co-transcriptional Pre-mRNA Splicing by m6A through the Low-Complexity Protein hnRNPG. Molecular cell 314 31445886
2002 hnRNP-G promotes exon 7 inclusion of survival motor neuron (SMN) via direct interaction with Htra2-beta1. Human molecular genetics 160 12165565
1993 hnRNP G: sequence and characterization of a glycosylated RNA-binding protein. Nucleic acids research 140 7692398
2000 RBMY, a probable human spermatogenesis factor, and other hnRNP G proteins interact with Tra2beta and affect splicing. Human molecular genetics 104 10749975
2003 HnRNP G and Tra2beta: opposite effects on splicing matched by antagonism in RNA binding. Human molecular genetics 85 12761049
2006 Positive correlation between the expression of X-chromosome RBM genes (RBMX, RBM3, RBM10) and the proapoptotic Bax gene in human breast cancer. Journal of cellular biochemistry 72 16552754
2012 RBMX: a regulator for maintenance and centromeric protection of sister chromatid cohesion. Cell reports 67 22832223
2021 RBMX suppresses tumorigenicity and progression of bladder cancer by interacting with the hnRNP A1 protein to regulate PKM alternative splicing. Oncogene 65 33564070
2019 PUMILIO, but not RBMX, binding is required for regulation of genomic stability by noncoding RNA NORAD. eLife 58 31343408
2004 The role of potential splicing factors including RBMY, RBMX, hnRNPG-T and STAR proteins in spermatogenesis. International journal of andrology 58 15595951
1998 Structure and organization of the RBMY genes on the human Y chromosome: transposition and amplification of an ancestral autosomal hnRNPG gene. Genomics 49 9598316
2014 Characterization of the RNA recognition mode of hnRNP G extends its role in SMN2 splicing regulation. Nucleic acids research 46 24692659
2001 Expression and conservation of processed copies of the RBMX gene. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 44 11420617
2018 RBMX family proteins connect the fields of nuclear RNA processing, disease and sex chromosome biology. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 40 30593955
2020 RBMX contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and sorafenib resistance by specifically binding and stabilizing BLACAT1. American journal of cancer research 39 33294259
2005 RBMX gene is essential for brain development in zebrafish. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 36 15895365
2011 An SRp75/hnRNPG complex interacting with hnRNPE2 regulates the 5' splice site of tau exon 10, whose misregulation causes frontotemporal dementia. Gene 35 21723381
2019 A novel RBMX-TFE3 gene fusion in a highly aggressive pediatric renal perivascular epithelioid cell tumor. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 34 31408245
2009 The germ cell nuclear proteins hnRNP G-T and RBMY activate a testis-specific exon. PLoS genetics 34 19893608
2008 hnRNP G elicits tumor-suppressive activity in part by upregulating the expression of Txnip. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 34 18541147
2014 The RBMX gene as a candidate for the Shashi X-linked intellectual disability syndrome. Clinical genetics 31 25256757
2008 Haploinsufficiency of the germ cell-specific nuclear RNA binding protein hnRNP G-T prevents functional spermatogenesis in the mouse. Human molecular genetics 31 18562473
2015 HNRNP G and HTRA2-BETA1 regulate estrogen receptor alpha expression with potential impact on endometrial cancer. BMC cancer 30 25884434
2010 Novel domains in the hnRNP G/RBMX protein with distinct roles in RNA binding and targeting nascent transcripts. Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) 30 21327109
2007 The nuclear PP1 interacting protein ZAP3 (ZAP) is a putative nucleoside kinase that complexes with SAM68, CIA, NF110/45, and HNRNP-G. Biochimica et biophysica acta 29 17890166
2021 Transcriptional control of CBX5 by the RNA binding proteins RBMX and RBMXL1 maintains chromatin state in myeloid leukemia. Nature cancer 27 34458856
2008 Expression cloning in Xenopus identifies RNA-binding proteins as regulators of embryogenesis and Rbmx as necessary for neural and muscle development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 27 18521943
2008 An association between RBMX, a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein, and ARTS-1 regulates extracellular TNFR1 release. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 25 18445477
2020 RBMX is required for activation of ATR on repetitive DNAs to maintain genome stability. Cell death and differentiation 24 32494026
2006 RBMX is a novel hepatic transcriptional regulator of SREBP-1c gene response to high-fructose diet. FEBS letters 23 17188681
2004 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-T (HNRNP G-T) mutations in men with impaired spermatogenesis. Molecular human reproduction 23 14996998
2012 Expression of RBMX after spinal cord injury in rats. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 22 23180094
2022 hnRNP G/RBMX enhances HPV16 E2 mRNA splicing through a novel splicing enhancer and inhibits production of spliced E7 oncogene mRNAs. Nucleic acids research 18 35357488
2018 RBMX is a component of the centromere noncoding RNP complex involved in cohesion regulation. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 17 29383807
2021 Deletion of RBMX RGG/RG motif in Shashi-XLID syndrome leads to aberrant p53 activation and neuronal differentiation defects. Cell reports 16 34260915
2009 SAFB1, an RBMX-binding protein, is a newly identified regulator of hepatic SREBP-1c gene. BMB reports 14 19403048
2018 hnRNP G prevents inclusion on the HPV16 L1 mRNAs of the central exon between splice sites SA3358 and SD3632. The Journal of general virology 13 29458523
2024 Spliceosomic dysregulation in pancreatic cancer uncovers splicing factors PRPF8 and RBMX as novel candidate actionable targets. Molecular oncology 11 38790138
2002 Autoimmune antibodies to hnRNPG protein in dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus: epitope mapping of the antigen. Journal of autoimmunity 11 12126635
2023 Gustavson syndrome is caused by an in-frame deletion in RBMX associated with potentially disturbed SH3 domain interactions. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 10 37277488
2023 RBMX involves in telomere stability maintenance by regulating TERRA expression. PLoS genetics 10 37756323
2015 X-linked RNA-binding motif protein (RBMX) is required for the maintenance of Borna disease virus nuclear viral factories. The Journal of general virology 9 26333388
2024 SOCS5-RBMX stimulates SREBP1-mediated lipogenesis to promote metastasis in steatotic HCC with HBV-related cirrhosis. NPJ precision oncology 8 38429411
2014 Expression of RBMX in the light-induced damage of rat retina in vivo. Cellular and molecular neurobiology 8 25407628
2006 Associations of homologous RNA-binding motif gene on the X chromosome (RBMX) and its like sequence on chromosome 9 (RBMXL9) with non-obstructive azoospermia. Asian journal of andrology 8 16491274
2024 DeSUMOylation of RBMX regulates exosomal sorting of cargo to promote renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease. Journal of advanced research 7 39341454
2022 Identification of RBMX as a splicing regulator in Parkinsonian mimetic induced alternative splicing of α-synuclein. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms 7 35577270
2002 Localization of the germ cell-specific protein, hnRNP G-T, in testicular biopsies of azoospermic men. Acta histochemica 6 12389739
2025 Cancer-Derived Exosomal LINC01615 Induces M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages via RBMX-EZH2 Axis to Promote Colorectal Cancer Progression. International journal of nanomedicine 5 40529536
2006 Use of a recombinant protein containing major epitopes of hnRNP G to detect anti-hnRNP G antibodies in dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus. Research in veterinary science 5 16677675
2004 The X-chromosome RBMX Gene is Expressed in Mammary Carcinoma. Cancer genomics & proteomics 3 31394616
2011 Differential RNA-binding activity of the hnRNP G protein correlated with the sex genotype in the amphibian oocyte. Nucleic acids research 2 21278421
2025 Dynamic Interplay Between miR-133a and RBMX During Dengue Virus Infection. Journal of medical virology 1 40772600
2025 Mycobacterial PstP impairs host RNA alternative splicing by dephosphorylation of spliceosome RBMX at S189. iMetaOmics 1 41675711
2026 RBMX Transcriptionally Repressed by EZH2-Associated H3K27me3 Modification Attenuates Pyroptosis in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Regulating SIRT3/NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences 0 41769733
2026 CDH4/UBA1/RBMX axis promotes polycystic ovary syndrome progression through YAP1 activation. Cellular & molecular biology letters 0 41882537
2026 ALKBH5/IGF2BP1-mediated m6A demethylation of TRIM37 promotes pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and glycolysis by mediating RBMX degradation. Cell biology and toxicology 0 41922631
2025 The RNA-Binding Protein RBMX Mediates the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Osteosarcoma by Regulating CD8+T Cells. Cancers 0 40941025
2024 [RBMX overexpression inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis of human bladder cancer cells by downregulating PKM2]. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University 0 38293971