Affinage

Showing GPSM2 — LGN is a alias.

GPSM2

G-protein-signaling modulator 2 · UniProt P81274

Length
684 aa
Mass
76.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 47 papers cited in narrative 46 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GPSM2 (LGN/Pins) is a conformational-switch scaffold that couples cell cortical polarity to mitotic spindle orientation during asymmetric and oriented cell division (PMID:10753746, PMID:15537540, PMID:17934458). Its C-terminal GoLoco motifs act as guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) selective for Gαi-GDP over Gαo/Gαs, binding up to four Gαi·GDP molecules through a conserved double-Arg-finger motif (PMID:15946753, PMID:22952234), while its N-terminal TPR domain recruits the NuMA C-terminus and mInscuteable through distinct but overlapping interfaces (PMID:12445386, PMID:21816348). In the autoinhibited closed state, the GoLoco motifs fold back onto the TPR concave surface to occlude target binding; Gαi engagement of the GoLoco motifs relieves this intramolecular interaction, permitting simultaneous assembly of a cortical Gαi/LGN/NuMA complex that captures astral microtubules and generates spindle-pulling forces (PMID:15537540, PMID:17726110, PMID:23665171). NuMA and mInsc bind LGN mutually exclusively, with mInsc binding at highest affinity to displace NuMA and route LGN into Par3/mInsc-based asymmetric-fate complexes, establishing a switch between symmetric/oriented and asymmetric division programs (PMID:21816348, PMID:22074847, PMID:29523789). Cortical positioning of LGN is spatially restricted by aPKC-mediated Ser401 phosphorylation that recruits 14-3-3 to block Gαi binding (PMID:20933426), and the complex is dynamically tuned by Ric-8A, which catalytically dissociates Gαi-GDP/LGN/NuMA and releases NuMA (PMID:16275912, PMID:20479129), by dynein- and astral-microtubule-dependent cortical turnover counterbalanced by actin (PMID:23389635), and by cortical anchors including Dlg1, Afadin/F-actin, E-cadherin and SLK-activated ERM proteins (PMID:25202028, PMID:26751642, PMID:28045117, PMID:24958772). Through this machinery LGN governs planar versus perpendicular divisions in neuroepithelium and epidermis, controlling progenitor self-renewal and apical-membrane inheritance (PMID:17934458, PMID:18084280, PMID:25016959). In the inner ear, a WHRN–GPSM2–GNAI module localizes to a stereocilia-tip nanodomain dependent on MYO15A and whirlin and confers tallest (first-row) stereocilia identity by stabilizing the MYO15A-EPS8 complex and regulating actin elongation (PMID:28387217, PMID:30827920). Truncating GPSM2 mutations cause nonsyndromic deafness DFNB82 and Chudley-McCullough syndrome, directly linking its spindle-orientation and stereocilia functions to human hearing loss and brain malformation (PMID:20602914, PMID:22578326).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 18 steps
  1. 1996 Medium

    Established the founding molecular link by identifying LGN as a Gαi-interacting protein, defining its repeat architecture and pointing to heterotrimeric G-protein regulation as its biochemical context.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid screen and in vitro binding with recombinant Gαi2

    PMID:8973305

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional consequence of the interaction defined
    • No distinction between TPR and GoLoco repeat functions
  2. 2000 High

    Placed the protein in a biological process by showing the Drosophila ortholog Pins is essential for asymmetric cell division, bridging Inscuteable/Gα to spindle orientation in vivo.

    Evidence In vivo Co-IP, pins loss-of-function mutants, and localization in neuroblasts

    PMID:10753746

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of how Pins links polarity to spindle not defined
    • Mammalian conservation not yet tested
  3. 2002 High

    Identified NuMA as a high-affinity TPR partner and showed LGN modulates NuMA-dependent microtubule stabilization, providing a direct molecular route from LGN to the spindle.

    Evidence In vitro microtubule stabilization assay, frog egg extracts, and domain mapping

    PMID:12445386

    Open questions at the time
    • Cortical assembly not yet reconstituted
    • Regulation of LGN-NuMA binding unknown
  4. 2003 High

    Demonstrated functional conservation and domain division of labor: mammalian PINS rescues fly neuroblast division, with the TPR binding Inscuteable and the GoLoco region directing cortex localization.

    Evidence Ectopic expression and genetic rescue in Drosophila neuroblasts plus direct binding assays

    PMID:12571286 PMID:12814548

    Open questions at the time
    • GDI biochemistry quantified only for worm GPR proteins
    • Mammalian cortical recruitment mechanism not yet shown
  5. 2004 High

    Defined the central mechanistic principle—LGN is an autoinhibited conformational switch whose opening by Gαi or NuMA enables simultaneous binding and cortical recruitment of partners.

    Evidence FRET biosensor, reciprocal Co-IP, and live-cell imaging in mammalian cells

    PMID:15537540

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the closed state not resolved
    • Spatial restriction of cortical LGN not addressed
  6. 2005 High

    Quantified GoLoco GDI activity and substrate selectivity, establishing Gαi (not Gαo/Gαs) as the physiological target and clarifying the biochemical output of the C-terminus.

    Evidence Surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence GDI assays with recombinant GoLoco motifs

    PMID:15937221 PMID:15946753 PMID:16275912

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and cooperativity among the four motifs not yet resolved
    • Coupling of GDI activity to switch opening not structurally defined
  7. 2006 High

    Resolved the conserved spindle-orientation effector by showing Pins binds the NuMA-related Mud and that Gαi/Mud engage Pins through distinct domains in graded activity states, linking cortical polarity to spindle alignment.

    Evidence Direct binding, Co-IP, and mud mutant genetics in Drosophila neuroblasts plus domain-state biochemistry

    PMID:16377571 PMID:16648843 PMID:17726110

    Open questions at the time
    • How distinct GoLoco motifs partition between cortical recruitment and switch opening not yet fully separated
    • Parallel pathway integration mechanism incomplete
  8. 2007 High

    Demonstrated the vertebrate developmental role: LGN controls planar spindle orientation in neural progenitors, and its loss randomizes divisions and disrupts neuroepithelial self-renewal without altering fate decisions.

    Evidence Dominant-negative electroporation in chick and conditional knockout in mouse neuroepithelium with lineage analysis

    PMID:17934458 PMID:18084280

    Open questions at the time
    • Cortical anchoring machinery in vertebrates not yet defined
    • Upstream polarity cues unresolved
  9. 2010 High

    Defined how LGN cortical localization is spatially patterned and dynamically regulated, identifying aPKC/14-3-3 apical exclusion and Ric-8A/Gαi cortical recruitment of the LGN/NuMA/dynein module.

    Evidence Ser401 phosphosite mutagenesis, 14-3-3 binding, 3D cyst culture, pertussis toxin and RNAi with live imaging in MDCK/HeLa

    PMID:20385777 PMID:20479129 PMID:20933426

    Open questions at the time
    • Force-generation step downstream of dynein not quantified
    • Integration of multiple cortical anchors not yet unified
  10. 2010 Medium

    Connected the spindle-orientation machinery to human disease by identifying GPSM2 truncating mutations causing nonsyndromic deafness DFNB82 with hair-cell apical localization.

    Evidence Exome sequencing, homozygosity mapping, and mouse inner-ear immunolocalization

    PMID:20602914

    Open questions at the time
    • Cochlear mechanism inferred from localization rather than direct functional assay
    • Relationship to spindle-orientation function unclear at this stage
  11. 2011 High

    Provided atomic-resolution and quantitative basis for partner selection, showing mInsc and NuMA bind the LGN TPR at overlapping interfaces in a mutually exclusive, affinity-ranked manner, switching LGN between asymmetric-fate and spindle-capture complexes.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, ITC, and competition assays of LGN/Pins TPR with NuMA and Insc

    PMID:21816348 PMID:22074847 PMID:22171003

    Open questions at the time
    • Temporal control of the mInsc-to-NuMA handoff in cells not resolved
    • Structure of full-length closed LGN not yet determined
  12. 2011 High

    Established robustness logic: ultrasensitive Gαi activation of Pins (via GoLoco decoy motifs) sharpens the polarity-to-spindle coupling, explaining why LGN reliably aligns spindles within a narrow signal range.

    Evidence Reconstituted spindle-orientation pathway with Hill-coefficient analysis and neuroblast domain mutants; FRAP/live imaging of cortical LGN/NuMA belts

    PMID:21444683 PMID:21855794

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether mammalian LGN shows identical ultrasensitivity not tested
    • In vivo concentration ranges of Gαi not measured
  13. 2013 High

    Resolved the autoinhibited architecture and cytoskeletal coupling, showing tandem GoLoco motifs occupy the TPR concave surface and that dynein/astral-microtubule transport, opposed by actin, governs cortical LGN turnover.

    Evidence Crystal structure of truncated LGN; Co-IP with dynein heavy chain, FRAP, and cytoskeletal drug perturbation

    PMID:23389635 PMID:23665171 PMID:24358023

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of intact closed-to-open transition not captured
    • Quantitative force coupling to dynein unresolved
  14. 2014 High

    Identified the cortical anchoring network—Dlg1, Par3/mInsc/Gαi3, and SLK-activated ERM proteins—that positions and polarizes LGN to set planar versus perpendicular division orientation in vivo.

    Evidence Direct binding, conditional knockouts and in vivo RNAi, micropatterns, and live imaging in chick/mouse/human cells

    PMID:24958772 PMID:25016959 PMID:25202028

    Open questions at the time
    • Hierarchy among redundant anchors not fully ordered
    • How anchors are temporally activated at mitotic entry incomplete
  15. 2016 High

    Defined direct structural anchoring to cortical F-actin and a competitive negative regulator, showing Afadin bridges LGN/NuMA to actin while SAPCD2 competes with NuMA to limit cortical LGN and tune asymmetric division.

    Evidence Crystal structure of Afadin-LGN, direct binding, Co-IP, RNAi, and in vivo retinal division-angle analysis

    PMID:26751642 PMID:26766442

    Open questions at the time
    • Coordination between Afadin anchoring and SAPCD2 competition not integrated
    • In vivo balance of these regulators in different tissues unmapped
  16. 2017 High

    Established cadherin junctions as instructive orientation cues, showing LGN binds E-cadherin and phospho-VE-cadherin tails and is locally handed off to NuMA at mitosis, extending LGN function to endothelial flow responses.

    Evidence Direct binding, NuMA/cadherin competition assays, phosphosite mutants, and in vivo vascular remodeling

    PMID:28045117 PMID:28712573

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic link between flow signaling and division orientation not fully defined
    • Generality across epithelial cadherins unresolved
  17. 2018 High

    Showed a motor-independent function: a stable Insc:LGN:Gαi tetramer drives asymmetric cell fate in mammary stem cells and rescues aberrant symmetric divisions, decoupling LGN's fate role from microtubule-motor spindle capture.

    Evidence Crystal structure, SEC-SAXS, complex-stability assays, and mammary stem cell functional assays

    PMID:29523789

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream fate-determinant readout of the tetramer unidentified
    • How tetramer resists NuMA in different cell types unknown
  18. 2019 High

    Defined the cochlear molecular pathway, placing GPSM2-GNAI in series with MYO15A and WHRN to specify tallest-row stereocilia identity by stabilizing the MYO15A-EPS8 tip complex and regulating actin elongation.

    Evidence Comprehensive genetic epistasis, STED nanoscopy, single-molecule tracking, and time-course localization in mouse auditory epithelium

    PMID:26662512 PMID:28387217 PMID:30827920

    Open questions at the time
    • How the GoLoco/Gαi GDI activity mechanistically drives actin elongation not resolved
    • Whether spindle-orientation switch logic applies to the stereocilia nanodomain unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the various competing cortical anchors, regulators, and partner switches are temporally and spatially integrated within a single mitosis—and how the same switch protein deploys distinct mechanisms in spindle orientation versus stereocilia tip actin regulation—remains unresolved.
  • No unified model integrating Afadin/Dlg1/E-cadherin/ERM anchoring with dynein turnover
  • Mechanistic basis of stereocilia-specific GPSM2 function distinct from mitotic role undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 5 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 5 GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 2 GO:0005929 cilium 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 2
Partners
AFDNCDH1DLG1GNAI1INSCMYO15ANUMA1RIC8A
Complex memberships
Gαi/LGN/NuMA cortical complexLgl2/aPKC/Par-6/LGN complexPar3/mInsc/LGN/Gαi complexWHRN-GPSM2-GNAI stereocilia tip module

Evidence

Reading pass · 46 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 LGN was identified as a novel protein that interacts with the alpha-subunit of the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein Gαi2, confirmed by yeast two-hybrid screening and in vitro binding assay using recombinant proteins. LGN contains 10 Leu-Gly-Asn repeats, seven N-terminal repeats (~40 aa each) and four C-terminal repeats (~34 aa each). Yeast two-hybrid screen; in vitro binding assay with recombinant proteins Gene Medium 8973305
2000 Drosophila Pins (ortholog of LGN/GPSM2) was identified as a binding partner of Inscuteable and a Gα subunit in vivo, localizing to the apical cortex of neuroblasts. In pins mutants, spindle orientation and basal localization of Numb/Miranda were defective, and Inscuteable lost its apical localization during mitosis, establishing Pins as essential for asymmetric cell division. In vivo co-immunoprecipitation; genetic loss-of-function (pins mutants); immunofluorescence localization Current biology : CB High 10753746
2002 LGN binds with high affinity to the C-terminal tail of NuMA. A small domain within the C terminus of NuMA stabilizes microtubules in vitro, and LGN blocks this stabilization by steric exclusion, as the MT-binding domain on NuMA overlaps by ten amino acid residues with the LGN-binding domain. In vitro microtubule stabilization assay; frog egg extracts; in vitro binding assays; domain mapping Current biology : CB High 12445386
2002 LGN localizes to the midbody structure separating daughter cells during the later stages of mitosis in PC12 and COS7 cells, moving from the nucleus to the midbody during cytokinesis. Its subcellular localization is differentially regulated by the cell cycle compared to the closely related AGS3. Immunocytochemistry; cell fractionation; expression of LGN-specific antisera The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11832491
2003 Mouse PINS (LGN/GPSM2 ortholog) can asymmetrically localize to the apical cortex of Drosophila neuroblasts when ectopically expressed, and can functionally substitute for Drosophila Pins in all aspects of neuroblast asymmetric cell division. The N-terminal TPR domain directly interacts with the asymmetric localization domain of Inscuteable, and the C-terminal GoLoco region directs cortical localization. Ectopic expression in Drosophila neuroblasts; direct binding assay; genetic rescue experiments Journal of cell science High 12571286
2003 In C. elegans, GPR-1 and GPR-2 (homologs of mammalian AGS3/LGN and Drosophila Pins) control spindle position by acting as GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDI) for GOA-1 (Gαo). LIN-5 (NuMA homolog) binds GPR proteins and is required for their cortical association. GPR proteins are enriched at the posterior cortex in a PAR-dependent manner, generating asymmetric pulling forces on spindle poles. RNAi depletion; GDI fluorescence assay; Co-IP; genetic epistasis Current biology : CB High 12814548
2003 LGN exhibits enriched cortical localization during mitosis in certain mammalian cell lines (WISH, PC12, NRK but not COS cells). The Gα-binding C-terminal portion of LGN is sufficient for cortical localization. Cortical localization depends on microfilaments, and overexpression of Gα subunits can redirect LGN to the cortex in COS cells. Interfering with LGN function disrupts cell cycle progression. Overexpression of LGN domain truncations; immunofluorescence; cytochalasin D treatment; dominant-negative experiments Molecular biology of the cell Medium 12925752
2004 Mammalian LGN (GPSM2) acts as a conformational switch: in its closed (autoinhibited) state, the N-terminal (TPR) and C-terminal (GoLoco) domains interact intramolecularly. NuMA or Gαi can disrupt this autoinhibitory interaction, allowing LGN to simultaneously bind both proteins and recruit them to the cell cortex. During mitosis, LGN recruits NuMA to the cell cortex; cortical association of LGN requires Gα binding. Overexpression of Gαi or YFP-LGN causes metaphase spindle oscillation. FRET biosensor; Co-immunoprecipitation; live cell imaging; overexpression Cell High 15537540
2005 GPSM2 GoLoco motifs 1-4 all function as guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) for Gαi1, Gαi2, and Gαi3, but display significantly lower GDI activity and binding affinity for Gαo. Surface plasmon resonance binding assays showed all four GoLoco motifs bind Gαi1 but not Gαs, establishing Gαi subunits as the primary in vivo targets. Surface plasmon resonance; fluorescence-based nucleotide binding (GDI) assay; recombinant GST-fusion proteins Biochimica et biophysica acta High 15946753
2005 In Drosophila neuroblasts, astral microtubules, kinesin Khc-73, and Discs large (Dlg) induce cortical polarization of Pins/Gαi; Dlg/Khc-73 and Dlg/Pins co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting Dlg mediates the link between microtubules and Pins/Gαi cortical polarity. This microtubule/Khc-73/Dlg pathway acts in parallel to the Inscuteable/Par pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation; live imaging; genetic loss-of-function; immunofluorescence Cell High 16377571
2005 Mammalian Ric-8A catalytically dissociates Gαi-GDP/LGN/NuMA complexes in vitro, releasing activated Gαi-GTP and concomitantly liberating NuMA from LGN. This establishes a mechanism whereby Ric-8A GEF activity for Gαi regulates the LGN-NuMA interaction during cell division. In vitro biochemical dissociation assay with purified proteins; fluorescence-based GTPase assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16275912
2005 LGN is expressed in photoreceptor inner segments and co-localizes with transducin α (Gαt) following its light-dependent translocation. LGN and Gαt co-precipitate from retinal extracts, and the GPR domain of LGN potently inhibits receptor-mediated guanine nucleotide exchange and GTPase activity of transducin, identifying a role for LGN in modulating transducin function in photoreceptors. Immunostaining; serial tangential sectioning with immunoblot; co-precipitation; in vitro GDI/GTPase inhibition assay Molecular and cellular neurosciences Medium 15737739
2005 LGN directly binds Lgl2 (mammalian homolog of Drosophila l(2)gl) with Kd ~56 nM via the C-terminal tail of Lgl2. Endogenous Lgl2 forms a complex with aPKC, Par-6, and LGN, enhanced during metaphase. Overexpression of Lgl2 C-terminal tail mislocalized NuMA and disorganized the mitotic spindle; knockdown of Lgl1/2 caused spindle disorganization and micronuclei formation, mediated through regulation of the LGN-NuMA complex. Co-immunoprecipitation; in vitro binding with Kd measurement; siRNA knockdown; immunofluorescence The Journal of biological chemistry High 15632202
2006 Drosophila Pins (LGN ortholog) directly binds and co-immunoprecipitates with the NuMA-related Mushroom body defect (Mud) protein. Pins recruits Mud to the neuroblast apical cortex; in mud mutants, spindle alignment with cortical polarity is lost. This establishes a direct Pins-Mud interaction linking cortical polarity to spindle orientation. Direct binding assay; co-immunoprecipitation; genetic loss-of-function (mud mutants); immunofluorescence Nature cell biology High 16648843 16648846
2006 LGN modulates GIRK channel activity in a Gαi/Go-dependent manner: LGN increases basal GIRK current but reduces receptor-activated GIRK currents. This effect is mediated through the N-terminal TPR domain of LGN, which likely releases sequestered endogenous LGN. In hippocampal neurons, LGN hyperpolarizes resting potential through increased basal GIRK activity; LGN RNAi reduces basal GIRK activity. Electrophysiology (patch-clamp); LGN domain overexpression; lentiviral RNAi in hippocampal neurons Neuron High 16701207
2006 In Drosophila neuroblasts, Loco (a GoLoco protein) and Pins act synergistically as GDIs for Gαi to release free Gβγ, which is required for asymmetric spindle and daughter cell size. Simultaneous removal of Loco and Pins phenocopies Gβ13F or Gγ1 mutants. Loco's RGS domain also accelerates GTPase activity of Gαi, providing a second mode of regulation. Genetic epistasis (double mutants); in vitro GDI assay; RGS GTPase acceleration assay Genes & development High 15937221
2007 Drosophila Pins (LGN ortholog) forms a 'closed' autoinhibited state via intramolecular GoLoco-TPR interactions. Gαi binding to GoLoco 1 (GL1) recruits Pins to the apical cortex without opening Pins or recruiting Mud. Gαi and Mud bind cooperatively to GL2/3 and TPR domains respectively, activating the full spindle orientation pathway. These multiple activity states link cortical polarity to spindle orientation. Biochemical binding assays; genetic epistasis; live imaging; domain mutant analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17726110
2007 LGN (GPSM2) is required for planar divisions in chick neuroepithelium; it localizes at the cell cortex and spindle poles of neural progenitors. Interfering with LGN function randomizes the division plane, causing one daughter to exit the neuroepithelium prematurely and proliferate aberrantly, without affecting cell fate. This demonstrates LGN controls spindle movements/orientation in vertebrate neural progenitors. In ovo electroporation (dominant-negative LGN); immunofluorescence; BrdU lineage analysis Nature neuroscience High 17934458
2007 Knockout of LGN (GPSM2) in mouse neuroepithelial cells randomizes the orientation of normally planar cell divisions, causing loss of the apical membrane from some daughter cells and converting them into abnormally localized progenitors, without affecting neuronal production rate. LGN is dispensable for the proliferation vs. differentiation decision but essential for maintaining neuroepithelial self-renewal via planar spindle orientation. LGN conditional knockout (gene targeting); BrdU/EdU labeling; immunofluorescence; clonal analysis Nature cell biology High 18084280
2010 A nonsense mutation in GPSM2 (early truncation) causes nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNB82 in humans. In mouse inner ear, GPSM2 is localized to apical surfaces of hair cells and supporting cells, most highly expressed during embryonic development, establishing GPSM2 as essential for normal hearing development. Whole exome sequencing; homozygosity mapping; immunolocalization in mouse inner ear American journal of human genetics Medium 20602914
2010 During epithelial mitosis, Par3/aPKC excludes LGN (Pins) from the apical cortex by aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of Pins on Ser401, which recruits 14-3-3 protein. 14-3-3 binding inhibits Pins association with Gαi, causing Pins to dissociate from the apical cortex. A Pins S401A mutant mislocalizes over the entire cortex and causes spindle misorientation and multi-lumen cysts. siRNA knockdown; phosphorylation site mutagenesis (S401A); 14-3-3 binding assay; 3D cyst culture; immunofluorescence Current biology : CB High 20933426
2010 LGN localizes to the lateral cell cortex (excluded from apical cortex) of dividing MDCK cells. Depleting LGN, preventing cortical localization, or disrupting its interaction with NuMA or Gα proteins causes spindle misorientation and abnormal cystogenesis (multiple lumens). Apical exclusion of LGN is mediated by aPKC. Artificial mistargeting of LGN to the apical membrane rotates the spindle ~90° and disrupts cystogenesis. siRNA knockdown; dominant-negative constructs; apical membrane targeting of LGN; 3D cyst culture; immunofluorescence The Journal of cell biology High 20385777
2010 Ric-8A and Gαi cooperate to recruit LGN (GPSM2), NuMA, and dynein to the cell cortex of mammalian cells during mitosis. Pertussis toxin (blocking Ric-8A-Gαi interaction), Ric-8A knockdown, or Gαi knockdown each impaired cortical localization of LGN, NuMA, and dynein, and disturbed integrin-dependent mitotic spindle orientation. Reduced Ric-8A prolonged mitosis and decreased spindle movements. siRNA knockdown; pertussis toxin treatment; immunofluorescence; live imaging (GFP-tubulin HeLa cells) Molecular and cellular biology High 20479129
2010 GPSM2 (LGN) is phosphorylated on Thr450 by the serine/threonine kinase PBK/TOPK during mitosis. LGN/GPSM2 localizes to the spindle at metaphase and to the midzone/midbody in cytokinesis. Overexpression of the T450A phospho-dead mutant induces aberrant chromosomal segregation and growth suppression of breast cancer cells; siRNA knockdown of GPSM2 causes incomplete cell division. Western blot (phospho-specific); siRNA knockdown; T450A mutant overexpression; immunocytochemistry; synchronization assays Genes, chromosomes & cancer Medium 20589935
2011 Crystal structures of LGN in complex with NuMA and mInsc (mammalian Inscuteable) reveal that NuMA and mInsc interact with LGN TPR domain through distinct but overlapping interfaces. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that NuMA and mInsc binding to LGN are mutually exclusive, with mInsc binding preferentially (higher affinity). This suggests Par3/mInsc/LGN and NuMA/LGN/Gαi complexes play sequential and partially overlapping roles. X-ray crystallography; isothermal titration calorimetry; competitive binding assays; cell biology (localization studies) Molecular cell High 21816348
2011 Crystal structure of Drosophila Pins (LGN ortholog) TPR domain in complex with Inscuteable reveals modular binding interface with three contact modules on Insc running antiparallel to the TPR superhelix. Structure-based mutagenesis defines critical residues. mInsc binds LGN with highest affinity (Kd ~2.4 nM), effectively displacing NuMA and other interactors; mInsc-LGN interaction is required for stabilization of LGN and intracellular localization of mInsc. X-ray crystallography (2.6 Å); structure-based mutagenesis; isothermal titration calorimetry; cell biology Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 22074847
2011 Crystal structure of Drosophila Pins (LGN ortholog) in complex with Inscuteable, combined with in vitro competition assays, demonstrates that Insc competes with NuMA for LGN TPR binding and has higher affinity. Insc can open the LGN conformational switch. The positively charged EPE-motif contact patch on LGN is shared by both Insc and NuMA. X-ray crystallography; in vitro competition assays; isothermal titration calorimetry Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 22171003
2011 LGN and NuMA form a lateral belt at the cortex of chick neuroepithelial cells during metaphase. FRAP and live imaging show LGN/NuMA cortical localization is dynamic. The LGN/NuMA/Gαi complex is required for active spindle movements and planar maintenance of the spindle. Lateral restriction of LGN/NuMA is instructive for planar spindle alignment. 3D live imaging; FRAP; immunofluorescence; dominant-negative LGN; siRNA The Journal of cell biology High 21444683
2011 In Drosophila, Wee B/Canoe directly binds the Pins TPR domain; this interaction recruits Canoe to the cortex and is required for activation of the Pins(TPR)-Mud spindle orientation pathway. Canoe RA domains bind RanGTP, and both Canoe(RA) domains and RanGTP are required to recruit Mud to the cortex and activate spindle orientation. Direct binding assay; induced cell polarity system; genetic epistasis; immunofluorescence The Journal of cell biology Medium 22024168
2012 Mutations in GPSM2 (two single-base deletions, one nonsense mutation, one splice-site mutation) cause Chudley-McCullough syndrome (CMS), characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and brain malformations including frontal polymicrogyria, corpus callosum agenesis, and gray matter heterotopia. This links GPSM2 function in mitotic spindle orientation to the etiology of brain malformations and hearing loss. Homozygosity mapping; whole-exome sequencing; brain imaging of affected individuals American journal of human genetics Medium 22578326
2012 Crystal structures of LGN GoLoco 3 (GL3) and GL4 in complex with Gαi·GDP reveal the structural basis of GoLoco/Gαi interaction. A highly conserved 'double Arg finger' sequence (RΨ(D/E)(D/E)QR) is responsible for GDP binding. Only a few residues C-terminal to the conserved GL sequence are required for Gαi·GDP interaction. LGN C-terminal GL domain binds four Gαi·GDP molecules; all four GL motifs are potent GDIs. X-ray crystallography; isothermal titration calorimetry; fluorescence-based GDI assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 22952234
2013 The crystal structure of a truncated LGN reveals its autoinhibited conformation: two consecutive GoLoco (GL) motifs (GL12 or GL34) form minimal TPR-binding units, with GL34 forming parallel α-helices that bind the concave surface of TPR4-7, preventing LGN from binding other targets. GL motifs bind TPRs by a mode distinct from GL/Gαi·GDP interactions. X-ray crystallography; binding assays; domain truncation analysis Structure (London, England : 1993) High 23665171
2013 LGN associates with cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) in a Gαi-regulated manner. LGN is required for mitotic cortical localization of dynein, which in turn also modulates cortical LGN accumulation. FRAP analysis shows cortical LGN is dynamic and turns over via astral microtubule- and dynein-dependent transport. Actin filaments counteract dynein-mediated cortical release of Gαi/LGN/NuMA, maintaining cortical retention. Co-immunoprecipitation; FRAP; siRNA knockdown; cytoskeletal drug treatments; immunofluorescence Molecular biology of the cell High 23389635
2013 Par1b promotes the apicolateral accumulation of LGN and capture of NuMA-positive astral microtubules in mitotic hepatocytes to orient the mitotic spindle, resulting in asymmetric inheritance of apical plasma membrane domains between daughter cells. siRNA knockdown; immunofluorescence; live imaging; 3D culture PLoS biology Medium 24358023
2014 Direct interaction between Dlg1 and LGN promotes cortical localization of the LGN complex and is required for planar spindle orientation in the chick neuroepithelium and human cells on adhesive micropatterns. Live imaging shows Dlg1 is required for directed spindle movements during metaphase. Direct binding assay; siRNA knockdown; live imaging; immunofluorescence; dominant-negative experiments The Journal of cell biology High 25202028
2014 Par3, mInsc, and Gαi3 cooperate to polarize LGN and promote perpendicular (asymmetric) divisions in murine epidermis. Loss of both Gnai3 and mInsc phenocopies loss of LGN (mostly planar divisions), demonstrating that Par3-mInsc and Gαi3 act cooperatively upstream of LGN to control its apical localization and division orientation. Conditional knockouts; in vivo lentiviral RNAi; immunofluorescence; division angle quantification Nature cell biology High 25016959
2014 SLK kinase directly activates ERM proteins (ezrin/radixin/moesin) at mitotic entry in mammalian cells. Activated ERMs promote polarized cortical association of LGN and NuMA, which is required for spindle orientation. Impairing ERM activation in apical progenitors of the mouse embryonic neocortex severely disturbs spindle orientation in vivo. siRNA knockdown; phospho-specific antibodies; micropatterned adhesive substrates; in vivo mouse neocortex experiments; immunofluorescence The Journal of cell biology High 24958772
2015 The GoLoco motifs of GPSM2/LGN are essential for hearing. Mice with truncation of the C-terminal GoLoco motifs (LgnΔC) are profoundly deaf, show hair bundle misorientation and severe stereocilia malformations. Gαi and aPKC depend on LGN for proper localization in hair cells. LGN functions as a PCP effector downstream of core PCP proteins; kinocilium positioning is required for LGN/Gαi/aPKC apical localization. Mouse knockout (targeted GoLoco truncation); auditory brainstem response; scanning EM; immunofluorescence; in vitro translation Mammalian genome High 26662512
2016 Afadin directly and concomitantly binds both F-actin and LGN. Crystal structure of human Afadin in complex with LGN reveals structural similarity to the LGN-NuMA complex. In mitosis, Afadin is necessary for cortical accumulation of LGN and NuMA above spindle poles in an F-actin-dependent manner. Afadin acts as a molecular hub anchoring the dynein/LGN/NuMA machinery to cortical F-actin. X-ray crystallography; direct binding assays; siRNA knockdown; 3D cyst culture; immunofluorescence Nature structural & molecular biology High 26751642
2016 SAPCD2 is a novel LGN-interacting protein that negatively regulates LGN cortical localization, likely by competing with NuMA for LGN binding. Loss of SAPCD2 randomizes spindle orientation in epithelial cells and retinal progenitors in vivo, and triples the number of asymmetric terminal divisions in the developing retina. Co-immunoprecipitation; siRNA knockdown; in vivo mouse retinal experiments; division angle quantification; immunofluorescence Developmental cell High 26766442
2017 E-cadherin functions as an instructive cue for division orientation by directly binding LGN at cell-cell adhesions. LGN adopts a 3D structure similar to cadherin-bound catenins and binds the E-cadherin cytosolic tail. On mitotic entry, NuMA competes LGN from E-cadherin to locally form the LGN/NuMA complex, stabilizing cortical astral microtubule associations at adhesions to orient the spindle. Direct binding assay; immunofluorescence; siRNA knockdown; competition assay (NuMA vs E-cadherin for LGN) Nature communications High 28045117
2017 Phosphorylation of VE-cadherin Y658 by Src-family kinases induces dissociation of p120ctn, enabling LGN to bind the VE-cadherin cytoplasmic tail at endothelial cell junctions. LGN binding to phospho-Y658 VE-cadherin is required for multiple endothelial flow responses including inflammatory signaling at disturbed flow and flow-dependent vascular remodeling. Phosphomimetic and phospho-dead VE-cadherin mutants; Co-IP; siRNA knockdown; in vivo vascular remodeling assays Current biology : CB High 28712573
2017 GPSM2 (Gpsm2) and its partner Gαi3 define an ~200 nm nanodomain at stereocilia tips in auditory and vestibular hair cells. Gpsm2 localization at stereocilia tips requires Gαi3, myosin 15 (Myo15a), and whirlin (Whrn). Loss of Gpsm2 disrupts stereocilia elongation and actin dynamics in growth cones (shown by single-molecule tracking). Absence of Gpsm2 or Gαi3 causes deafness and balance defects. Mouse knockout; single-molecule tracking (live imaging); STED nanoscopy; auditory/vestibular functional assays; genetic epistasis Nature communications High 28387217
2018 Crystal structure of Drosophila LGN (Pins) in complex with the asymmetric domain of Inscuteable reveals a tetrameric arrangement of intertwined molecules. Insc:LGN tetramers form stable cores of Par3-Insc-LGN-GαiGDP complexes that cannot be dissociated by NuMA. In mammary stem cells, Insc bound to LGN:GαiGDP drives asymmetric fate and reverts aberrant symmetric divisions induced by p53 loss, independent of microtubule motor recruitment. X-ray crystallography; SEC-SAXS; in vitro complex stability assay; mammary stem cell functional assays; RNAi Nature communications High 29523789
2019 GPSM2-GNAI forms a module that confers first-row (tallest stereocilia) identity in the hair bundle. WHRN-GPSM2-GNAI is an extra module recruited to a pre-existing MYO15A-EPS8 complex only in the first (tallest) row. GPSM2 and GNAI are required to stabilize larger amounts of MYO15A-EPS8 in tall-row stereocilia. In GPSM2 or GNAI mutants, bundles retain an embryonic-like generic stereocilia organization. Genetic epistasis demonstrates GPSM2, GNAI, MYO15A, and WHRN operate in series in the same pathway. Comprehensive genetic epistasis in mouse auditory epithelium; immunofluorescence; time-course protein distribution analysis in multiple mutant backgrounds Current biology : CB High 30827920
2011 In Drosophila, robust spindle alignment by Pins (LGN) is achieved through ultrasensitive activation by Gαi (apparent Hill coefficient 3.1). GoLoco domains GL1 and GL2 act as 'decoys' competing against activation at GL3, generating ultrasensitivity and ensuring Pins-Mud (NuMA) recruitment occurs over a narrow Gαi concentration range. A non-ultrasensitive Pins mutant fails to robustly couple spindle position to cell polarity in neuroblasts. Reconstituted spindle orientation pathway assay; Hill coefficient analysis; domain mutant neuroblast experiments Molecular cell High 21855794

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature 936 15716953
2007 Neuroepithelial progenitors undergo LGN-dependent planar divisions to maintain self-renewability during mammalian neurogenesis. Nature cell biology 401 18084280
2004 Mammalian Pins is a conformational switch that links NuMA to heterotrimeric G proteins. Cell 321 15537540
2000 A protein complex containing Inscuteable and the Galpha-binding protein Pins orients asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila. Current biology : CB 278 10753746
2005 Lgl, Pins and aPKC regulate neuroblast self-renewal versus differentiation. Nature 271 16357871
2006 The NuMA-related Mud protein binds Pins and regulates spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts. Nature cell biology 267 16648843
2003 Fireworks in the primate retina: in vitro photodynamics reveals diverse LGN-projecting ganglion cell types. Neuron 235 12526769
2006 Drosophila Pins-binding protein Mud regulates spindle-polarity coupling and centrosome organization. Nature cell biology 215 16648846
2005 Microtubule-induced Pins/Galphai cortical polarity in Drosophila neuroblasts. Cell 215 16377571
2010 Whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping identify mutation in the cell polarity protein GPSM2 as the cause of nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNB82. American journal of human genetics 207 20602914
2007 Control of planar divisions by the G-protein regulator LGN maintains progenitors in the chick neuroepithelium. Nature neuroscience 201 17934458
2003 Asymmetrically distributed C. elegans homologs of AGS3/PINS control spindle position in the early embryo. Current biology : CB 198 12814548
2010 Par3 controls epithelial spindle orientation by aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of apical Pins. Current biology : CB 193 20933426
2010 LGN regulates mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial morphogenesis. The Journal of cell biology 153 20385777
1976 Properties of LGN cells in kittens reared with convergent squint: a neurophysiological demonstration of amblyopia. Experimental brain research 146 1269559
2001 Visual response properties of neurons in the LGN of normally reared and visually deprived macaque monkeys. Journal of neurophysiology 140 11353027
2010 Ric-8A and Gi alpha recruit LGN, NuMA, and dynein to the cell cortex to help orient the mitotic spindle. Molecular and cellular biology 139 20479129
2002 LGN blocks the ability of NuMA to bind and stabilize microtubules. A mechanism for mitotic spindle assembly regulation. Current biology : CB 126 12445386
2011 A lateral belt of cortical LGN and NuMA guides mitotic spindle movements and planar division in neuroepithelial cells. The Journal of cell biology 123 21444683
2014 The dynamics of plant plasma membrane proteins: PINs and beyond. Development (Cambridge, England) 116 25053426
2014 Par3-mInsc and Gαi3 cooperate to promote oriented epidermal cell divisions through LGN. Nature cell biology 110 25016959
2011 LGN/mInsc and LGN/NuMA complex structures suggest distinct functions in asymmetric cell division for the Par3/mInsc/LGN and Gαi/LGN/NuMA pathways. Molecular cell 108 21816348
2017 Cell division orientation is coupled to cell-cell adhesion by the E-cadherin/LGN complex. Nature communications 103 28045117
2002 Expression analysis and subcellular distribution of the two G-protein regulators AGS3 and LGN indicate distinct functionality. Localization of LGN to the midbody during cytokinesis. The Journal of biological chemistry 100 11832491
1996 Identification and cDNA cloning of a novel human mosaic protein, LGN, based on interaction with G alpha i2. Gene 98 8973305
2006 The parvocellular LGN provides a robust disynaptic input to the visual motion area MT. Neuron 97 16630841
2012 GPSM2 mutations cause the brain malformations and hearing loss in Chudley-McCullough syndrome. American journal of human genetics 93 22578326
2004 The planar cell polarity protein Strabismus promotes Pins anterior localization during asymmetric division of sensory organ precursor cells in Drosophila. Development (Cambridge, England) 82 14701683
2019 Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Endodontic Pins on L929 Cell Line. BioMed research international 78 31815131
2014 SLK-dependent activation of ERMs controls LGN-NuMA localization and spindle orientation. The Journal of cell biology 78 24958772
2005 Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8A catalyzes release of Galphai-GTP and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) from NuMA/LGN/Galphai-GDP complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77 16275912
2017 Defective Gpsm2/Gαi3 signalling disrupts stereocilia development and growth cone actin dynamics in Chudley-McCullough syndrome. Nature communications 76 28387217
2002 Are primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells really sensitive to orientation or direction? Visual neuroscience 75 12180863
2007 Galphai generates multiple Pins activation states to link cortical polarity and spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 17726110
2005 Locomotion defects, together with Pins, regulates heterotrimeric G-protein signaling during Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric divisions. Genes & development 74 15937221
2016 Concomitant binding of Afadin to LGN and F-actin directs planar spindle orientation. Nature structural & molecular biology 71 26751642
2007 Recovery from optic neuritis: an ROI-based analysis of LGN and visual cortical areas. Brain : a journal of neurology 68 17472983
2006 Contribution of feedforward thalamic afferents and corticogeniculate feedback to the spatial summation area of macaque V1 and LGN. The Journal of comparative neurology 68 16871526
2017 E-cadherin and LGN align epithelial cell divisions with tissue tension independently of cell shape. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 67 28674014
2011 Inscuteable and NuMA proteins bind competitively to Leu-Gly-Asn repeat-enriched protein (LGN) during asymmetric cell divisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 67 22171003
2021 Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq uncovers shared and distinct axes of variation in dorsal LGN neurons in mice, non-human primates, and humans. eLife 66 34473054
1996 No binocular rivalry in the LGN of alert macaque monkeys. Vision research 66 8711902
2011 Structural basis for interaction between the conserved cell polarity proteins Inscuteable and Leu-Gly-Asn repeat-enriched protein (LGN). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 64 22074847
1997 The distribution and morphology of LGN K pathway axons within the layers and CO blobs of owl monkey V1. Visual neuroscience 64 9278998
2019 GPSM2-GNAI Specifies the Tallest Stereocilia and Defines Hair Bundle Row Identity. Current biology : CB 60 30827920
2014 Dlg1 controls planar spindle orientation in the neuroepithelium through direct interaction with LGN. The Journal of cell biology 54 25202028
2011 Canoe binds RanGTP to promote Pins(TPR)/Mud-mediated spindle orientation. The Journal of cell biology 53 22024168
2006 Modulation of basal and receptor-induced GIRK potassium channel activity and neuronal excitability by the mammalian PINS homolog LGN. Neuron 53 16701207
2017 High miR156 Expression Is Required for Auxin-Induced Adventitious Root Formation via MxSPL26 Independent of PINs and ARFs in Malus xiaojinensis. Frontiers in plant science 52 28674551
2017 VE-Cadherin Phosphorylation Regulates Endothelial Fluid Shear Stress Responses through the Polarity Protein LGN. Current biology : CB 52 28712573
2003 Subcellular localization of LGN during mitosis: evidence for its cortical localization in mitotic cell culture systems and its requirement for normal cell cycle progression. Molecular biology of the cell 49 12925752
2002 Synaptic mechanisms regulating the activation of a Ca(2+)-mediated plateau potential in developing relay cells of the LGN. Journal of neurophysiology 49 11877491
1994 LGN-projecting neurons of the cat's pretectum express glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA. The European journal of neuroscience 49 8019681
2010 Critical roles of LGN/GPSM2 phosphorylation by PBK/TOPK in cell division of breast cancer cells. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 48 20589935
2010 Responses of the human visual cortex and LGN to achromatic and chromatic temporal modulations: an fMRI study. Journal of vision 48 21106678
2013 Evidence for dynein and astral microtubule-mediated cortical release and transport of Gαi/LGN/NuMA complex in mitotic cells. Molecular biology of the cell 45 23389635
2005 Direct binding of Lgl2 to LGN during mitosis and its requirement for normal cell division. The Journal of biological chemistry 45 15632202
1998 REM sleep deprivation in monocularly occluded kittens reduces the size of cells in LGN monocular segment. Sleep 45 9871946
1996 Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation in kittens amplifies LGN cell-size disparity induced by monocular deprivation. Brain research. Developmental brain research 44 8946054
2003 The anterogradely transported BDNF promotes retinal axon remodeling during eye specific segregation within the LGN. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 43 14697662
2005 G alpha selectivity and inhibitor function of the multiple GoLoco motif protein GPSM2/LGN. Biochimica et biophysica acta 41 15946753
2008 Cell polarity in plants: a PARspective on PINs. Current opinion in plant biology 40 18993110
2009 Drosophila GoLoco-protein Pins is a target of Galpha(o)-mediated G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Molecular biology of the cell 39 19570914
2007 A simple model of retina-LGN transmission. Journal of computational neuroscience 37 17763931
2003 Effects of relative humidity and buffer additives on the contact printing of microarrays by quill pins. Analytical biochemistry 36 12927835
2002 Organization of the feedback pathway from striate cortex (V1) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). The Journal of comparative neurology 36 12442318
2015 Warts phosphorylates mud to promote pins-mediated mitotic spindle orientation in Drosophila, independent of Yorkie. Current biology : CB 35 26592339
2003 A mouse homologue of Drosophila pins can asymmetrically localize and substitute for pins function in Drosophila neuroblasts. Journal of cell science 35 12571286
2014 Receptors, repressors, PINs: a playground for strigolactone signaling. Trends in plant science 34 25037847
2006 The G-protein regulatory (GPR) motif-containing Leu-Gly-Asn-enriched protein (LGN) and Gialpha3 influence cortical positioning of the mitotic spindle poles at metaphase in symmetrically dividing mammalian cells. European journal of cell biology 34 17000024
2002 LGN input to simple cells and contrast-invariant orientation tuning: an analysis. Journal of neurophysiology 34 12037176
2016 SAPCD2 Controls Spindle Orientation and Asymmetric Divisions by Negatively Regulating the Gαi-LGN-NuMA Ternary Complex. Developmental cell 32 26766442
2016 Pins is not required for spindle orientation in the Drosophila wing disc. Development (Cambridge, England) 32 27287805
2015 The GPSM2/LGN GoLoco motifs are essential for hearing. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 32 26662512
2013 Par1b links lumen polarity with LGN-NuMA positioning for distinct epithelial cell division phenotypes. The Journal of cell biology 32 24165937
1986 The localization of cytochrome oxidase in the LGN and striate cortex of postnatal kittens. The Journal of comparative neurology 32 3003167
1982 Relationship between amblyopia, LGN cell "shrinkage" and cortical ocular dominance in cats. Experimental brain research 31 7056330
2013 Par1b induces asymmetric inheritance of plasma membrane domains via LGN-dependent mitotic spindle orientation in proliferating hepatocytes. PLoS biology 29 24358023
1998 Temporal-chromatic interactions in LGN P-cells. Visual neuroscience 29 9456504
1992 Age-related expression patterns of the CD15 epitope in the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The Histochemical journal 29 1282510
1986 Differential effect of visual deprivation on cytochrome oxidase levels in major cell classes of the cat LGN. The Journal of comparative neurology 29 3007586
2018 Insc:LGN tetramers promote asymmetric divisions of mammary stem cells. Nature communications 28 29523789
2006 Two forms of human Inscuteable-related protein that links Par3 to the Pins homologues LGN and AGS3. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 28 16458856
2001 Cartesian and non-Cartesian responses in LGN, V1, and V2 cells. Visual neuroscience 28 12020088
2014 Prevention of pin tract infection with iodine-supported titanium pins. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 27 24687211
2012 Inscuteable regulates the Pins-Mud spindle orientation pathway. PloS one 27 22253744
2012 On the inscrutable role of Inscuteable: structural basis and functional implications for the competitive binding of NuMA and Inscuteable to LGN. Open biology 27 22977735
1998 Distinctive characteristics of subclasses of red-green P-cells in LGN of macaque. Visual neuroscience 27 9456503
1977 Lack of intralaminar sprouting of retinal axons in monkey LGN. Brain research 27 405080
2018 Manipulating Femtoliter to Picoliter Droplets by Pins for Single Cell Analysis and Quantitative Biological Assay. Analytical chemistry 26 29648445
1997 On the significance of temporally structured activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Progress in neurobiology 26 9330424
2013 An autoinhibited conformation of LGN reveals a distinct interaction mode between GoLoco motifs and TPR motifs. Structure (London, England : 1993) 25 23665171
1976 The effect of age on the reversibility of cellular atrophy in the LGN of the cat following monocular deprivation: a test of two hypotheses about cell growth. The Journal of comparative neurology 24 950384
2002 Modeling receptive-field structure of koniocellular, magnocellular, and parvocellular LGN cells in the owl monkey (Aotus trivigatus). Visual neuroscience 23 12688666
2016 LGN plays distinct roles in oral epithelial stratification, filiform papilla morphogenesis and hair follicle development. Development (Cambridge, England) 22 27317810
2012 Crystal structures of the scaffolding protein LGN reveal the general mechanism by which GoLoco binding motifs inhibit the release of GDP from Gαi. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 22952234
2011 LGN-dependent orientation of cell divisions in the dermomyotome controls lineage segregation into muscle and dermis. Development (Cambridge, England) 22 21852400
2011 Robust spindle alignment in Drosophila neuroblasts by ultrasensitive activation of pins. Molecular cell 22 21855794
2005 Interaction of transducin-alpha with LGN, a G-protein modulator expressed in photoreceptor cells. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 22 15737739
2004 Asymmetric localization of LGN but not AGS3, two homologs of Drosophila pins, in dividing human neural progenitor cells. Journal of neuroscience research 22 14994339

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