Affinage

PLVAP

Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein · UniProt Q9BX97

Length
442 aa
Mass
50.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
87 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PLVAP (PV-1) is an endothelial-specific type II transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as the essential structural component of diaphragms in fenestrae, caveolae, and transendothelial channels, functioning as a size-selective permeability barrier controlling transcellular passage of plasma proteins and immune cells. Approximately ten PLVAP homodimers, organized as parallel coiled-coil structures stabilized by interchain disulfide bonds, assemble radially as the spoke-like fibrils of each ~60–80 nm diaphragm; loss of PLVAP eliminates all diaphragms, increases caveolae-mediated albumin transcytosis, and causes vascular leakage, edema, and embryonic lethality in mice (PMID:22782339, PMID:32663411, PMID:36996108). PLVAP expression is transcriptionally induced by VEGF-A via VEGFR2 through MEK1/Erk1/2 and PI3K/p38 MAPK pathways, by angiotensin II via AT1R/p38, and by the transcription factor NKX2-3, while its surface retention depends on caveolae—loss of caveolin-1 triggers clathrin/dynamin-independent internalization and lysosomal degradation (PMID:15155804, PMID:22403691, PMID:30394679, PMID:22012329, PMID:39445426). In lymph node sinuses, PLVAP diaphragms physically sieve antigens by size and regulate lymphocyte transmigration into the parenchyma (PMID:25665101).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1999 High

    Identifying the molecular constituent of endothelial diaphragms resolved a decades-old ultrastructural mystery: PLVAP (PV-1) was cloned as a novel homodimeric type II transmembrane glycoprotein localized specifically to stomatal diaphragms of caveolae and fenestrae across multiple organs, but absent from non-diaphragmed fenestrated endothelium.

    Evidence Immunoisolation of caveolar subfractions, cDNA cloning, EM immunolocalization in multiple rat tissues

    PMID:10366592 PMID:10557298

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of PLVAP within a single diaphragm was unknown
    • Functional consequence of PLVAP loss had not been tested
    • Mechanism of diaphragm assembly was unclear
  2. 2003 Medium

    Determining whether diaphragms contain one or multiple PLVAP dimers established the multimeric spoke model: crosslinking showed multiple homodimers reside within each diaphragm, consistent with PLVAP dimers forming the radial fibrils.

    Evidence Biochemical crosslinking and immunolocalization quantifying homodimer occupancy per diaphragm

    PMID:14630628

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise number of dimers per diaphragm was estimated, not directly measured
    • Arrangement geometry was inferred, not resolved structurally
  3. 2004 High

    Establishing necessity and sufficiency answered whether PLVAP is the key structural determinant of diaphragm biogenesis: siRNA knockdown prevented de novo diaphragm formation while overexpression induced diaphragms even in non-endothelial cells, and PMA-stimulated induction required Erk1/2 signaling.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown and ectopic overexpression in endothelial and non-endothelial cells with EM readout, pharmacological pathway inhibition

    PMID:15155804

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream partners mediating diaphragm assembly were not identified
    • How PLVAP expression alone is sufficient for diaphragm geometry was unexplained
  4. 2005 Medium

    Delineating upstream signals showed VEGF-A/VEGFR2 as a transcriptional inducer of PLVAP via PI3K and p38 MAPK, linking angiogenic signaling to diaphragm biogenesis; angiotensin II was later shown to independently upregulate PLVAP through AT1R/p38.

    Evidence Pharmacological inhibitor panels and neutralizing antibodies in cultured endothelial cells; later HUVEC studies with AT1R blockade

    PMID:15971170 PMID:22012329 PMID:30394679

    Open questions at the time
    • Discrepancies between PMA-induced (ERK-dependent) and VEGF-induced (p38-dependent) pathways were not fully reconciled
    • Transcription factor(s) directly binding the PLVAP promoter downstream of these kinases were not identified
  5. 2006 High

    Connecting PLVAP to fenestral pore architecture demonstrated that PV-1 is required not only for diaphragm formation but also for the ordered arrangement of fenestrae within sieve plates, linking actin remodeling to the process.

    Evidence In vitro fenestra induction assay with pharmacological manipulation of actin dynamics and PV-1 loss-of-function, EM validation

    PMID:17075074

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical interaction between PLVAP and actin cytoskeleton was not demonstrated
    • Whether actin remodeling is upstream or downstream of PLVAP assembly was unclear
  6. 2011 High

    Determining how caveolae control PLVAP stability revealed that in caveolin-1-null mice, PV1 is rapidly internalized via a clathrin/dynamin-independent pathway and degraded in lysosomes, showing caveolae serve as the surface retention platform for PLVAP.

    Evidence Caveolin-1 and cavin-1 knockout mice, internalization assays, lysosomal inhibition, co-IP of PV1 with caveolin-1

    PMID:16969073 PMID:22403691

    Open questions at the time
    • The clathrin/dynamin-independent internalization pathway was not molecularly characterized
    • Whether PV1-caveolin-1 co-IP reflects direct binding or proximity within membrane domains was unresolved
  7. 2012 High

    Genetic knockout in mice provided the definitive in vivo proof that PLVAP is indispensable for all endothelial diaphragms: Plvap-null mice completely lack fenestral, caveolar, and transendothelial channel diaphragms, exhibit reduced fenestrae numbers, and die in utero or perinatally with edema, hemorrhage, and cardiac defects.

    Evidence Plvap knockout mice on C57BL/6N background, EM of multiple organs including eyes, phenotypic characterization

    PMID:22782339 PMID:23063469

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether lethality is driven primarily by vascular leak, cardiac malformation, or both was not dissected
    • Tissue-specific rescue experiments were not performed
  8. 2015 High

    Extending PLVAP function beyond vascular permeability, diaphragms formed by PLVAP in lymph node sinus-lining endothelium were shown to physically sieve antigens by size and regulate lymphocyte transmigration, establishing an immune-filtering role.

    Evidence PLVAP-deficient mice, intravital imaging, EM, antigen tracking in lymph nodes

    PMID:25665101

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of size selectivity (pore geometry vs charge) was not defined
    • Whether PLVAP diaphragms actively participate in lymphocyte diapedesis signaling or act purely as a physical barrier was unclear
  9. 2019 High

    Direct measurement of plasma protein extravasation rate in zebrafish plvapb mutants provided the first quantitative in vivo demonstration that PLVAP diaphragms limit transcellular protein passage through fenestrae.

    Evidence Zebrafish plvapb mutants with transgenic DBP-EGFP plasma protein biosensor, live imaging, EM

    PMID:31740533

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PLVAP selectivity is purely steric or involves charge-based exclusion was not tested
    • Extravasation kinetics for diverse protein sizes were not systematically measured
  10. 2020 High

    Conditional endothelial-specific deletion demonstrated that PLVAP loss specifically increases caveolae-mediated albumin transcytosis and lung vascular permeability without disrupting endothelial junctions, pinpointing the transcellular pathway as the regulated route.

    Evidence Tamoxifen-induced endothelial Plvap knockout (Cdh5.Cre.ERT2), gold-albumin tracer EM, LPS challenge

    PMID:32663411

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PLVAP loss affects transcytosis in all vascular beds equally was not assessed
    • Mechanism by which diaphragm absence promotes caveolar swelling and increased transcytosis was not molecularly defined
  11. 2021 Medium

    Fibronectin-integrin α5β1-FAK signaling was identified as a regulator of PLVAP localization at sieve plates via microtubule stabilization, revealing extracellular matrix cues control PLVAP trafficking from Golgi to fenestrae.

    Evidence Pharmacological inhibition of integrin α5β1, FAK, and microtubule dynamics in primary endothelial cells with PLVAP localization readout

    PMID:33447878

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct interaction between microtubules and PLVAP-containing vesicles was not shown
    • In vivo relevance of integrin-PLVAP trafficking axis was not tested
  12. 2023 High

    The crystal structure of PLVAP's extracellular domain resolved the molecular architecture: a parallel dimeric alpha-helical coiled-coil stabilized by five interchain disulfide bonds, supporting a model of ~10 dimers arranged as bicycle-wheel spokes spanning each 60–80 nm diaphragm.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography (sulfur SAD phasing) of 89 aa segment, circular dichroism of full ectodomain

    PMID:36996108

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of the N-terminal hub and C-terminal tip regions connecting spokes to the rim was not resolved
    • Full-length ectodomain structure and inter-dimer contacts within the diaphragm remain unknown
  13. 2024 Medium

    NKX2-3 was identified as a transcription factor upstream of PLVAP, linking organ-specific endothelial identity programs to diaphragm biogenesis in pancreatic endothelium.

    Evidence NKX2-3 overexpression in HUVECs with RT-qPCR readout, DNA binding motif analysis in single-cell RNA-seq datasets

    PMID:39445426

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct NKX2-3 binding to the PLVAP promoter was not demonstrated by ChIP
    • Whether NKX2-3 is required for PLVAP expression in vivo was not tested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the full atomic structure of an assembled diaphragm (inter-dimer contacts, hub/rim architecture), the molecular basis of size selectivity, and how tissue-specific transcription factors coordinate PLVAP expression across different vascular beds.
  • No complete structural model of the assembled diaphragm exists
  • Charge versus size contributions to permeability selectivity are undefined
  • Tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of PLVAP remains fragmentary

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 6
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 5 GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-382551 Transport of small molecules 2
Partners
CAV1ITGA5LYVE1NRP1VEGFR2
Complex memberships
PLVAP homodimer (diaphragm spoke)

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1999 PV-1 (PLVAP) is a novel single-span type II integral membrane glycoprotein that forms homodimers in situ, is N-glycosylated, and localizes specifically to the stomatal diaphragms of endothelial caveolae in rat lung, with its large COOH-terminal ectodomain exposed to blood plasma. Immunoisolation of caveolar subfraction, cDNA cloning, partial protein sequencing, immunocytochemistry/immunodiffusion at electron microscope level The Journal of cell biology High 10366592
1999 PV-1 (PLVAP) is a component of both fenestral diaphragms and stomatal diaphragms of caveolae and transendothelial channels in fenestrated endothelia (kidney, intestinal villi, pancreas, adrenals), but is absent from non-diaphragmed fenestrated endothelium (kidney glomeruli) and continuous endothelium. Immunofluorescence and immunolocalization at electron microscope level using anti-PV-1 antibody in multiple rat organs Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10557298
2001 The PLVAP extracellular domain contains four N-glycosylation sites, two coiled-coil domains, a proline-rich region, and evenly spaced cysteines; the gene has a classical TATA-driven promoter with several transcription factor binding sites conserved between human and mouse. cDNA sequencing, genomic organization analysis, Northern blotting, radiation hybrid panel mapping, bioinformatic analysis of 5' flanking regions Genomics Medium 11401446
2003 Multiple PV1 homodimers reside within each stomatal or fenestral diaphragm, supporting a model in which PV1 dimers form the fibrillar spokes of diaphragms. Biochemical crosslinking and immunolocalization studies demonstrating proximity of multiple PV1 homodimers in individual diaphragms American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Medium 14630628
2004 PV1 is a key structural component necessary and sufficient for biogenesis of stomatal and fenestral diaphragms: siRNA-mediated silencing prevents de novo formation of caveolar and fenestral diaphragms, while overexpression of PV1 in endothelial and non-endothelial cells induces de novo formation of caveolar stomatal diaphragms. PMA-induced upregulation of PV1 and diaphragm formation requires Erk1/2 MAP kinase activation and is protein kinase C-independent. siRNA knockdown, overexpression in endothelial and non-endothelial cells, PMA treatment, pharmacological inhibition of signaling pathways, electron microscopy Molecular biology of the cell High 15155804
2005 VEGF signaling through VEGFR2 stimulates PLVAP transcription and protein expression in cultured endothelial cells; this induction is blocked by anti-VEGF antibody and by inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002) or p38 MAPK (SB203580), but not by MEK/ERK1 inhibitor PD98059. In vitro endothelial cell culture with receptor-selective VEGF forms, neutralizing antibody, and pharmacological inhibitors; RT-PCR and protein expression analysis The Journal of pathology Medium 15971170
2006 PV-1 is required for fenestral pore architecture and the ordered arrangement of fenestrae in sieve plates; actin microfilament remodeling is part of fenestra biogenesis, and PV-1 loss-of-function disrupts normal fenestral structure. In vitro fenestra induction assay, loss-of-function approach with actin-stabilizing/depolymerizing agents, electron microscopy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17075074
2011 Angiotensin II increases endothelial permeability and PV-1 expression through AT1 receptor and p38 MAP kinase signaling, with VEGF-R2 also involved; this is associated with increased caveolae formation and transcellular channel openings. FITC-Dextran and electrical impedance permeability assays, PCR, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, pharmacological blockade (candesartan, ZM-323881, SB-203580) in HUVECs American journal of physiology. Cell physiology Medium 22012329
2012 Genetic deletion of PLVAP in mice results in complete absence of diaphragms in fenestrae, caveolae, and transendothelial channels, associated with substantial reduction in endothelial fenestrae number. In utero lethality in C57BL/6N background with subcutaneous edema, hemorrhages, and cardiac defects; postnatal survivors show retarded growth and anemia. Plvap knockout mouse generation, electron microscopy, histochemistry, phenotypic analysis Histochemistry and cell biology High 22782339
2012 PLVAP is expressed in endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal and fenestrated capillaries of the eye (choroid, ciliary processes); PLVAP deficiency results in complete absence of stomatal diaphragms in Schlemm's canal caveolae and absence of fenestral diaphragms in ciliary processes and choriocapillaris, with decreased fenestrae number. Immunolocalization in mouse, pig, and human eyes; LacZ reporter in Plvap-deficient mice; transmission electron microscopy Experimental eye research High 23063469
2012 PV1 is retained on the endothelial cell surface by caveolae, fenestrae, and transendothelial channels; in the absence of caveolae (caveolin-1 or cavin-1 knockout), PV1 protein is dramatically reduced due to increased internalization via a clathrin- and dynamin-independent pathway followed by lysosomal degradation, without changes in PV1 transcription or translation. This indicates that diaphragm formation is the primary cellular role of PV1. Caveolin-1 and cavin-1 knockout mice, protein level quantification, internalization assays, lysosomal inhibition, siRNA, cell fractionation PloS one High 22403691
2012 PV-1 is the antigen recognized by the PAL-E antibody; PV-1 and NRP-1 form protein complexes as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation, connecting two molecules involved in leukocyte trafficking and angiogenesis. Flow cytometry with transfected cells, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation from tissue lysates and transfected cells Blood Medium 22627768
2015 PLVAP is expressed in lymphatic sinus-lining endothelial cells of lymph nodes and forms physical diaphragms in transendothelial channels that act as a sieve to control size-selective entry of antigens and transmigration of lymphocytes into the lymph node parenchyma; PLVAP-deficient mice show augmented lymphocyte transmigration and loss of size-selective antigen filtering. PLVAP-deficient mouse model, intravital imaging, electron microscopy, antigen tracking experiments Nature immunology High 25665101
2018 PLVAP functions as a cellular receptor for Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) E-glycoprotein in neurons; overexpression of PLVAP increases viral load and silencing reduces it, and PLVAP is significantly upregulated in JEV-infected mouse brain and neuro2a cells. Pull-down assay with JEV E-glycoprotein and plasma membrane fraction, 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, PLVAP overexpression and silencing in neuro2a cells, viral load quantification, in silico docking Scientific reports Medium 30082709
2018 PMA-induced PLVAP upregulation requires autocrine/paracrine secreted factors including VEGF-A (signaling through VEGFR2) and additional unidentified secreted molecules, acting through MEK1/Erk1/2 MAP kinase pathway; inhibition of p38, JNK, PI3K, or Akt does not block PMA-induced PLVAP upregulation. VEGF-A antibody neutralization, VEGF-A siRNA, VEGFR2 pharmacological inhibition, MEK1/Erk1/2 inhibitors, conditioned medium experiments in endothelial cells Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Medium 30394679
2019 Plvap in zebrafish hypophyseal fenestrated endothelium limits the rate of blood-borne protein passage through fenestrae; plvapb mutants show deficiencies in fenestral diaphragms and increased fenestrae density, and direct measurement of DBP-EGFP plasma protein extravasation demonstrates faster passage in mutants. Zebrafish plvapb mutants, transgenic DBP-EGFP plasma protein biosensor, live imaging quantification of extravasation, ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy Development (Cambridge, England) High 31740533
2019 VEGFA stimulates PLVAP expression in choroidal endothelial cells; loss of PLVAP disrupts the polarized structure of choriocapillaris leading to retinal degeneration, and VEGFA-PLVAP axis is required for maintenance of choriocapillaris fenestrated endothelium. Oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model, VEGFA stimulation of choroidal endothelial cells, PLVAP knockdown, electron microscopy, expression analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 31759628
2019 Fenestrations in fetal liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) contain PLVAP diaphragms, but these are lost at birth; adult LSEC express PLVAP luminally without diaphragms, and absence of PLVAP does not affect fenestrae morphology or number in adult liver sinusoids. Fetal LSEC PLVAP associates with LYVE-1, neuropilin-1 and VEGFR2 in a developmentally regulated complex. Plvap-deficient mice, multiple imaging techniques (electron microscopy, confocal), co-immunoprecipitation/association studies in fetal vs adult LSEC Scientific reports Medium 31666588
2020 Endothelial cell-specific deletion of PV1 increases lung vascular permeability to fluid and protein, promotes albumin accumulation in caveolae bulbs, induces caveolar swelling, and increases caveolae-mediated transcytosis of albumin — all without disruption of endothelial junctions. Endotoxin exposure reduces PV1 protein expression and increases permeability by a similar mechanism. Tamoxifen-induced endothelial-specific PV1 floxed knockout (Cdh5.Cre.ERT2), permeability assays, electron microscopy with Au-albumin tracer, FRAP, LPS challenge in vivo American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology High 32663411
2021 Fibronectin-integrin α5β1 signaling regulates PLVAP localization at endothelial fenestral sieve plates via microtubule stabilization; inhibition of integrin α5β1 or FAK causes microtubule depolymerization and delocalization of PLVAP from sieve plates to the Golgi apparatus, which can be rescued by paclitaxel-mediated microtubule stabilization. Pharmacological inhibition of integrin α5β1 (ATN-161), FAK inhibitor, paclitaxel, colcemid, Brefeldin A treatment; PLVAP localization by immunofluorescence in primary endothelial cells from rat pituitary anterior lobe Cell and tissue research Medium 33447878
2022 Empagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor) protects glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations in diabetic mice through the VEGF-A/caveolin-1/PV-1 signaling axis; podocyte-derived VEGF-A drives abnormal endothelial caveolin-1 and PV-1 expression in diabetes, leading to loss of fenestrations and increased permeability. BTBR ob/ob mouse model, empagliflozin treatment, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, VEGF-A and PLVAP expression analysis The Journal of pathology Medium 35000230
2023 The crystal structure of an 89-amino acid segment of the PLVAP extracellular domain shows a parallel dimeric alpha-helical coiled-coil configuration with five interchain disulfide bonds; overall ~2/3 of the ~390-amino acid extracellular domain adopts helical configuration. This structural data supports the model of ~10 PLVAP dimers arranged as spokes of a bicycle wheel within each 60-80 nm diaphragm opening. X-ray crystallography (sulfur SAD phasing), circular dichroism spectroscopy, biochemical characterization of PLVAP extracellular domain segments Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 36996108
2023 PLVAP upregulation in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) driven by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) selectively promotes monocyte transmigration by regulating endothelial permeability through phospho-VE-cadherin expression and endothelial gap formation. SASP exposure of human LSEC, PLVAP knockdown, flow-based leukocyte transmigration assays, VE-cadherin phosphorylation analysis iScience Medium 37810232
2024 The transcription factor NKX2-3 acts upstream of PLVAP and promotes its expression; NKX2-3 induction in HUVECs upregulates PLVAP (and SPARCL1), and NKX2-3 binding motifs are found in ~40% of pancreatic endothelial signature genes including PLVAP. NKX2-3 gene transfection in HUVECs, RT-qPCR, single-cell RNA-sequencing meta-analysis, DNA binding motif analysis Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology Medium 39445426
2011 PV1 protein in Cav-1 null mouse lung is nearly undetectable in endothelial cells due to negative regulation by VEGF-R2 signaling; VEGF-R2 inhibition rescues PV1 protein levels without changing mRNA levels. PV1 co-immunoprecipitates with Cav-1 protein, suggesting physical association, but does not fractionate with caveolae on sucrose density gradients. Cav-1 and Cav-2 null mice, VEGF-R2 inhibitor treatment, sucrose density gradient fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Medium 16969073
2011 PV1 expression in CV-1 cells reduces SV40 virus infectivity at low viral concentrations without reducing surface expression of SV40 receptors (GM1 ganglioside, MHC class I) or virus-like particle binding/internalization, suggesting PV1 acts at the level of productive endosomal trafficking rather than viral binding. PV1 overexpression in CV-1 cells, SV40 infectivity assays at multiple viral concentrations, flow cytometry for receptor expression, VLP binding and internalization assays Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 21827737

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 87 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1999 PV-1 is a component of the fenestral and stomatal diaphragms in fenestrated endothelia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 216 10557298
2015 The endothelial protein PLVAP in lymphatics controls the entry of lymphocytes and antigens into lymph nodes. Nature immunology 160 25665101
2004 PV1 is a key structural component for the formation of the stomatal and fenestral diaphragms. Molecular biology of the cell 117 15155804
1999 Isolation, cloning, and localization of rat PV-1, a novel endothelial caveolar protein. The Journal of cell biology 104 10366592
2005 Plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) is expressed by tumour endothelium and is upregulated by vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF). The Journal of pathology 97 15971170
2011 Mariprofundus ferrooxydans PV-1 the first genome of a marine Fe(II) oxidizing Zetaproteobacterium. PloS one 96 21966516
2008 Plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein-1 (PV-1) is a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption in rodent models. BMC neuroscience 91 18302779
1996 A novel homeobox gene PV.1 mediates induction of ventral mesoderm in Xenopus embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 8692829
2006 An in vitro assay reveals a role for the diaphragm protein PV-1 in endothelial fenestra morphogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 17075074
2014 Human cytomegalovirus Fcγ binding proteins gp34 and gp68 antagonize Fcγ receptors I, II and III. PLoS pathogens 71 24830376
2012 Lack of endothelial diaphragms in fenestrae and caveolae of mutant Plvap-deficient mice. Histochemistry and cell biology 69 22782339
2023 The role of PLVAP in endothelial cells. Cell and tissue research 63 36781482
2002 Phenotypes of lexA mutations in Salmonella enterica: evidence for a lethal lexA null phenotype due to the Fels-2 prophage. Journal of bacteriology 57 12399494
2012 The lateral hypothalamic parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV1) nucleus in rodents. The Journal of comparative neurology 56 22020694
2014 Plasmalemmal Vesicle Associated Protein (PLVAP) as a therapeutic target for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC cancer 53 25376302
2011 Angiotensin II increases the permeability and PV-1 expression of endothelial cells. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 47 22012329
2012 The role of plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) in endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal and ocular capillaries. Experimental eye research 46 23063469
2008 The human cytomegalovirus Fc receptor gp68 binds the Fc CH2-CH3 interface of immunoglobulin G. Journal of virology 45 18216124
2003 The SopEPhi phage integrates into the ssrA gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium A36 and is closely related to the Fels-2 prophage. Journal of bacteriology 45 12923091
1999 Opposite effects of FGF and BMP-4 on embryonic blood formation: roles of PV.1 and GATA-2. Developmental biology 45 10191050
2001 cDNA and protein sequence, genomic organization, and analysis of cis regulatory elements of mouse and human PLVAP genes. Genomics 43 11401446
2018 Rapid sample delivery for megahertz serial crystallography at X-ray FELs. IUCrJ 41 30224961
2012 Caveolae, fenestrae and transendothelial channels retain PV1 on the surface of endothelial cells. PloS one 41 22403691
1985 Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding gp68 of adult T-cell leukaemia-associated antigen: evidence for expression of the pX IV region of human T-cell leukaemia virus. The Journal of general virology 39 2991447
2018 PLVAP and GKN3 Are Two Critical Host Cell Receptors Which Facilitate Japanese Encephalitis Virus Entry Into Neurons. Scientific reports 38 30082709
2022 Empagliflozin protects glomerular endothelial cell architecture in experimental diabetes through the VEGF-A/caveolin-1/PV-1 signaling pathway. The Journal of pathology 35 35000230
2003 Multiple PV1 dimers reside in the same stomatal or fenestral diaphragm. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 34 14630628
2019 Retinal VEGFA maintains the ultrastructure and function of choriocapillaris by preserving the endothelial PLVAP. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 32 31759628
2019 Fenestral diaphragms and PLVAP associations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are developmentally regulated. Scientific reports 30 31666588
2018 PV1, a novel Plasmodium falciparum merozoite dense granule protein, interacts with exported protein in infected erythrocytes. Scientific reports 28 29487358
2019 Targeted drug delivery via caveolae-associated protein PV1 improves lung fibrosis. Communications biology 25 30854484
1997 The homeobox gene PV.1 mediates specification of the prospective neural ectoderm in Xenopus embryos. Developmental biology 24 9405105
2010 Spinal microvascular expression of PV-1 is associated with inflammation, perivascular astrocyte loss, and diminished EC glucose transport potential in acute SCI. Current neurovascular research 22 20590523
2013 Gene-by-age effects on BMI from birth to adulthood: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 21 23794238
2019 The fenestrae-associated protein Plvap regulates the rate of blood-borne protein passage into the hypophysis. Development (Cambridge, England) 19 31740533
2020 PV1 in Caveolae Controls Lung Endothelial Permeability. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 18 32663411
2018 Establishing the role of PLVAP in protein-losing enteropathy: a homozygous missense variant leads to an attenuated phenotype. Journal of medical genetics 17 29875123
2020 A Novel Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptide, Phylloseptin-PV1, Exhibits Effective Anti-staphylococcal Activity Without Inducing Either Hepatic or Renal Toxicity in Mice. Frontiers in microbiology 16 33193152
2012 PV-1 is recognized by the PAL-E antibody and forms complexes with NRP-1. Blood 16 22627768
1993 1448C mutation linked to the Pv1.1- genotype in Italian patients with Gaucher disease. Human molecular genetics 16 8102572
2018 Phorbol esters induce PLVAP expression via VEGF and additional secreted molecules in MEK1-dependent and p38, JNK and PI3K/Akt-independent manner. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 15 30394679
2006 PV-1 is negatively regulated by VEGF in the lung of caveolin-1, but not caveolin-2, null mice. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 15 16969073
1983 Curing and induction of the Fels 1 and Fels 2 prophages in the Ames mutagen tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation research 15 6348523
2016 Characterization of Antibody Bipolar Bridging Mediated by the Human Cytomegalovirus Fc Receptor gp68. Journal of virology 14 26739053
2012 PV1 down-regulation via shRNA inhibits the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 14 22568538
2002 Antimorphic PV.1 causes secondary axis by inducing ectopic organizer. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 14 11944926
2023 Structural insights into plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP): Implications for vascular endothelial diaphragms and fenestrae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 12 36996108
2013 Polypyrimidine tract binding protein-1 (PTB1) is a determinant of the tissue and host tropism of a human rhinovirus/poliovirus chimera PV1(RIPO). PloS one 12 23593313
2005 Quantitative genetic analysis of cellular adhesion molecules: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Atherosclerosis 12 16005461
2003 Active repression of organizer genes by C-terminal domain of PV.1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 12 12890483
1984 Precursor polypeptides of adult T-cell leukaemia virus: detection with antisera against isolated polypeptides gp68, p24 and p19. The Journal of general virology 12 6096496
2018 In vitro evaluation of dual-antigenic PV1 peptide vaccine in head and neck cancer patients. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 11 30193086
2017 Novel CD28 antagonist mPEG PV1-Fab' mitigates experimental autoimmune uveitis by suppressing CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and IFN-γ production. PloS one 11 28248972
2014 PV.1 induced by FGF-Xbra functions as a repressor of neurogenesis in Xenopus embryos. BMB reports 11 24499677
2022 Generation of Plvap-CreER and Car4-CreER for genetic targeting of distinct lung capillary populations. Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao 10 36028133
2020 PV1 Protein from Plasmodium falciparum Exhibits Chaperone-Like Functions and Cooperates with Hsp100s. International journal of molecular sciences 10 33207549
2019 An anti-PLVAP antibody suppresses laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in monkeys. European journal of pharmacology 10 31026444
2019 Antibody Fragment F(ab')2 Targeting Caveolae-Associated Protein PV1 for Selective Kidney Targeting and Retention. Molecular pharmaceutics 10 31841002
2005 Developmental regulation of PV-1 in rat lung: association with the nuclear envelope and limited colocalization with Cav-1. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 10 15640522
2023 Cancer chemoprevention with PV-1, a novel Prunella vulgaris-containing herbal mixture that remodels the tumor immune microenvironment in mice. Frontiers in immunology 9 38077406
2022 Antiviral Activity of Ficus rubiginosa Leaf Extracts against HSV-1, HCoV-229E and PV-1. Viruses 9 36298811
2014 PV.1 suppresses the expression of FoxD5b during neural induction in Xenopus embryos. Molecules and cells 9 24608799
2023 PLVAP as an Early Marker of Glomerular Endothelial Damage in Mice with Diabetic Kidney Disease. International journal of molecular sciences 8 36674624
2022 Adaptations to high pressure of Nautilia sp. strain PV-1, a piezophilic Campylobacterium (aka Epsilonproteobacterium) isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Environmental microbiology 8 36271901
2021 Fibronectin-integrin signaling regulates PLVAP localization at endothelial fenestrae by microtubule stabilization. Cell and tissue research 8 33447878
2020 Circulating PV-1 as a marker of celiac disease-associated liver injury. Biomarkers in medicine 8 33346700
2008 Presentation, heritability, and genome-wide linkage analysis of the midchildhood growth spurt in healthy children from the Fels Longitudinal Study. Human biology 8 19728540
2020 Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of ChPV2, a novel goat PV closely related to the Xi-PV1 species infecting bovines. Virology journal 7 33126890
2006 PV-1 labels trans-cellular openings in mouse endothelial cells and is negatively regulated by VEGF. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 7 16969078
2024 Single-Cell Meta-Analysis Uncovers the Pancreatic Endothelial Cell Transcriptomic Signature and Reveals a Key Role for NKX2-3 in PLVAP Expression. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 5 39445426
2023 The senescent secretome drives PLVAP expression in cultured human hepatic endothelial cells to promote monocyte transmigration. iScience 5 37810232
1983 Mutagenic response of Ames strains cured of their inducible Fels 1 and Fels 2 prophages. Cancer research 4 6336657
2024 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors provide a protective effect on hypoxia-induced injury in human coronary artery endothelial cells via Nrf2 signaling and PLVAP. Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation 3 38339922
2011 Plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein (PV1) modulates SV40 virus infectivity in CV-1 cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 3 21827737
2019 Novel PLVAP Mutation in Protein Losing Enteropathy. Fetal and pediatric pathology 2 31215290
2017 PV-1 expression could distinguish the subset of caveolae-presenting telocytes that are endothelial progenitors. Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie 2 29250650
1998 Expressions of a 68kDa-glycoprotein (GP68) and laminin in the mesodermal tissue of the developing mouse embryo. Okajimas folia anatomica Japonica 2 9871402
1978 Somatic O-1 antigen conversion of Salmonella typhimurium by a type B phage P221dis, hybrid between P22 and Fels 1 phages. The Journal of general virology 2 363976
2023 Expression analysis of plvap in mouse heart development, homeostasis and injury. Gene expression patterns : GEP 1 37774966
1991 [Mouse fetal brain specific protein "GP68" is expressed in human tumor cells]. No to shinkei = Brain and nerve 1 1647189
2025 Endophenotype-Informed Association Analyses for Liver Fat Accumulation and Metabolic Dysfunction in the Fels Longitudinal Study. International journal of molecular sciences 0 40429953
2025 Dissecting the endothelial cell landscape in meningioma: single-cell insights into PLVAP+ subpopulations and their role in tumor angiogenesis. Frontiers in immunology 0 40496867
2025 CD44, ACAN, PLVAP, and HBEGF Emerged as Potential Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy 0 41064230
2025 Computational analysis of Non-synonymous SNP effects on human PLVAP gene structure and function. Journal of applied genetics 0 41428257
2025 PLVAP mediates the regulation of the tumour microenvironment in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. Clinical and translational medicine 0 41431249
1990 [Immunohistological demonstration of developmental protein GP68 in human tumor and embryonic tissues]. Gan no rinsho. Japan journal of cancer clinics 0 1696324
1989 Sibling correlations for skeletal age assessments by the Fels method. American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council 0 28514072