Affinage

NFKBIZ

NF-kappa-B inhibitor zeta · UniProt Q9BYH8

Length
718 aa
Mass
78.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
100 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 19 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

NFKBIZ encodes IκBζ, a nuclear IκB family member that functions as a transcriptional co-activator of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene expression, driving production of IL-6, CXCL1–3, Lcn2, and IL-8 by binding the NF-κB p50 subunit and cooperating with C/EBPβ, CUX1, and AP-1 at target promoters (PMID:19783680, PMID:32079724, PMID:33431705). NFKBIZ transcription is induced by LPS (via TLR4), IL-1, TNF, IL-17A, and IFN-γ through NF-κB, STAT3/C/EBPβ, and ISRE elements in its promoter, with STAT1 serving as a negative regulator, and NFKBIZ autoregulates its own promoter activity (PMID:15527973, PMID:35537286, PMID:25876660). Post-transcriptionally, Nfkbiz mRNA is destabilized by Regnase-1 and Regnase-3, and at the protein level IκBζ is targeted for K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by the E3 ligase TRIM16, while miR-376b directly suppresses NFKBIZ in an NF-κB negative-feedback circuit (PMID:37922454, PMID:38581570, PMID:33328388). Functionally, Nfkbiz is essential for skin barrier homeostasis and microbiota-driven skin immunity—its knockout causes spontaneous atopic dermatitis with dysbiosis—and it controls hematopoietic lineage fate by remodeling chromatin accessibility at myeloid gene loci in stem/progenitor cells, while in intestinal epithelium it is the critical effector of Regnase-1-regulated IL-17 signaling that promotes inflammation-associated tumorigenesis (PMID:15491998, PMID:28740238, PMID:37922454, PMID:40460118).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 2000 Medium

    The identification of NFKBIZ (MAIL) as a nuclear IκB family member that potentiates IL-6 production established the founding concept that an IκB protein could act as a transcriptional activator rather than a repressor of NF-κB signaling.

    Evidence Ectopic expression in Swiss 3T3 cells with nuclear localization and cytokine assays

    PMID:11086164

    Open questions at the time
    • Single overexpression system without identification of direct binding partners
    • No loss-of-function data
    • Mechanism of nuclear co-activation uncharacterized
  2. 2002 Medium

    Demonstrating that LPS-induced MAIL expression requires TLR4 placed NFKBIZ within the innate immune signaling cascade and explained its cell-type-specific induction in B cells and macrophages but not T cells.

    Evidence TLR4 neutralizing antibody in U937 cells and TLR4-mutant mice; in situ hybridization of multiple immune tissues

    PMID:12069074 PMID:12703554

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream signaling intermediates between TLR4 and NFKBIZ promoter not mapped
    • T cell exclusion mechanism unknown
  3. 2004 High

    NF-κB was identified as the critical transcription factor driving NFKBIZ expression through a defined promoter site, and NFKBIZ was shown to autoregulate its own promoter, revealing the first negative feedback mechanism controlling its expression.

    Evidence Promoter deletion/point mutation, EMSA, and overexpression reporter assays in RAW264 macrophages

    PMID:15527973

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of NF-κB subunits mediating autorepression not determined
    • Chromatin context of autoregulation not addressed
  4. 2004 High

    Targeted deletion of Nfkbiz in mice revealed an essential in vivo role in skin immunity and keratinocyte homeostasis, with knockout animals developing spontaneous atopic dermatitis-like disease with elevated IgE and chemokine production.

    Evidence Gene knockout mouse model with histopathology, serum IgE, and mRNA analysis

    PMID:15491998

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the dermatitis is cell-intrinsic to keratinocytes or immune-cell-driven was unresolved
    • Molecular targets of IκBζ in keratinocytes not identified
  5. 2009 High

    The demonstration that IκBζ binds NF-κB p50 and activates the IL-6 promoter through C/EBPβ, NF-κB, and AP-1 sites—confirmed by siRNA knockdown in primary monocytes—established the molecular mechanism of its transcriptional co-activator function.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation of IκBζ/p50, luciferase promoter assays, siRNA in THP-1 and primary monocytes

    PMID:19783680

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether IκBζ contacts DNA directly or only through p50 was unresolved
    • Structural basis of the IκBζ–p50 interaction unknown
  6. 2015 Medium

    IFN-γ was found to induce NFKBIZ through an ISRE element requiring JAK1 and NF-κB, broadening the upstream signals beyond TLR/IL-1/TNF and explaining cytokine synergy (IFN-γ + IL-1) in keratinocytes; meanwhile, Nfkbiz-deficient keratinocytes showed impaired proliferation and differentiation through NF-κB-independent mechanisms.

    Evidence ISRE promoter deletion with kinase inhibitors; KO keratinocyte analysis with Ki-67, K10/filaggrin markers, and NF-κB activity assays

    PMID:25876660 PMID:26563030

    Open questions at the time
    • NF-κB-independent effector pathways in keratinocytes not identified
    • ISRE-binding factor identity not confirmed by ChIP
  7. 2017 High

    The skin dermatitis in Nfkbiz-knockout mice was shown to involve expanded IL-17A/IL-22-producing T cells and dysbiosis dominated by S. xylosus, with antibiotic rescue and bacterial challenge experiments establishing that IκBζ maintains the microbiota–skin immunity axis.

    Evidence KO mouse with flow cytometry, 16S pyrosequencing, antibiotic treatment, and topical bacterial challenge

    PMID:28740238

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether IκBζ acts in keratinocytes or immune cells to control dysbiosis was not resolved
    • Antimicrobial peptide targets of IκBζ not identified
  8. 2020 High

    In synovial fibroblasts, IL-17A/TNF co-stimulation was shown to selectively induce IκBζ, which cooperates with CUX1 and NF-κB p65 to drive CXCL1–3 transcription through a composite promoter motif, distinguishing the IκBζ-dependent gene program from TNF-only responses.

    Evidence siRNA with RNA-seq, dose-response, and genetic epistasis by sequential knockdown in primary human synovial fibroblasts

    PMID:32079724

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct IκBζ–CUX1 physical interaction not demonstrated
    • Whether IκBζ/CUX1 cooperation generalizes beyond synovial fibroblasts unknown
  9. 2022 High

    STAT3 and C/EBPβ were identified as cooperative activators of the NFKBIZ promoter while STAT1 acts as a suppressor independent of Y701 phosphorylation, resolving how IL-17 signaling drives NFKBIZ transcription and how IFN-γ downstream STAT1 opposes it.

    Evidence Promoter deletion/mutation, siRNA, co-overexpression, and STAT1 phospho-mutant in HaCaT keratinocytes

    PMID:35537286

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo validation of STAT1 repression of NFKBIZ not performed
    • Mechanism of phosphorylation-independent STAT1 repression unclear
  10. 2024 High

    Regnase-1 and Regnase-3 were established as post-transcriptional destabilizers of Nfkbiz mRNA in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells; their loss causes Nfkbiz accumulation that remodels chromatin accessibility at myeloid loci and shifts lineage fate from lymphoid to myeloid, revealing IκBζ as a master epigenetic regulator of hematopoietic lineage commitment.

    Evidence Conditional double-KO mice with scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq, antisense oligonucleotide treatment, and in vivo rescue

    PMID:37922454

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which IκBζ remodels chromatin accessibility (direct vs. indirect) not resolved
    • Whether IκBζ partners with specific chromatin remodelers in HSPCs is unknown
  11. 2024 Medium

    TRIM16 was identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates IκBζ at K48 for proteasomal degradation, establishing the first defined mechanism for IκBζ protein turnover and linking it to NF-κB attenuation.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, proteasomal degradation assay in HCC cells

    PMID:38581570

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific lysine residue(s) on IκBζ modified by TRIM16 not mapped
    • Reciprocal IP and in vitro reconstitution not reported
    • Physiological relevance beyond HCC not demonstrated
  12. 2025 High

    Epistatic genetic experiments in intestinal epithelium demonstrated that Nfkbiz is the obligate downstream effector of Regnase-1-regulated IL-17 signaling that drives microbiota-dependent inflammation and colon tumorigenesis, as Nfkbiz knockout fully abrogated the tumor-promoting effect of Regnase-1 deletion.

    Evidence Conditional Regnase-1 intestinal KO crossed with Nfkbiz KO mice; IL-17 antibody neutralization; antibiotic treatment; transcriptome analysis

    PMID:40460118

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets of IκBζ in intestinal epithelium not comprehensively defined
    • Whether IκBζ-driven tumorigenesis operates through the same CUX1/p65 mechanism as in synovial fibroblasts is unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis of IκBζ interaction with NF-κB subunits, the mechanism by which IκBζ remodels chromatin in hematopoietic progenitors, and the identity of IκBζ-specific target genes in keratinocytes that maintain barrier immunity remain unresolved.
  • No crystal/cryo-EM structure of IκBζ–p50 complex
  • Chromatin remodeler partners of IκBζ in HSPCs unidentified
  • Full IκBζ target gene repertoire in skin keratinocytes not defined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 8 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 7 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2
Partners
CEBPBCUX1FUS-DDIT3NFKB1TRIM16ZC3H12AZC3H12C

Evidence

Reading pass · 19 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 NFKBIZ (MAIL) protein localizes to the nucleus and potentiates LPS-induced IL-6 production when ectopically expressed in Swiss 3T3 cells, identifying it as a nuclear IκB family member that activates inflammatory cytokine expression. Ectopic expression with nuclear localization determination; cytokine mRNA and secretion assays FEBS letters Medium 11086164
2001 The mouse Mail gene consists of 14 exons spanning ~30 kb, encodes a single-copy gene with NF-κB and NF-IL6 binding sites in its proximal promoter, maps to chromosome 16C1.2-C1.3 in mouse, and its promoter region drives high-level reporter gene expression in LPS-stimulated cells. Genomic cloning, Southern hybridization, FISH, primer extension, promoter-reporter assay Immunogenetics Medium 11797098
2002 LPS-induced MAIL mRNA expression is mediated through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as demonstrated by TLR4 neutralizing antibody attenuation in U937 cells and reduced in vivo MAIL induction in TLR4-missense-mutant mice. Neutralizing antibody treatment; TLR4 expression correlation; in vivo mouse model with TLR4 mutation The Journal of veterinary medical science Medium 12069074
2003 LPS induces MAIL expression predominantly in B-lymphocytes and macrophages (but not T-lymphocytes) in vivo and in vitro; the major expressed isoform is the long splicing variant MAIL-L; MAIL is also induced by IL-1, IL-6, and TNF. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, Northern blot, Western blot in LPS-injected mice and cultured cells Archives of histology and cytology Medium 12703554
2004 Targeted disruption of the Mail gene in mice leads to atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions with elevated serum IgE, inflammatory cell infiltration, and markedly elevated chemokines (e.g., TARC) in skin; MAIL protein is constitutively expressed in keratinocytes, establishing its essential role in homeostatic regulation of skin immunity. Gene knockout mouse model; histopathology; serum IgE measurement; mRNA expression analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 15491998
2004 MAIL gene expression in macrophages is strongly upregulated by NF-κB binding to a site at −229 to −220 bp in the promoter; MAIL autoregulates its own expression by suppressing LPS-induced MAIL promoter activity when overexpressed. Promoter deletion, point mutation, EMSA/binding analysis, overexpression reporter assay in RAW264 cells Gene High 15527973
2007 Constitutive MAIL expression in epidermal keratinocytes is controlled by NF-κB, as demonstrated by downregulation with NF-κB inhibitor Bay11-7082 and the IκBαM supersuppressor; NF-κB subunits localize to both cytoplasm and nucleus in unstimulated keratinocytes, and LPS does not induce MAIL in keratinocytes (unlike IL-1). Pharmacological NF-κB inhibition, dominant-negative IκBαM overexpression, immunolocalization The Journal of veterinary medical science Medium 17409644
2008 The FUS-DDIT3 fusion oncoprotein in myxoid liposarcoma binds the C-terminal domain of NFKBIZ via co-immunoprecipitation; FUS-DDIT3 and NFKBIZ colocalize in nuclear structures; FUS-DDIT3 deregulates NF-κB target genes (including IL8) through interaction with NFKBIZ. Co-immunoprecipitation, colocalization (immunofluorescence), chromatin immunoprecipitation, IL8 promoter reporter assays Oncogene High 18850010
2009 Human NFKBIZ (MAIL-L, 80 kDa isoform) localizes to the nucleus in monocytes, binds the NF-κB p50 subunit, and increases IL-6 promoter activity in a C/EBPβ-, NF-κB-, and AP-1-dependent manner; MAIL siRNA knockdown reduces IL-6 production in THP-1 cells and primary monocytes; MAIL expression is suppressed during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, correlating with reduced IL-6 output. Subcellular fractionation, Co-IP (MAIL-L/p50), luciferase promoter assay, siRNA knockdown, ELISA for IL-6 Journal of immunology High 19783680
2012 NF-κB binds to the miR-376b gene promoter upon LPS treatment; miR-376b directly targets and suppresses NFKBIZ (verified by luciferase reporter assay), forming a negative feedback loop: NF-κB activation → miR-376b induction → NFKBIZ suppression → modulation of renal tubular inflammation. ChIP assay, luciferase miRNA target reporter assay, miRNA mimic/inhibitor in vivo and in vitro JCI insight High 33328388
2015 IFN-γ induces Nfkbiz expression in keratinocytes through an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the Nfkbiz promoter; JAK1 and NF-κB are required for IFN-γ-induced Nfkbiz expression; IFN-γ and IL-1 synergize in inducing Nfkbiz expression. Promoter analysis (ISRE deletion), selective kinase/signaling inhibitors, gene expression assays Biomedical research Medium 25876660
2015 Nfkbiz-deficient keratinocytes are hypoproliferative and show reduced expression of differentiation markers K10 and filaggrin (but not K14), without altered NF-κB subcellular localization or transcriptional activity, indicating Nfkbiz controls keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation through NF-κB-independent mechanisms. KO mouse keratinocyte analysis, Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, differentiation marker expression, TUNEL assay, NF-κB activity assay The Japanese journal of veterinary research Medium 26563030
2017 Nfkbiz-deficient (Nfkbiz−/−) mice develop spontaneous dermatitis accompanied by expanded IFN-γ−, IL-17A−, and IL-22-secreting CD4+ T cells and IL-17A-secreting γδ+ T cells, with marked skin dysbiosis dominated by Staphylococcus xylosus; antibiotic treatment ameliorates skin inflammation and topical S. xylosus application exacerbates it in Nfkbiz−/− mice, establishing a role for Nfkbiz in the microbiota-skin immunity axis. KO mouse model, flow cytometry, pyrosequencing of skin microbiome, antibiotic treatment, topical bacterial challenge Scientific reports High 28740238
2020 In human synovial fibroblasts, IL-17A in combination with TNF selectively induces NFKBIZ expression in a dose-dependent manner; IκBζ (encoded by NFKBIZ) mediates transcriptional response to TNF+IL-17A but not TNF alone; IκBζ and CUX1 cooperate with NF-κB p65 to drive transcription of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 through a putative CUX1-NF-κB composite promoter motif, independent of LIFR, STAT3, STAT4, and ELF3. siRNA gene silencing with RNA-seq, dose-response experiments, promoter motif analysis, genetic epistasis by sequential knockdown PNAS High 32079724
2021 In septic AKI and endotoxemia animal models, Nfkbiz mRNA is rapidly induced then declines, but IkBζ protein remains highly elevated specifically in cecal ligation/puncture (CLP) sepsis (but not LPS alone), indicating a CLP-specific mechanism extending IkBζ protein half-life; pharmacological IkBζ inhibition reduces Lcn2 expression, establishing IkBζ as a direct transcriptional inducer of Lcn2 in sepsis. CLP and LPS animal models, IkBζ inhibitor treatment, mRNA and protein expression time-course Infection and immunity Medium 33431705
2022 NFKBIZ promoter activation is cooperatively driven by STAT3 and C/EBPβ through adjacent binding sites; STAT1 suppresses both C/EBPβ- and STAT3-driven NFKBIZ promoter activation independently of STAT1 tyrosine 701 phosphorylation; C/EBPβ knockdown attenuates IL-17A-induced NFKBIZ upregulation in HaCaT keratinocytes. siRNA knockdown, luciferase promoter assay with site deletions, Co-overexpression of transcription factors, STAT1 phospho-mutant Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 35537286
2024 mRNA decay factors Regnase-1 (ZC3H12A) and Regnase-3 (ZC3H12C) post-transcriptionally destabilize Nfkbiz mRNA in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs); loss of Reg1 and Reg3 causes Nfkbiz accumulation, shifting HSPCs toward myeloid lineage and away from lymphoid fate; Nfkbiz controls epigenetic landscape (chromatin accessibility) on myeloid-related gene loci in early HSPCs; antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of Reg1/Reg3-mediated Nfkbiz degradation primes HSCs toward myeloid lineages. Conditional double KO mice, scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq, antisense oligonucleotide treatment, in vivo rescue experiments Blood High 37922454
2024 TRIM16 directly interacts with NFKBIZ (co-immunoprecipitation) and enhances NFKBIZ ubiquitination at K48, promoting its proteasomal degradation; TRIM16-mediated NFKBIZ degradation reduces NF-κB signaling activity, implicating TRIM16 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that writes K48 ubiquitin marks on NFKBIZ to regulate HCC cell growth and sorafenib sensitivity. Co-immunoprecipitation, protein degradation assay, flow cytometry (apoptosis), Western blot, immunofluorescence Cellular and molecular life sciences Medium 38581570
2025 Regnase-1 degrades Nfkbiz mRNA in intestinal epithelial cells as its primary target; Regnase-1 deficiency in enterocytes enhances IL-17 signaling via Nfkbiz accumulation and promotes colon tumor growth dependent on gut microbes and IL-17; Nfkbiz knockout abrogates the tumor-promoting effect of Regnase-1 deletion, establishing Nfkbiz as the key downstream effector of Regnase-1 in intestinal epithelial cells. Conditional KO mouse models (Regnase-1 intestinal KO and Nfkbiz KO), transcriptome analysis, IL-17 antibody neutralization, antibiotic treatment, ERK phosphorylation assay PNAS High 40460118

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 PHD--an automatic mail server for protein secondary structure prediction. Computer applications in the biosciences : CABIOS 615 8193956
2003 DNA from buccal swabs recruited by mail: evaluation of storage effects on long-term stability and suitability for multiplex polymerase chain reaction genotyping. Behavior genetics 275 12645823
1997 DNA by mail: an inexpensive and noninvasive method for collecting DNA samples from widely dispersed populations. Behavior genetics 213 9210796
2019 Frequent mutations that converge on the NFKBIZ pathway in ulcerative colitis. Nature 207 31853061
2016 Hijacking the Cellular Mail: Exosome Mediated Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem cells international 192 26880957
2009 Computerized Automated Reminder Diabetes System (CARDS): e-mail and SMS cell phone text messaging reminders to support diabetes management. Diabetes technology & therapeutics 188 19848576
2000 MAIL, a novel nuclear I kappa B protein that potentiates LPS-induced IL-6 production. FEBS letters 125 11086164
2020 Treatment of psoriasis with NFKBIZ siRNA using topical ionic liquid formulations. Science advances 90 32832675
2001 Feasibility of collecting buccal cell DNA by mail in a cohort study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 80 11401922
2020 CUX1 and IκBζ (NFKBIZ) mediate the synergistic inflammatory response to TNF and IL-17A in stromal fibroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73 32079724
2004 Polyphyly of the mail-cheeked fishes (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes): evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 15223043
2020 The negative feedback loop of NF-κB/miR-376b/NFKBIZ in septic acute kidney injury. JCI insight 65 33328388
2008 The myxoid liposarcoma FUS-DDIT3 fusion oncoprotein deregulates NF-kappaB target genes by interaction with NFKBIZ. Oncogene 60 18850010
2004 Comparison of methods for collection of DNA samples by mail in the Black Women's Health Study. Annals of epidemiology 59 15018884
2004 Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and mutagenicity in bus drivers and mail carriers exposed to urban air pollution in Denmark. Mutation research 55 14706514
2012 E-mail management of the modified Atkins Diet for adults with epilepsy is feasible and effective. Epilepsia 53 22332768
2004 Increased expression of MAIL, a cytokine-associated nuclear protein, in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis. Equine veterinary journal 51 15147139
2004 Emotional expression in cyberspace: searching for moderators of the Pennebaker disclosure effect via e-mail. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 46 15367065
2004 Targeted disruption of MAIL, a nuclear IkappaB protein, leads to severe atopic dermatitis-like disease. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 15491998
2005 Collecting saliva by mail for genetic and cotinine analyses in participants recruited through the Internet. European journal of epidemiology 37 16283473
2011 Synaptic kainate receptors in interplay with INaP shift the sparse firing of dentate granule cells to a sustained rhythmic mode in temporal lobe epilepsy. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 36 21795533
2008 Mail-in data collection at SPring-8 protein crystallography beamlines. Journal of synchrotron radiation 36 18421161
2017 A Novel Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus (inap CMS) with Carpelloid Stamens via Protoplast Fusion with Chinese Woad. Frontiers in plant science 34 28428799
2017 The resident pathobiont Staphylococcus xylosus in Nfkbiz-deficient skin accelerates spontaneous skin inflammation. Scientific reports 33 28740238
2018 Gene variants in the NF-KB pathway (NFKB1, NFKBIA, NFKBIZ) and their association with type 2 diabetes and impaired renal function. Human immunology 32 29601852
2019 Gene variants in the NF-KB pathway (NFKB1, NFKBIA, NFKBIZ) and risk for early-onset coronary artery disease. Immunology letters 31 30902734
2016 INaP selective inhibition reverts precocious inter- and motorneurons hyperexcitability in the Sod1-G93R zebrafish ALS model. Scientific reports 31 27079797
2009 MAIL regulates human monocyte IL-6 production. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 19783680
2019 Rapid prototyping of proteins: Mail order gene fragments to assayable proteins within 24 hours. Biotechnology and bioengineering 29 30593665
2009 NFKBIZ polymorphisms and susceptibility to pneumococcal disease in European and African populations. Genes and immunity 29 19798075
2004 Obtaining DNA from a geographically dispersed cohort of current and former smokers: use of mail-based mouthwash collection and monetary incentives. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 28 15203777
1994 Globin gene server: a prototype E-mail database server featuring extensive multiple alignments and data compilation for electronic genetic analysis. Genomics 28 8088828
2009 A selective interplay between aberrant EPSPKA and INaP reduces spike timing precision in dentate granule cells of epileptic rats. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 24 19684246
1999 Cloning and analysis of the capsid morphogenesis genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage D3: another example of protein chain mail? Journal of bacteriology 24 10572124
2022 Toward Mail-in-Sensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection: Interfacing Gel Switch Resonators with Cell-Free Toehold Switches. ACS sensors 22 35254055
2013 Safety and effectiveness of mail order pharmacy use in diabetes. The American journal of managed care 21 24511986
2002 Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces mRNA expression of an IkappaB MAIL through toll-like receptor 4. The Journal of veterinary medical science 20 12069074
2001 Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and promoter analysis of the mouse Mail gene. Immunogenetics 20 11797098
2010 Attempted suicide, by mail order: Abrus precatorius. Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology 19 20563676
1982 Effects of characteristics of the survey instrument on response rates to a mail survey of community hospitals. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 19 7122824
2004 Transcriptional regulation of the MAIL gene in LPS-stimulated RAW264 mouse macrophages. Gene 18 15527973
2019 NFKBIZ and CW6 in Adalimumab Response Among Psoriasis Patients: Genetic Association and Alternative Transcript Analysis. Molecular diagnosis & therapy 17 31267486
2010 Multiphoton-absorption-induced-luminescence (MAIL) imaging of tumor-targeted gold nanoparticles. Bioconjugate chemistry 17 20964333
2022 Genetic variants in the NF-κB signaling pathway (NFKB1, NFKBIA, NFKBIZ) and risk of critical outcome among COVID-19 patients. Human immunology 16 35777990
2021 Upregulation of NFKBIZ affects bladder cancer progression via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. International journal of molecular medicine 16 33907827
2009 Feasibility of collecting self-sampled vaginal swabs by mail: quantity and quality of genomic DNA. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 16 19603206
2017 NFKBIZ in Psoriasis: Assessing the association with gene polymorphisms and report of a new transcript variant. Human immunology 15 28259733
2023 Transcriptome Analysis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cells Inducibly Expressing MyD88 L265P Mutation Identifies Upregulated CD44, LGALS3, NFKBIZ, and BATF as Downstream Targets of Oncogenic NF-κB Signaling. International journal of molecular sciences 14 36982699
2012 Providing cell phone numbers and e-mail addresses to patients: The patient's perspective, a cross sectional study. Israel journal of health policy research 14 22929801
2003 Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of the IkappaB protein MAIL in B-lymphocytes and macrophages. Archives of histology and cytology 14 12703554
2001 Repeatability and validity of a combined mail and telephone questionnaire on demographics, diet, exercise and health status in an insured-dog population. Preventive veterinary medicine 14 11448494
2023 Mail-Based Self-Sampling to Complete Colorectal Cancer Screening: Accelerating Colorectal Cancer Screening and Follow-up Through Implementation Science. Preventing chronic disease 13 38060411
2021 A Multiplex Noninvasive Salivary Antibody Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Application in a Population-Based Survey by Mail. Microbiology spectrum 12 34523986
2017 Enhanced IgG1 production by overexpression of nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor zeta (NFKBIZ) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cytotechnology 12 29188404
2011 Adherence to medication under mandatory and voluntary mail benefit designs. The American journal of managed care 12 21819173
2010 Here's my phone number, don't call me: physician accessibility in the cell phone and e-mail era. Digestive diseases and sciences 12 20101461
2012 Delivering laboratory results by text message and e-mail: a survey of factors associated with conceptual acceptability among STD clinic attendees. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association 11 22827295
2002 Store-and-forward diagnostic telepathology of small biopsies by e-mail attachment: a feasibility pilot study with a view for future application in Thailand diagnostic pathology services. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association 11 12419027
2000 Threat mail and forensic science: DNA profiling from items of evidence after treatment with DFO. Journal of forensic sciences 11 10782971
2024 Regulation of lymphoid-myeloid lineage bias through regnase-1/3-mediated control of Nfkbiz. Blood 10 37922454
2022 A Genetically Engineered, Chain Mail-Like Nanostructured Protein Material with Increased Fatigue Resistance and Enhanced Self-Healing. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 10 35060301
2002 The ethics of e-mail communication in psychiatry. The Psychiatric clinics of North America 10 12232978
1999 [Systematic home screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infections of asymptomatic men and women in family practice by means of mail-in urine samples]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde 10 10321300
2024 NFKBIZ regulates NFκB signaling pathway to mediate tumorigenesis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by direct interaction with TRIM16. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 9 38581570
2019 Development of a Fertility Restorer for inap CMS (Isatis indigotica) Brassica napus Through Genetic Introgression of One Alien Addition. Frontiers in plant science 9 30891056
2015 E-mail as the Appropriate Method of Communication for the Decision-Maker When Soliciting Advice for an Intellective Decision Task. Anesthesia and analgesia 9 26287297
1995 Using electronic mail for a small-group curriculum in ethical and social issues. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 9 7865045
2022 Regulation of NFKBIZ gene promoter activity by STAT3, C/EBPβ, and STAT1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 8 35537286
2021 Recruiting for diversity: a pilot test of recruitment strategies for a national alcohol survey with mail-in genetic data collection. Journal of community genetics 8 33398649
2015 The role of IFN-γ in regulating Nfkbiz expression in epidermal keratinocytes. Biomedical research (Tokyo, Japan) 8 25876660
2023 In Situ 1D Carbon Chain-Mail Catalyst Assembly for Stable Lithium-Sulfur Full Batteries. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 7 37098649
2015 Nfkbiz regulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. The Japanese journal of veterinary research 7 26563030
2020 The precise long-term outcomes of adult IgA nephropathy by mail questionnaires: Better renal survival compared to earlier cohort studies. PloS one 6 32413080
2018 Determination of anti-HCV and quantification of HCV-RNA and IP-10 from dried blood spots sent by regular mail. PloS one 6 30063765
2007 Role of NF-kappaB in constitutive expression of MAIL in epidermal keratinocytes. The Journal of veterinary medical science 6 17409644
2025 Epithelial Regnase-1 inhibits colorectal tumor growth by regulating IL-17 signaling via degradation of NFKBIZ mRNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 5 40460118
2010 E-mail and photographs: a case report of a patient-initiated diagnostic tool in the era of electronic communication. Journal of palliative medicine 5 20178438
2004 Conducting a client-focused survey using e-mail. Computers, informatics, nursing : CIN 5 15520570
2003 Delivering the vaccination mail. Trends in biotechnology 5 14573356
2022 Efficient E-Mail Spam Detection Strategy Using Genetic Decision Tree Processing with NLP Features. Computational intelligence and neuroscience 4 35371228
2022 Saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 serology using at-home collection kits returned via mail. Scientific reports 4 35982133
2022 Transcriptomic and iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analyses of inap CMS in Brassica napus L. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 4 36235325
2021 Regulation of the Nfkbiz Gene and Its Protein Product IkBζ in Animal Models of Sepsis and Endotoxic Shock. Infection and immunity 4 33431705
2017 Impact of predictive scoring model and e-mail messages on African American blood donors. Transfusion 4 28474337
2010 Faculty and student expectations and perceptions of e-mail communication in a campus and distance doctor of pharmacy program. American journal of pharmaceutical education 4 21436932
2024 Safeguarding Mail-Order DNA Synthesis in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Applied biosafety : journal of the American Biological Safety Association 3 39131179
2020 Direct marketing in health and medicine: using direct mail, email marketing, and related communicative methods to engage patients. BMC health services research 3 32928187
2013 Assessing the potential of e-mail for communicating drug therapy recommendations to physicians in patients with heart failure and ventricular-assist devices. Journal of pharmacy practice 3 24319078
2012 Cheek swabs, SNP chips, and CNVs: assessing the quality of copy number variant calls generated with subject-collected mail-in buccal brush DNA samples on a high-density genotyping microarray. BMC medical genetics 3 22734463
2011 The "phone and mail" system in a teledermatology service for chronic psychiatric patients. Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia 3 21505395
2004 Cloning of bovine MAIL and its mRNA expression in white blood cells of Holstein cows. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 3 15010226
2002 [Second malignancies following radiotherapy: an analysis of 54 cases accumulated by mail survey in Japan]. Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai zasshi. Nippon acta radiologica 3 11857951
2024 Assessing the association between common functional Nuclear Factor Kappa-b gene polymorphisms (NFKB1, NFKBIZ, NFKBIA) and Alzheimer´s disease. Behavioural brain research 2 39322062
2021 Diagnosis of Taenia solium infections based on "mail order" RNA-sequencing of single tapeworm egg isolates from stool samples. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2 34890398
2025 Peer-delivered mail-order self-collection and linkage to treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among users of a harm reduction service in Denmark. The International journal on drug policy 1 40683182
2023 The Application of a Multi-Material Flexible Chain Mail for the Design of an Artificial Spinal Disc to Reproduce Natural Nonlinear and Anisotropic Rotational Behavior. 3D printing and additive manufacturing 1 38143713
2013 Optimizing recruitment to a prostate cancer surveillance program among male BRCA1 mutation carriers: invitation by mail or by telephone. Hereditary cancer in clinical practice 1 24325841
2008 Cell phone e-mail as a means to collect information on pregnancy and delivery: a pilot study in Japan. Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica 1 18404894
2002 Solicitation by e-mail and solicitor's status: a field study of social influence on the web. Cyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society 1 12216702
1966 Mail-order chromosome analysis. Canadian Medical Association journal 1 5907946