Affinage

PROM1

Prominin-1 · UniProt O43490

Length
865 aa
Mass
97.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 24 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 4/7 claims corpus-supported (57%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PROM1/CD133 is a pentaspan transmembrane glycoprotein marking stem and progenitor populations across hematopoietic, epithelial, neural, and endothelial lineages, where it selectively concentrates in plasma-membrane protrusions and is lost upon differentiation (PMID:9389720, PMID:10681530, PMID:12042327). At the cell surface it shapes membrane architecture: phosphorylation of tyrosine 828 by Src-family kinases drives interactions with PI3K and the Arp2/3 complex to increase and remodel microvilli, and silencing prominin-1 abolishes uropod-associated microvilli in hematopoietic stem cells (PMID:30328220). Its detection by the AC133 antibody is governed by N-glycosylation rather than protein abundance, with complex N-glycan processing (MGAT4C) and glycosylation state determining cell-surface epitope recognition and intracellular versus surface distribution (PMID:20068153, PMID:21937449). The same Y828 trafficking switch routes internalized CD133 by dynein/HDAC6-dependent transport to the pericentrosomal recycling endosome, where it sequesters GABARAP to block ULK1-mediated autophagy initiation and thereby suppresses ciliogenesis and neurite outgrowth, maintaining an undifferentiated state (PMID:30783186). CD133 reinforces stemness through signaling: it forms a complex with E-cadherin and β-catenin that protects β-catenin from degradation and sustains TCF/LEF transcription (PMID:29431914), and in neurons binds the TGF-β type I receptor ALK4 to potentiate Smad2 phosphorylation and lower cholesterol biosynthesis, promoting axon regeneration (PMID:32554499). Transcription of PROM1 is driven by multiple tissue-specific alternative promoters under epigenetic control, repressed by promoter CpG methylation and methyl-CpG-binding proteins (MBD1/2, MeCP2) and activated by Sp1, Myc, nucleolin, and in MLL-rearranged leukemia by an MLL-AF4-bound intragenic enhancer (PMID:14630820, PMID:18836486, PMID:22945648, PMID:26183533, PMID:32242051). Loss-of-function PROM1 mutations cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod dystrophy with macular degeneration (PMID:17605048, PMID:31199449).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1997 High

    Establishing that AC133 is a novel 5-transmembrane stem-cell surface glycoprotein gave the field a defined molecular marker of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells.

    Evidence cDNA cloning and flow cytometry plus in vivo fetal sheep transplantation with secondary engraftment

    PMID:9389720

    Open questions at the time
    • No molecular function assigned beyond marker status
    • Mechanism linking expression to repopulating potential unknown
  2. 2000 High

    Demonstrating that human AC133 is the orthologue of mouse prominin and selectively localizes to plasma-membrane protrusions independent of epithelial phenotype defined its conserved subcellular localization principle.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, EM, immunoprecipitation, and ectopic expression in fibroblasts; parallel identification of CD34+VEGFR-2+ endothelial precursors losing AC133 on differentiation

    PMID:10648408 PMID:10681530

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular determinants of protrusion targeting not yet defined
    • Functional consequence of protrusion localization unknown
  3. 2003 High

    Mapping multiple tissue-specific alternative promoters and showing methylation-silenced isoforms explained how a single locus achieves lineage-restricted expression.

    Evidence 5'-UTR isoform cloning, luciferase reporter assays, and in vitro promoter methylation; alternative splicing producing the surface-targeted AC133-2 isoform

    PMID:12042327 PMID:14630820

    Open questions at the time
    • Which transcription factors drive each promoter not yet identified
    • In vivo relevance of individual isoforms unresolved
  4. 2008 High

    Linking promoter CpG methylation state to CD133 expression in ovarian cancer and glioblastoma established epigenetic control as the switch between marker-positive and marker-negative tumor populations.

    Evidence Bisulfite sequencing, in vitro promoter methylation, and pharmacological demethylation/HDAC inhibition across sorted populations and primary tumors

    PMID:18679414 PMID:18836486

    Open questions at the time
    • Trans-acting factors reading methylation state not defined here
    • Whether methylation changes are cause or consequence of differentiation unclear
  5. 2010 High

    Showing that AC133 epitope loss reflects altered glycosylation rather than protein loss resolved a major confound in cancer-stem-cell marker interpretation.

    Evidence Cell-surface biotinylation, bacterial expression of unglycosylated CD133, and glycosylation-site mutagenesis with flow cytometry; functional differentiation suppression demonstrated in neuroblastoma

    PMID:20068153 PMID:20818439

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of differential glycosylation beyond epitope masking unknown
    • Glycosyltransferases responsible not identified in this study
  6. 2012 High

    Identifying Sp1, Myc, and methyl-CpG-binding repressors (MBD1/2, MeCP2), and later nucleolin, as direct promoter regulators connected the epigenetic state to a defined transcription-factor network.

    Evidence Gel-shift with supershift, ChIP, reporter assays with TF overexpression and pharmacological inhibition (2012); nucleolin ChIP on promoter P1 with functional HSPC readouts (2015)

    PMID:22945648 PMID:26183533

    Open questions at the time
    • Combinatorial logic of these factors at distinct promoters unresolved
    • Direct nucleolin mechanism on chromatin not detailed
  7. 2011 High

    A genome-wide RNAi screen establishing that N-glycan biosynthesis and MGAT4C are required for surface AC133 recognition defined the post-translational basis of epitope display.

    Evidence Pooled RNAi screen with orthogonal validation, tunicamycin treatment, and N-glycan-site mutagenesis with flow cytometry

    PMID:21937449

    Open questions at the time
    • How glycosylation alters trafficking versus folding not separated
    • Physiological signal controlling glycan state unknown
  8. 2018 High

    Defining Y828-phosphorylation-dependent interactions with PI3K/Arp2/3 (membrane), ALK4/Smad2 (neurons), and E-cadherin/β-catenin (Wnt) converted CD133 from a passive marker into an active signaling and morphogenetic effector.

    Evidence Site-directed Y828 mutagenesis with Co-IP and microvillar morphology (Traffic); Co-IP plus Prom1 KO and in vivo axon regeneration (PNAS); Co-IP plus knockdown with TCF/LEF reporter (Stem Cells Transl Med)

    PMID:29431914 PMID:30328220 PMID:32554499

    Open questions at the time
    • Reciprocal validation of E-cadherin/β-catenin complex limited to single lab
    • How one Y828 phospho-switch coordinates divergent partner choices unresolved
  9. 2019 High

    Showing that dynein/HDAC6-dependent pericentrosomal trafficking lets CD133 sequester GABARAP to block ULK1 and suppress autophagy, ciliogenesis, and neurite outgrowth provided a mechanistic route by which CD133 enforces an undifferentiated state.

    Evidence Co-IP (CD133-HDAC6, CD133-GABARAP), dynein/Src inhibition, ULK1 and autophagy-flux assays, cilium and neurite readouts

    PMID:30783186

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative contribution of autophagy suppression to stemness in vivo not measured
    • Interplay between surface signaling and endosomal pool unresolved
  10. 2020 Medium

    Showing CD133 controls microvesicle release via RhoA/Rac1 and is itself driven by an MLL-AF4-bound intragenic enhancer in leukemia extended its roles to intercellular oncoprotein transfer and a defined oncogenic transcriptional circuit.

    Evidence Gain/loss-of-function with GTPase activity and KRAS-transfer assays (FASEB, 2018); ChIP-seq, Hi-C, and CRISPR/shRNA growth assays in MLL-AF4 ALL (Leukemia, 2020)

    PMID:30521383 PMID:32242051

    Open questions at the time
    • Microvesicle GTPase mechanism from single lab
    • Whether enhancer dependence generalizes beyond MLL-rearranged leukemia unknown
  11. 2019 Medium

    Identifying recessive null and dominant missense PROM1 mutations as causes of photoreceptor degeneration linked loss of CD133 function directly to human retinal disease.

    Evidence Linkage and segregation analysis, NGS, ERG, and mutant-protein expression with confocal localization across families and a 19-patient cohort

    PMID:17605048 PMID:30588538 PMID:31199449

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular role of PROM1 in photoreceptor outer-segment biology not mechanistically defined in corpus
    • How truncated/mislocalized protein causes degeneration unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the single Y828 phospho-switch and glycosylation state are coordinated to partition CD133 between surface morphogenetic/signaling functions and the endosomal autophagy-suppressing pool, and how this governs differentiation in normal versus malignant stem cells, remains unresolved.
  • No unified model integrating surface, signaling, and endosomal roles
  • Structural basis of partner selection unknown
  • Direct in vivo link from autophagy/Wnt regulation to retinal degeneration not established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0005768 endosome 2 GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 6 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
ACVR1BARPC2CDH1CTNNB1GABARAPHDAC6NCLPIK3

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 The human AC133 antigen (PROM1/CD133) is the human orthologue of mouse prominin: both proteins are selectively localized to plasma membrane protrusions (microvilli in epithelial cells, membrane protrusions in hematopoietic stem cells and transfected fibroblasts), and this subcellular localization does not depend on an epithelial phenotype. Immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, electron microscopy, ectopic expression in fibroblasts, flow cytometry of murine CD34+ bone marrow progenitors The Journal of biological chemistry High 10681530
1997 AC133 (PROM1/CD133) encodes a novel 865-amino-acid, 5-transmembrane domain cell-surface glycoprotein with a predicted molecular weight of 97 kDa (detected at ~120 kDa, consistent with glycosylation), selectively expressed on CD34bright hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; AC133-selected cells engraft in a fetal sheep transplantation model and support secondary engraftment, demonstrating long-term repopulating potential. cDNA cloning, flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, in vivo fetal sheep transplantation model with secondary engraftment Blood High 9389720
2002 A novel isoform, AC133-2 (lacking a 27-nucleotide exon via alternative splicing), is glycosylated and transported to the plasma membrane when expressed in 293 cells; AC133-2, not AC133-1, is the isoform expressed on hematopoietic stem cells from fetal liver, bone marrow, and peripheral blood. AC133-2 co-expresses with β1-integrin in the basal layer of neonatal epidermis, and AC133-2+/β1-integrin+ cells lose AC133-2 and gain involucrin upon differentiation. cDNA cloning, recombinant expression in 293 cells, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, in vitro differentiation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 12042327
2003 The human AC133/PROM1 gene contains at least 9 distinctive 5′-UTR exons producing at least 7 alternatively spliced 5′-UTR mRNA isoforms expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, driven by 5 alternative promoters; in vitro methylation of 2 of these promoters completely suppresses their transcriptional activity. 5′-UTR isoform identification by cDNA analysis, luciferase reporter assay for promoter activity, in vitro methylation followed by reporter assay Blood High 14630820
2010 The AC133 antibody epitope is not lost upon cancer stem cell differentiation due to loss of CD133 protein or mRNA, but rather due to a change in CD133 glycosylation; differentially glycosylated CD133 can still be detected on the membrane of differentiated tumor cells by cell-surface biotinylation. AC133 antibody can detect unglycosylated CD133 (bacterially expressed) and glycosylation mutants. Flow cytometry, promoter activity assay, RT-PCR for mRNA/splice variants, immunoblot for protein, cell-surface biotinylation, bacterial expression of unglycosylated CD133, glycosylation-site mutagenesis Cancer research High 20068153
2011 N-glycan biosynthesis is required for cell-surface AC133/CD133 recognition: inhibition of N-glycan precursor biosynthesis (tunicamycin) or generation of N-glycan-deficient CD133 mutants abolishes cell-surface AC133 detection. MGAT4C, a complex N-glycan processing enzyme, positively regulates cell-surface AC133 expression. Large-scale pooled RNAi screen, secondary orthogonal RNAi validation, tunicamycin treatment, N-glycan-site mutagenesis, flow cytometry The Journal of biological chemistry High 21937449
2008 CD133 transcription in ovarian cancer is directly regulated by epigenetic modifications: promoter methylation inversely correlates with CD133 transcription, and treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors plus histone deacetylase inhibitors synergistically increases cell-surface CD133 expression in sorted CD133− cells. CD133+ cells retain an unmethylated/less-methylated promoter state while CD133− progeny show increased promoter methylation. Flow cytometry, bisulfite sequencing of promoter CpG sites, treatment with 5-azacytidine and/or valproic acid, cell sorting Oncogene High 18836486
2008 CD133 promoter activity in glioblastoma is regulated by DNA hypomethylation: three proximal CpG-containing promoters (P1, P2, P3) were isolated; in vitro methylation of P1 significantly inactivates it; treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid restores CD133 mRNA expression; hypomethylation of CpG sites within P1, P2, P3 is observed in high-CD133 human glioblastoma tissues. Promoter cloning, luciferase reporter assay, in vitro methylation, 5-azacytidine and valproic acid treatment, bisulfite sequencing of human glioblastoma tissues Cell research High 18679414
2012 Sp1 and Myc transcription factors directly regulate CD133 promoter activity in glioma stem cells: Sp1 binds its predicted sites (gel-shift assays, ChIP with supershift); overexpression of Sp1 or Myc increases CD133 minimal promoter-driven luciferase activity and CD133 protein levels; the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin decreases promoter activity and CD133 levels. In CD133-negative cells, methyl-DNA-binding proteins MBD1, MBD2, and MeCP2 bind the methylated CpG island and repress transcription (ChIP). Luciferase reporter assay (5′ and 3′ deletion constructs), gel-shift assay with supershift and competitive inhibition, ChIP, overexpression and pharmacological inhibition Oncogene High 22945648
2018 Prominin-1 (PROM1/CD133) interacts with the type I TGF-β receptor ALK4 and synergistically induces phosphorylation of Smad2; Prom1 overexpression consistently down-regulates cholesterol metabolism-associated genes and reduces cellular cholesterol levels in a Smad pathway-dependent manner, which promotes axon regrowth. Genetic deletion of Prom1 in mice inhibits axon regeneration in DRG cultures and the sciatic nerve. Co-immunoprecipitation (Prom1–ALK4 interaction), AAV-mediated gene delivery in vivo, Smad2 phosphorylation assay, gene expression profiling, genetic knockout (Prom1−/− mice), in vitro DRG axon regeneration assay, sciatic nerve injury model Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 32554499
2018 CD133 forms a complex with E-cadherin and β-catenin (detected by immunoprecipitation); knockdown of CD133 reduces β-catenin levels in basal conditions and after Wnt pathway activation, and reduces TCF/LEF promoter activation, indicating that CD133 acts as a permissive factor for β-catenin/Wnt signaling by preventing its cytoplasmic degradation. Loss of CD133 limits cell proliferation after cisplatin-induced injury and impairs nephrosphere generation while promoting senescence. Immunoprecipitation (CD133–E-cadherin–β-catenin complex), siRNA knockdown, TCF/LEF luciferase reporter assay, RNA sequencing, nephrosphere formation, senescence assay Stem cells translational medicine Medium 29431914
2019 Cytoplasmic (recycling endosomal) CD133 interacts with HDAC6 and is transported to the pericentrosomal region via a dynein-based trafficking system after internalization; at the pericentrosomal region, CD133 captures GABARAP (an autophagy initiator) and inhibits GABARAP-mediated ULK1 activation, thereby suppressing autophagy initiation. Phosphorylation of CD133 tyrosine 828 by Src family kinases controls this trafficking route. Pericentrosomal CD133 also suppresses primary ciliogenesis and neurite outgrowth by inhibiting autophagy. Co-immunoprecipitation (CD133–HDAC6, CD133–GABARAP), immunofluorescence localization, dynein inhibition, Src kinase inhibition/activation, ULK1 activation assay, autophagy flux assay, primary cilium formation assay, neurite outgrowth assay Scientific reports High 30783186
2018 Prominin-1 overexpression increases microvilli number and induces branched/knob-like microvilli morphologies in MDCK cells through interaction with PI3K and the Arp2/3 complex; mutation of tyrosine 828 impairs CD133 phosphorylation and abolishes these interactions and the altered microvillar phenotypes. Silencing of human prominin-1 in primary hematopoietic stem cells results in loss of uropod-associated microvilli. Overexpression and mutagenesis (Y828 phosphorylation site), Co-immunoprecipitation (prominin-1–PI3K, prominin-1–Arp2/3), high-resolution microscopy, siRNA silencing in primary hematopoietic stem cells Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) High 30328220
2018 Forced expression of CD133 in U87MG glioma cells increases expression of IL-1β and its downstream chemokines CCL3, CXCL3, and CXCL5, leading to increased neutrophil recruitment in vitro (trans-well) and in vivo (tumor xenograft), without apparent changes in cell growth or sphere formation. Ectopic overexpression of CD133, qRT-PCR and western blot for IL-1β and chemokines, in vitro trans-well neutrophil recruitment assay, in vivo tumor xenograft neutrophil recruitment assay Molecules and cells Medium 28736425
2013 Lentivirus-mediated shRNA silencing of CD133 in human GBM patient-derived neurospheres impairs self-renewal and tumorigenic capacity; CD133 appears in an interconvertible state, changing subcellular localization between cytoplasm and plasma membrane of neurosphere cells. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown, neurosphere self-renewal assay, in vivo tumorigenicity assay, immunofluorescence for subcellular localization Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) Medium 23307586
2010 CD133 suppresses neuroblastoma cell differentiation (neurite extension and differentiation marker expression) and promotes proliferation and tumorigenesis partly by repressing transcription of the neurotrophic receptor RET via p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways; RET overexpression rescues CD133-related inhibition of neurite elongation. CD133 also maintains this differentiation suppression in tumor spheres. Overexpression and silencing of CD133 in neuroblastoma lines, differentiation assays (neurite extension, marker expression), colony formation, in vivo tumor formation, RET overexpression rescue, pharmacological inhibition of p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt Oncogene Medium 20818439
2018 CD133 regulates microvesicle (MV) release from the plasma membrane in colon cancer cells: EGF-induced NF-κB activation upregulates CD133, and the amount and size of budding MVs depend on CD133 expression level. CD133 mediates this by regulating activities of small GTPases RhoA and Rac1. CD133-containing MVs deliver mutant KRAS to adjacent cells and activate KRAS downstream signaling, promoting migration, invasion, and chemoresistance to anti-EGFR drugs. CD133 overexpression/knockdown, MV quantification and sizing, RhoA/Rac1 activity assay, KRAS mutant transfer assay, NF-κB reporter, cell migration and invasion assays FASEB journal Medium 30521383
2020 Aberrant PROM1/CD133 expression in MLL-AF4 infant/childhood ALL is essential for leukemic cell growth and is driven by direct MLL-AF4 binding; activation is controlled by an intragenic H3K79me2/3 enhancer element (KEE) that increases enhancer–promoter interactions between PROM1 and the nearby gene TAPT1. In PROM1-non-expressing cells the locus is repressed by PRC2 binding. ChIP-seq (MLL-AF4, H3K79me2/3, PRC2), Hi-C/promoter capture Hi-C (enhancer–promoter interaction), CRISPR/shRNA knockdown of PROM1 with cell growth readout, correlation analyses in leukemia datasets Leukemia High 32242051
2015 Nucleolin directly binds the tissue-dependent CD133 promoter P1 and activates AC133/CD133 expression in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells; nucleolin knockdown reduces AC133 surface expression, colony-forming unit frequencies, long-term culture-initiating cells, and β-catenin, Akt, and Bcl-2 levels; these effects partially depend on β-catenin activity. Nucleolin ChIP on CD133 P1 promoter, nucleolin knockdown/overexpression, flow cytometry of AC133, CFU assay, LTC-IC assay, western blot for β-catenin/Akt/Bcl-2 Leukemia Medium 26183533
2000 Circulating human CD34+ cells co-expressing VEGFR-2 and AC133 constitute a phenotypically distinct population of circulating endothelial precursors (CEPs): upon culture with VEGF/FGF-2, AC133+VEGFR-2+ cells differentiate into AC133−VEGFR-2+Ac-LDL+ endothelial colonies (3% plating efficiency); mature endothelial cells do not express AC133, indicating loss of AC133 marks terminal endothelial differentiation. In vivo, AC133+VEGFR-2+ cells were found in neo-intima on left ventricular assist devices. Flow cytometry, in vitro differentiation assay (VEGF/FGF-2 culture, Ac-LDL uptake), in vivo examination of left ventricular assist device neo-intima Blood Medium 10648408
2014 Genetic deletion of Prom1 in mice increases susceptibility to intestinal tumor formation; in APC-mutant mice, Prom1-expressing cells are increased in intestinal crypt stem cell compartments and early adenomas, indicating a role for Prom1 in regulating intestinal homeostasis and tumor suppression in this context. Prom1 knockout mice, APC-mutant mouse model, intestinal tumor formation assay, immunohistochemistry Frontiers in oncology Medium 25452936
2007 A homozygous nonsense mutation in PROM1 (c.1726C>T, p.Gln576X) causes severe autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa with macular degeneration, mapping to chromosome 4p14-p16; rod and cone ERG responses are extinguished, establishing loss-of-function of PROM1 as causative for severe photoreceptor degeneration. Genome-wide linkage scan, direct sequencing of PROM1 exons, segregation analysis in family, ERG recordings Human genetics Medium 17605048
2019 Recessive PROM1 truncating and splice-site variants result in early-onset severe panretinal cone-rod dystrophy with macular involvement, while a dominant c.1117C>T missense variant causes a milder, cone-predominant macular phenotype; the similar severity of homozygous missense vs. truncating recessive variants suggests a null or near-null outcome for all recessive alleles. Next-generation sequencing, ophthalmic examination, retinal imaging, ERG, segregation analysis across 19 patients JAMA network open Medium 31199449
2018 A truncated, labile, and mislocalized PROM1 protein results from the c.C1902G (p.Y634X) nonsense mutation associated with macular and rod-cone dystrophy, confirmed by expression in cultured cells and confocal microscopy; a second c.C1682+3A>G intronic mutation disrupts mRNA splicing (confirmed by bridge-PCR). Whole exome sequencing, transient transfection and expression in cultured cells, confocal microscopy for protein localization, bridge-PCR for splice disruption Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology Medium 30588538

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2000 Expression of VEGFR-2 and AC133 by circulating human CD34(+) cells identifies a population of functional endothelial precursors. Blood 1789 10648408
1997 AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 1401 9389720
2007 CD133(+) and CD133(-) glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cells show differential growth characteristics and molecular profiles. Cancer research 880 17483311
2008 CD133: molecule of the moment. The Journal of pathology 448 18067118
2000 The human AC133 hematopoietic stem cell antigen is also expressed in epithelial cells and targeted to plasma membrane protrusions. The Journal of biological chemistry 354 10681530
2008 Epigenetic regulation of CD133 and tumorigenicity of CD133+ ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 345 18836486
2005 AC133/CD133/Prominin-1. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 305 15694831
2018 The role of CD133 in cancer: a concise review. Clinical and translational medicine 303 29984391
2010 The AC133 epitope, but not the CD133 protein, is lost upon cancer stem cell differentiation. Cancer research 292 20068153
2004 Human circulating AC133(+) stem cells restore dystrophin expression and ameliorate function in dystrophic skeletal muscle. The Journal of clinical investigation 282 15254585
2008 Clinical and biological implications of CD133-positive and CD133-negative cells in glioblastomas. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 273 18560366
2013 CD133: a stem cell biomarker and beyond. Experimental hematology & oncology 244 23815814
2010 Transcriptional profiles of CD133+ and CD133- glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cell lines suggest different cells of origin. Cancer research 211 20145155
2013 CD133 is essential for glioblastoma stem cell maintenance. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 200 23307586
2018 CD133: beyond a cancer stem cell biomarker. Journal of drug targeting 179 29911902
2007 Expression of CD133-1 and CD133-2 in ovarian cancer. International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society 178 17868344
2020 The Rational Development of CD133-Targeting Immunotherapies for Glioblastoma. Cell stem cell 158 32464096
2018 iNOS promotes CD24+CD133+ liver cancer stem cell phenotype through a TACE/ADAM17-dependent Notch signaling pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 136 30297396
2002 AC133-2, a novel isoform of human AC133 stem cell antigen. The Journal of biological chemistry 131 12042327
2003 Alternative promoters regulate transcription of the gene that encodes stem cell surface protein AC133. Blood 130 14630820
2008 Abnormal DNA methylation of CD133 in colorectal and glioblastoma tumors. Cancer research 123 18829568
2001 AC133 expression in human stem cells. Leukemia 120 11681407
2009 Both CD133+ and CD133- subpopulations of A549 and H446 cells contain cancer-initiating cells. Cancer science 119 19385971
2010 CD133 suppresses neuroblastoma cell differentiation via signal pathway modification. Oncogene 108 20818439
2013 CD133: to be or not to be, is this the real question? American journal of translational research 107 24093054
2007 Severe retinitis pigmentosa mapped to 4p15 and associated with a novel mutation in the PROM1 gene. Human genetics 105 17605048
2017 Potential mechanisms of CD133 in cancer stem cells. Life sciences 101 28697984
2015 Active glycolytic metabolism in CD133(+) hepatocellular cancer stem cells: regulation by MIR-122. Oncotarget 95 26506419
2009 Expression of CD133 on leukemia-initiating cells in childhood ALL. Blood 94 19147788
2009 Targeting CD133 antigen in cancer. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 92 19530986
2008 Promoter hypomethylation regulates CD133 expression in human gliomas. Cell research 87 18679414
2020 Exosomes from CD133+ cells carrying circ-ABCC1 mediate cell stemness and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Journal of cellular biochemistry 86 31960989
2016 CD133, Selectively Targeting the Root of Cancer. Toxins 82 27240402
2015 Coexpression analysis of CD133 and CD44 identifies proneural and mesenchymal subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme. Oncotarget 79 25749043
2012 Biology and clinical implications of CD133(+) liver cancer stem cells. Experimental cell research 77 22999864
2011 CD133 protein N-glycosylation processing contributes to cell surface recognition of the primitive cell marker AC133 epitope. The Journal of biological chemistry 72 21937449
2009 CD133 antigen expression in ovarian cancer. BMC cancer 71 19583859
2016 Notch1-MAPK Signaling Axis Regulates CD133+ Cancer Stem Cell-Mediated Melanoma Growth and Angiogenesis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 68 27476721
2009 Cone-rod dystrophy and a frameshift mutation in the PROM1 gene. Molecular vision 65 19718270
2009 Expression of CD133, PAX2, ESA, and GPR30 in invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Chinese medical journal 63 19951611
2007 Comparative genomics on PROM1 gene encoding stem cell marker CD133. International journal of molecular medicine 60 17487431
2010 Differential role of CD133 and CXCR4 in renal cell carcinoma. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 59 21127401
2019 Clinical and Molecular Characterization of PROM1-Related Retinal Degeneration. JAMA network open 57 31199449
2012 Epigenetic regulation of CD133/PROM1 expression in glioma stem cells by Sp1/myc and promoter methylation. Oncogene 57 22945648
2011 Insight into the complex regulation of CD133 in glioma. International journal of cancer 55 20853315
2008 Expression profiling of CD133+ and CD133- epithelial cells from human prostate. The Prostate 52 18398820
2018 Role of CD133 Molecule in Wnt Response and Renal Repair. Stem cells translational medicine 51 29431914
2001 Impact of CD133 (AC133) and CD90 expression analysis for acute leukemia immunophenotyping. Haematologica 51 11224484
2020 H3K79me2/3 controls enhancer-promoter interactions and activation of the pan-cancer stem cell marker PROM1/CD133 in MLL-AF4 leukemia cells. Leukemia 46 32242051
2010 CD133+ niches and single cells in glioblastoma have different phenotypes. Journal of neuro-oncology 46 21184132
2000 In vitro proliferation potential of AC133 positive cells in peripheral blood. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 46 10840073
2012 CD133 expression in osteosarcoma and derivation of CD133⁺ cells. Molecular medicine reports 44 23242469
2010 Epigenetic regulation of CD133 and tumorigenicity of CD133 positive and negative endometrial cancer cells. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 44 21122138
2000 A functional hierarchy among the CD34+ hematopoietic cells based on in vitro proliferative and differentiative potential of AC133+CD34(bright) and AC133(dim/)-CD34+ human cord blood cells. Journal of hematotherapy & stem cell research 43 11177594
2011 Upregulated CD133 expression in tumorigenesis of colon cancer cells. World journal of gastroenterology 42 21412503
2017 Genetic identification and molecular modeling characterization reveal a novel PROM1 mutation in Stargardt4-like macular dystrophy. Oncotarget 41 29416601
2011 Expression and regulation of AC133 and CD133 in glioblastoma. Glia 40 21901757
2020 The stem cell marker Prom1 promotes axon regeneration by down-regulating cholesterol synthesis via Smad signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 39 32554499
2014 Prominin-1 (CD133) defines both stem and non-stem cell populations in CNS development and gliomas. PloS one 39 25184684
2001 CD133 (AC133) expression on AML cells and progenitors. Cytotherapy 39 11953029
2018 Prominin-1 (CD133) modulates the architecture and dynamics of microvilli. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 38 30328220
2011 Development and characterization of immuno-nanocarriers targeting the cancer stem cell marker AC133. International journal of pharmaceutics 38 21683129
2023 Curcumin Induces Ferroptosis in A549 CD133+ Cells through the GSH-GPX4 and FSP1-CoQ10-NAPH Pathways. Discovery medicine 37 37272092
2021 The role of CD133 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer biology & therapy 37 33899676
2013 Significance of CD133 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World journal of surgical oncology 37 23448401
2002 AC133+ umbilical cord blood progenitors demonstrate rapid self-renewal and low apoptosis. British journal of haematology 37 12406095
2015 CD133 Expression Is Not Synonymous to Immunoreactivity for AC133 and Fluctuates throughout the Cell Cycle in Glioma Stem-Like Cells. PloS one 36 26086074
2010 CD133(+) cells isolated from various sources and their role in future clinical perspectives. Expert opinion on biological therapy 36 20932225
2021 The combination effect of Prominin1 (CD133) suppression and Oxaliplatin treatment in colorectal cancer therapy. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 35 33592546
2015 Clinical and biological significance of stem-like CD133(+)CXCR4(+) cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 35 26092504
2015 Residential Proximity to Major Roadways Is Associated With Increased Levels of AC133+ Circulating Angiogenic Cells. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 35 26293462
2014 Mir-152 inhibits cell proliferation and colony formation of CD133(+) liver cancer stem cells by targeting KIT. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 35 25311946
2018 Roles of CD133 in microvesicle formation and oncoprotein trafficking in colon cancer. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 32 30521383
2000 Flow cytometric and functional characterization of AC133+ cells from human umbilical cord blood. British journal of haematology 31 10792285
2012 CD133 as a target for colon cancer. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 30 22385077
2017 CD133 Regulates IL-1β Signaling and Neutrophil Recruitment in Glioblastoma. Molecules and cells 29 28736425
2015 Expression of CD133 and CD117 in 64 Serous Ovarian Cancer Cases. Collegium antropologicum 29 26898076
2018 MiR-29a-Mediated CD133 Expression Contributes to Cisplatin Resistance in CD133+ Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 28 30267383
2017 Inhibition of Midkine Suppresses Prostate Cancer CD133+ Stem Cell Growth and Migration. The American journal of the medical sciences 28 28918838
2000 Expression, regulation and function of AC133, a putative cell surface marker of primitive human haematopoietic cells. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica 28 10833669
2018 CD133 Expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Literature Review. Cureus 27 30555755
2014 Prom1 function in development, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal tumorigenesis. Frontiers in oncology 27 25452936
2012 CD133 as a marker for regulation and potential for targeted therapies in glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurgery clinics of North America 27 22748652
2011 CD133 expression and identification of CD133/nestin positive cells in rhabdomyosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) 27 22156015
2010 Glioblastoma cells negative for the anti-CD133 antibody AC133 express a truncated variant of the CD133 protein. International journal of molecular medicine 26 20428792
2010 Extended extraocular phenotype of PROM1 mutation in kindreds with known autosomal dominant macular dystrophy. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 26 20859302
2017 Expression of CD133 in endometrial cancer cells and its implications. Journal of Cancer 24 28819416
2015 Control of AC133/CD133 and impact on human hematopoietic progenitor cells through nucleolin. Leukemia 24 26183533
2014 The CD133+ cell as advanced medicinal product for myocardial and limb ischemia. Stem cells and development 23 25014242
2019 Recycling endosomal CD133 functions as an inhibitor of autophagy at the pericentrosomal region. Scientific reports 22 30783186
2015 Detection of CD133 expression in U87 glioblastoma cells using a novel anti-CD133 monoclonal antibody. Oncology letters 22 26137114
2013 Prominin-1 (CD133) Expression in the Prostate and Prostate Cancer: A Marker for Quiescent Stem Cells. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 22 23161082
2013 Expression and localisation of osteopontin and prominin-1 (CD133) in patients with endometriosis. International journal of molecular medicine 22 23545719
2009 AC133+ progenitor cells as gene delivery vehicle and cellular probe in subcutaneous tumor models: a preliminary study. BMC biotechnology 22 19327159
2022 Single-cell sequencing reveals CD133+CD44--originating evolution and novel stemness related variants in human colorectal cancer. EBioMedicine 21 35785618
2020 Inhibition of NOTCH signaling pathway chemosensitizes HCC CD133+ cells to vincristine and 5-fluorouracil through upregulation of BBC3. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 32173531
2018 Identification of novel PROM1 mutations responsible for autosomal recessive maculopathy with rod-cone dystrophy. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 21 30588538
2013 Isolation, identification and expression of specific human CD133 antibodies. Scientific reports 20 24271022
2016 CD133+ cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension. The European respiratory journal 19 27103380
2015 Prominin-1 (CD133, AC133) and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26) are indicators of infinitive growth in colon cancer cells. American journal of cancer research 19 25973297

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