Affinage

PSMA2

Proteasome subunit alpha type-2 · UniProt P25787

Round 2 corrected
Length
234 aa
Mass
25.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PSMA2 (also designated HC3) is a structural alpha-type subunit of the 20S proteasome core particle, where it assembles into the outer heptameric alpha rings that gate substrate access to the internal proteolytic chamber (PMID:8811196, PMID:19489727). Its stable integration into the 20S complex is conserved across human cell types, as confirmed by multiple independent affinity-purification and co-fractionation mass spectrometry studies (PMID:17353931, PMID:33961781). The PSMA2 gene uses GC-box-driven promoters and harbors an orientation-independent silencer element that represses transcription (PMID:7966316). PSMA2 itself is subject to ubiquitylation whose levels respond to proteasome inhibition, implicating it in proteasome homeostasis feedback, and its knockdown reduces cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo through a mechanism linked to NF-κB pathway attenuation (PMID:21890473, PMID:33684886).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 6 steps
  1. 1994 Medium

    Determining how PSMA2 transcription is controlled revealed an unusual promoter architecture—GC boxes instead of TATA/CAAT elements—plus a novel orientation-independent silencer, distinguishing its regulation from beta-type proteasome subunits.

    Evidence Gene cloning, promoter deletion/mutagenesis assays in transfected cells

    PMID:7966316

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the trans-acting factor(s) binding the silencer element is unknown
    • Physiological conditions under which the silencer is relieved are uncharacterized
  2. 1996 High

    Structural and biochemical reconstitution established that PSMA2 resides in the outer alpha rings of the barrel-shaped 20S proteasome, where it contributes to gating the proteolytic chamber rather than directly catalyzing peptide bond hydrolysis.

    Evidence Electron microscopy, crystal structure of archaeal homolog, peptidase activity assays of eukaryotic 20S particles

    PMID:8811196

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structure of the human 20S complex with individual alpha subunit assignments was not yet available
    • Specific gating contacts contributed by PSMA2 versus other alpha subunits were not resolved
  3. 2009 High

    Integrated structural and genetic work consolidated the model that the alpha-ring gate formed by subunits including PSMA2 is the critical barrier controlling substrate entry into the 26S proteasome degradation chamber.

    Evidence Structural analysis, biochemical reconstitution, and yeast genetic studies synthesized in mechanistic review

    PMID:19489727

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of PSMA2 N-terminal tail versus other alpha subunit tails to gate closure was not dissected in human cells
  4. 2007 Medium

    Large-scale interaction mapping confirmed that PSMA2 stably co-purifies with the full complement of proteasome subunits in human cells, validating its constitutive incorporation into the 20S core particle in vivo.

    Evidence Flag-tagged AP-MS in human cells (Ewing et al.); replicated by co-fractionation MS (2012) and BioPlex AP-MS (2015, 2021)

    PMID:17353931 PMID:22939629 PMID:26186194 PMID:33961781

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PSMA2 exists in free or assembly-intermediate pools beyond the mature 20S particle is not quantified
    • Cell-type-specific stoichiometric variation has not been addressed
  5. 2011 Medium

    The discovery that PSMA2 is ubiquitylated, with modification levels responsive to proteasome inhibition, revealed a feedback layer in which the proteasome's own subunits are marked by ubiquitin, potentially regulating proteasome turnover or remodeling.

    Evidence Quantitative diGly immunoenrichment with SILAC MS under MG-132 treatment

    PMID:21890473

    Open questions at the time
    • The E3 ligase responsible for PSMA2 ubiquitylation is unidentified
    • Functional consequence of site-specific ubiquitylation (degradation, assembly, activity) is unknown
  6. 2021 Medium

    Loss-of-function experiments linked PSMA2 expression to cancer cell proliferation and NF-κB signaling, and showed that GLP-1R agonism downregulates PSMA2, connecting metabolic signaling to proteasome subunit expression in cervical cancer.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown in cervical cancer cells, xenograft tumor growth assay, Western blot for NF-κB pathway components, Exendin-4 pharmacological intervention

    PMID:33684886

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PSMA2 loss reduces proliferation by impairing global proteasome function or a specific NF-κB substrate is unclear
    • GLP-1R–PSMA2 regulatory axis has not been replicated in independent cancer models
    • Mechanism by which GLP-1R signaling modulates PSMA2 transcription or protein stability is unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The specific structural contacts PSMA2 makes in gating, the functional consequences of its ubiquitylation, and the generality of its pro-proliferative role across cancer types remain open questions.
  • High-resolution cryo-EM mapping of human PSMA2-specific gate contacts is needed
  • No mutagenesis study of PSMA2 ubiquitylation sites has been performed
  • Whether PSMA2 expression is selectively limiting for proteasome assembly in any tissue is unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 4
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3
Partners
PSMA1PSMA3PSMA4PSMA5PSMA6PSMA7PSMB1
Complex memberships
20S proteasome core particle26S proteasome

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 The human PSMA2 gene (encoding the alpha-type HC3 proteasome subunit) was isolated and characterized. The HC3 gene spans ~15 kb, contains 9 exons, lacks TATA and CAAT promoter elements but possesses GC boxes that function as promoters. A silencer element in the 5'-upstream region near exon 1 was identified that represses HC3 transcription and can repress other gene promoters in an orientation-independent manner, establishing a distinct transcriptional regulatory mechanism for PSMA2 compared to the beta-type HC5 subunit. Gene cloning, genomic structure analysis, 5'-flanking region functional assays in transfected cells Journal of molecular biology Medium 7966316
1996 PSMA2 (HC3), as an alpha-type subunit of the 20S proteasome, assembles into the outer rings of the barrel-shaped 20S core particle (two heptameric alpha rings flanking two beta rings). The 20S proteasome harbors multiple distinct peptidase activities (chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolase) operating via a novel threonine-based catalytic mechanism, and PSMA2 contributes to the structural integrity and gating function of the alpha ring. Biochemical reconstitution, electron microscopy, peptidase activity assays, crystallographic structural analysis of archaebacterial homologs extrapolated to eukaryotic complex Annual review of biochemistry High 8811196
2009 PSMA2 is a subunit of the 20S proteolytic core particle (CP), which together with the 19S regulatory particle forms the 26S proteasome. The 20S CP's 28-subunit architecture (including PSMA2 in the alpha ring) provides the internal degradation chamber into which substrate polypeptides are threaded after unfolding by ATPases in the regulatory particle. The alpha-ring gate (formed by alpha subunits including PSMA2) controls substrate access to the proteolytic chamber. Structural analysis, biochemical reconstitution, genetic studies integrated in mechanistic review Annual review of biochemistry High 19489727
2021 PSMA2 knockdown (via shRNA) in cervical cancer cell lines decreased cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor volume and Ki67 expression in vivo in a xenograft model. Additionally, PSMA2 expression was found to be positively correlated with GLP-1R expression in T2D-related cervical cancer specimens, and GLP-1R silencing decreased PSMA2 expression, suggesting GLP-1R signaling regulates PSMA2 levels. Exendin-4 (GLP-1R agonist) decreased PSMA2 expression and attenuated phospho-p65 and phospho-IκB in the NF-κB pathway. shRNA knockdown, in vitro proliferation assay, in vivo xenograft model, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, pharmacological intervention with Exendin-4 EBioMedicine Medium 33684886
2007 PSMA2 was identified as a component of proteasome-containing protein complexes in a large-scale human protein interaction map using immunoprecipitation of Flag-tagged proteins followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. PSMA2 co-purified with other proteasome subunits confirming its stable integration into the 20S core particle complex in human cells. Large-scale affinity purification–mass spectrometry (AP-MS) in human cells Molecular systems biology Medium 17353931
2012 PSMA2 was identified as a component of the 20S proteasome complex in a systematic proteome-wide census of soluble human protein complexes, confirming its stable association with other alpha and beta proteasome subunits via chromatographic co-fractionation and quantitative tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic co-fractionation of cell extracts combined with quantitative tandem mass spectrometry Cell Medium 22939629
2015 BioPlex affinity-purification mass spectrometry identified PSMA2 as a stable interactor within the proteasome complex network in HEK293T cells, co-purifying with multiple other proteasome alpha and beta subunits, confirming its integration into the 20S core particle in a human cellular context. High-throughput affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS), BioPlex network Cell Medium 26186194
2021 BioPlex 3.0 AP-MS confirmed PSMA2 interactions with other proteasome subunits in both HEK293T and HCT116 cell lines, and comparison across cell lines revealed that PSMA2's interactions within the 20S core complex are shared (core) interactions conserved between the two cell types, consistent with its constitutive role in proteasome assembly. Proteome-scale affinity-purification mass spectrometry in two human cell lines (BioPlex 3.0) Cell Medium 33961781
2011 Quantitative diGly proteomics identified ubiquitylation sites on PSMA2 in human cells, and PSMA2 ubiquitylation levels changed in response to proteasome inhibition with MG-132, indicating that PSMA2 itself is subject to ubiquitin-mediated post-translational modification as part of proteasome homeostasis regulation. Quantitative diglycine (diGly) immunoenrichment proteomics with SILAC mass spectrometry Molecular & cellular proteomics Medium 21890473

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1996 Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes. Annual review of biochemistry 2108 8811196
2002 Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 1924 12167863
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2009 Recognition and processing of ubiquitin-protein conjugates by the proteasome. Annual review of biochemistry 1398 19489727
2011 Systematic and quantitative assessment of the ubiquitin-modified proteome. Molecular cell 1334 21906983
2003 Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts. Nature 1236 12808466
2003 DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection. Cell 1150 12809610
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2003 Induction of APOBEC3G ubiquitination and degradation by an HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-SCF complex. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1006 14564014
2004 Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells. Nature biotechnology 916 15592455
2003 The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA. Nature 912 12808465
2013 Landscape of the PARKIN-dependent ubiquitylome in response to mitochondrial depolarization. Nature 870 23503661
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2003 The antiretroviral enzyme APOBEC3G is degraded by the proteasome in response to HIV-1 Vif. Nature medicine 798 14528300
2008 Global analysis of host-pathogen interactions that regulate early-stage HIV-1 replication. Cell 787 18854154
2003 Species-specific exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 virions by Vif. Cell 763 12859895
2011 A proteome-wide, quantitative survey of in vivo ubiquitylation sites reveals widespread regulatory roles. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 749 21890473
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2003 HIV-1 Vif protein binds the editing enzyme APOBEC3G and induces its degradation. Nature medicine 679 14528301
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2008 Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 607 19056867
2003 HIV-1 Vif blocks the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by impairing both its translation and intracellular stability. Molecular cell 607 14527406
2003 Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein. Science (New York, N.Y.) 570 12750511
2017 Anticancer sulfonamides target splicing by inducing RBM39 degradation via recruitment to DCAF15. Science (New York, N.Y.) 533 28302793
2011 Mapping the NPHP-JBTS-MKS protein network reveals ciliopathy disease genes and pathways. Cell 507 21565611
2000 Oligomerization of mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Generation of novel functional properties. The Journal of biological chemistry 475 10842167
2006 Cannabidiol is an allosteric modulator at mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 284 16489449
1994 -mu opiate receptor. Charged transmembrane domain amino acids are critical for agonist recognition and intrinsic activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 215 8051154
1996 Functional antagonism of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid antinociception by orphanin FQ. Neuroscience letters 205 8878101
1984 Site-specific recognition of the bacteriophage Mu ends by the Mu A protein. Cell 193 6094016
1997 Mu opioid receptor phosphorylation, desensitization, and ligand efficacy. The Journal of biological chemistry 182 9360954
1985 A transgenic immunoglobulin mu gene prevents rearrangement of endogenous genes. Cell 178 3926323
1991 Immunomodulatory activity of mu- and kappa-selective opioid agonists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 161 1846441
1989 Efficient Mu transposition requires interaction of transposase with a DNA sequence at the Mu operator: implications for regulation. Cell 148 2546681
1982 Migrant mu+ delta+ and static mu+ delta- B lymphocyte subsets. European journal of immunology 147 6811288
1986 Transgenic mice with mu and kappa genes encoding antiphosphorylcholine antibodies. The Journal of experimental medicine 142 2425036
1984 Mode of regulation of immunoglobulin mu- and delta-chain expression varies during B-lymphocyte maturation. Cell 137 6319016
1988 Feedback inhibition of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement by membrane mu, but not by secreted mu heavy chains. The Journal of experimental medicine 134 3139821
2000 delta-, but not mu- and kappa-, opioid receptor activation protects neocortical neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxic injury. Brain research 118 11102568
1988 Target immunity of Mu transposition reflects a differential distribution of Mu B protein. Cell 116 2965985
2012 Insertion site preference of Mu, Tn5, and Tn7 transposons. Mobile DNA 115 22313799
1995 Mu- and kappa-opioid receptor-mediated opioid effects on social play in juvenile rats. European journal of pharmacology 109 7601211
1991 Quantification of mu and non-mu opiate receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy using positron emission tomography. Annals of neurology 106 1656846
1982 Deletions in immunoglobulin mu chains. The EMBO journal 105 6329690
2014 It's MORe exciting than mu: crosstalk between mu opioid receptors and glutamatergic transmission in the mesolimbic dopamine system. Frontiers in pharmacology 103 24904419
1977 State of prophage Mu DNA upon induction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 333430
1996 Autolysis parallels activation of mu-calpain. The Biochemical journal 100 8836135
2014 A photochromic agonist for μ-opioid receptors. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 98 24519993
2014 Central antinociception induced by ketamine is mediated by endogenous opioids and μ- and δ-opioid receptors. Brain research 97 24675031
1999 Differential binding properties of oripavines at cloned mu- and delta-opioid receptors. European journal of pharmacology 95 10493109
1991 Comparison of the autolyzed and unautolyzed forms of mu- and m-calpain from bovine skeletal muscle. Biochimica et biophysica acta 90 2015293
2021 How μ-opioid receptor recognizes fentanyl. Nature communications 86 33579956
1983 Analgesic effects of mu-, delta- and kappa-opiate agonists and, in particular, dynorphin at the spinal level. Life sciences 85 6141505
2007 Different effects of opioid antagonists on mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors with and without agonist pretreatment. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 84 17267582
2019 A Biased View of μ-Opioid Receptors? Molecular pharmacology 83 31175184
2004 Neuronal types expressing mu- and delta-opioid receptor mRNA in the rat hippocampal formation. The Journal of comparative neurology 79 14689476
2001 The pharmacology of mu analgesics: from patients to genes. The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry 78 11499401
2001 Insights into mu opioid pharmacology the role of mu opioid receptor subtypes. Life sciences 75 11368076
1992 Reovirus polypeptide sigma 3 and N-terminal myristoylation of polypeptide mu 1 are required for site-specific cleavage to mu 1C in transfected cells. Journal of virology 75 1548757
1977 Kinetics of Mu DNA synthesis. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 71 876022
1989 The development expression of alpha-, mu- and pi-class glutathione S-transferases in human liver. Biochimica et biophysica acta 67 2597691
2002 The gene for the muted (mu) mouse, a model for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, defines a novel protein which regulates vesicle trafficking. Human molecular genetics 64 11912185
2002 Synergy between mu opioid ligands: evidence for functional interactions among mu opioid receptor subtypes. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 64 12388636
2014 Transposable Phage Mu. Microbiology spectrum 61 26104374
2014 The presence of mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors in human heart tissue. Heart and vessels 60 24390763
1999 Quantitative autoradiography of mu-,delta- and kappa1 opioid receptors in kappa-opioid receptor knockout mice. Brain research 58 10082819
2003 Receptor-selective changes in mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors after chronic naltrexone treatment in mice. The European journal of neuroscience 57 12653976
2011 Proteomic profiling of human plasma by iTRAQ reveals down-regulation of ITI-HC3 and VDBP by cigarette smoking. Journal of proteome research 56 21186835
2003 The Gam protein of bacteriophage Mu is an orthologue of eukaryotic Ku. EMBO reports 55 12524520
2005 Mitochondrial localization of mu-calpain. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 54 16259951
2000 Involvement of central mu- but not delta- or kappa-opioid receptors in immunomodulation. Brain, behavior, and immunity 54 10970678
2008 Targeting endogenous mu- and delta-opioid receptor systems for the treatment of drug addiction. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets 51 19128202
2001 Enhanced cationic liposome-mediated transfection using the DNA-binding peptide mu (mu) from the adenovirus core. Gene therapy 51 11313824
2006 Deletion of mu- and kappa-opioid receptors in mice changes epidermal hypertrophy, density of peripheral nerve endings, and itch behavior. The Journal of investigative dermatology 50 17185983
1993 A mutagenic study of the allosteric linkage of His(HC3)146 beta in haemoglobin. Journal of molecular biology 50 8487305
2004 RGSZ1 and GAIP regulate mu- but not delta-opioid receptors in mouse CNS: role in tachyphylaxis and acute tolerance. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 49 14997173
2001 DNA polymerase mu, a candidate hypermutase? Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 49 11205337
2009 Regulation of mu-opioid receptors by cytokines. Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition) 46 19482692
1984 Cell wall receptor for bacteriophage Mu G(+). Journal of bacteriology 46 6384194
1997 Effects of mu- and kappa-opioid receptors on postoperative ileus in rats. European journal of pharmacology 45 9450617
1979 Unusual modification of bacteriophage Mu DNA. Journal of virology 44 159363
2011 Heteromerization of the μ- and δ-opioid receptors produces ligand-biased antagonism and alters μ-receptor trafficking. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 43 21422164
1991 The effects of sham and full spinalization on the systemic potency of mu- and kappa-opioids on spinal nociceptive reflexes in rats. British journal of pharmacology 43 1664760
2015 The mechanism of ligand-induced activation or inhibition of μ- and κ-opioid receptors. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 42 25968837
1975 Events following prophage Mu induction. Journal of bacteriology 41 1092650
1991 Transposase contacts with mu DNA ends. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 1657926
1984 Transposition without duplication of infecting bacteriophage Mu DNA. Nature 38 6090947
2007 Mu (mu) opioid receptor regulation of ethanol-induced dopamine response in the ventral striatum: evidence of genotype specific sexual dimorphic epistasis. Biological psychiatry 37 17336938
1995 Disassembly of the bacteriophage Mu transposase for the initiation of Mu DNA replication. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 7642646
1991 Species differences in mu- and delta-opioid receptors. European journal of pharmacology 37 1646725
1998 Immunomodulatory action of class mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists in mice. Neuropeptides 36 10102674
2001 Administration of mu-, kappa- or delta2-receptor agonists via osmotic minipumps suppresses murine splenic antibody responses. International immunopharmacology 35 11606031
1993 Mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists produce peripheral inhibition of neurogenic plasma extravasation in rat skin. European journal of pharmacology 35 8391450
2017 TRPV1 is a physiological regulator of μ-opioid receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 34 29203659
1989 Localization and regulation of bacteriophage Mu promoters. Journal of bacteriology 34 2524470
2004 Mu opiate receptor subtypes. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 33 15173681
1994 Characterization of a region in phage Mu transposase that is involved in interaction with the Mu B protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 33 7961840
1999 Expression of mu-, kappa- and delta-opioid receptors in P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. Neuroscience 32 10426553
1995 Aurintricarboxylic acid is an inhibitor of mu- and m-calpain. Biochemistry and molecular biology international 32 7663433
2003 Serotonin-GABA interactions in the modulation of mu- and kappa-opioid analgesia. Neuropharmacology 31 12604090
1986 Role of ner protein in bacteriophage Mu transposition. Journal of bacteriology 29 3015876
1994 Comparison of cardiovascular effects of mu- and delta-opioid receptor antagonists in dogs with congestive heart failure. The American journal of physiology 28 8092295
2021 Increased co-expression of PSMA2 and GLP-1 receptor in cervical cancer models in type 2 diabetes attenuated by Exendin-4: A translational case-control study. EBioMedicine 27 33684886
2010 Identification of mu- and kappa-opioid receptors as potential targets to regulate parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory neurons within rat intracardiac ganglia. The Journal of comparative neurology 27 20653037
1990 Kinetics and regulation of transcription of bacteriophage Mu. Virology 27 2136777
1983 Comparison of mu-, delta- and kappa-receptor binding sites through pharmacologic evaluation of p-nitrophenylalanine analogs of opioid peptides. Life sciences 27 6319885
1996 Expression of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors in baculovirus-infected insect cells. European journal of pharmacology 24 9007528
1995 Opioid mu- and kappa-receptor mediate phospholipase C activation through Gi1 in Xenopus oocytes. Brain research. Molecular brain research 24 7494457
2005 Control of bacteriophage mu lysogenic repression. Journal of molecular biology 23 16154589
2002 Human DNA polymerase mu (Pol mu) exhibits an unusual replication slippage ability at AAF lesion. Nucleic acids research 23 11972346
1983 Effects of mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists on urinary output in mice. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 23 6316374
2010 DNA repair by the cryptic endonuclease activity of Mu transposase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 22 20167799
2002 The polarized epithelia-specific mu 1B-adaptin complements mu 1A-deficiency in fibroblasts. EMBO reports 22 11964383
1993 Early B cell development requires mu signaling. European journal of immunology 22 8405063
1985 Truncated mu (mu') chains in murine IgM. Evidence that mu' chains lack variable regions. The Journal of experimental medicine 22 2415657
2020 Emerging Insights into Mu Opioid Pharmacology. Handbook of experimental pharmacology 21 31598835
2008 Baicalein protects chicken embryonic cardiomyocyte against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury via mu- and delta- but not kappa-opioid receptor signaling. European journal of pharmacology 21 18511038
2006 Chromosomal integration mechanism of infecting mu virion DNA. Journal of bacteriology 21 16484193
2004 Feeding responses to mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists in the meat-type chick. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 21 15301925
1982 DNA intermediates in transposition of phage Mu. Cell 21 6288263
1980 Transcription of bacteriophage Mu. II. Transcription of the repressor gene. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 21 6450311
2024 Selective targeting of mu opioid receptors to primary cilia. Cell reports 19 38678559
2005 Effects of prenatal cocaine, morphine, or both on postnatal opioid (mu) receptor development. Life sciences 19 16242731
1999 Mu- and delta-opioid receptor densities in respiratory-related brainstem regions of neonatal swine. Brain research. Developmental brain research 19 9974154
1994 Isolation and characterization of alpha-type HC3 and beta-type HC5 subunit genes of human proteasomes. Journal of molecular biology 19 7966316