Affinage

Showing PKN1 — PRK1 is a alias.

PKN1

Serine/threonine-protein kinase N1 · UniProt Q16512

Length
942 aa
Mass
103.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
97 papers in source corpus 53 papers cited in narrative 53 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PKN1 (PRK1) is a Rho-family GTPase-activated AGC serine/threonine protein kinase that couples RhoA/Rac1 signaling and lipid second messengers to cytoskeletal remodeling, cell-cycle timing, stress signaling, and membrane trafficking (PMID:8571126, PMID:10323867). Its N-terminal antiparallel coiled-coil (ACC/HR1) finger binds GTP-loaded RhoA at switch I and stabilizes the active GTPase, defining PKN1 as a Rho effector (PMID:10619026, PMID:8647255); HR1a dimerizes and engages RhoA in a 1:2 complex while binding Rac1 as a monomer, implying distinct activation geometries for the two GTPases (PMID:42036044). Catalytic output is set by a substrate-competitive autoinhibitory segment (residues 455–511) that is relieved by unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, by a C2-like lipid-binding region whose pseudosubstrate overlaps the arachidonic-acid site, and by caspase-3 cleavage that liberates a constitutively active fragment during apoptosis (PMID:10467162, PMID:38441874, PMID:9751706); full activity additionally requires activation-loop (Thr774) and turn-motif phosphorylation, the latter TORC2-dependent (PMID:10467162, PMID:28875501). Active PKN1 phosphorylates intermediate filament and microtubule substrates—neurofilament, vimentin/GFAP head domains, and tau (Ser320)—to inhibit polymer assembly and disrupt cytoskeletal arrays (PMID:8621664, PMID:9175763, PMID:11104762). It enforces G2/M delay by phosphorylating Cdc25C at Ser216 to promote 14-3-3 sequestration, a checkpoint engaged downstream of TGF-β and arsenite stress (PMID:11134534, PMID:17374997, PMID:15791647). PKN1 further phosphorylates RPH3A to direct polarized RAB21 trafficking and integrin activation in neutrophils (PMID:28636945), KRT8 (Ser43) to impede RAB33B Golgi trafficking and suppress autophagosome initiation (PMID:36897022), EGFR at Thr654 (PMID:21749319), and α B-crystallin to stimulate proteasome activity and confer cardioprotection during ischemia/reperfusion (PMID:20595653). It scaffolds p38 MAPK cascades through MLTK and the AKAP-Lbc complex (PMID:12761180, PMID:21224381) and modulates TRAF1/TRAF2-dependent NF-κB and JNK signaling (PMID:18429822, PMID:14741690). In vivo, PKN1 kinase activity is required for lymphocyte egress (PMID:28794483) and contributes to cardiac protection by limiting CamKIIδ-dependent SR calcium dysregulation (PMID:29045568).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 20 steps
  1. 1994 High

    Before its regulators were known, PKN1 needed a defined activation input; this established that PKN1 is a distinct kinase activated by unsaturated fatty acids and proteolysis rather than by classical PKC cofactors.

    Evidence in vitro kinase assay with peptide substrates and limited trypsin proteolysis

    PMID:7945381

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the physiological activator or upstream signal
    • No structural basis for fatty-acid activation
  2. 1995 High

    Purification of the native enzyme confirmed PKN1 as a ~120 kDa fatty-acid-activated kinase whose activity depends on phosphorylation.

    Evidence ~8000-fold purification from rat testis with kinase and alkaline-phosphatase assays

    PMID:7654208

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific phosphosites not yet mapped
    • No upstream kinase identified
  3. 1996 High

    The central question of what links PKN1 to upstream signaling was answered by showing it is a direct GTP-RhoA effector, and that binding both activates PKN1 and stabilizes active RhoA.

    Evidence yeast two-hybrid cloning, in vitro binding, GTPase assays, and deletion mapping of the RhoA-binding region (residues 33–111)

    PMID:8571126 PMID:8647255

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural mechanism of activation not yet resolved
    • Whether Rac1 also activates was unaddressed
  4. 1996 High

    To connect PKN1 to cellular structures, it was shown to bind the cytoskeletal crosslinker alpha-actinin and to phosphorylate neurofilament subunits, inhibiting filament polymerization—placing PKN1 at the cytoskeleton.

    Evidence yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding/kinase assays, polymerization assays, co-IP

    PMID:8621664 PMID:9030526

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of filament phosphorylation not established
    • Cellular consequence on cytoskeletal architecture not directly shown
  5. 1996 High

    PKN1 was linked to stress responses by demonstrating stress-induced cytosol-to-nucleus translocation.

    Evidence confocal immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation under heat shock, arsenite, serum starvation

    PMID:8816775

    Open questions at the time
    • Nuclear substrates of translocated PKN1 not identified
    • Translocation signal/mechanism unknown
  6. 1999 High

    The structural basis of effector recognition was resolved: the PKN1 effector domain adopts an antiparallel coiled-coil (ACC) finger that contacts RhoA switch I.

    Evidence 2.2 Å X-ray crystal structure of RhoA–PKN effector domain complex

    PMID:10619026

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not capture how binding propagates to the catalytic domain
    • Full-length conformational change unresolved
  7. 1999 High

    How basal PKN1 activity is restrained was defined by mapping a substrate-competitive autoinhibitory segment (455–511) relieved by arachidonic acid, plus phosphosites required for full activity.

    Evidence deletion mutagenesis in insect cells, in vitro inhibition assays with peptide fragments, phosphosite mutagenesis

    PMID:10467162

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the upstream activation-loop kinase
    • Coupling of GTPase binding to autoinhibition release not shown
  8. 1998 High

    An activation route independent of GTPase/lipid was established: caspase-3 cleaves PKN1 during apoptosis to release a constitutively active catalytic fragment.

    Evidence in vitro cleavage with recombinant caspase-3, cleavage-site mutagenesis, DEVD-CHO inhibition, immunoblot in apoptotic cells

    PMID:9751706

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrates targeted by the cleaved fragment not defined here
    • Physiological apoptotic role unaddressed
  9. 2001 High

    PKN1 was assigned a cell-cycle role by showing it phosphorylates and inhibits Cdc25C to delay mitotic entry; later work mapped this to Ser216-driven 14-3-3 sequestration engaged by TGF-β and arsenite stress.

    Evidence Xenopus embryo/extract assays and in vitro Cdc25C kinase assays; later RNAi, S216A mutant rescue, co-IP, phospho-Ser216 detection

    PMID:11134534 PMID:15791647 PMID:17374997

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous timing of PKN1-Cdc25C activity in unperturbed mitosis unclear
    • Relationship to nuclear translocation not integrated
  10. 2003 Medium

    PKN1's role in MAPK signaling was clarified as both an activating kinase and scaffold for the p38γ cascade, later extended to an AKAP-Lbc-anchored RhoA→p38 complex.

    Evidence in vitro kinase assays, co-IP of cascade components, dominant-negative expression; siRNA of AKAP-Lbc with p38 activity readouts

    PMID:12761180 PMID:21224381

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab biochemistry without structural detail of the scaffold
    • Direct phosphorylation site on MLTK not mapped
  11. 2008 High

    PKN1 was placed in TNF-receptor signaling by showing it phosphorylates TRAF1 to drive TNFR2 recruitment and attenuate constitutive NF-κB/JNK, building on earlier TRAF2 binding.

    Evidence in vitro kinase assays, phospho-acceptor mutagenesis, RNAi, NF-κB/JNK reporter assays; earlier TRAF2 binding via PXQX(S/T) motif

    PMID:14741690 PMID:16611232 PMID:18429822

    Open questions at the time
    • Net effect on NF-κB (positive vs negative) context-dependent across studies
    • Physiological TNFR2 context not fully defined
  12. 2010 High

    Genetic models established a cardioprotective role: activated PKN1 phosphorylates αB-crystallin to stimulate proteasome activity and limit ischemic injury; loss of PKN1 worsens infarct via CamKIIδ-dependent SR calcium dysregulation.

    Evidence cardiac transgenic CA/DN PKN1, in vivo I/R, proteasome assays; PKN1 KO with CamKIIδ co-IP and phospholamban phosphorylation

    PMID:20595653 PMID:29045568

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether αB-crystallin and CamKIIδ pathways are mechanistically coupled unclear
    • Direct CamKIIδ substrate relationship not established
  13. 2011 High

    PKN1 substrate specificity and a growth-factor receptor target were defined: a basophilic consensus (Arg at −3) and direct EGFR Thr654 phosphorylation.

    Evidence peptide library/protein array, site mutagenesis, in vitro and cellular phosphorylation assays

    PMID:21749319

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of EGFR Thr654 phosphorylation not detailed
    • In vivo substrate repertoire incompletely defined
  14. 2013 High

    A pathogen co-opts PKN1: the Salmonella SspH1 LRR binds the HR1b subdomain, activating its E3 ligase to ubiquitinate and degrade PKN1, with consequences for androgen receptor signaling.

    Evidence X-ray structure of SspH1–PKN1, in-cell ubiquitination and proteasome inhibitor experiments, AR reporter assay

    PMID:24248594

    Open questions at the time
    • Host pathway controlled by PKN1 turnover during infection not fully mapped
  15. 2017 High

    PKN1's role in trafficking and immune-cell function was established: it phosphorylates RPH3A to direct polarized RAB21 vesicle trafficking and integrin activation in neutrophils, and its kinase activity is required for lymphocyte egress.

    Evidence in vitro kinase/binding assays, GTP-RAB21 pulldown, myeloid conditional KO with renal I/R; T778A kinase-dead knock-in with chemotaxis and cell-transfer assays

    PMID:28636945 PMID:28794483

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream GTPase driving the RPH3A axis not fully defined
    • S1P-receptor coupling to PKN1 activation unresolved
  16. 2017 Medium

    An additional layer of regulation was identified—TORC2-dependent turn-motif phosphorylation tunes PKN1 activity and supports prostate cancer cell motility.

    Evidence torin inhibition, phospho-TM antibody, TM mutagenesis, in vitro kinase and motility assays

    PMID:28875501

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct TORC2-PKN1 contact not shown
    • Single-lab functional readout
  17. 2020 High

    Neuronal functions were uncovered: a PKN1a splice isoform promotes synaptic maturation via EAAT3, and PKN1 negatively regulates an AKT–NeuroD2–GluA1 axis controlling AMPA receptor levels.

    Evidence PKN1a-specific and Pkn1 KO mice, electrophysiology, glutamate uptake, subcellular fractionation, flow cytometry

    PMID:33244074 PMID:33613259

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct PKN1 substrates in the AKT/NeuroD2 axis not identified
    • Isoform-specific mechanism incompletely resolved
  18. 2023 High

    A mechanotransduction-to-autophagy link was established: overload-activated RhoA–PKN phosphorylates KRT8 Ser43 to block RAB33B Golgi trafficking and suppress autophagosome initiation, contributing to disc degeneration.

    Evidence conditional Krt8 KO, PKN1/2 knockdown, phospho-Ser43 detection, trafficking and autophagy assays, in vivo disc models

    PMID:36897022

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of PKN1 vs PKN2 not separated
    • Generality beyond disc tissue untested
  19. 2026 High

    Biophysical work refined the activation model, showing HR1a dimerization and distinct stoichiometries for RhoA (1:2, with dimer rearrangement) versus Rac1 (monomeric), implying GTPase-specific activation mechanisms.

    Evidence SEC, AUC, SAXS, integrative structural modeling of HR1 domains with RhoA/Rac1

    PMID:42036044

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length kinase conformational coupling not captured
    • Functional consequence of RhoA- vs Rac1-specific geometry in cells untested
  20. 2025 Low

    A membrane-independent regulatory input was proposed whereby alkali metal ions reversibly modulate PKN1 activation-loop phosphorylation via phosphate reacquisition.

    Evidence cell-free lysate phosphorylation assays with defined ion concentrations, PDK1-depleted lysate, 32P tracing (preprint)

    PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.09.04.674365

    Open questions at the time
    • Single unreplicated preprint, not peer-reviewed
    • Physiological relevance and in-cell occurrence not established
    • Molecular basis of ion-dependent dephosphorylation unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How GTPase binding, lipid/C2-domain engagement, autoinhibition release, and activation-loop/turn-motif phosphorylation are integrated into a single dynamic activation cycle for full-length PKN1 in cells remains unresolved.
  • No full-length structure coupling regulatory and catalytic domains
  • Hierarchy and timing of activating inputs in vivo undefined
  • Substrate selection rules across compartments not unified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 7 GO:0016740 transferase activity 4 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0140657 ATP-dependent activity 3 GO:0008289 lipid binding 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
ACTN (ALPHA-ACTININ)AKAP13CAMK2DPLD1RAC1RHOARPH3ATRAF2
Complex memberships
AKAP-Lbc signaling complex (PKNα–MLTK–MKK3–p38α)

Evidence

Reading pass · 53 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 PKN (PKN1) directly binds to GTP-bound RhoA (but not GDP-RhoA) and is activated by this interaction both in vitro and in vivo, establishing PKN as a Rho effector serine/threonine protein kinase. Yeast two-hybrid cloning, in vitro binding assay, in vivo kinase activation assay Science High 8571126
1999 Crystal structure of human RhoA complexed with the effector domain of PKN/PRK1 at 2.2 Å resolution reveals that the PKN effector domain adopts an antiparallel coiled-coil finger (ACC finger) fold that binds to RhoA switch I, beta strands B2/B3, and helix A5, predominantly via specific hydrogen bonds. X-ray crystallography at 2.2 Å resolution Molecular cell High 10619026
1994 PKN kinase activity is activated several-fold by unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid) and by limited proteolysis with trypsin, but not by Ca2+/phosphatidylserine/diolein (the classical PKC activators). In vitro kinase assay with peptide substrates, limited proteolysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 7945381
1995 Purified native PKN from rat testis is a 120 kDa serine/threonine kinase activated by unsaturated fatty acids and detergents; autophosphorylation activity is partially inhibited by alkaline phosphatase pretreatment, suggesting autophosphorylation contributes to activity. Protein purification (~8000-fold), in vitro kinase assay, alkaline phosphatase treatment The Biochemical journal High 7654208
1996 The RhoA-binding region of PKN1 maps to amino acid residues 33–111 (with residues 74–113 critical for association); PKN1 binding to RhoA inhibits both endogenous and GAP-stimulated GTPase activity of RhoA, suggesting PKN1 can sustain the active GTP-bound form of RhoA. Yeast two-hybrid system, in vitro binding assay with truncation mutants, synthetic peptide competition, GTPase activity assay FEBS letters High 8647255
1996 PKN1 associates with alpha-actinin via its N-terminal region (outside the RhoA-binding domain) binding to the third spectrin-like repeats of alpha-actinin; this interaction is regulated by Ca2+ for non-skeletal muscle type and is stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate for full-length alpha-actinin. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding with truncation mutants, co-immunoprecipitation from COS7 cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 9030526
1996 PKN1 associates with and phosphorylates the head-rod domain of all three neurofilament subunits (NF-L, NF-M, NF-H); phosphorylation of NF-L by PKN inhibits neurofilament polymerization in vitro. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding, in vitro kinase assay with purified neurofilaments, polymerization assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 8621664
1997 PKN1 phosphorylates vimentin and GFAP in their head domains in vitro, resulting in nearly complete inhibition of filament formation; the regulatory domain of PKN1 interacts with vimentin. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding assay, in vitro kinase assay, filament formation assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 9175763
1998 PKN is cleaved by caspase-3 (or a related caspase) at specific aspartate residues during apoptosis, generating a constitutively active catalytic fragment; site-directed mutagenesis of the cleavage sites prevented fragment generation, and the cleavage was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor DEVD-CHO. In vitro cleavage with recombinant caspase-3, site-directed mutagenesis, immunoblot in apoptotic cells Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9751706
1999 The regulatory region of PKN1 (residues 455–511) contains an autoinhibitory domain that inhibits kinase activity in a substrate-competitive manner (Ki = 0.6 µM); arachidonic acid relieves autoinhibition by this segment. Phosphorylation at Thr64, Ser374, or Thr531 in the regulatory region and Thr774 in the activation loop are required for full kinase activity. Deletion mutagenesis in insect cells, in vitro kinase inhibition assay with recombinant peptide fragments, site-directed mutagenesis of phosphorylation sites Journal of biochemistry High 10467162
1996 PKN1 translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus in response to heat shock (42°C), sodium arsenite, and serum starvation, and returns to the cytoplasm upon recovery from heat shock. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation, immunoblotting Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 8816775
2000 PKN1 phosphorylates tau protein at specific sites in microtubule-binding domains (Ser258, Ser320, Ser352), with Ser320 being PKN1-specific (not phosphorylated by PKC isoforms); PKN1 activation disrupts microtubule arrays in vitro and in vivo. In vitro kinase assay with tau peptides, site-directed mutagenesis, phospho-specific antibodies, transfection of active/inactive PKN in CHO cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 11104762
2001 PKN1 delays mitotic timing by directly phosphorylating and inhibiting Cdc25C phosphatase activity, thereby delaying Tyr15 dephosphorylation of Cdc2 and entry into mitosis; active PKN causes cleavage arrest in Xenopus embryos and delayed mitosis in Xenopus cycling extracts. Xenopus embryo microinjection, Xenopus egg extract cell cycle assay, in vitro Cdc25C kinase/phosphatase assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 11134534
2001 PKN1 directly interacts with and stimulates the activity of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) in vitro and in vivo; PKNα binds residues 228–598 of PLD1 and stimulates PLD1 activity in the presence of PIP2. Co-immunoprecipitation from COS7 cells, in vitro binding with PLD1 deletion mutants, in vitro PLD1 activity assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 11259428
2003 PKNα (PKN1) phosphorylates MLTKα (a MAPKKK) and enhances its kinase activity in vitro; PKNα associates with all components of the p38γ MAPK cascade (p38γ, MKK6, MLTKα), functioning as both an upstream activator and a scaffold for p38γ MAPK signaling. In vitro kinase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE mobility shift assay, dominant-negative expression Journal of biochemistry Medium 12761180
2005 PKN1 (activated by TGF-β1 via RhoA) phosphorylates Cdc25C at Ser216, promoting 14-3-3 binding to Cdc25C and inactivating it, thereby delaying G2/M transition; PKN1 and Cdc25C coimmunoprecipitate and colocalize to the nucleus prior to mitosis. RNAi knockdown, constitutively active PKN1 expression, in vitro kinase assay on Cdc25C, phospho-specific Ser216 detection, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence colocalization Cell cycle High 17374997
2005 PKN1 involvement in arsenite-induced G2/M delay is mediated by direct phosphorylation of Cdc25C at Ser216, which facilitates 14-3-3 association; a Cdc25C S216A phospho-mutant partially abrogated arsenite-induced cell cycle arrest. Constitutively active PKN1 expression in HeLa cells, in vitro kinase assay, Cdc25C S216A mutant expression, co-IP Molecular carcinogenesis High 15791647
2006 Salmonella effector SspH1 interacts with PKN1 via its leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, and PKN1 expression decreases NF-κB-dependent reporter gene activity while PKN1 depletion by RNAi increases it, indicating PKN1 negatively modulates NF-κB signaling. Yeast two-hybrid screen, domain mapping of LRR-PKN1 interaction, RNAi knockdown, NF-κB reporter assay Cellular microbiology Medium 16611232
2013 X-ray structure of SspH1–PKN1 complex reveals that the SspH1 LRR domain binds specifically to the HR1b coiled-coil subdomain of PKN1, sterically displacing the SspH1 catalytic domain to activate its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity; SspH1 catalyzes ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of PKN1 in cells, attenuating androgen receptor responsiveness. X-ray crystallography of SspH1–PKN1 complex, ubiquitination assay in cells, proteasome inhibitor experiments, androgen receptor reporter assay Molecular and cellular biology High 24248594
2008 PKN1 phosphorylates TRAF1 in vitro and in vivo; this phosphorylation recruits TRAF1 to TNFR2 and is required for attenuation of constitutive NF-κB and JNK signaling; mutagenesis of the phospho-acceptor residue in TRAF1 abrogates PKN1-dependent TNFR2 recruitment. In vitro kinase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, RNAi, phospho-acceptor mutagenesis, NF-κB/JNK reporter assays Genes to cells High 18429822
2004 PKN1 directly binds the TRAF domain of TRAF2 through a PXQX(S/T) motif (residues 580–584); mutation of this motif abrogates co-immunoprecipitation with TRAF2; RNAi knockdown of PKN1 reduces TRAF2-induced NF-κB activation. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding with TRAF2 deletion mutants, co-immunoprecipitation, site-directed mutagenesis, RNAi, NF-κB reporter assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 14741690
2010 PKN1 is activated by ischemia/reperfusion (phosphorylated at Thr774) in the heart; transgenic cardiac-specific overexpression of constitutively active PKN1 reduces infarct size and apoptosis, while dominant-negative PKN1 increases injury; PKN1 mediates phosphorylation of αB-crystallin and stimulates proteasome activity, partially accounting for cardioprotection. Transgenic mouse (cardiac-specific CA and DN PKN1), in vivo I/R model, TUNEL assay, immunoblot for αB-crystallin phosphorylation, proteasome activity assay, epoxomicin inhibition Circulation research High 20595653
2011 PKN1 (PKNα) serves as a component of an AKAP-Lbc–assembled signaling complex containing RhoA effector PKNα, MLTK, MKK3, and p38α; this complex is required for α1b-adrenergic receptor-mediated RhoA-dependent activation of p38α MAPK, as silencing AKAP-Lbc specifically reduces this pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown of AKAP-Lbc, p38α kinase activity assay, selective pharmacological dissection The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 21224381
2008 A cleaved (caspase-activated) form of PKN1, but not wild-type PKN1, disrupts neurofilament organisation and axonal transport in neurons; PKN1 is cleaved and activated in SOD1G93A ALS model mice and in glutamate-treated neurons. Expression of cleaved vs. wild-type PKN1 in neurons, neurofilament transport assay, immunoblot for cleavage in transgenic mice and glutamate-treated cells FEBS letters Medium 18519042
2011 PKN1 and PKN3 share a phosphorylation consensus motif requiring an arginine at position −3 and intolerance of arginine at position +1 (PKN1) or −1 (PKN3); PKN1 phosphorylates EGFR at Thr654 in vitro and this site is constitutively phosphorylated in a PKN-dependent manner in vivo. Peptide library substrate screen, protein array, site mutagenesis, in vitro kinase assay, cellular phosphorylation assay The Biochemical journal High 21749319
2013 PKN1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in melanoma cells; PKN1 is found in a protein complex with Frizzled 7 and co-purifying proteins by affinity purification/mass spectrometry; siRNA depletion of PKN1 enhances β-catenin reporter activity and increases WNT3A-induced apoptosis. siRNA screen, phosphoproteomics, affinity purification–mass spectrometry, β-catenin reporter assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 24114839
2017 PKN1 phosphorylates RPH3A, which enhances binding of RPH3A to GTP-bound RAB21; this PKN1–RPH3A–RAB21 axis is required for polarized localization of RAB21 and PIP5K1C90 in neutrophils, integrin activation, and adhesion to endothelial cells; myeloid-specific loss of PKN1 decreases tissue injury in renal ischemia–reperfusion. In vitro kinase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, GTP-RAB21 pulldown, immunofluorescence of polarization, integrin activation assay, myeloid conditional KO mouse, renal I/R injury model Cell reports High 28636945
2017 PKN1 kinase activity is regulated by TORC2-dependent phosphorylation of the turn motif (TM); amino acid substitution in the TM reduces kinase activity; PKN1 contributes to cell motility in human prostate cancer cells. TORC2-specific inhibitor (torin), phospho-TM-specific antibody, TM mutagenesis, in vitro kinase assay, cell motility assay, depletion approaches The Prostate Medium 28875501
2018 Loss of PKN1 in vivo doubles myocardial infarct size after I/R; PKN1 co-localizes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum during ischemia and interacts with CamKIIδ; PKN1 loss increases basal CamKIIδ activation and phospholamban Thr17 phosphorylation, suggesting PKN1 limits CamKIIδ-dependent SR calcium dysregulation. PKN1 knockout mouse, Langendorff I/R perfusion, GC-MS/MS and immunoblot co-IP with CamKIIδ, PhosTag gel, confocal immunofluorescence, siRNA in NRVM Cardiovascular research High 29045568
2017 PKN1 kinase activity is required for lymphocyte trafficking/egress from secondary lymphoid organs; knock-in mice with a PKN1 T778A kinase-dead mutation show lymphocyte sequestration in spleen and lymph nodes, reduced chemotaxis, and impaired S1P-directed migration in a cell-autonomous manner. Knock-in mouse (T778A mutation), cell transfer experiments, in vitro chemotaxis assay, flow cytometry Scientific reports High 28794483
2014 PRK1/PKN1 regulates migration and gene expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells through its kinase activity; PKN1 interacts with scaffold protein SPAG9/JIP4 and this interaction is required for p38 phosphorylation and cell migration; a PKN1 inhibitor prevents metastases in mice. Sibling KD, transcriptome/interactome analysis, co-localization in tissue, p38 phosphorylation assay, cell migration assay, in vivo metastasis model with inhibitor Oncotarget Medium 25504435
2020 PKN1 (specifically the PKN1a splice variant) promotes synaptic maturation by upregulating neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 expression; PKN1a knockout unmasks aberrant mGluR-dependent LTD and AMPA receptor silencing, and reduces glutamate uptake through EAAT3. PKN1a-specific knockout mouse, mGluR-LTD electrophysiology, glutamate uptake assay, silent synapse analysis, spine morphology Communications biology High 33244074
2023 Overloading-activated RHOA–PKN (including PKN1) phosphorylates KRT8 (keratin 8) at Ser43, which impedes RAB33B trafficking from the Golgi, suppresses autophagosome initiation, and contributes to intervertebral disc degeneration; knockdown of Pkn1 and Pkn2 together ameliorates disc degeneration. Conditional Krt8 knockout, PKN1/2 knockdown, phospho-Ser43 KRT8 detection, RAB33B trafficking assay, autophagy initiation assay, in vivo disc degeneration models Autophagy High 36897022
2006 The very C-terminus of PRK1/PKN1 (beyond the hydrophobic motif) is essential for activation by RhoA and for downstream signaling (neurite retraction); deletion of HR1 alone does not fully abolish RhoA binding or activation, indicating both the HR1 domain and C-terminus contribute to full RhoA-mediated activation. C-terminal deletion mutants, in vitro kinase activation assay with GTPγS-RhoA, in vivo RhoA activation assay, neurite retraction assay in neuronal cells Cellular signalling Medium 16427251
1999 Drosophila Pkn (PKN ortholog) binds specifically to GTP-activated Rho1 and Rac1 through distinct binding sites, and both interactions increase kinase activity; genetic loss-of-function shows Pkn is required for epidermal cell shape changes during dorsal closure, acting in a Rho1-mediated pathway independent of the Rac-JNK pathway. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding, in vitro kinase assay, Drosophila loss-of-function mutant, epistasis analysis Genes & development High 10323867
2000 PKN1 binds and phosphorylates high-risk HPV E6 oncoprotein; only high-risk (not low-risk) HPV E6 proteins bind PKN1; this is the first demonstration that HPV E6 is a phosphoprotein. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding (wheat-germ lysate), co-immunoprecipitation in 293T cells, in vitro kinase assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10809724
2000 PKN (PRK1/PKN1) stimulates transcriptional activity of the ANF promoter via the serum response element (SRE) in cardiomyocytes; only PKN (not PRK2 or Rho kinase) generates robust ANF-SRE stimulation; this effect requires RhoA and is lost with SRE mutation. Luciferase reporter assays, constitutively active PKN1 transfection, dominant-negative Rho, SRE mutagenesis American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Medium 10843871
2005 In PTEN-null MEFs, cortical actin formation is mediated through the PTEN/RhoA/PKN pathway, as dominant-negative RhoA or kinase-dead PKN inhibit cortical actin accumulation; however, this pathway does not mediate enhanced cell migration (which depends on Rac/PDK-1/Akt instead). Dominant-negative RhoA and kinase-dead PKN overexpression in Pten−/− MEFs, actin staining, cell migration assay Oncogene Medium 15531926
2010 Hypotonic stress activates PKN1 via Thr774 phosphorylation in cardiac myocytes, with activation dependent on upstream PDK1 and Src-family kinase-mediated RhoA activation; active PKN1 promotes ERK phosphorylation via MEK to enhance cardiac myocyte survival. In vitro PKN1 activity assay, immunoblot for Thr774 phosphorylation, pharmacological inhibition (PP1, U-0126), Elk1-GAL4 transcriptional assay, siRNA knockdown, cell viability assay American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Medium 21037231
2023 Downstream of Gαq-RhoA in uveal melanoma, PKN converges with ROCK to control FAK signaling; darovasertib inhibits both PKC and PKN/PRK kinases and synergizes with FAK inhibitors in vitro and in preclinical metastatic models. High-throughput chemogenetic drug screen, kinase inhibitor profiling, FAK phosphorylation assay, in vitro cell viability assay, preclinical mouse metastasis model Cell reports. Medicine Medium 37858338
2021 PKN1 negatively regulates hippocampal AKT activity and NeuroD2 levels; Pkn1 knockout elevates phospho-AKT and NeuroD2, leading to enhanced GluA1 (but not GluA2/3) protein levels and increased GluA1 membrane fraction, revealing a PKN1–AKT–NeuroD2–GluA1 regulatory axis. Pkn1 knockout mouse, immunoblot for phospho-AKT and NeuroD2, subcellular fractionation, flow cytometry for membrane GluA1 Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience Medium 33613259
2023 PKN1 inhibition reduces AKT phosphorylation; PKN1 phosphorylation at S374 is functionally relevant for PKN1–AKT interaction and axonal outgrowth on inhibitory substrates in cerebellar granule cells; PKN1 pS374 decreases during cerebellar development. Pkn1 knockout cerebellar granule cells, hypoxia-ischemia in vitro model, AKT phosphorylation assay, axonal outgrowth assay, caspase-3 activation assay, site-specific mutagenesis of S374 Biomolecules Medium 38002281
2026 PKN1 HR1a forms a dimer, and HR1c drives further oligomerization; RhoA forms a 1:2 complex with HR1a and induces rearrangement of the HR1a dimer (supported by SAXS), whereas Rac1 binds monomeric HR1a, suggesting distinct activation mechanisms for RhoA vs. Rac1. Biophysical analysis (SEC, AUC), SAXS, integrative structural modeling of HR1-containing PKN1 dimers The Journal of biological chemistry High 42036044
2026 TDP-43 loss induces inclusion of a cryptic exon (PKN1-5a1) in PKN1 mRNA, generating a truncated peptide (PKN207) that escapes nonsense-mediated decay, is detectable in AD brains with TDP-43 pathology, and impairs cognition, memory, and synaptic plasticity in mice. RNA sequencing in ALS patient brains, NMD inhibition assay, mass spectrometry detection of PKN207 in AD brain, in vivo mouse cognitive/synaptic plasticity assays Nature communications Medium 41720774
1998 PKN1 regulates alphaB-crystallin expression under heat stress via cooperation with HSF1; the catalytically active fragment of PKN1, but not the inactive form, induces alphaB-crystallin accumulation in HeLa cells through both proximal and distal heat shock elements of the promoter. Transfection of active/inactive PKN1 fragment with HSF1, luciferase reporter assay, alphaB-crystallin immunoblot Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 9837746
1998 PKN1 interacts with the paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration antigen PCD17 via its N-terminal regulatory domain; PKN1 phosphorylates PCD17 in a fatty acid-stimulated manner; PCD17 functions as a transcriptional activator and is co-immunoprecipitated with PKN1. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding, co-immunoprecipitation from COS7 cells, in vitro kinase assay, transcriptional reporter assay Experimental cell research Medium 9637778
1999 PKN1 interacts directly with the bHLH domain of the transcription factor NDRF/NeuroD2; co-expression of catalytically active PKN1 (but not kinase-deficient PKN1) further enhances NDRF/NeuroD2-dependent transcription of the insulin promoter element RIPE3. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding with deletion mutants, co-immunoprecipitation from COS-7 cells, transient transfection reporter assay Brain research. Molecular brain research Medium 10640683
2006 PKNα (PKN1) interacts with Cyclin T2a in a yeast two-hybrid screen and co-immunoprecipitation; co-overexpression of PKNα and Cyclin T2a strongly enhances expression of myogenic differentiation markers (Myogenin, Myosin Heavy Chain) in C2C12 cells during starvation-induced differentiation. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down, luciferase reporter assay, myogenic differentiation marker immunoblot Journal of cellular physiology Medium 16331689
2024 The C2-like domain of PKN1 contains amphipathic cardiolipin-binding motifs and binds cardiolipin and C18 fatty acids; two distinct types of cardiolipin/phosphatidic acid binding are observed; the pseudosubstrate sequence in the C2 domain overlaps with the arachidonic acid binding region, linking lipid binding to autoinhibitory regulation. Biophysical lipid-binding assays (SPR/ITC), CD spectroscopy, sequence analysis, kinetic assay of full-length PKN1 Biochemistry Medium 38441874
2007 Constitutively active PKN1 in mammary epithelium impairs tight junction sealing at parturition without disrupting tight junction formation (occludin and ZO1 localize correctly); dominant-negative PKN1 accelerates tight junction sealing in EpH4 cells, and active PKN1 impairs glucocorticoid-stimulated sealing. Transgenic mouse (mammary-specific CA-PKN1), intraductal [14C]sucrose injection for sealing assay, occludin/ZO1 immunofluorescence, EpH4 cell dominant-negative/active transfection Journal of cell science Medium 17591691
2023 PKN1 controls adipocyte differentiation and glucose metabolism; PKN1-silenced adipocytes show decreased differentiation and glucose uptake with reduced PPARγ, FABP4, adiponectin, and CEBPα expression; insulin-resistant adipocytes show decreased PKN1 activation. siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and human VAT explants, glucose uptake assay, adipogenic marker immunoblot, PKN1 phosphorylation assay Nutrients Medium 37242297
2019 PKN1 kinase activity is required for protection of TRAF1 from cIAP-mediated degradation during constitutive CD40 signaling; the active phospho-Thr774 form of PKN1 is constitutively expressed in CLL but not in healthy B cells. PKN1 kinase inhibitor treatment (OTSSP167, XL-228), TRAF1 immunoblot, caspase-3 activation assay in primary CLL samples Oncoimmunology Medium 34589290
2025 Na+ and K+ ions directly and rapidly reduce PKN activation-loop phosphorylation in the absence of membranes; upon reduction of ion concentration, phosphorylation recovers without requiring PDK1 or ATP, via a 'reacquisition of phosphate' mechanism demonstrated by 32P tracing. Cell-free lysate PKN activation-loop phosphorylation assay with defined ion concentrations, PDK1-depleted lysate, 32P tracing experiment bioRxivpreprint Low bio_10.1101_2025.09.04.674365

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 97 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1996 Protein kinase N (PKN) and PKN-related protein rhophilin as targets of small GTPase Rho. Science (New York, N.Y.) 369 8571126
1996 Rhotekin, a new putative target for Rho bearing homology to a serine/threonine kinase, PKN, and rhophilin in the rho-binding domain. The Journal of biological chemistry 332 8662891
1999 The structural basis of Rho effector recognition revealed by the crystal structure of human RhoA complexed with the effector domain of PKN/PRK1. Molecular cell 143 10619026
2003 The structure and function of PKN, a protein kinase having a catalytic domain homologous to that of PKC. Journal of biochemistry 135 12761194
1998 Proteolytic activation of PKN by caspase-3 or related protease during apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 126 9751706
2005 Transforming growth factor-beta1-induced expression of smooth muscle marker genes involves activation of PKN and p38 MAPK. The Journal of biological chemistry 114 15980430
1999 The Drosophila Pkn protein kinase is a Rho/Rac effector target required for dorsal closure during embryogenesis. Genes & development 110 10323867
1997 Interaction of PKN with alpha-actinin. The Journal of biological chemistry 109 9030526
2006 A Salmonella type III secretion effector interacts with the mammalian serine/threonine protein kinase PKN1. Cellular microbiology 107 16611232
1994 Activation of PKN, a novel 120-kDa protein kinase with leucine zipper-like sequences, by unsaturated fatty acids and by limited proteolysis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 96 7945381
2007 Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction stimulates Rac1 signaling and PKN gamma kinase activation leading to cytoskeleton function and cell migration in astrocytes. Journal of neurochemistry 83 17403031
2013 Structure of an SspH1-PKN1 complex reveals the basis for host substrate recognition and mechanism of activation for a bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase. Molecular and cellular biology 81 24248594
1996 PKN associates and phosphorylates the head-rod domain of neurofilament protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 70 8621664
1995 Purification and characterization of a fatty acid-activated protein kinase (PKN) from rat testis. The Biochemical journal 68 7654208
2011 Regulatory domain selectivity in the cell-type specific PKN-dependence of cell migration. PloS one 66 21754995
2000 Phosphorylation of tau is regulated by PKN. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 11104762
1996 Characterization of the interaction between RhoA and the amino-terminal region of PKN. FEBS letters 59 8647255
1999 Mutational analysis of the regulatory mechanism of PKN: the regulatory region of PKN contains an arachidonic acid-sensitive autoinhibitory domain. Journal of biochemistry 58 10467162
2019 PKC and PKN in heart disease. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 57 30742812
1997 Domain-specific phosphorylation of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein by PKN. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 57 9175763
1998 A protein kinase, PKN, accumulates in Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles and associated endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles and phosphorylates tau protein. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 53 9736660
2000 PKN binds and phosphorylates human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein. The Journal of biological chemistry 50 10809724
2011 A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-Lbc anchors a PKN-based signaling complex involved in α1-adrenergic receptor-induced p38 activation. The Journal of biological chemistry 49 21224381
2000 The Rho effector, PKN, regulates ANF gene transcription in cardiomyocytes through a serum response element. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 49 10843871
2016 Knockout of the PKN Family of Rho Effector Kinases Reveals a Non-redundant Role for PKN2 in Developmental Mesoderm Expansion. Cell reports 43 26774483
2010 Activation of PKN mediates survival of cardiac myocytes in the heart during ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation research 42 20595653
1996 Translocation of PKN from the cytosol to the nucleus induced by stresses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 41 8816775
2023 Phosphorylation of KRT8 (keratin 8) by excessive mechanical load-activated PKN (protein kinase N) impairs autophagosome initiation and contributes to disc degeneration. Autophagy 40 36897022
2019 Secretory Carcinoma of the Skin: Report of 6 Cases, Including a Case With a Novel NFIX-PKN1 Translocation. The American journal of surgical pathology 35 31045890
2014 PRK1/PKN1 controls migration and metastasis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 35 25504435
2008 Negative regulation of constitutive NF-kappaB and JNK signaling by PKN1-mediated phosphorylation of TRAF1. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 35 18429822
1998 PKN interacts with a paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration-associated antigen, which is a potential transcription factor. Experimental cell research 34 9637778
2017 The protein kinase C super-family member PKN is regulated by mTOR and influences differentiation during prostate cancer progression. The Prostate 33 28875501
2008 Deregulation of PKN1 activity disrupts neurofilament organisation and axonal transport. FEBS letters 33 18519042
2004 Roles of PDK-1 and PKN in regulating cell migration and cortical actin formation of PTEN-knockout cells. Oncogene 33 15531926
1996 The mouse genes for the EP1 prostanoid receptor and the PKN protein kinase overlap. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 33 8858105
1999 Identification and characterization of PKNbeta, a novel isoform of protein kinase PKN: expression and arachidonic acid dependency are different from those of PKNalpha. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 32 10441506
2017 PKN1 Directs Polarized RAB21 Vesicle Trafficking via RPH3A and Is Important for Neutrophil Adhesion and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell reports 30 28636945
2013 Protein kinase PKN1 represses Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human melanoma cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 30 24114839
2007 Up-regulation of myometrial RHO effector proteins (PKN1 and DIAPH1) and CPI-17 (PPP1R14A) phosphorylation in human pregnancy is associated with increased GTP-RHOA in spontaneous preterm labor. Biology of reproduction 30 17301291
1995 Xenopus PKN: cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and identification of conserved domains. Biochimica et biophysica acta 28 7711077
2003 Regulation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, MLTK by PKN. Journal of biochemistry 26 12761180
2003 Identification of two eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases encoded by Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 and characterization of interacting partners of Pkn1. Infection and immunity 26 14500499
2007 Impaired tight junction sealing and precocious involution in mammary glands of PKN1 transgenic mice. Journal of cell science 25 17591691
2001 PKN delays mitotic timing by inhibition of Cdc25C: possible involvement of PKN in the regulation of cell division. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 25 11134534
2001 PKN regulates phospholipase D1 through direct interaction. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 11259428
2011 Site recognition and substrate screens for PKN family proteins. The Biochemical journal 24 21749319
2023 High-throughput chemogenetic drug screening reveals PKC-RhoA/PKN as a targetable signaling vulnerability in GNAQ-driven uveal melanoma. Cell reports. Medicine 22 37858338
2010 Hypotonic swelling-induced activation of PKN1 mediates cell survival in cardiac myocytes. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 20 21037231
2009 Development of an intracellularly acting inhibitory peptide selective for PKN. The Biochemical journal 20 19857203
2001 Generation of a constitutively active fragment of PKN in microglia/macrophages after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Journal of neurochemistry 20 11723183
2000 Induction of a 55-kDa PKN cleavage product by ischemia/reperfusion model in the rat retina. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 20 10634597
2014 Protein Kinase C-Related Kinase (PKN/PRK). Potential Key-Role for PKN1 in Protection of Hypoxic Neurons. Current neuropharmacology 18 24851086
2007 PKN activation via transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) receptor signaling delays G2/M phase transition in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 18 17374997
2004 Protein kinase PKN1 associates with TRAF2 and is involved in TRAF2-NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 14741690
2017 RhoA promotes epidermal stem cell proliferation via PKN1-cyclin D1 signaling. PloS one 17 28222172
1999 Interaction of PKN with a neuron-specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, NDRF/NeuroD2. Brain research. Molecular brain research 17 10640683
2018 Cardiolipin activates antigen-presenting cells via TLR2-PI3K-PKN1-AKT/p38-NF-kB signaling to prime antigen-specific naïve T cells in mice. European journal of immunology 16 29313959
2017 Impaired lymphocyte trafficking in mice deficient in the kinase activity of PKN1. Scientific reports 15 28794483
2006 The very C-terminus of PRK1/PKN is essential for its activation by RhoA and downstream signaling. Cellular signalling 15 16427251
1998 Localization of PKN mRNA in the rat brain. Brain research. Molecular brain research 15 9729343
2018 Loss of Protein Kinase Novel 1 (PKN1) is associated with mild systolic and diastolic contractile dysfunction, increased phospholamban Thr17 phosphorylation, and exacerbated ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular research 14 29045568
2005 Involvement of protein kinase PKN1 in G2/M delay caused by arsenite. Molecular carcinogenesis 14 15791647
2006 Pkn is a novel partner of cyclin T2a in muscle differentiation. Journal of cellular physiology 13 16331689
2008 Ganglioside GD1a suppresses TNFalpha expression via Pkn1 at the transcriptional level in mouse osteosarcoma-derived FBJ cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 12 18435913
2005 The last five amino acid residues at the C-terminus of PRK1/PKN is essential for full lipid responsiveness. Cellular signalling 12 15993750
1998 The role of PKN in the regulation of alphaB-crystallin expression via heat shock transcription factor 1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 12 9837746
2020 PKN1 promotes synapse maturation by inhibiting mGluR-dependent silencing through neuronal glutamate transporter activation. Communications biology 11 33244074
2016 Tofacitinib and analogs as inhibitors of the histone kinase PRK1 (PKN1). Future medicinal chemistry 10 27572962
2006 Purification and kinase assay of PKN. Methods in enzymology 10 16472661
2014 Drosophila protein kinase N (Pkn) is a negative regulator of actin-myosin activity during oogenesis. Developmental biology 9 25131196
1997 Identification of a novel Drosophila protein kinase highly homologous to protein kinase N (PKN). Biochemical and biophysical research communications 9 9125115
2023 The role of PKN1 in glioma pathogenesis and the antiglioma effect of raloxifene targeting PKN1. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 8 37480215
2021 PKN1 Is a Novel Regulator of Hippocampal GluA1 Levels. Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience 8 33613259
2011 PKN-1, a homologue of mammalian PKN, is involved in the regulation of muscle contraction and force transmission in C. elegans. Journal of molecular biology 8 21277858
2020 Vulvar Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytoma With a Novel HTT-PKN1 Fusion: A Case Report. The American Journal of dermatopathology 7 31972666
2019 The homeoprotein Msx1 cooperates with Pkn1 to prevent terminal differentiation in myogenic precursor cells. Biochimie 7 30959082
2021 The PKN1- TRAF1 signaling axis as a potential new target for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncoimmunology 6 34589290
2008 Probing the recognition properties of the antiparallel coiled coil motif from PKN by protein grafting. Biochemistry 6 19049388
2007 Fragmentation of protein kinase N (PKN) in the hydrocephalic rat brain. Acta histochemica et cytochemica 6 17898875
2021 Differential expression patterns of AIP, UCKL1, and PKN1 genes in breast cancer of different molecular subtypes. Experimental oncology 4 34967537
2019 PKN1 kinase-negative knock-in mice develop splenomegaly and leukopenia at advanced age without obvious autoimmune-like phenotypes. Scientific reports 4 31562379
2019 PKN1 controls the aggregation, spheroid formation, and viability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts in suspension culture. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 4 31870546
2014 PKN1 modulates TGFβ and EGF signaling in HEC-1-A endometrial cancer cell line. OncoTargets and therapy 4 25120372
2023 PKN1 Kinase: A Key Player in Adipocyte Differentiation and Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 3 37242297
2023 PKN1 Exerts Neurodegenerative Effects in an In Vitro Model of Cerebellar Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy via Inhibition of AKT/GSK3β Signaling. Biomolecules 3 38002281
2014 Seroprevalence of antibodies against Pkn1, a novel potential immunogen, in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected Macaca nemestrina and human patients. BioMed research international 3 25032212
2022 DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PATTERN OF AIP, UCKL1, AND PKN1 GENES IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS. Experimental oncology 2 35548962
1998 The protein kinase N (PKN) gene PRKCL1/Prkcl1 maps to human chromosome 19p12-p13.1 and mouse chromosome 8 with close linkage to the myodystrophy (myd) mutation. Genomics 2 9570957
1994 Identification and characterization of DBK, a novel putative serine/threonine protein kinase from human endothelial cells. European journal of biochemistry 2 7957185
2024 Role of PKN1 in Retinal Cell Type Formation. International journal of molecular sciences 1 38474095
2026 A neurotoxic cryptic peptide arising from TDP-43-dependent cryptic splicing of PKN1. Nature communications 0 41720774
2026 Dissecting the Phospho-Regulatory Landscape of Protein Kinase N1 (PKN1) and Its Downstream Signaling: Functional Insights into the Activity-Dependent and Disease-Relevant Phosphosites. International journal of molecular sciences 0 41828364
2026 Structural basis of the protein kinase PKN1 HR1 domain oligomerization and differential regulation by RhoA and Rac1. The Journal of biological chemistry 0 42036044
2026 PKN is a sex- and species-specific fertilization factor in brown algae. Current biology : CB 0 42190658
2025 Identification of SARS2, PKN1, and IL11RA as causally-associated genes for patients with gastric cancer via immune cell activity: A multi-omics Mendelian randomization study integrating GWAS, eQTL, and pQTL data. Cancer treatment and research communications 0 41289788
2024 Lipid-Binding Regions within PKC-Related Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase N1 (PKN1) Required for Its Regulation. Biochemistry 0 38441874

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