Affinage

NGB

Neuroglobin · UniProt Q9NPG2

Round 2 corrected
Length
151 aa
Mass
16.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
55 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Neuroglobin (NGB) is a monomeric, brain-enriched hexacoordinated globin that couples cellular oxygen and redox status to neuroprotective signaling. Its heme iron shuttles between a six-coordinate bis-histidyl state (His64-Fe-His96) and a five-coordinate state competent for O₂, CO, and nitrite binding, with O₂ affinity modulated ~10-fold by an intramolecular Cys46–Cys55 disulfide bond and by hypoxia-induced phosphorylation that promotes 14-3-3 binding and heme pocket opening (PMID:14530264, PMID:21965683). In its ferric (oxidized) form NGB acts as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor for Gαi, liberating Gβγ to initiate survival signaling, and binds cytochrome c to block apoptosome/caspase-9 activation; in its deoxyferrous form it functions as a nitrite reductase generating NO that inhibits mitochondrial respiration via cytochrome c oxidase (PMID:12860983, PMID:20091232, PMID:21296891). NGB transcription is directly driven by CREB binding to its promoter, and its downstream protective effects converge on the PI3K/Akt/CREB/Nrf2 axis to suppress oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis (PMID:34751416, PMID:31882813).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 2000 High

    Identification of NGB as a novel vertebrate globin with high O₂ affinity predominantly expressed in the brain established that neurons possess a dedicated oxygen-binding protein distinct from hemoglobin and myoglobin.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, recombinant protein expression, O₂ equilibrium measurements showing P50 ~2 torr

    PMID:11029004

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological function beyond O₂ supply was unknown
    • Subcellular localization not resolved
    • Regulation of expression not characterized
  2. 2001 High

    The demonstration that deoxy-NGB adopts a hexacoordinated bis-histidyl heme (His-Fe²⁺-His) explained why exogenous ligands must compete with an internal ligand, fundamentally distinguishing NGB's ligand-binding mechanism from classical pentacoordinate globins.

    Evidence Absorption spectroscopy, flash photolysis, and site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant human and mouse NGB

    PMID:11473128

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of distal and proximal histidines not yet confirmed by mutagenesis
    • Functional consequence of hexacoordination in cells unknown
  3. 2003 High

    Crystal structures and systematic mutagenesis identified His64 as the distal ligand and His96 as the proximal ligand, revealed the globin fold with an elongated internal cavity system for ligand migration, and showed that the Cys46–Cys55 disulfide bond increases O₂ affinity ~10-fold by modulating histidine dissociation rate — directly linking cellular redox state to NGB's gas-binding properties.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, resonance Raman spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, and O₂ binding assays

    PMID:12962627 PMID:14530264 PMID:14645216

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether disulfide-dependent affinity shift operates under physiological redox conditions in neurons
    • Structural basis for transition between 6c and 5c states not fully resolved
  4. 2003 High

    The discovery that ferric NGB acts as a GDI for Gαi — binding exclusively to GDP-Gαi, blocking nucleotide exchange, and liberating Gβγ — established a non-canonical signaling function for a globin and linked NGB's oxidation state to G-protein-coupled neuroprotective signaling.

    Evidence Surface plasmon resonance, GDP dissociation and GTPγS binding assays with purified proteins

    PMID:12860983

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo confirmation of NGB-Gαi interaction in neurons
    • Which downstream effectors of Gβγ mediate the survival signal
    • Whether GDI activity occurs at endogenous NGB concentrations
  5. 2010 Medium

    Demonstration that NGB binds cytochrome c to block apoptosome assembly and caspase-9 activation, and that NGB overexpression reduces ROS/RNS and neuronal death after ischemia in vivo, established NGB as an anti-apoptotic factor operating at the mitochondrial pathway.

    Evidence Cytochrome c binding and caspase inhibition assays; NGB-overexpressing transgenic mice subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion with ROS, lipid peroxidation, and histological readouts

    PMID:20091232 PMID:20571522

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and affinity of NGB–cytochrome c interaction in the cytosol
    • Whether NGB directly reduces cytochrome c or blocks its interaction with Apaf-1
    • Contribution relative to other anti-apoptotic proteins
  6. 2011 High

    Establishing that deoxygenated NGB is a nitrite reductase generating NO — regulated by the Cys46/Cys55 disulfide and by hypoxia-induced phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding that stabilize the 5-coordinate state — revealed a post-translational modification cascade that tunes NGB's enzymatic activity to inhibit mitochondrial respiration under hypoxia.

    Evidence In vitro nitrite reduction kinetics with WT and mutant NGB; lentiviral expression in cells with respirometry; co-IP of phospho-NGB with 14-3-3 under hypoxia in SH-SY5Y cells

    PMID:21296891 PMID:21965683

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the kinase(s) phosphorylating NGB
    • Quantitative contribution of NGB-derived NO relative to NOS-derived NO in hypoxic neurons
    • Whether 14-3-3 isoform selectivity exists
  7. 2014 High

    A high-resolution (1.74 Å) crystal structure of wild-type NGB captured two conformations of the CD loop harboring the Cys46–Cys55 disulfide, providing a structural basis for the redox-sensitive transition between high- and low-affinity O₂ binding states.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography at 1.74 Å resolution

    PMID:24699645

    Open questions at the time
    • No structure of the reduced (dithiol) form for direct comparison
    • Dynamics of conformational switching in solution remain uncharacterized
  8. 2021 Medium

    Showing that CREB directly binds the NGB promoter and that NGB knockdown abolishes Akt/CREB-mediated neuroprotection closed a positive feedback loop: NGB activates Akt/CREB signaling, and CREB in turn drives NGB transcription, placing NGB as both effector and target of a self-reinforcing pro-survival circuit.

    Evidence ChIP assay, luciferase reporter, siRNA knockdown in cell culture under oxidative stress

    PMID:34751416

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the CREB–NGB feedback loop operates in vivo during ischemia
    • Relative contribution of other transcription factors to NGB expression
    • Epigenetic regulation of NGB promoter not explored

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the identity of the kinase(s) that phosphorylate NGB under hypoxia, the precise stoichiometry and structural basis of the NGB–cytochrome c anti-apoptotic interaction, whether NGB's GDI activity for Gαi operates at endogenous protein concentrations in neurons, and the in vivo significance of NGB-derived NO relative to canonical NO sources during ischemia.
  • Kinase identity for NGB phosphorylation
  • NGB–cytochrome c structural interface
  • Endogenous-level GDI activity validation
  • In vivo NO quantitation from NGB nitrite reductase

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016209 antioxidant activity 2 GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activity 2 GO:0140299 molecular sensor activity 2 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
CYCSFLOT1GNAI1YWHAB

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 Neuroglobin (NGB) was identified as a third vertebrate globin type, predominantly expressed in the brain, functioning as a monomeric oxygen-binding protein with high O2 affinity (P50 ~2 torr), analogous to myoglobin in potentially increasing O2 availability to brain tissue. cDNA cloning, recombinant protein expression, O2 affinity measurement Nature High 11029004
2001 Human and mouse recombinant NGB display a hexacoordinated deoxy ferrous heme (His-Fe2+-His), where the distal histidine (E7-His) acts as the endogenous ligand; O2 and CO can displace this endogenous ligand. NGB has high autoxidation rate, and mouse NGB exists as a monomer with disulfide-dependent dimer formation. Spectral measurements, flash photolysis, site-directed mutagenesis, recombinant protein biochemistry The Journal of biological chemistry High 11473128
2002 Neuroglobin expression in neural cells is induced by hemin via a cGMP/protein kinase G pathway (not the MAPK pathway used by hypoxia), demonstrating two distinct signal transduction pathways regulate NGB expression. RT-PCR, Western blot, pharmacological inhibitors (KT5823, LY83583, PD98059), cGMP measurement Blood Medium 12239161
2002 Full-length human NGB cDNA was cloned; NGB protein immunoreactive signals were localized to the cytoplasm and processes of neurons, distributed throughout rat brain regions including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, and cerebellum. RACE cloning, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 11820779
2003 X-ray crystal structure of human brain NGB revealed a classical globin fold with hexacoordinated heme, an elongated protein matrix cavity that facilitates O2 diffusion, and structural adaptations to host the reversible bis-histidyl heme complex. X-ray crystallography Structure (London, England : 1993) High 12962627
2003 Oxidized (ferric) NGB binds exclusively to the GDP-bound form of Gαi heterotrimeric G protein subunit, acting as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) that inhibits GDP-to-GTP exchange, thereby liberating Gβγ and promoting neuronal survival. Ferrous ligand-bound NGB under normoxia lacks GDI activity. Surface plasmon resonance, GDP dissociation assays, GTPγS binding assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 12860983
2003 His64 is the endogenous distal heme ligand in NGB and Lys67 is situated nearby in the distal pocket; His96 is the proximal ligand (its mutation causes complete loss of heme). CO binding kinetics are biphasic due to His64 and Lys67 in the distal pocket. Site-directed mutagenesis, resonance Raman spectroscopy, flash photolysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 14645216
2003 NGB protein is widely expressed in neurons of the mouse brain including cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, brainstem nuclei, and cerebellum, with regionally differing expression levels consistent with variation in hypoxic tolerance. Immunohistochemistry with affinity-purified polyclonal antibody Neuroscience letters Medium 12850561
2003 Formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond between Cys46 (CD7) and Cys55 (D5) in human NGB increases O2 affinity by approximately 10-fold by slowing histidine dissociation rate; breaking the S-S bond (by reduction or mutagenesis) decreases O2 affinity. This links the redox state of the cell to NGB's O2 binding affinity. Mass spectrometry, thiol accessibility studies, site-directed mutagenesis, O2 binding assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 14530264
2004 Human NGB interacts with flotillin-1, a lipid raft microdomain-associated protein, identified by yeast two-hybrid screening of a human brain cDNA library and confirmed by GST pull-down; flotillin-1 may recruit NGB to lipid rafts as part of neuroprotective signaling. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 15120622
2004 NGB shows alkaline and acid Bohr effects (pH-dependent O2 affinity) and temperature-dependent enthalpy of oxygenation. His(E7) stabilizes bound O2 and functions as a major Bohr group in the presence of Lys(E10), as shown by mutant analysis. O2 equilibrium binding with recombinant mutant proteins, thiol titration, mass spectrometry The Journal of biological chemistry High 15299006
2005 Spectroscopic characterization confirmed His64 as the distal ligand and His96 as the proximal ligand in NGB; the CO adduct of NGB contains three conformers, with His64 contributing to conformer interconversion. Fe-His stretching frequency of the photolyzed 5-coordinate NGB is 221 cm−1. Picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, distal mutant analysis Biochemistry High 16201751
2007 MetNGB (ferric NGB) reacts with nitrite (NO2−) and H2O2 to generate an active species with peroxynitrite-like properties that nitrates phenolic substrates; the disulfide bond (Cys46-Cys55) affects this reactivity. NGB can also be self-modified at endogenous Tyr (to 3-nitrotyrosine) and Cys (to sulfinic/sulfonic acid) residues. Kinetic assays, nitrite-binding studies, HPLC-MS/MS analysis of modified residues The Biochemical journal High 17600531
2008 Molecular dynamics simulations showed that protein oxidation (disulfide bond formation between CysCD7 and CysD5) promotes stabilization of the pentacoordinated (5c) heme species, favoring the more reactive state and supporting an O2 storage/sensor function whereby O2 would be released under hypoxic/oxidizing conditions. Molecular dynamics simulation, free energy calculations Proteins Low 17975837
2010 NGB inhibits the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by interacting with cytochrome c, thereby blocking apoptosome formation and pro-caspase 9 activation. NGB protection is concentration-sensitive and involves both binding to cytochrome c and subsequent redox reaction. Cell biology and biochemical apoptosis assays, computational modeling of apoptotic signaling Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death Medium 20091232
2010 Transgenic NGB-overexpressing mice show markedly reduced ROS/RNS production, lipid peroxidation, and CA1 neuronal injury after hippocampal ischemia-reperfusion, demonstrating NGB's antioxidant protective role in vivo. Transgenic mouse model, bilateral carotid occlusion, cresyl violet staining, malonyldialdehyde assay, ROS/RNS staining Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism Medium 20571522
2011 Deoxygenated human NGB functions as a redox-regulated nitrite reductase, converting nitrite to NO. This activity is regulated by surface thiols Cys55 and Cys46 that modulate six-to-five heme coordination. Distal His-to-Leu/Gln mutants reduce nitrite ~2000-fold faster. In cells, NGB nitrite reductase activity inhibits cellular respiration via NO binding to cytochrome c oxidase, confirming a role in intracellular hypoxic NO-signaling. In vitro nitrite reduction assays, site-directed mutagenesis, lentiviral cell expression, respiration measurements The Journal of biological chemistry High 21296891
2011 NGB is phosphorylated during hypoxia and glucose deprivation, and this phosphorylation promotes interaction with 14-3-3 proteins; 14-3-3 binding stabilizes NGB phosphorylation and increases the open probability of the heme pocket (5-coordinate fraction), accelerating nitrite reduction to NO. This reveals a hypoxia-dependent post-translational modification cascade regulating NGB's heme reactivity. Co-immunoprecipitation, phosphorylation assays, CO/nitrite binding kinetics, SH-SY5Y cell hypoxia experiments The Journal of biological chemistry High 21965683
2013 NGB promotes cell survival via the Akt phosphorylation/CREB signaling pathway; in an Alzheimer's disease rat model, IBU-LA treatment maintained high Ngb levels, which correlated with restored p-Akt/Akt and p-CREB/CREB ratios and reduced cytochrome C/Apaf1 complex formation, implicating NGB in activation of the Akt/CREB pro-survival axis. Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation (cytochrome C/Apaf1), TUNEL, immunohistochemistry Gerontology Low 23428737
2013 Exogenous TAT PTD-Ngb fusion protein transduces into primary cortical neurons and protects against hypoxia-induced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 expression and decreasing caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, indicating NGB suppresses the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Fluorescent immunostaining, MTT assay, TEM, Western blot for Bcl-2/caspase-3/caspase-9 Neurological sciences Medium 23456442
2014 The wild-type human neuroglobin crystal structure at 1.74 Å resolution revealed two distinct conformations of the CD region containing the Cys46-Cys55 intramolecular disulfide link, and identified internal cavities involved in ligand migration and conformational transitions between low and high O2-affinity states. X-ray crystallography Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography High 24699645
2019 Mn-TAT PTD-Ngb, a manganese porphyrin reconstituted NGB fusion protein, has enhanced ROS scavenging ability compared to TAT PTD-Ngb, reduces intracellular ROS, restores mitochondrial function, inhibits mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, and activates the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 redox signaling pathway. ROS assays, mitochondrial function assays, Western blot for PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1, cell viability assays Scientific reports Medium 31882813
2021 NGB transcription is activated by CREB, which directly binds the NGB promoter. Polydatin activates AKT/CREB signaling to upregulate NGB expression, and NGB knockdown abolishes polydatin's neuroprotective effect against H2O2, placing NGB downstream of CREB in a neuroprotective signaling cascade. Luciferase reporter assay, ChIP assay, siRNA knockdown, Western blot, cell viability assay Molecular medicine reports Medium 34751416

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 55 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2000 A vertebrate globin expressed in the brain. Nature 805 11029004
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2001 Biochemical characterization and ligand binding properties of neuroglobin, a novel member of the globin family. The Journal of biological chemistry 392 11473128
2003 Human brain neuroglobin structure reveals a distinct mode of controlling oxygen affinity. Structure (London, England : 1993) 267 12962627
2005 Neuroglobin and cytoglobin in search of their role in the vertebrate globin family. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 237 15598495
2003 The redox state of the cell regulates the ligand binding affinity of human neuroglobin and cytoglobin. The Journal of biological chemistry 233 14530264
2011 Human neuroglobin functions as a redox-regulated nitrite reductase. The Journal of biological chemistry 228 21296891
2003 Oxidized human neuroglobin acts as a heterotrimeric Galpha protein guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor. The Journal of biological chemistry 161 12860983
2004 Allosteric regulation and temperature dependence of oxygen binding in human neuroglobin and cytoglobin. Molecular mechanisms and physiological significance. The Journal of biological chemistry 156 15299006
2010 Neuroglobin protects nerve cells from apoptosis by inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of cell death. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 131 20091232
2005 The novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904 inhibits cocaine's rewarding effects and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 129 16205781
2005 Acute administration of SB-277011A, NGB 2904, or BP 897 inhibits cocaine cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in rats: role of dopamine D3 receptors. Synapse (New York, N.Y.) 119 15858839
2003 Localization of neuroglobin protein in the mouse brain. Neuroscience letters 97 12850561
2007 Pharmacological actions of NGB 2904, a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, in animal models of drug addiction. CNS drug reviews 90 17627675
2003 The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14. Nature 80 12508121
1998 NGB 2904 and NGB 2849: two highly selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 79 9873609
2002 Hemin induces neuroglobin expression in neural cells. Blood 77 12239161
2010 Neuroglobin expression in ischemic stroke. Stroke 74 20075359
2010 Neuroglobin protects neurons against oxidative stress in global ischemia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 73 20571522
2002 Full-length cDNA cloning of human neuroglobin and tissue expression of rat neuroglobin. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 69 11820779
2011 14-3-3 binding and phosphorylation of neuroglobin during hypoxia modulate six-to-five heme pocket coordination and rate of nitrite reduction to nitric oxide. The Journal of biological chemistry 66 21965683
2017 A Role for Mitochondrial Translation in Promotion of Viability in K-Ras Mutant Cells. Cell reports 64 28700943
2007 Effects of two novel D3-selective compounds, NGB 2904 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide] and CJB 090 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide], on the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 60 17272677
2004 Human neuroglobin interacts with flotillin-1, a lipid raft microdomain-associated protein. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 60 15120622
2007 The selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists SB-277011A and NGB 2904 and the putative partial D3 receptor agonist BP-897 attenuate methamphetamine-enhanced brain stimulation reward in rats. Psychopharmacology 59 17985117
2008 Exploring the molecular basis of heme coordination in human neuroglobin. Proteins 58 17975837
2003 Residues in the distal heme pocket of neuroglobin. Implications for the multiple ligand binding steps. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 14645216
2014 The crystal structure of wild-type human brain neuroglobin reveals flexibility of the disulfide bond that regulates oxygen affinity. Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography 54 24699645
2005 Structural characterization of the proximal and distal histidine environment of cytoglobin and neuroglobin. Biochemistry 54 16201751
2007 Reactivity and endogenous modification by nitrite and hydrogen peroxide: does human neuroglobin act only as a scavenger? The Biochemical journal 53 17600531
2007 The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904 increases spontaneous and amphetamine-stimulated locomotion. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 39 17408730
2008 The effects of two highly selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists (SB-277011A and NGB-2904) on food self-administration in a rodent model of obesity. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 38 18329700
2013 Ibuprofen and lipoic acid conjugate neuroprotective activity is mediated by Ngb/Akt intracellular signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease rat model. Gerontology 24 23428737
2011 Different expression patterns of Ngb and EPOR in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus revealed distinctive therapeutic effects of intranasal delivery of Neuro-EPO for ischemic insults to the gerbil brain. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 23 21339183
2007 Identification and characterization of putative tumor suppressor NGB, a GTP-binding protein that interacts with the neurofibromatosis 2 protein. Molecular and cellular biology 21 17210637
2012 Human carotid body HIF and NGB expression during human development and aging. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 15 23080171
2019 Effects of Exogenous Neuroglobin (Ngb) on retinal inflammatory chemokines and microglia in a rat model of transient hypoxia. Scientific reports 13 31827177
2017 The expression and mechanism of BDNF and NGB in perihematomal tissue in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 13 28829495
2012 Reduced expression of haloperidol conditioned catalepsy in rats by the dopamine D3 receptor antagonists nafadotride and NGB 2904. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 13 22410316
2013 Neuroprotective effect of TAT PTD-Ngb fusion protein on primary cortical neurons against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 12 23456442
2019 Mn-TAT PTD-Ngb attenuates oxidative injury by an enhanced ROS scavenging ability and the regulation of redox signaling pathway. Scientific reports 11 31882813
2021 Polydatin protects neuronal cells from hydrogen peroxide damage by activating CREB/Ngb signaling. Molecular medicine reports 9 34751416
2022 A new source of bacterial myrosinase isolated from endophytic Bacillus sp. NGB-B10, and its relevance in biological control activity. World journal of microbiology & biotechnology 8 36056962
2020 Mn-TAT PTD-Ngb ameliorates inflammation through the elimination of damaged mitochondria and the activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathway. Biochemical pharmacology 7 32470548
2016 Pichia pastoris Production of Tat-NGB and Its Neuroprotection on Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells. Molecular biotechnology 5 26646387
2014 Suppression of NGB and NAB/ERabp1 in tomato modifies root responses to potato cyst nematode infestation. Molecular plant pathology 4 25131407
2022 Expression Pattern of Ngb in Astrocytes after Spinal Cord Injury and the Clinical Significance. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 3 35818200
2013 [Effects of hypoxia preconditioning on serum NGB and S-100B in patients with intracranial aneurysm surgery]. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition 1 24325104
2026 Electroacupuncture improves hypoxic stress and energy metabolism to alleviate vascular cognitive impairment through activation of the HIF-1α/p53/NGB signaling pathway in rats. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences 0 41641147