Affinage

PSMD1

26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 · UniProt Q99460

Round 2 corrected
Length
953 aa
Mass
105.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 13 papers cited in narrative 13 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PSMD1 (Rpn2) is the largest non-ATPase scaffolding subunit of the 26S proteasome 19S regulatory particle, essential for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, stress responses, and nuclear protein transport (PMID:8816993). Its eleven PC repeats fold into a closed toroidal structure of concentric α-helical rings, from which a rod-like N-terminal domain and a globular C-terminal domain emerge; the C-terminal ~14–20 residues serve as the exclusive docking site for the ubiquitin receptor Rpn13/Adrm1, coordinating substrate recognition at the proteasome (PMID:22405010, PMID:28442575). A bipartite NLS within PSMD1 mediates karyopherin αβ-dependent nuclear import of the 19S base complex (PMID:15210724), and PIASy-mediated SUMOylation of a lysine adjacent to the Rpn13-binding site dynamically regulates Rpn13 association with the proteasome, with disruption of SUMO cycling delaying mitotic exit (PMID:24910440). PSMD1 knockdown stabilizes p53, arrests the cell cycle in breast cancer cells (PMID:28992264), sustains NF-κB signaling in chronic myeloid leukemia (PMID:33712704), and promotes lipid droplet formation via p38-JNK/AKT pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (PMID:31703613).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1996 High

    Cloning of human p112 (PSMD1) and yeast complementation established it as the largest 19S regulatory subunit essential for multiple 26S proteasome-mediated processes including ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis and nuclear transport.

    Evidence cDNA cloning with yeast SEN3 complementation and phenotypic assays

    PMID:8816993

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural information on PSMD1 or its domain architecture
    • Binding partners within the 19S particle not yet mapped
  2. 2002 Low

    Computational modeling predicted that the PC-repeat domain of PSMD1 forms a novel toroidal α-helical fold, providing the first structural hypothesis for how the subunit might assist substrate unfolding.

    Evidence Sequence pattern analysis and molecular modeling

    PMID:12270919

    Open questions at the time
    • No experimental structure to validate the toroid model
    • Functional role of the predicted pore unresolved
  3. 2004 High

    Identification of a functional bipartite NLS in Rpn2/PSMD1 resolved how the 19S base complex enters the nucleus, showing that PSMD1 itself directs karyopherin αβ-dependent nuclear import.

    Evidence NLS deletion mutagenesis with immunofluorescence in yeast

    PMID:15210724

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PSMD1 NLS is the sole import signal for the 19S base or acts redundantly with other subunit NLSs
    • Mechanism by which nuclear proteasome mislocalization impairs function not fully delineated
  4. 2008 High

    Discovery that the ubiquitin receptor Rpn13 is anchored to the proteasome through direct interaction with PSMD1 defined a key substrate-recruitment axis at the 19S particle.

    Evidence Biochemical interaction mapping and Rpn13 identification as proteasome subunit

    PMID:18497817

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise binding site on PSMD1 not yet mapped
    • Regulation of the PSMD1–Rpn13 interaction unknown
  5. 2012 High

    Crystal structure of PSMD1 confirmed the closed toroidal PC-repeat fold and located the Rpn13-binding site to the C-terminal ~20 residues, while biochemical mapping showed PSMD1 coordinates multiple ubiquitin-processing factors at the proteasome base.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography combined with binding-affinity measurements, pulldown, and yeast two-hybrid assays

    PMID:22318722 PMID:22405010

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution co-crystal of PSMD1 with Rpn13 at this point
    • Energetic independence of ubiquitin and Rpn13 binding to PSMD1 not yet resolved
  6. 2014 High

    PIASy-mediated SUMOylation of PSMD1 adjacent to the Rpn13-binding domain, and its reversal by xSENP1, was shown to regulate Rpn13 proteasome association and mitotic exit, revealing a post-translational mechanism that tunes proteasome composition during cell division.

    Evidence Co-IP, SUMO site mapping, PIASy/xSENP1 functional studies, mitotic exit assay in Xenopus egg extracts

    PMID:24910440

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether SUMO-dependent regulation of PSMD1–Rpn13 operates in mammalian mitosis not directly shown
    • Full spectrum of PSMD1 SUMOylation sites and their functional consequences unexplored
  7. 2017 High

    Co-crystal structures of hRpn13 PRU domain bound to hRpn2 C-terminal peptides resolved the atomic interface and demonstrated that Rpn2 occupancy occludes the RA190 drug-binding surface on Rpn13, clarifying both substrate recruitment and pharmacological targeting mechanisms.

    Evidence NMR and X-ray crystallography, SPR, fluorescence polarization, mutagenesis, and cell-based RA190 assays

    PMID:28442575 PMID:28598414

    Open questions at the time
    • No full-length PSMD1–Rpn13 complex structure in the context of the intact 26S proteasome
    • Structural basis for how SUMOylation disrupts the C-terminal interaction not determined
  8. 2018 Medium

    Functional studies in cancer cells revealed that PSMD1 loss stabilizes p53 protein and causes cell-cycle arrest, while in Dictyostelium PSMD1 directly interacts with ATG16 and is subject to autophagic degradation, linking proteasome turnover to the autophagy pathway.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown with p53 stability and cell-cycle assays (breast cancer); Co-IP, colocalization, lysosomal assays in Dictyostelium

    PMID:28992264 PMID:30269947

    Open questions at the time
    • p53 stabilization upon PSMD1 knockdown likely reflects general proteasome impairment rather than a PSMD1-specific mechanism — not disambiguated
    • ATG16-dependent degradation of PSMD1 not confirmed in mammalian cells
    • Direct reconstitution of PSMD1 autophagic turnover lacking
  9. 2019 Medium

    PSMD1 knockdown in hepatocellular carcinoma cells reduced lipid droplet formation and cell proliferation via p38-JNK/AKT signaling, extending PSMD1's functional impact to lipid metabolism.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, lipid droplet quantification, pathway inhibitor studies in HepG2 cells

    PMID:31703613

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether lipid metabolic effects are PSMD1-specific or reflect general proteasome inhibition not resolved
    • Direct proteasomal substrates linking PSMD1 to lipid synthesis genes not identified
  10. 2021 Medium

    PSMD1 was placed upstream of NF-κB in chronic myeloid leukemia cells, where its depletion reduces NF-κB activity and induces apoptosis selectively in leukemia but not normal progenitor cells, connecting PSMD1 to kinase-independent TKI resistance.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown, NF-κB luciferase reporter, nucleocytoplasmic fractionation, apoptosis assays

    PMID:33712704

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical mechanism by which PSMD1 promotes NF-κB stability (direct substrate identity) not determined
    • In vivo validation in CML models lacking

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved whether the cancer-context phenotypes of PSMD1 depletion (p53 stabilization, NF-κB reduction, lipid droplet loss) reflect PSMD1-specific scaffolding functions or general proteasome impairment, and no full-length cryo-EM or crystal structure of PSMD1 within the complete human 26S proteasome has been described in this timeline.
  • Substrate specificity conferred by PSMD1 versus general proteasome function not disentangled
  • Full structural context of PSMD1 within the assembled human 26S holoenzyme not captured
  • Whether SUMO-mediated regulation of PSMD1–Rpn13 operates in vivo in mammals unconfirmed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 5 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
ADRM1ATG16PIASYPSMD2SENP1UCH37
Complex memberships
19S regulatory particle (base subcomplex)26S proteasome

Evidence

Reading pass · 13 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 PSMD1 (human p112) was identified as the largest regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome 19S regulatory particle. cDNA cloning revealed a 953-amino acid polypeptide (MW ~105,865 Da) mapped to chromosome 2q37.1–q37.2. Functional complementation showed p112 is the human orthologue of yeast Sen3p; disruption of SEN3 caused defects in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, the N-end rule pathway, stress response, and nuclear protein transport, demonstrating PSMD1/Sen3p is essential for multiple 26S proteasome-mediated cellular processes. cDNA cloning, yeast complementation assay, temperature-sensitive growth phenotype analysis, ubiquitin pathway functional assays Molecular biology of the cell High 8816993
2002 Computational modeling predicted that the proteasome/cyclosome (PC) repeat-containing domain of Rpn2/PSMD1 (and Rpn1) forms a novel alpha-helical toroid structure with a central pore, proposed to function as an 'antechamber' that assists ATPases in unfolding protein substrates prior to proteolysis by the 20S core. Sequence pattern analysis, molecular modeling of PC repeat domains The Journal of biological chemistry Low 12270919
2004 Rpn2/PSMD1 harbors a functional bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Deletion of the Rpn2 NLS resulted in improper nuclear proteasome localization and impaired proteasome function in yeast, demonstrating that Rpn2 is required for karyopherin αβ-mediated nuclear import of the 19S base complex. NLS deletion mutagenesis, immunofluorescence localization, yeast genetics, karyopherin pathway analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 15210724
2008 Rpn13 (proteasomal ubiquitin receptor) is anchored to the proteasome through direct interaction with Rpn2/PSMD1, establishing PSMD1 as the docking site for this ubiquitin receptor within the 19S regulatory particle. Biochemical interaction studies, identification of Rpn13 as proteasome subunit Nature High 18497817
2012 The crystal structure of the 26S proteasome subunit Rpn2/PSMD1 was determined, revealing that the eleven PC repeats form a closed toroidal structure of two concentric rings of α-helices encircling two axial α-helices. A rod-like N-terminal domain of 17 stacked α-helices and a globular C-terminal domain emerge from one face of the toroid. Rpn13 (ubiquitin receptor) binds to the C-terminal 20 residues of Rpn2. X-ray crystallography, structural analysis Structure (London, England : 1993) High 22405010
2012 Rpn2/PSMD1 serves as a central hub in the 19S regulatory particle: it docks ubiquitin shuttle proteins Rad23 and Dsk2 (via Rpn1 in the same study context), and directly anchors the ubiquitin receptor Rpn13, which binds exclusively to the C-terminal domain of Rpn2. The presence of Rpn2 also stabilizes the association of Rpn10 with Rpn1, coordinating multiple ubiquitin-processing factors simultaneously at the proteasome base. Binding affinity measurements, yeast two-hybrid, pulldown assays, domain mapping The Journal of biological chemistry High 22318722
2014 PSMD1 (Psmd1) undergoes SUMOylation via the SUMO E3 ligase PIASy. The SUMO deconjugating enzyme xSENP1 specifically interacts with Psmd1. SUMOylation of a critical lysine immediately adjacent to the Adrm1(Rpn13)-binding domain of Psmd1 regulates the association of Adrm1 with the proteasome. Disruption of xSENP1 targeting delays mitotic exit, suggesting that SUMO-regulated Psmd1–Adrm1 interaction modulates proteasome composition and function during cell division. Co-immunoprecipitation, SUMO site mapping, PIASy E3 ligase assay, xSENP1 interaction studies, mitotic exit phenotype assay in Xenopus Cell reports High 24910440
2017 The crystal structure of hRpn13 (Adrm1) bound to a segment of hRpn2/PSMD1 was determined, showing that a proline-rich C-terminal extension of Rpn2 stretches across the ubiquitin-binding Pru domain of Rpn13, blocking an RA190-binding surface. Biophysical and cell-based analyses showed hRpn13 binds preferentially to hRpn2/proteasomes over the drug RA190; RA190 instead directly binds and inactivates Uch37. hRpn13 deletion from HCT116 cells abolishes RA190-induced substrate accumulation at proteasomes. NMR/crystal structure, surface plasmon resonance, cell-based ubiquitin substrate accumulation assay, hRpn13 deletion cell line Nature communications High 28598414
2017 The RPN2/PSMD1–RPN13 interaction was mapped to the C-terminal 14 residues of RPN2, which bind the N-terminal PRU domain of RPN13. Crystal structures of the RPN13 PRU domain in complex with RPN2 C-terminal peptides and ubiquitin were solved. Mutational analysis validated the RPN2-binding interface; RPN2, ubiquitin, and UCH37 bind RPN13 with independent energetics, clarifying the substrate recruitment mechanism at the proteasome. Crystal structure, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence polarization, site-directed mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 28442575
2018 PSMD1 knockdown in breast cancer cells caused cell cycle arrest and accumulation of p53 protein by inhibiting p53 protein degradation. p53 target genes p21 and SFN were upregulated upon PSMD1 silencing, identifying PSMD1 as a component of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway required for p53 turnover and linking PSMD1 function to tamoxifen resistance. siRNA knockdown, immunoblotting, cell cycle analysis, p53 protein stability assay Journal of biochemistry Medium 28992264
2018 PSMD1 and PSMD2 (19S regulatory particle components) directly interact with ATG16, a core autophagosomal protein in Dictyostelium discoideum. The N-terminal half of ATG16 interacts with PSMD1 alone, while the C-terminal half interacts with both PSMD1 and PSMD2. RFP-tagged PSMD1 and PSMD2 co-localize with ATG16-GFP and GFP-ATG8a(LC3) in autophagosomes; lysotracker labeling and proteolytic cleavage assays confirmed their presence in lysosomes. ATG16 is required for autophagic degradation of PSMD1 and PSMD2, establishing a direct link between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Co-immunoprecipitation, deletion analysis, fluorescence co-localization, LysoTracker labeling, proteolytic cleavage assay European journal of cell biology Medium 30269947
2019 Knockdown of PSMD1 and/or PSMD2 in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells decreased formation of cellular lipid droplets and reduced cell proliferation. Mechanistically, PSMD1 and PSMD2 regulate expression of de novo lipid synthesis genes via p38-JNK and AKT signaling pathways. siRNA knockdown, lipid droplet quantification, gene expression analysis, pathway inhibitor studies BMC molecular biology Medium 31703613
2021 PSMD1 and PSMD3 (19S regulatory complex subunits) promote NF-κB protein expression in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. Knockdown of PSMD1 or PSMD3 reduced NF-κB activity (confirmed by luciferase reporter and immunoblot), reduced survival, and increased apoptosis in CML cells but not normal cord blood CD34+ progenitors. STAT3 further activates NF-κB in TKI-resistant scenarios, placing PSMD1 upstream of NF-κB in kinase-independent TKI resistance. shRNA knockdown, luciferase NF-κB reporter assay, nucleocytoplasmic fractionation, apoptosis assay, immunoblotting Oncogene Medium 33712704

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1996 Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes. Annual review of biochemistry 2108 8811196
2002 Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 1924 12167863
2012 Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 1718 22658674
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2009 Recognition and processing of ubiquitin-protein conjugates by the proteasome. Annual review of biochemistry 1398 19489727
2006 A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. Nature biotechnology 1336 16964243
2009 Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape. Cell 1282 19615732
2003 Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts. Nature 1236 12808466
2004 Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1159 15302935
2003 DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection. Cell 1150 12809610
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2003 Induction of APOBEC3G ubiquitination and degradation by an HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-SCF complex. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1006 14564014
2003 The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA. Nature 912 12808465
2013 Landscape of the PARKIN-dependent ubiquitylome in response to mitochondrial depolarization. Nature 870 23503661
2004 A physical and functional map of the human TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway. Nature cell biology 841 14743216
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2003 The antiretroviral enzyme APOBEC3G is degraded by the proteasome in response to HIV-1 Vif. Nature medicine 798 14528300
2003 Species-specific exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 virions by Vif. Cell 763 12859895
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2003 HIV-1 Vif protein binds the editing enzyme APOBEC3G and induces its degradation. Nature medicine 679 14528301
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2003 HIV-1 Vif blocks the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by impairing both its translation and intracellular stability. Molecular cell 607 14527406
2018 High-Density Proximity Mapping Reveals the Subcellular Organization of mRNA-Associated Granules and Bodies. Molecular cell 580 29395067
2003 Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein. Science (New York, N.Y.) 570 12750511
2008 Proteasome subunit Rpn13 is a novel ubiquitin receptor. Nature 544 18497817
2017 Anticancer sulfonamides target splicing by inducing RBM39 degradation via recruitment to DCAF15. Science (New York, N.Y.) 533 28302793
2016 S1-DRIP-seq identifies high expression and polyA tracts as major contributors to R-loop formation. Genes & development 215 27298336
1985 A structural basis for S1 nuclease sensitivity of double-stranded DNA. Cell 212 2990727
2007 Unusual selection on the KIR3DL1/S1 natural killer cell receptor in Africans. Nature genetics 185 17694054
1994 Structure of human neutrophil collagenase reveals large S1' specificity pocket. Nature structural biology 156 7656015
2007 Functional polymorphism of the KIR3DL1/S1 receptor on human NK cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 141 17182560
1984 Nucleotide sequences of bovine alpha S1- and kappa-casein cDNAs. Nucleic acids research 114 6328443
2014 RPN2-mediated glycosylation of tetraspanin CD63 regulates breast cancer cell malignancy. Molecular cancer 102 24884960
2012 Rpn1 and Rpn2 coordinate ubiquitin processing factors at proteasome. The Journal of biological chemistry 98 22318722
1976 Alteration of polynucleotide secondary structure by ribosomal protein S1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 778845
1985 Localization of ribosomal protein S1 in the granular component of the interphase nucleolus and its distribution during mitosis. The Journal of cell biology 83 3882724
2022 Rapid and parallel adaptive mutations in spike S1 drive clade success in SARS-CoV-2. Cell host & microbe 80 35364015
1975 Ribosomal protein S1 and polypeptide chain initiation in bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79 1094462
2012 Ribosomal protein S1 unwinds double-stranded RNA in multiple steps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76 22908248
1993 Molecular structures and functions of pyocins S1 and S2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of bacteriology 74 8491711
2017 Structure of the Rpn13-Rpn2 complex provides insights for Rpn13 and Uch37 as anticancer targets. Nature communications 72 28598414
2019 Structural Definition of a Neutralization-Sensitive Epitope on the MERS-CoV S1-NTD. Cell reports 67 31553909
2002 What curves alpha-solenoids? Evidence for an alpha-helical toroid structure of Rpn1 and Rpn2 proteins of the 26 S proteasome. The Journal of biological chemistry 64 12270919
2012 Multiple activities of RNA-binding proteins S1 and Hfq. Biochimie 62 22370051
2019 CircNFIX promotes progression of glioma through regulating miR-378e/RPN2 axis. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 59 31888753
1993 Differential expression of S1 and elongation factor-1 alpha during rat development. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 8226996
1990 Sequence diversity in S1 genes and S1 translation products of 11 serotype 3 reovirus strains. Journal of virology 59 2398530
2011 Variable NK cell receptors exemplified by human KIR3DL1/S1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 57 21690332
2005 Function of the conserved S1 and KH domains in polynucleotide phosphorylase. Journal of bacteriology 57 16237005
2004 The bipartite nuclear localization sequence of Rpn2 is required for nuclear import of proteasomal base complexes via karyopherin alphabeta and proteasome functions. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 15210724
1996 Allergenic epitopes of bovine alpha S1-casein recognized by human IgE and IgG. Allergy 57 8836334
2012 The structure of the 26S proteasome subunit Rpn2 reveals its PC repeat domain as a closed toroid of two concentric α-helical rings. Structure (London, England : 1993) 55 22405010
1988 Quantitation of a murine lung endothelial cell protein, P112, with a double monoclonal antibody assay. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 55 2460698
2018 Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein is the critical inducer of apoptosis. Virology journal 52 30404647
1977 Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 has two polynucleotide binding sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 52 337301
2022 S1-END-seq reveals DNA secondary structures in human cells. Molecular cell 49 36075220
1996 CDNA cloning of p112, the largest regulatory subunit of the human 26s proteasome, and functional analysis of its yeast homologue, sen3p. Molecular biology of the cell 49 8816993
1983 S1 sensitive sites in adenovirus DNA. Nucleic acids research 48 6306563
2015 Structural basis for targeting the ribosomal protein S1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by pyrazinamide. Molecular microbiology 47 25430994
2021 Circuit organization of the excitatory sensorimotor loop through hand/forelimb S1 and M1. eLife 46 33851917
2017 Structure and energetics of pairwise interactions between proteasome subunits RPN2, RPN13, and ubiquitin clarify a substrate recruitment mechanism. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 28442575
2017 Structural dynamics of protein S1 on the 70S ribosome visualized by ensemble cryo-EM. Methods (San Diego, Calif.) 45 29247757
2006 Ribosomal protein S1 promotes transcriptional cycling. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 45 16775305
2016 How RNase R Degrades Structured RNA: ROLE OF THE HELICASE ACTIVITY AND THE S1 DOMAIN. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 26872969
2019 PSMD1 and PSMD2 regulate HepG2 cell proliferation and apoptosis via modulating cellular lipid droplet metabolism. BMC molecular biology 43 31703613
2020 Evidence that the TRPV1 S1-S4 membrane domain contributes to thermosensing. Nature communications 41 32820172
1983 An essential function of ribosomal protein S1 in messenger ribonucleic acid translation. Biochemistry 41 6307346
1990 Ribosomal protein S1 of Escherichia coli is the effector for the regulation of its own synthesis. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 2120211
1996 Molecular cloning of a RNA binding protein, S1-1. Nucleic acids research 38 8760884
2020 RPN2 is targeted by miR-181c and mediates glioma progression and temozolomide sensitivity via the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell death & disease 37 33087705
2019 RPN2 promotes metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell and inhibits autophagy via STAT3 and NF-κB pathways. Aging 36 31481647
2015 Prediction and identification of novel IBV S1 protein derived CTL epitopes in chicken. Vaccine 34 26620841
2014 Molecular insights into replication initiation by Qβ replicase using ribosomal protein S1. Nucleic acids research 34 25122749
1989 Epitopes on the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin recognized by monoclonal antibodies. Infection and immunity 34 2465274
2018 Proteasome 26S subunit PSMD1 regulates breast cancer cell growth through p53 protein degradation. Journal of biochemistry 33 28992264
2008 Isolation of new Stenotrophomonas bacteriophages and genomic characterization of temperate phage S1. Applied and environmental microbiology 33 18952876
2022 The N6-methyladenosine-mediated lncRNA WEE2-AS1 promotes glioblastoma progression by stabilizing RPN2. Theranostics 32 36168628
2021 Proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPases 1 (PSMD1) and 3 (PSMD3), play an oncogenic role in chronic myeloid leukemia by stabilizing nuclear factor-kappa B. Oncogene 32 33712704
2018 Maternal obesity alters uterine NK activity through a functional KIR2DL1/S1 imbalance. Immunology and cell biology 32 29569748
2013 The yin-yang of KIR3DL1/S1: molecular mechanisms and cellular function. Critical reviews in immunology 32 23756244
2006 Identification of potent and selective TACE inhibitors via the S1 pocket. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 32 17064892
1990 The subunit S1 is important for pertussis toxin secretion. The Journal of biological chemistry 31 2211659
2022 Novel Neutralizing Epitope of PEDV S1 Protein Identified by IgM Monoclonal Antibody. Viruses 30 35062329
2022 Management of medication overuse (MO) and medication overuse headache (MOH) S1 guideline. Neurological research and practice 30 36031642
1974 Replacement of ribosomal protein S1 by interference factor ialpha in ribosomal binding of phage Ms2 RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 30 4612526
2017 Endotoxin Preconditioning Reprograms S1 Tubules and Macrophages to Protect the Kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 29 29018138
2023 Reversal of the unique Q493R mutation increases the affinity of Omicron S1-RBD for ACE2. Computational and structural biotechnology journal 28 36936816
2020 Protein unties the pseudoknot: S1-mediated unfolding of RNA higher order structure. Nucleic acids research 28 31832686
1979 Interaction of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 with ribosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 28 375222
2015 Integrated transcriptional profiling and genomic analyses reveal RPN2 and HMGB1 as promising biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Cell & bioscience 27 26388988
2012 RPN2 expression predicts response to docetaxel in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. British journal of cancer 27 22955852
2020 Complete metabolic study by dibutyl phthalate degrading Pseudomonas sp. DNB-S1. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 26 32146194
2018 Downregulation of RPN2 induces apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion in colon carcinoma. Oncology reports 25 29749494
2017 RPN2 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation through modulating the glycosylation status of EGFR. Oncotarget 25 29069815
2015 The expression and clinical significance of ribophorin II (RPN2) in human breast cancer. Pathology international 25 25881688
2013 Ribosomal protein S1 functions as a termination factor in RNA synthesis by Qβ phage replicase. Nature communications 25 23653193
1974 The specificity of the S1' subsite of papain. The Biochemical journal 24 4455218
2018 ATG16 mediates the autophagic degradation of the 19S proteasomal subunits PSMD1 and PSMD2. European journal of cell biology 23 30269947
2015 Interaction between the Linker, Pre-S1, and TRP Domains Determines Folding, Assembly, and Trafficking of TRPV Channels. Structure (London, England : 1993) 23 26146187
2007 Ribosomal protein S1 is not essential for the trans-translation machinery. Journal of molecular biology 23 17376482
1987 Expression and secretion of pertussis toxin subunit S1 in Bacillus subtilis. Microbial pathogenesis 23 2904640
2023 YTHDF1 Promotes Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation via the METTL3/YTHDF1-RPN2-PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis. International journal of molecular sciences 22 37108067
2018 S1-seq Assay for Mapping Processed DNA Ends. Methods in enzymology 20 29523237
2013 Potent inhibitors precise to S1' loop of MMP-13, a crucial target for osteoarthritis. Journal of molecular graphics & modelling 20 23938376
1990 Kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of platinum-DNA complexes by nuclease S1. Chemico-biological interactions 20 2311130
2023 Uterine NK cells underexpress KIR2DL1/S1 and LILRB1 in reproductive failure. Frontiers in immunology 18 36713400
2008 S1-1 nuclear domains: characterization and dynamics as a function of transcriptional activity. Biology of the cell 18 18315527
1986 Purification of S1 nuclease to homogeneity and its chemical, physical and catalytic properties. Biochimica et biophysica acta 18 3021229
2012 Engagement of the S1, S1' and S2' subsites drives efficient catalysis of peptide bond hydrolysis by the M1-family aminopeptidase from Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 17 22348949
2000 RNA-binding characteristics of the chloroplast S1-like ribosomal protein CS1. Nucleic acids research 17 10954599
1995 Cloning, characterization and overproduction of nuclease S1 gene (nucS) from Aspergillus oryzae. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 8597544
1979 Genetic analysis of a mutation affecting ribosomal protein S1 in Escherichia coli. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 17 384158
2022 Rapid and parallel adaptive mutations in spike S1 drive clade success in SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 16 34545361
2022 Cow's milk αS1-casein is more sensitizing than goat's milk αS1-casein in a mouse model. Food & function 16 35616505
2020 Amyloidogenic Propensities of Ribosomal S1 Proteins: Bioinformatics Screening and Experimental Checking. International journal of molecular sciences 16 32707977
2020 Circ_0046599 Promotes the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating the miR-1258/RPN2 Network. Cancer management and research 16 32801909
2019 Prexasertib increases the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine and S‑1. Oncology reports 16 31789403
2014 SUMOylation of Psmd1 controls Adrm1 interaction with the proteasome. Cell reports 16 24910440
2013 S1-1/RBM10: multiplicity and cooperativity of nuclear localisation domains. Biology of the cell 16 23294349
2018 RPN2 is effective biomarker to predict the outcome of combined chemotherapy docetaxel and cisplatin for advanced gastric cancer. Oncotarget 15 29632637
2016 Human casein alpha s1 induces proinflammatory cytokine expression in monocytic cells by TLR4 signaling. Molecular nutrition & food research 15 26909866
2006 Interactions of ribosomal protein S1 with DsrA and rpoS mRNA. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 15 16890206
1981 Mechanism of the interaction between ribosomal protein S1 and oligonucleotides. Nucleic acids research 14 7019854
2022 Genotyping and In Silico Analysis of Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Spike 1 (S1) Glycoprotein. Genes 13 36140785
2019 Repeats in S1 Proteins: Flexibility and Tendency for Intrinsic Disorder. International journal of molecular sciences 13 31091666
2023 RPN2 in cancer: An overview. Gene 12 36621657