Affinage

HOOK3

Protein Hook homolog 3 · UniProt Q86VS8

Round 2 corrected
Length
718 aa
Mass
83.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
72 papers in source corpus 17 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HOOK3 is a coiled-coil cargo adaptor that coordinates bidirectional microtubule-based transport by simultaneously engaging the dynein-dynactin retrograde motor complex and the kinesin-3 KIF1C anterograde motor. Its conserved N-terminal Hook domain binds dynein light intermediate chain 1 (LIC1), allosterically activating processive dynein-dynactin motility toward microtubule minus ends, while its C-terminal coiled-coil domain anchors to organelle membranes—including the cis-Golgi, endosomes, and lysosomes—and scaffolds KIF1C through a structurally defined interface that also relieves KIF1C autoinhibition (PMID:27482052, PMID:31320392, PMID:31217419, PMID:40312563). HOOK3 functions within the FHF complex (FTS/Hook/FHIP) to promote early-to-late endosome trafficking, interacts with PCM1 at pericentriolar satellites to support interkinetic nuclear migration in neural progenitors, and connects to lysosomes via RUFY3 to drive dynein-dependent perinuclear lysosomal positioning required for autophagic flux (PMID:18799622, PMID:20152126, PMID:39394274). During mitosis, sequential phosphorylation by ERK1c and Aurora A detaches HOOK3 from microtubules and enhances its interaction with the Golgi matrix protein GM130, triggering Golgi fragmentation (PMID:34189435).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1999 High

    Genetic analysis of Drosophila Hook established that all three protein domains—N-terminal, coiled-coil, and C-terminal—are functionally required for endocytic trafficking, defining the conserved tripartite architecture that underlies Hook protein function across species.

    Evidence Null allele isolation, domain truncation analysis, and endocytic trafficking assays in Drosophila

    PMID:9927460

    Open questions at the time
    • Mammalian-specific domain functions not yet tested
    • Molecular targets of each domain unknown
  2. 2001 High

    Identification of human HOOK3 as a cis-Golgi-associated, microtubule-binding protein whose overexpression fragments the Golgi revealed a specific organelle-tethering role distinct from general endocytic trafficking, assigning the N-terminal domain to microtubule binding and the C-terminal domain to organelle attachment.

    Evidence In vitro binding assay, subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, and overexpression phenotype in mammalian cells

    PMID:11238449

    Open questions at the time
    • Motor protein partners not yet identified
    • Mechanism of Golgi fragmentation upon overexpression unclear
  3. 2003 High

    The discovery that Salmonella effector SpiC directly binds HOOK3 to disrupt Golgi morphology and lysosome positioning demonstrated that HOOK3-dependent trafficking is exploited by intracellular pathogens to block phagosome-lysosome fusion.

    Evidence GST pulldown, reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, and dominant-negative phenotypic comparison in macrophages

    PMID:12950921

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of SpiC–HOOK3 interaction unresolved
    • Whether SpiC directly inhibits motor recruitment unknown
  4. 2007 High

    Mapping the HOOK3 C-terminal domain interaction with scavenger receptor A (SR-A) cytoplasmic tail, and showing that HOOK3 depletion increases SR-A surface expression, established HOOK3 as an active participant in receptor turnover and endocytic cargo sorting.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, mass spectrometry, domain truncation, co-IP, and siRNA knockdown with receptor trafficking assay

    PMID:17237231

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether HOOK3 directs SR-A to lysosomes or recycling pathway not determined
    • Generality to other scavenger receptors untested
  5. 2008 High

    Proteomic identification of the FHF complex (FTS/Hook/FHIP) showed that HOOK3 operates as part of a ~500 kDa multiprotein assembly that promotes endosomal clustering and EGF trafficking from early to late endosomes, placing HOOK3 in a defined complex context.

    Evidence AP-MS, yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, siRNA depletion with EGF trafficking assay

    PMID:18799622

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of Hook homo- vs. heterodimers in the FHF complex unresolved
    • Whether FHF complex directly engages motors not tested
  6. 2010 High

    The interaction between HOOK3 and PCM1 at pericentriolar satellites, and its requirement for interkinetic nuclear migration in embryonic neural progenitors, revealed a non-Golgi role for HOOK3 in centrosome-based transport critical for neurogenesis.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vivo disruption of HOOK3-PCM1 interaction, live imaging, cortical neurogenesis assay in developing neocortex

    PMID:20152126

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether HOOK3 at satellites acts through dynein not directly shown
    • Relevance to adult neurogenesis unknown
  7. 2016 High

    Crystal structure of the Hook domain and single-molecule reconstitution demonstrated that HOOK3 directly binds dynein LIC1 and allosterically activates processive dynein-dynactin motility, establishing HOOK3 as a bona fide dynein-activating adaptor with structurally defined motor-binding and activation regions.

    Evidence Crystal structure, structure-based mutagenesis, in vitro binding, single-molecule TIRF motility assay, optogenetic recruitment to peroxisomes

    PMID:27365401 PMID:27482052

    Open questions at the time
    • Cryo-EM structure of the full HOOK3–dynein–dynactin supercomplex not available
    • In vivo contribution of individual LIC1-contact residues not tested
  8. 2019 High

    In vitro reconstitution revealed that HOOK3 simultaneously scaffolds dynein-dynactin and kinesin KIF1C into a single complex, enabling bidirectional transport and relieving KIF1C autoinhibition, answering how opposite-polarity motors are coordinated on the same adaptor.

    Evidence Purified protein reconstitution, single-molecule motility assay, mass spectrometry interactome, pulldown, neuronal transport assay

    PMID:31217419 PMID:31320392

    Open questions at the time
    • Regulatory switch between dynein-dominant and kinesin-dominant states unknown
    • Whether the tripartite complex exists on specific cargo in vivo not visualized
  9. 2021 Medium

    Identification of ERK1c and Aurora A as sequential mitotic kinases that phosphorylate HOOK3, detach it from microtubules, and enhance its GM130 interaction explained how Golgi fragmentation is triggered during mitotic entry through regulated HOOK3 modification.

    Evidence Phosphorylation assays, mutagenesis, co-IP, live-cell imaging, Golgi morphology quantification

    PMID:34189435

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphorylation sites not mapped by mass spectrometry in vivo
    • Whether phosphorylation also affects dynein or KIF1C binding untested
    • Single-lab finding
  10. 2024 Medium

    Demonstration that KIF1C acts as a non-motor scaffold via HOOK3 and lysosome-anchored RUFY3 to promote dynein-driven perinuclear lysosomal positioning resolved how HOOK3 contributes to autophagic and endocytic degradation by positioning lysosomes near the cell center.

    Evidence Co-IP, siRNA knockdown, live-cell imaging, lysosome positioning assay, autophagy flux assay

    PMID:39394274

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct HOOK3–RUFY3 binding not demonstrated with purified proteins
    • Contribution of the FHF complex to this pathway not addressed
    • Single-lab finding
  11. 2025 High

    Crystal structure of the Hook3(553–624)–KIF1C(714–809) complex provided the atomic-resolution basis for the adaptor–kinesin interaction, and structure-guided mutations confirmed this interface is necessary and sufficient for HOOK3–KIF1C-mediated transport in cells.

    Evidence Crystal structure, structure-based mutagenesis, co-IP in HEK293T, live-cell transport assay in RPE1 cells

    PMID:40312563

    Open questions at the time
    • No structure of the full-length HOOK3 dimer with both dynein-dynactin and KIF1C simultaneously bound
    • Post-translational regulation of this interface not explored

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include how HOOK3-dependent transport is cargo-selectively regulated in vivo, whether distinct phosphorylation events differentially control dynein versus KIF1C engagement, and what structural features govern HOOK3 specificity relative to HOOK1 and HOOK2.
  • No cryo-EM structure of the HOOK3–dynein–dynactin–KIF1C supercomplex
  • Cargo-specific adaptor-receptor interactions beyond SR-A and RUFY3 are poorly defined
  • Paralog-specific functions among HOOK1/2/3 not systematically dissected

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 5 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 5
Localization
GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 4 GO:0005768 endosome 3 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 3 GO:0005764 lysosome 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 1
Pathway
R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 6 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 3 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 1 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
DYNC1LI1FHIPFTSGM130KIF1CMSR1PCM1RUFY3
Complex memberships
Dynein-dynactin-HOOK3 activating adaptor complexFHF complex (FTS/Hook/FHIP)HOOK3-KIF1C bidirectional transport complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 HOOK3 is a cytosolic coiled-coil protein with a conserved NH2-terminal domain that mediates microtubule binding and a divergent COOH-terminal domain that mediates organelle binding. Human HOOK3 binds to Golgi membranes in vitro and is enriched at the cis-Golgi in vivo. Overexpression of HOOK3 caused fragmentation of the Golgi complex, indicating a role in defining Golgi architecture and localization. In vitro binding assay, subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, overexpression with phenotypic readout The Journal of cell biology High 11238449
1999 Genetic analysis of Drosophila hook (ortholog of human HOOK proteins) demonstrated that all three domains (N-terminal, central coiled-coil, and C-terminal) are required for Hook function in endocytic trafficking; loss-of-function alleles block accumulation of both transmembrane and soluble ligands in multivesicular bodies. The importance of these domains is conserved between Drosophila and human Hook proteins. Genetic screen, null allele isolation, domain truncation analysis, endocytic trafficking assay Genetics High 9927460
2003 Salmonella SpiC protein directly binds HOOK3 in macrophage cytosol; GST-SpiC pulled down HOOK3 from murine macrophages and anti-HOOK3 antibodies co-precipitated SpiC from infected cells. SpiC expression disrupted Golgi morphology and altered lysosome distribution, mimicking the phenotype of a hook3 dominant-negative mutant, indicating that SpiC targets HOOK3 function to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion. GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, dominant-negative phenotypic comparison, Golgi morphology assay Molecular microbiology High 12950921
2004 IIGP (a 47 kDa IFN-inducible GTPase) interacts with HOOK3 in a GTP-bound conformation-dependent manner. The physical complex was detected by co-immunoprecipitation in IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages. Both proteins co-localize in the cis-Golgi and perinuclear regions, suggesting HOOK3 links IFN-γ-inducible GTPase activity to cytoskeleton-based membrane trafficking. Yeast two-hybrid screening, co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence co-localization Journal of cell science Medium 15075236
2007 HOOK3-RET is a novel oncogenic fusion protein arising from chromosomal rearrangement in papillary thyroid carcinoma, fusing exon 11 of HOOK3 to exon 12 of RET. The chimeric HOOK3-RET protein (~88 kDa) retains HOOK3 coiled-coil domains and the intact RET tyrosine kinase domain. Expression in NIH3T3 cells caused transformed foci formation and tumor growth in nude mice. 5'RACE, Western blot with anti-RET antibody, NIH3T3 transformation assay, nude mouse xenograft Endocrine-related cancer High 17639057
2007 HOOK3 interacts directly with the cytoplasmic domain of scavenger receptor A (SR-A). The interaction was identified by yeast two-hybrid and mass spectrometry, and confirmed by pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation of overexpressed and endogenous proteins. The C-terminal Val614-Ala717 region of HOOK3 is required for binding to negatively charged residues (Glu12, Asp13, Asp15) in the SR-A cytoplasmic domain. siRNA knockdown of HOOK3 promoted SR-A surface expression, ligand uptake, and protein stability, indicating HOOK3 participates in SR-A turnover. Yeast two-hybrid, mass spectrometry, pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, domain truncation, siRNA knockdown with receptor trafficking assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 17237231
2008 HOOK3 is a component of the FHF complex (FTS/Hook/FHIP), a ~500 kDa multiprotein assembly containing FTS, Hook1, Hook2, Hook3, and FHIP. Hook proteins form homo- and heterodimers and interact with members of the HOPS complex. The FHF complex promotes endosomal clustering and EGF trafficking from early-to-late endosomes/lysosomes. Proteomic analysis (AP-MS), yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA depletion with EGF trafficking assay, lysosomal clustering assay Molecular biology of the cell High 18799622
2010 HOOK3 interacts with PCM1 (Pericentriolar Material 1) and is recruited to pericentriolar satellites through this interaction. Disruption of the HOOK3-PCM1 interaction in vivo impairs interkinetic nuclear migration in embryonic neural progenitors, leading to overproduction of neurons and premature depletion of the neural progenitor pool in the developing neocortex. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vivo disruption of protein-protein interaction, live imaging, cortical neurogenesis assay Neuron High 20152126
2015 HOOK3 is expressed in neurons and localizes to tau aggregates in Alzheimer's disease brain. Hook3 deficiency modeled in cultured cells slows endosomal transport and increases β-amyloid production, indicating that HOOK3 participates in endosomal transport relevant to amyloid precursor protein processing. Immunofluorescence in AD brain tissue, siRNA knockdown with endosomal transport assay, β-amyloid ELISA PloS one Medium 25799409
2016 Hook3 activates dynein-dynactin motility by directly binding to the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (LIC1) through its conserved Hook domain. Crystal structure of the Hook domain was solved, and structure-based mutagenesis identified two conserved surface residues critical for LIC1 binding. Hook3 also contains a distinct region required for allosteric activation of processive dynein-dynactin motility. Crystal structure determination, structure-based mutagenesis, in vitro binding assay, single-molecule motility assay The Journal of cell biology High 27482052
2016 Mammalian Hook1 and Hook3 activate cytoplasmic dynein by stabilizing the dynein-dynactin supramolecular complex. Optogenetic recruitment of Hook proteins to peroxisomes drove rapid perinuclear transport. Single-molecule TIRF assays showed Hook1 and Hook3 induce longer run lengths and higher velocities than the activator BICD2. The N-terminal domain (resembling a calponin-homology domain) is required for dynein-dynactin interaction. Optogenetics, single-molecule TIRF motility assay, biochemical co-sedimentation, domain mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 27365401
2019 HOOK3 scaffolds both cytoplasmic dynein-1/dynactin and the kinesin-3 KIF1C into a tripartite complex. In vitro reconstitution with purified components showed full-length Hook3 activates dynein/dynactin motility and binds KIF1C tail, though without activating KIF1C. Hook3 scaffolding allows dynein to transport KIF1C toward microtubule minus ends, and KIF1C to transport dynein toward plus ends. In cells, KIF1C recruits Hook3 to the cell periphery. In vitro reconstitution with purified proteins, single-molecule motility assay, mass spectrometry interactome, live-cell imaging The Journal of cell biology High 31320392
2019 HOOK3 binds the same region of KIF1C tail as the PTPN21 FERM domain and releases KIF1C autoinhibition by increasing KIF1C landing rate onto microtubules. Full-length human KIF1C is a processive plus-end motor, and its autoinhibitory interaction (motor domain with stalk) is relieved by Hook3 or PTPN21 FERM domain binding, enabling cargo-activated transport. In vitro single-molecule motility assay, pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, domain mapping, neuronal transport assay Nature communications High 31217419
2021 HOOK3 is phosphorylated by ERK1c early in mitosis, and subsequently by AuroraA. This dual phosphorylation causes HOOK3 to detach from microtubules and increases its interaction with GM130, leading to Golgi destabilization and fragmentation during mitosis. In cycling cells HOOK3 links microtubules to the Golgi via both interactions. Phosphorylation assay, mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, live-cell imaging, Golgi morphology quantification iScience Medium 34189435
2022 A novel in-frame HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion gene was identified in MDS/8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome, with breakpoints at HOOK3 exon 11 and FGFR1 exon 10. The chimeric protein retains the entire FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain and is associated with NF-κB pathway activation, evidenced by increased phosphorylation of p65 (Ser536) and IKBα (Ser32). RNA-seq with STAR-Fusion, FISH, qRT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, Western blot, phosphorylation antibody array Cancer cell international Medium 35081975
2024 KIF1C facilitates retrograde lysosomal transport by interacting with dynein-activating adaptor HOOK3, which associates with the lysosome-anchored protein RUFY3. KIF1C motor activity is not required and actually inhibits this retrograde process; instead KIF1C acts as a scaffold via Hook3 to promote dynein-driven perinuclear lysosomal positioning critical for autophagic and endocytic cargo degradation. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, live-cell imaging, lysosome positioning assay, autophagy flux assay Communications biology Medium 39394274
2025 Crystal structure of the Hook3(553-624)–KIF1C(714-809) complex was determined, revealing the structural basis for Hook3-KIF1C interaction. Structure-based mutagenesis showed this complex formation is necessary and sufficient for full-length protein interaction in HEK293T cells and for Hook3- and KIF1C-mediated anterograde transport in RPE1 cells. PTPN21 interaction with KIF1C is also part of this assembly. Crystal structure determination, structure-based mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293T cells, live-cell transport assay in RPE1 cells EMBO reports High 40312563

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 72 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2006 A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. Nature biotechnology 1336 16964243
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2003 Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nature genetics 754 14702039
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2018 High-Density Proximity Mapping Reveals the Subcellular Organization of mRNA-Associated Granules and Bodies. Molecular cell 580 29395067
2021 Multilevel proteomics reveals host perturbations by SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Nature 532 33845483
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2015 A Dynamic Protein Interaction Landscape of the Human Centrosome-Cilium Interface. Cell 433 26638075
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2015 Panorama of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes. Nature 407 26344197
1996 Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. Genome research 401 8889548
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
2010 Dynamics of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase network revealed by systematic quantitative proteomics. Cell 318 21145461
2018 An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein interactions and subcellular localizations. Nature communications 201 29568061
2020 UFMylation maintains tumour suppressor p53 stability by antagonizing its ubiquitination. Nature cell biology 168 32807901
2001 The Golgi-associated hook3 protein is a member of a novel family of microtubule-binding proteins. The Journal of cell biology 166 11238449
2019 A protein-interaction network of interferon-stimulated genes extends the innate immune system landscape. Nature immunology 159 30833792
2017 The human cytoplasmic dynein interactome reveals novel activators of motility. eLife 118 28718761
2007 Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 114 18029348
2016 Assembly and activation of dynein-dynactin by the cargo adaptor protein Hook3. The Journal of cell biology 102 27482052
2010 Hook3 interacts with PCM1 to regulate pericentriolar material assembly and the timing of neurogenesis. Neuron 98 20152126
2008 An FTS/Hook/p107(FHIP) complex interacts with and promotes endosomal clustering by the homotypic vacuolar protein sorting complex. Molecular biology of the cell 95 18799622
1997 Prostatic kallikrein hK2, but not prostate-specific antigen (hK3), activates single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. International journal of cancer 94 9180162
2016 Hook Adaptors Induce Unidirectional Processive Motility by Enhancing the Dynein-Dynactin Interaction. The Journal of biological chemistry 85 27365401
1999 Genetic analysis of hook, a gene required for endocytic trafficking in drosophila. Genetics 85 9927460
2005 A novel hook-related protein family and the characterization of hook-related protein 1. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 68 15882442
2022 Scalable multiplex co-fractionation/mass spectrometry platform for accelerated protein interactome discovery. Nature communications 65 35831314
2020 Proteome-wide identification of HSP70/HSC70 chaperone clients in human cells. PLoS biology 65 32687490
2019 Hook3 is a scaffold for the opposite-polarity microtubule-based motors cytoplasmic dynein-1 and KIF1C. The Journal of cell biology 65 31320392
2012 ESR1, HK3 and BRSK1 gene variants are associated with both age at natural menopause and premature ovarian failure. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 62 22248077
2019 PTPN21 and Hook3 relieve KIF1C autoinhibition and activate intracellular transport. Nature communications 57 31217419
2007 HOOK3-RET: a novel type of RET/PTC rearrangement in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine-related cancer 55 17639057
2003 The Salmonella SpiC protein targets the mammalian Hook3 protein function to alter cellular trafficking. Molecular microbiology 52 12950921
2012 PU.1 is linking the glycolytic enzyme HK3 in neutrophil differentiation and survival of APL cells. Blood 49 22498738
2018 HK3 overexpression associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. BMC genomics 48 29504907
2020 HK3 is correlated with immune infiltrates and predicts response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical and translational medicine 35 32508023
2016 Effect of lentivirus-mediated shRNA inactivation of HK1, HK2, and HK3 genes in colorectal cancer and melanoma cells. BMC genetics 32 28105937
2001 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA/hK3): a further player in the field of breast cancer diagnostics? Breast cancer research : BCR 30 11434875
2023 CircZBTB44 promotes renal carcinoma progression by stabilizing HK3 mRNA structure. Molecular cancer 28 37106446
2014 CEBPA-dependent HK3 and KLF5 expression in primary AML and during AML differentiation. Scientific reports 28 24584857
2004 IIGP, a member of the IFN inducible and microbial defense mediating 47 kDa GTPase family, interacts with the microtubule binding protein hook3. Journal of cell science 28 15075236
1999 Characterization and processing of prostate specific antigen (hK3) and human glandular kallikrein (hK2) secreted by LNCaP cells. Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases 28 12496845
2001 The role of molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA or hK3) and of human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer and in extra-prostatic disease. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences 22 11720279
2015 Hook proteins: association with Alzheimer pathology and regulatory role of hook3 in amyloid beta generation. PloS one 21 25799409
2019 miR-496 remedies hypoxia reoxygenation-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis via Hook3-targeted PI3k/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway activation. Journal of cellular biochemistry 19 31436348
2008 Higher expression of the androgen-regulated gene PSA/HK3 mRNA in prostate cancer tissues predicts biochemical recurrence-free survival. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 18 18245536
2024 Dual roles of HK3 in regulating the network between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in neuroblastoma. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 16 38714539
2007 The microtubule-binding protein Hook3 interacts with a cytoplasmic domain of scavenger receptor A. The Journal of biological chemistry 16 17237231
1996 Sequence of human hexokinase III cDNA and assignment of the human hexokinase III gene (HK3) to chromosome band 5q35.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 16 8812439
2023 The Circ_35953 induced by the NF-κB mediated the septic AKI via targeting miR-7219-5p/HOOK3 and IGFBP7 axis. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 12 36974922
2022 Identification of a novel HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion gene involved in activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Cancer cell international 11 35081975
2023 HK3 stimulates immune cell infiltration to promote glioma deterioration. Cancer cell international 9 37779195
2021 Mitotic HOOK3 phosphorylation by ERK1c drives microtubule-dependent Golgi destabilization and fragmentation. iScience 9 34189435
2021 Midazolam increases cisplatin-sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) via the miR-194-5p/HOOK3 axis. Cancer cell international 9 34321010
2015 High 18F-FDG uptake in PMAH correlated with normal expression of Glut1, HK1, HK2, and HK3. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 9 25766729
2024 Hexokinase HK3-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of EP300: a key regulator of PD-L1 expression and immune evasion in ccRCC. Cell death & disease 8 39179546
2024 KIF1C facilitates retrograde transport of lysosomes through Hook3 and dynein. Communications biology 8 39394274
2013 Ethnic specificity of variants of the ESR1, HK3, BRSK1 genes and the 8q22.3 locus: no association with premature ovarian failure (POF) in Serbian women. Maturitas 8 24103315
2025 Multi-omics analysis reveals immunosuppression in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma induced by creatine accumulation and HK3 deficiency. Genome medicine 7 40329370
2024 HOOK3 suppresses proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer via the SP1/VEGFA axis. Cell death discovery 6 38228617
2025 Targeting HK3 in tumor-associated macrophages enhances antitumor immunity through augmenting antigen cross-presentation in cervical cancer. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 4 40664447
2026 cGAS-STING signaling pathway promotes ischemic kidney injury by regulating HK3-mediated lipid accumulation. Free radical biology & medicine 0 41825654
2025 Molecular basis for assembly and activation of the Hook3 - KIF1C complex-dependent transport machinery. EMBO reports 0 40312563
2025 Exosomal miR-3529-3p increases the sensitivity of trastuzumab via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting HOOK3. International immunopharmacology 0 40614603
2025 Identification of HK3 as a Potential Key Biomarker in the Progression of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis via RNA Sequencing. Biology 0 41300284
2024 Genetic association of novel SNPs in HK-1 (rs201626997) and HK-3 (rs143604141) with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bangladeshi population. Gene 0 38527673