Affinage

HMGB2

High mobility group protein B2 · UniProt P26583

Length
209 aa
Mass
24.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 46 papers cited in narrative 46 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HMGB2 is a sequence-nonspecific architectural chromatin protein that uses its two HMG box domains to bend, unwind, and structurally remodel DNA, thereby acting as a versatile facilitator of nucleoprotein complex assembly and gene regulation (PMID:8339930, PMID:226939, PMID:9888798). It bends DNA extremely efficiently — forming circles as small as 66 bp and substituting for prokaryotic HU in invertasome assembly — and reduces DNA linking number by local denaturation of base pairs, with box B serving as the primary DNA-recognition and bending domain (Phe-102 intercalating into the base stack) and box A acting through a flexible hinge mechanism (PMID:8339930, PMID:628842, PMID:226939, PMID:9888798, PMID:15833996). Through these activities HMGB2 modulates transcription in opposing directions: in reconstituted RNA Pol II systems it activates transcription by stabilizing the TFIID-TFIIA-promoter complex and slowing TFIIB dissociation, yet also acts as a basal repressor of class II genes that is relieved by an ATP-dependent TFIIH-associated activity (PMID:7797075, PMID:8007973). As an architectural co-factor it is recruited into diverse regulatory complexes — the RAG1/2 recombinase machinery where it enhances binding and bending of recombination signal sequences (PMID:10490593, PMID:10390537), Lef-1/β-catenin Wnt complexes (PMID:19805379), the SET complex at the ER (PMID:11909973), and ER/SRC-1 complexes in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer (PMID:25284587) — and it directly occupies and regulates specific promoters including GFI1B, C/EBPβ, and latexin to control erythroid differentiation, adipogenesis, and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance (PMID:19965638, PMID:31171637, PMID:34215724). Its activity is tuned by acetylation, which confers nucleosome-core-particle binding and enhances co-remodeling with SWI/SNF and RSC (PMID:19522541), and its nucleocytoplasmic distribution is governed by an HMG-box-flanking NLS, acidic C-terminal retention, and lncRNA binding, with granzyme A cleavage after Lys65 destroying its DNA functions (PMID:11909973, PMID:9166769, PMID:30575817). In senescence HMGB2 is depleted from the nucleus, an event sufficient to drive CTCF clustering and 3D genome reorganization while its preferential occupancy of SASP loci shields them from heterochromatin spreading (PMID:27799366, PMID:29706538). Secreted HMGB2, exported via XPO1, signals extracellularly through RAGE-mediated ROS to drive vascular and myocardial injury and induces calreticulin translocation for immunogenic cell death (PMID:28183701, PMID:39354146, PMID:28011583). Across genetic knockouts, HMGB2 is required for spermatogenesis, cartilage homeostasis, neural stem cell control, muscle regeneration, hepatocyte proliferation, adipogenesis, hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, and exhausted-progenitor T cell differentiation (PMID:11262228, PMID:19139395, PMID:24391977, PMID:27672022, PMID:37704621, PMID:34215724, PMID:35831365).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1979 High

    Established the foundational biochemical activity of HMGB2 on DNA structure, defining it as a DNA-distorting protein rather than a sequence-specific factor.

    Evidence Topological winding number assays and melting absorption measurements with circular DNA

    PMID:226939 PMID:628842

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not address sequence preference or in vivo relevance
    • Quantitative unwinding angle measured in vitro only
  2. 1995 High

    Demonstrated HMGB2 bends DNA extremely efficiently and identified box B as sufficient for bending and complex nucleoprotein assembly, framing HMGB2 as an architectural facilitator.

    Evidence Ligase-mediated circularization, invertasome assembly, and partial proteolysis domain mapping

    PMID:8339930

    Open questions at the time
    • Box A contribution not fully resolved
    • Physiological nucleoprotein targets not identified
  3. 1999 High

    Refined the division of labor between the HMG boxes, showing box B is the primary DNA-recognition/bending domain with an intercalating residue while box A acts via a flexible hinge.

    Evidence Gel retardation, SPR, supercoiling assays with domain mutants, single-molecule optical tweezers, computer modeling

    PMID:15833996 PMID:9888798

    Open questions at the time
    • Cooperative filament binding mode mechanism incompletely defined
    • In vivo consequences of distinct binding modes unclear
  4. 1995 High

    Linked HMGB2's biochemical DNA activity to transcriptional control, showing it both activates Pol II transcription by stabilizing TFIID-TFIIA and represses basal transcription until relieved by TFIIH ATPase activity.

    Evidence Defined reconstituted in vitro Pol II transcription with purified factors, order-of-addition, antibody depletion, nucleotide-analog tests

    PMID:7797075 PMID:8007973

    Open questions at the time
    • The TFIIH-associated counteracting factor not molecularly identified
    • Promoter context determining activation vs repression not defined
  5. 1999 High

    Placed HMGB2 in the V(D)J recombination machinery, showing it is incorporated into RAG1/RSS complexes and enhances RAG binding and 23RSS bending.

    Evidence Protein-protein interaction, EMSA, circular permutation bending, in vivo recombination assays with recombinant proteins

    PMID:10390537 PMID:10490593

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry within the cleavage complex not resolved
    • Relative roles of HMGB1 vs HMGB2 in vivo not distinguished
  6. 1997 High

    Defined how HMGB2 subcellular localization is controlled, identifying a novel HMG-box-interspaced NLS and an acidic C-terminal nuclear retention requirement.

    Evidence Fusion-protein deletion mapping in COS-7 cells and interspecies heterokaryon retention assay

    PMID:9166769

    Open questions at the time
    • Trans-acting import/retention factors not identified
    • Regulation of shuttling by signals not addressed
  7. 2002 High

    Revealed a cytoplasmic, ER-associated pool of HMGB2 within the SET complex and identified it as a granzyme A substrate, connecting its DNA activity to cytotoxic cell death.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, confocal colocalization, in vitro granzyme A cleavage with functional DNA-binding readouts

    PMID:11909973

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of cytoplasmic HMGB2 beyond cleavage substrate unclear
    • Regulation of nuclear vs cytoplasmic partitioning of the SET complex not defined
  8. 2003 High

    Clarified that HMGB2 remains dynamically associated with mitotic chromosomes, correcting prior fixation artifacts and mapping two binding sites to boxes A and B.

    Evidence Live-cell imaging of tagged proteins, FRAP, permeabilization controls

    PMID:12925773

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of mitotic chromosome binding not established
    • Exchange kinetics not linked to a regulatory output
  9. 2009 High

    Established HMGB2 as a partner in multiple transcription-factor complexes governing differentiation, including Lef-1/β-catenin Wnt signaling and direct GFI1B promoter regulation for erythroid differentiation, with acetylation enabling nucleosome binding and chromatin co-remodeling.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP, reporter assays, conditional β-catenin knockout, nucleosome mobilization with SWI/SNF and RSC, siRNA differentiation assays

    PMID:19522541 PMID:19805379 PMID:19965638

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetylation effects shown for native protein but site-specific causality limited
    • Generality of complex recruitment across loci not fully mapped
  10. 2001 High

    Connected HMGB2 to the p53/p73 tumor-suppressor axis, showing it binds p73 and contextually modulates p53/p73-dependent transactivation, and later that it stabilizes p53 by blocking HPV E6-mediated degradation.

    Evidence Pull-down, EMSA, luciferase reporters, ubiquitination assay, cell cycle FACS across multiple cell lines

    PMID:11748232 PMID:20036050

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-type-dependent opposite effects mechanistically unexplained
    • p53-stabilization restricted to HPV-positive context
  11. 2009 High

    Defined in vivo physiological requirements for HMGB2 through cartilage knockout studies, linking its loss to chondrocyte apoptosis and accelerated osteoarthritis, and showing it suppresses chondrogenic differentiation via Wnt/Runx2.

    Evidence Hmgb2-/- mice, histology, in vitro apoptosis and reporter assays, MSC gain/loss-of-function

    PMID:19139395 PMID:21890638

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct chromatin targets in chondrocytes not enumerated
    • Mechanism coupling DNA binding to apoptosis protection unclear
  12. 2016 High

    Established HMGB2 as a master regulator of senescence-associated genome architecture, acting both as a driver of CTCF clustering/3D reorganization and as a boundary factor protecting SASP loci from heterochromatin spreading.

    Evidence ChIP-seq for HMGB2 and histone marks, Hi-C, knockdown and rescue across multiple cell types, immunofluorescence

    PMID:27799366 PMID:29706538

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which HMGB2 marks SASP boundaries molecularly undefined
    • Trigger for nuclear depletion at senescence entry unknown
  13. 2016 High

    Showed HMGB2 controls myogenic and other tissue regeneration programs through transcriptional regulation of downstream effectors such as IGF2BP2, coupling chromatin function to satellite/progenitor cell behavior.

    Evidence siRNA/overexpression, ChIP, IGF2BP2 rescue, in vivo muscle injury model

    PMID:27672022

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect promoter occupancy at IGF2BP2 partially resolved
    • Generalizability across regenerating tissues not tested in one model
  14. 2017 High

    Defined an extracellular signaling role for HMGB2, acting through RAGE (not TLR4) to drive ROS production and tissue injury in vascular and myocardial contexts.

    Evidence Hmgb2-/- injury models, perivascular/intramyocardial protein administration, RAGE/TLR4 knockdown, ROS and NADPH oxidase assays

    PMID:28011583 PMID:28183701

    Open questions at the time
    • Secretion mechanism in these contexts not defined
    • Downstream RAGE effector pathway partially characterized
  15. 2018 High

    Demonstrated that HMGB2 nucleocytoplasmic partitioning is regulated by lncRNAs and XPO1-dependent export, with localization dictating function from EMT (nuclear/OCT4) to immunogenic cell death (secreted/calreticulin).

    Evidence RNA pull-down, subcellular fractionation, leptomycin B/selinexor export inhibition, co-IP, CRT translocation and ferroptosis assays, exogenous CT-HMGB2 protein

    PMID:25937287 PMID:30575817 PMID:39354146

    Open questions at the time
    • Signals triggering XPO1-dependent secretion not identified
    • Relationship between lncRNA sequestration and active export not integrated
  16. 2024 High

    Revealed an epitranscriptomic layer controlling HMGB2 abundance, where NAT10-mediated ac4C modification of HMGB2 mRNA enhances its translation via eEF2 binding to promote tumor proliferation.

    Evidence acRIP-seq, ribosome profiling, RNA pull-back/MS, site-specific mutation, in vitro and in vivo HCC models

    PMID:39030964

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ac4C regulation operates outside HCC unknown
    • Quantitative contribution of translation control vs transcription not separated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the same architectural protein achieves opposing transcriptional outcomes and partitions among nuclear chromatin, cytoplasmic complexes, and secreted signaling pools in a context-specific manner remains unresolved.
  • No unifying model linking DNA-bending activity to selective gene-regulatory outcomes
  • Upstream signals dictating subcellular partitioning and secretion not defined
  • Functional distinction between HMGB1 and HMGB2 at shared loci incompletely mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 7 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 7 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 4 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2 GO:0003723 RNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 4 GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 1 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 6 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 5 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 3 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 2
Partners
C/EBPBGFI1BLEF1OCT4RAG1SETSRC-1TP73
Complex memberships
HMGB2/SRC-1/ER complexRAG1/2-RSS recombinase complexSET complexTFIID-TFIIA preinitiation complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 46 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 HMGB2 (HMG2) bends DNA extremely efficiently, forming circles as small as 66 bp, and can substitute for prokaryotic HU protein in promoting assembly of complex nucleoprotein invertasome structures, with HMG box domain B being sufficient for both bending and invertasome assembly. Ligase-mediated circularization assay, invertasome assembly assay, partial proteolytic digestion domain analysis Genes & development High 8339930
1978 HMG2 reduces the linking number of circular DNA when covalent closure occurs in its presence, indicating the protein unwinds the DNA double helix or induces supercoiling. Topological winding number assay with circular DNA and DNA ligase Science High 628842
1979 HMG2 unwinds the DNA double helix by local denaturation of base pairs; HMG2 shows higher affinity for single-stranded than double-stranded DNA in the presence of salt; the net unwinding angle is 26° per molecule of HMG2. Melting absorption technique, competition unwinding experiments measuring topological winding number Nucleic acids research High 226939
1995 HMG2 activates transcription in a defined in vitro RNA polymerase II system by stabilizing an activated conformation of the TFIID-TFIIA-promoter complex; activation requires TFIIA and TAF-containing TFIID, and results in slower TFIIB dissociation from the preinitiation complex. Defined in vitro transcription reconstitution assay with purified factors, order-of-addition experiments, titration experiments Genes & development High 7797075
1994 HMG2 acts as a basal repressor of class II gene transcription by inhibiting steps after TBP-TFIIA-promoter complex assembly but before the fourth phosphodiester bond is formed; a TFIIH-associated factor counteracts this repression in an ATP/dATP-dependent manner. In vitro transcription assay with purified factors, order-of-addition experiments, antibody depletion of TFIIH, ATP analog inhibition Molecular and cellular biology High 8007973
1999 The RAG1 homeodomain directly interacts with both HMG boxes of HMG2; this interaction facilitates RAG1/2 binding to recombination signal sequences (RSS) by promoting high-affinity binding to the nonamer motif, and HMG2 significantly enhances bending of the 23RSS. Protein-protein interaction assay, circular permutation DNA bending assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, in vivo V(D)J recombination assay in transfected cells Molecular and cellular biology High 10490593
1999 HMG2 is stably incorporated into the RAG1/RSS complex; it can increase the affinity of RAG1 for the RSS even in the absence of RAG2. Core RAG1 exists as a dimer both free in solution and as the minimal species bound to the RSS. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), recombinant protein expression, zinc analysis, cleavage activity assay Nucleic acids research High 10390537
2002 HMG2 is a component of the SET complex (270–420 kDa endoplasmic reticulum-associated complex containing SET, pp32, and APE); it coprecipitates with SET and colocalizes with SET at the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic HMG2 mediates DNA binding and bending activity within the SET complex. HMG2 is a physiologically relevant granzyme A substrate; granzyme A cleaves HMG2 after Lys65 within HMG box A, destroying its DNA binding and bending functions. Co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy colocalization, in vitro granzyme A cleavage assay, DNA binding/bending assays, single-stranded DNA nicking assay in isolated nuclei Molecular and cellular biology High 11909973
2001 HMGB2 physically interacts with p73α and p73β (pull-down assay); both HMG box domains A and B of HMGB1 interact with p73α; endogenous or ectopically expressed HMGB2 cell-specifically inhibits p73α/β- and p53-dependent transactivation from the Bax gene promoter in SAOS-2 cells, while stimulating it in H1299 cells. Pull-down assay, gel-shift assay (EMSA), transient transfection with luciferase reporter, antisense knockdown The Journal of biological chemistry High 11748232
2001 Hmgb2 knockout mice are viable but male Hmgb2-/- mice have reduced fertility associated with Sertoli and germ cell degeneration and immotile spermatozoa; in adult mice Hmgb2 is restricted to lymphoid organs and testes, though widely expressed during embryogenesis, indicating a specialized role in germ cell differentiation. Gene knockout (Hmgb2-/- mice), histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, fertility assay Development High 11262228
2003 HMGB1 and HMGB2 are present in mitotic cells in two forms—free and chromatin-associated—that rapidly exchange; two sites encompassing HMG-box A and B are responsible for mitotic chromosome binding; previous immunofluorescence reports of dissociation from chromosomes during mitosis were artifacts of cell permeabilization or chemical fixation. Live-cell imaging with GFP/DsRed-tagged proteins, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), permeabilization controls Molecular biology of the cell High 12925773
1997 Nuclear accumulation of HMG2 is mediated by basic regions interspaced with the HMG box DNA-binding sequence (a novel nuclear localization signal distinct from classic basic clusters); retention within the nucleus requires the acidic carboxyl terminus, as shown by interspecies heterokaryon assay. HMG2-β-galactosidase fusion protein expression in COS-7 cells, deletion analysis, interspecies heterokaryon assay Biochemistry High 9166769
1998 HMG2 activates the nuclease activity of DFF40 (a caspase-3-activated apoptotic DNA fragmentation factor); bacterially expressed HMG2 enhances DFF40 nuclease activity in vitro, suggesting HMG proteins augment apoptotic DNA fragmentation through chromosomal structural changes. In vitro nuclease activity assay with purified recombinant proteins Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 9784391
1999 HMG box B of HMG2 is the primary domain for DNA recognition and conformational changes (supercoiled DNA binding and DNA unwinding); box A requires the flanking basic linker region or box B to achieve full activity; Phe-102 in box B is predicted to intercalate into the base stack, whereas Ala-16 in box A is too small to intercalate. Gel retardation assay, DNA supercoiling assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), deletion/domain expression in E. coli, computer modeling Biochemistry High 9888798
2005 Isolated HMG box A from HMGB2 induces an average DNA bend angle of ~114° (at 50 mM Na+) via a flexible hinge mechanism at low concentrations; at higher concentrations, a cooperative filament binding mode is observed, distinct from the hinge mode. Single-molecule optical tweezers force-extension measurement of DNA Biophysical journal High 15833996
2009 HMGB1 and HMGB2 upregulate cellular expression of topoisomerase IIα; HMGB1/2 knockdown significantly decreases topo IIα mRNA and protein levels; the mechanism involves HMGB1/2 modulating binding of transcription factor NF-Y to the topo IIα promoter, and this effect is dependent on pRb status (active in pRb-negative cells). siRNA knockdown, luciferase reporter assay (topo IIα promoter), western blot, RT-PCR, pRb overexpression rescue experiment Nucleic acids research Medium 19223331
2009 Age-related loss of HMGB2 in articular cartilage superficial zone is associated with reduced cellularity due to increased chondrocyte apoptosis; Hmgb2-/- mice show earlier onset and more severe osteoarthritis with increased cell death preceding glycosaminoglycan depletion. Hmgb2 knockout mice (Hmgb2-/-), histological analysis of cartilage, in vitro apoptosis assay of Hmgb2-/- chondrocytes PNAS High 19139395
2009 HMGB2 enhances binding of Lef-1 to its target sequence and potentiates transcriptional activation of the Lef-1-β-catenin complex; the HMG domain within HMGB2 is required for interaction with Lef-1; HMGB2 and Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-localize in the superficial zone, and conditional deletion of β-catenin in chondrocytes induces apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, transcription reporter assay, conditional knockout of β-catenin in chondrocytes, immunofluorescence PNAS High 19805379
2009 Acetylated forms of HMGB1 and HMGB2 (in vivo acetylated) acquire the ability to bind to nucleosome core particles (not shown for non-acetylated forms); acetylation increases binding to linker DNA-containing nucleosomes and enhances co-remodeling activity with SWI/SNF and RSC; acetylated HMGB1/2 also enhance SWI/SNF binding to nucleosomes without affecting ATPase activity. Nucleosome binding assay, nucleosome mobilization/sliding assay with SWI/SNF and RSC, ATPase assay Biochemistry Medium 19522541
2009 HMGB2 directly binds to the GFI1B promoter in vivo and up-regulates its transactivation, most likely by enhancing the binding of Oct-1 and GATA-1 to the GFI1B promoter; knockdown of HMGB2 in hematopoietic progenitor cells decreases Gfi-1B expression and impairs erythroid differentiation. ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation), luciferase reporter assay, siRNA knockdown, erythroid differentiation assay Blood High 19965638
2011 HMGB2 suppresses chondrogenic differentiation: lentiviral HMGB2 transduction of MSCs inhibits Col2a1 and Col10a1 expression, while Hmgb2-/- MSCs show enhanced Col10a1 and Runx2 expression; HMGB2 negatively regulates the stimulatory effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on the Runx2 proximal promoter. Lentiviral transduction, Hmgb2-/- MSC analysis, RT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay (Runx2 promoter), western blot The Journal of biological chemistry High 21890638
2012 HMGB2 knockdown sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to ionizing radiation by increasing DNA damage and reducing DNA damage repair efficiency; p53 transcriptionally downregulates HMGB2 expression after radiation exposure, as shown by luciferase reporter assay (p53 reduces HMGB2 promoter activity) and by Nutlin-3/Tet-On p53 induction. shRNA knockdown, clonogenic survival assay, comet assay (DNA damage), luciferase reporter assay (HMGB2 promoter), Nutlin-3 treatment, Tet-On p53 induction system Cancer biology & therapy High 23255232
2013 Oct4 post-translational modifications (phosphorylation) promote Akt activation and interaction of Oct4 with Hmgb2 and the SET complex, which preserves H3K27me3 marks in daughter cells and maintains pluripotency gene expression in murine embryonic stem cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, western blot (H3K27me3 ChIP), phosphorylation mutant analysis, Akt inhibition Stem cells Medium 23495099
2013 Hmgb2-/- mice exhibit subventricular zone hyperproliferation with increased numbers of neural stem cells and increased newly born neurons in the olfactory bulb; loss of HMGB2 is associated with upregulation of p21 and NCAM and downregulation of Oct4 in the SVZ. Hmgb2-/- mouse analysis, BrdU/Ki67 immunohistochemistry, western blot, neurosphere assays PloS one Medium 24391977
2014 HMGB2 forms a complex with SRC-1 and estrogen receptor (ER) at promoter regions of target genes in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells; HMGB2 ChIPseq reveals distinct binding patterns between endocrine-sensitive and -resistant contexts; the HMGB2/SRC-1/ER complex targets the RNA helicase DDX18, whose modulation directly affects growth of tamoxifen-resistant cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (SRC-1/HMGB2), ChIP-seq (HMGB2), gene expression analysis, DDX18 knockdown proliferation assay Oncogene High 25284587
2015 HMGB2 directly binds to Lrp1-AS (a natural antisense lncRNA) and this interaction inhibits HMGB2's ability to enhance Srebp1a-dependent transcription of Lrp1; short oligonucleotides targeting Lrp1-AS inhibit the lncRNA-HMGB2 interaction and increase Lrp1 expression. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), in vitro binding assay, luciferase reporter assay (Lrp1 promoter), antisense oligonucleotide treatment Cell reports High 25937287
2016 HMGB2 preferentially localizes to SASP gene loci during senescence; loss of HMGB2 allows spreading of repressive heterochromatin into SASP gene loci, causing SASP gene loci to be incorporated into SAHFs and blunting SASP gene expression; HMGB2 thus acts as a boundary factor preventing heterochromatin spreading. ChIP-seq (HMGB2, H3K9me2/3, H3K27me3), immunofluorescence, siRNA knockdown, gene expression analysis The Journal of cell biology High 27799366
2016 HMGB2 regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation; knockdown of HMGB2 inhibits myoblast proliferation and stimulates differentiation by reducing Myf5 and cyclin A2 protein (not mRNA) levels; HMGB2 acts through transcriptional upregulation of IGF2BP2, an RNA-binding protein that enhances Myf5 translation and stabilizes cyclin A2 mRNA. In vivo HMGB2 depletion attenuates muscle regeneration and reduces satellite cell numbers. siRNA knockdown, lentiviral overexpression, western blot, RT-PCR, in vivo muscle injury model, ChIP, immunostaining Journal of cell science High 27672022
2018 Nuclear depletion of HMGB2 occurs early upon senescence entry and is sufficient to cause senescence-associated CTCF clustering and loop reshuffling; ectopic HMGB2 expression rescues these effects; HMGB2 loss is thus a mechanistic driver of 3D genome reorganization at senescence entry. Hi-C (3D genome), single-cell and population transcriptomics, live imaging, in silico modeling, HMGB2 knockdown, HMGB2 overexpression rescue across three cell types Molecular cell High 29706538
2017 HMGB2 promotes neointimal hyperplasia and VSMC proliferation/migration by inducing reactive oxygen species through increased p47phox phosphorylation; these effects are mediated through RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) but not TLR4, as shown by knockdown/knockout experiments. Hmgb2-/- mouse femoral artery injury model, perivascular HMGB2 administration, siRNA knockdown of p47phox and RAGE/TLR4, ROS measurement, VSMC proliferation/migration assay Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology High 28183701
2009 HMGB2 stabilizes p53 protein in HPV-positive HeLa cells by interfering with HPV E6/E6AP-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53; HMGB2 overexpression in HeLa cells causes p53 accumulation, G1 cell cycle arrest, and decreased proliferation; this effect is specific to HPV-positive cells. siRNA knockdown, overexpression, western blot (p53 protein level), ubiquitination assay, FACS cell cycle analysis Cancer letters Medium 20036050
2019 HMGB2 is required for the differentiation and maintenance of stem-like progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells (Tpex) during chronic viral infection and in tumors through epigenetic and transcriptional programming; Hmgb2-/- CD8+ T cells cannot sustain Tpex differentiation and long-term survival during persistent antigen despite expressing TCF-1 and TOX. Hmgb2-/- mice, chronic LCMV infection model, tumor models, flow cytometry, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, single-cell analysis Nature communications High 37704621
2019 HMGB2 is a transcriptional suppressor of latexin; HMGB2 knockdown increases latexin expression and decreases hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) number and regeneration capacity in vivo; concomitant latexin blockade rescues HSC numbers; a functional SNP (rs31528793) in the latexin promoter differentially binds HMGB2 and affects promoter activity. DNA pull-down with mass spectrometry (identification), HMGB2 knockdown in mice, in vivo HSC number and regeneration assays, luciferase reporter assay (latexin promoter with SNP variants), western blot/RT-PCR Haematologica High 31171637
2019 HMGB2 is a negative regulator of telomerase activity in human embryonic stem cells and neuroectodermal cells; HMGB2 knockdown stimulates telomerase activity potentially through activation of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathways and augmented TERT transcription, while HMGB1 has the opposite (enhancing) effect on telomerase. Inducible shRNA knockdown in hESCs and neuroectodermal cells, telomerase activity assay (TRAP), RT-PCR for TERT/TERC, signaling pathway inhibition FASEB journal Medium 31661640
2021 HMGB2 mediates adipogenesis by binding to the C/EBPβ promoter at the sequence 'GGGTCTCAC' specifically during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) stage, enhancing C/EBPβ expression; exogenous C/EBPβ rescues adipogenic impairment caused by HMGB2 depletion; Hmgb2-/- mice have decreased adipose tissue mass. Hmgb2-/- mice, ChIP (HMGB2 binding to C/EBPβ promoter), lentiviral overexpression/knockdown, C/EBPβ rescue experiment, qPCR, western blot, in vivo adipose tissue analysis Cell death & disease High 34215724
2024 NAT10-mediated N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification within the coding sequence (CDS) of HMGB2 mRNA enhances HMGB2 translation by facilitating binding of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) to the ac4C sites; this NAT10-ac4C/eEF2-HMGB2 axis promotes HCC proliferation and metastasis. acRIP-seq, RNA-seq, ribosome profiling, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, mass spectrometry, site-specific mutation, CETSA/DARTS drug binding assay, in vitro and in vivo HCC models Cancer communications High 39030964
2024 HMGB2 secretion from the cell nucleus into the extracellular milieu is required for oxaliplatin-induced calreticulin (CRT) translocation to the plasma membrane (a required step for immunogenic cell death); nuclear export of HMGB2 is controlled by XPO1 (CRM1); XPO1 inhibition causes nuclear HMGB2 accumulation and inhibits CRT translocation and ferroptosis; exogenous cell-targeted HMGB2 (CT-HMGB2) is three orders of magnitude more potent than oxaliplatin at inducing CRT translocation. XPO1 inhibition (selinexor), nuclear fractionation, confocal microscopy (CRT translocation), ferroptosis assay, exogenous CT-HMGB2 protein treatment, flow cytometry Communications biology High 39354146
2022 Spatiotemporal expression of HMGB2 regulates hepatocyte proliferation and cell size during liver regeneration; Hmgb2-/- mice show significantly delayed hepatocyte proliferation with decreased cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 mRNA, and larger hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy, indicating hepatocyte hypertrophy compensates for reduced proliferation. Hmgb2-/- mice, 70% partial hepatectomy model, immunohistochemistry (Ki67, PCNA), flow cytometry, qPCR (cyclin D1/B1), siRNA knockdown in vitro Scientific reports High 35831365
2018 Loss of HMGB2 in cardiomyocytes causes AKT inactivation and decreased SERCA2a activity; Hmgb2-/- mice show baseline cardiac dysfunction and worsened cardiac dysfunction after TAC (pressure overload), demonstrating HMGB2 has a cardioprotective role by maintaining AKT signaling and calcium pump activity. Hmgb2-/- mice, TAC surgery, echocardiography, western blot (AKT phosphorylation, SERCA2a), cardiac function measurements Circulation journal Medium 30487376
2018 HMGB2 overexpression promotes ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis through activating the JNK1/2-NF-κBp65 signaling pathway in AC16 cardiomyocytes; HMGB2 silencing inhibits I/R-induced JNK1/2 and NF-κBp65 activation; JNK1/2 inhibitor (SP600125) and NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) reverse HMGB2 overexpression-induced injury. HMGB2 overexpression and shRNA knockdown, SP600125/PDTC pharmacological inhibition, western blot (JNK1/2, NF-κBp65, Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3), CCK-8, flow cytometry, TUNEL Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy Medium 30119172
2023 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of HMGB2 are located predominantly in the B-domain and within the linker region (in contrast to HMGB1 where PTMs are in the A-domain and linker), as determined by MALDI mass spectrometry; despite high sequence homology, HMGB1 and HMGB2 have slightly different secondary structures as measured by CD spectroscopy. MALDI mass spectrometry (PTM mapping), UV circular dichroism spectroscopy International journal of molecular sciences Medium 36834988
2023 HMGB2 is required for hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis; Hmgb2-/- mice or HMGB2-inhibitor (inflachromene)-treated mice show impaired HSC transdifferentiation (reduced α-SMA) and slowed CCl4-induced fibrosis; AAV8-mediated HMGB2 overexpression enhances fibrosis; RNA-seq in Hmgb2-/- mice identifies top activated genes in integrin signaling, inflammation, cell cycle, and extracellular matrix pathways. Hmgb2-/- mice, AAV8-Hmgb2 overexpression, CCl4 fibrosis model, primary HSC isolation and transdifferentiation assay, small molecule inhibitor (inflachromene), lipo-shHMGB2, RNA-seq Hepatology communications High 37930124
2016 HMGB2 promotes myocardial ischemic injury in rats by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via RAGE signaling, thereby aggravating cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagosome clearance impairment; RAGE knockdown attenuates HMGB2-induced effects; TLR4 is not involved. Intramyocardial HMGB2 protein injection in MI rats, NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin) co-treatment, RAGE knockdown (siRNA), ROS measurement, echocardiography, histopathology, western blot American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Medium 28011583
2018 HMGB2 knockdown in colorectal cancer cells reduces VSMC-like migration and invasion by stabilizing HMGB2 in the cytoplasm; lnc-CRCMSL physically binds HMGB2 and retains it in the cytoplasm, preventing nuclear entry; nuclear HMGB2 triggers EMT by interacting with OCT4; leptomycin B (nuclear export inhibitor) counteracts lnc-CRCMSL-mediated suppression by accumulating nuclear HMGB2. RNA pull-down assay (lnc-CRCMSL/HMGB2 interaction), subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, leptomycin B treatment, co-IP (HMGB2/OCT4), knockdown/overexpression, in vivo tumor model Oncogene High 30575817
2020 miR-127-5p inhibits granulosa cell (GC) proliferation and impairs DNA damage repair capacity by targeting HMGB2; miR-127-5p upregulation in GCs from premature ovarian insufficiency patients reduces HMGB2 protein; in vivo, miR-127-5p attenuates DNA repair via HMGB2 in mouse ovary. miRNA mimic/inhibitor transfection, luciferase reporter assay (HMGB2 3'UTR), western blot, DNA damage repair assay, orthotopic mouse model, flow cytometry Journal of cellular physiology Medium 32391592
1995 HMG2 mRNA level peaks at G2 phase of the cell cycle in rat fibroblasts; expression of antisense HMG2 RNA in COS-1 cells represses cell cycle progression at G1/S, resulting in decreased cell growth, indicating HMG2 expression is required for cell proliferation. Northern blot (cell cycle staging), antisense RNA expression (cell cycle analysis) Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 7763232

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1993 The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2 promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures. Genes & development 309 8339930
1978 Nonhistone proteins HMG1 and HMG2 change the DNA helical structure. Science (New York, N.Y.) 223 628842
2015 miR-23b-3p regulates the chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells by targeting ATG12 and HMGB2. Cell death & disease 191 25996293
2018 HMGB2 Loss upon Senescence Entry Disrupts Genomic Organization and Induces CTCF Clustering across Cell Types. Molecular cell 175 29706538
2001 Reduced fertility and spermatogenesis defects in mice lacking chromosomal protein Hmgb2. Development (Cambridge, England) 173 11262228
2001 HMGB1 and HMGB2 cell-specifically down-regulate the p53- and p73-dependent sequence-specific transactivation from the human Bax gene promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 164 11748232
2016 HMGB2 orchestrates the chromatin landscape of senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene loci. The Journal of cell biology 139 27799366
1995 Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2. Genes & development 131 7797075
2009 Aging-related loss of the chromatin protein HMGB2 in articular cartilage is linked to reduced cellularity and osteoarthritis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 19139395
2002 HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A. Molecular and cellular biology 118 11909973
1989 Tissue specificity of nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of HMG1 and HMG2 proteins and their probable functions. European journal of biochemistry 113 2583185
2003 Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes. Molecular biology of the cell 110 12925773
1999 The RAG1 homeodomain recruits HMG1 and HMG2 to facilitate recombination signal sequence binding and to enhance the intrinsic DNA-bending activity of RAG1-RAG2. Molecular and cellular biology 106 10490593
1979 Nonhistone proteins HMG1 and HMG2 unwind DNA double helix. Nucleic acids research 94 226939
2015 Antisense RNA controls LRP1 Sense transcript expression through interaction with a chromatin-associated protein, HMGB2. Cell reports 87 25937287
2018 HMGB2 is associated with malignancy and regulates Warburg effect by targeting LDHB and FBP1 in breast cancer. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 75 29463261
1981 Loss of chromosomal high mobility group proteins HMG1 and HMG2 when mouse neuroblastoma and Friend erythroleukemia cells become committed to differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71 6458811
2009 Chromatin protein HMGB2 regulates articular cartilage surface maintenance via beta-catenin pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69 19805379
1997 Novel autoantigens of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCA) in ulcerative colitis: non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG1 and HMG2. Clinical and experimental immunology 67 9010268
2005 Dual binding modes for an HMG domain from human HMGB2 on DNA. Biophysical journal 61 15833996
1998 Prevalence and characterization of novel pANCA, antibodies to the high mobility group non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2, in systemic rheumatic diseases. The Journal of rheumatology 61 9558172
1999 A dimer of the lymphoid protein RAG1 recognizes the recombination signal sequence and the complex stably incorporates the high mobility group protein HMG2. Nucleic acids research 59 10390537
1990 Primary structure of non-histone chromosomal protein HMG2 revealed by the nucleotide sequence. Biochemistry 59 2350545
2023 Structure and Functions of HMGB2 Protein. International journal of molecular sciences 57 37176041
2017 Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 drives gastric cancer progression by regulating HMGB2 modulating the miR-1297. Cancer cell international 57 28396617
1994 Repression of basal transcription by HMG2 is counteracted by TFIIH-associated factors in an ATP-dependent process. Molecular and cellular biology 56 8007973
2017 Expression of HMGB2 indicates worse survival of patients and is required for the maintenance of Warburg effect in pancreatic cancer. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 52 28069585
1999 High mobility group (HMG) non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 are significant target antigens of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis. Gut 48 10323891
2018 Long noncoding RNA CRCMSL suppresses tumor invasive and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma through nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HMGB2. Oncogene 47 30575817
2019 The lncRNA HOXA11-AS promotes glioma cell growth and metastasis by targeting miR-130a-5p/HMGB2. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 46 30657566
2011 Expression patterns and function of chromatin protein HMGB2 during mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 45 21890638
2019 Oncogenic KSHV-encoded interferon regulatory factor upregulates HMGB2 and CMPK1 expression to promote cell invasion by disrupting a complex lncRNA-OIP5-AS1/miR-218-5p network. PLoS pathogens 44 30699189
2012 Positive genetic interactors of HMG2 identify a new set of genetic perturbations for improving sesquiterpene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbial cell factories 44 23259547
2010 Observations on squalene accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the manipulation of HMG2 and ERG6. FEMS yeast research 44 20550581
2009 HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins up-regulate cellular expression of human topoisomerase IIalpha. Nucleic acids research 41 19223331
2013 Oct4 interaction with Hmgb2 regulates Akt signaling and pluripotency. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 40 23495099
2024 Targeting N4-acetylcytidine suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by repressing eEF2-mediated HMGB2 mRNA translation. Cancer communications (London, England) 39 39030964
2017 Association of Serum HMGB2 Levels With In-Stent Restenosis: HMGB2 Promotes Neointimal Hyperplasia in Mice With Femoral Artery Injury and Proliferation and Migration of VSMCs. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 38 28183701
2009 Nucleosome binding properties and Co-remodeling activities of native and in vivo acetylated HMGB-1 and HMGB-2 proteins. Biochemistry 38 19522541
2016 Association of serum HMGB2 level with MACE at 1 mo of myocardial infarction: Aggravation of myocardial ischemic injury in rats by HMGB2 via ROS. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 37 28011583
1999 Differences in DNA recognition and conformational change activity between boxes A and B in HMG2 protein. Biochemistry 37 9888798
1998 Identification of the nuclear factor HMG2 as an activator for DFF nuclease activity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 37 9784391
1992 Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 1551873
2023 HMGB2 regulates the differentiation and stemness of exhausted CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection and cancer. Nature communications 35 37704621
2014 Genomic interaction between ER and HMGB2 identifies DDX18 as a novel driver of endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 35 25284587
2020 MicroRNA-127-5p impairs function of granulosa cells via HMGB2 gene in premature ovarian insufficiency. Journal of cellular physiology 34 32391592
2012 High-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) modulates radioresponse and is downregulated by p53 in colorectal cancer cell. Cancer biology & therapy 34 23255232
1977 Interaction of non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 with DNA. European journal of biochemistry 34 913411
2015 Silencing of high-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) modulates cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proteomics 32 25327479
2011 The sterol-sensing domain (SSD) directly mediates signal-regulated endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase isozyme Hmg2. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 21628456
2009 High-mobility group protein HMGB2 regulates human erythroid differentiation through trans-activation of GFI1B transcription. Blood 32 19965638
2021 microRNA-130a-5p suppresses myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by downregulating the HMGB2/NF-κB axis. BMC cardiovascular disorders 30 33658008
2017 HMGB2 expression is associated with transition from a quiescent to an activated state of adult neural stem cells. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 30 28771884
2016 HMGB2 regulates satellite-cell-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration through IGF2BP2. Journal of cell science 30 27672022
2013 Aberrant neural stem cell proliferation and increased adult neurogenesis in mice lacking chromatin protein HMGB2. PloS one 30 24391977
1995 Differential expression of nuclear HMG1, HMG2 proteins and H1(zero) histone in various blood cells. Cell biochemistry and function 30 7758147
1981 Comparative studies on microinjected high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins, HMG1 and HMG2. The Journal of cell biology 30 6458621
2013 Characterizations of two grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella HMGB2 genes and potential roles in innate immunity. Developmental and comparative immunology 29 23756189
2005 Recombinant derivatives of the human high-mobility group protein HMGB2 mediate efficient nonviral gene delivery. The FEBS journal 29 16098203
2022 HMGB2 causes photoreceptor death via down-regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and up-regulating NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways in light-induced retinal degeneration model. Free radical biology & medicine 28 35091064
2016 HMGB2 holds the key to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The Journal of cell biology 28 27799373
2000 High affinity binding of proteins HMG1 and HMG2 to semicatenated DNA loops. BMC molecular biology 28 11041984
1997 Nuclear accumulation of HMG2 protein is mediated by basic regions interspaced with a long DNA-binding sequence, and retention within the nucleus requires the acidic carboxyl terminus. Biochemistry 28 9166769
1998 Abundance of mRNAs encoding HMG1/HMG2 class high-mobility-group DNA-binding proteins are differentially regulated in cotyledons of Pharbitis nil. Plant molecular biology 27 9617797
2021 HMGB2 orchestrates mitotic clonal expansion by binding to the promoter of C/EBPβ to facilitate adipogenesis. Cell death & disease 26 34215724
2019 MicroRNA-329 upregulation impairs the HMGB2/β-catenin pathway and regulates cell biological behaviors in melanoma. Journal of cellular physiology 26 31219186
2018 Involvement of JNK1/2-NF-κBp65 in the regulation of HMGB2 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis in human AC16 cardiomyocytes. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 26 30119172
2008 High mobility group protein HMGB2 is a critical regulator of plasmodium oocyst development. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 18400754
1995 Repression of cell cycle progression by antisense HMG2 RNA. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 26 7763232
1984 Isolation of high-mobility-group proteins HMG1 and HMG2 in non denaturing conditions and comparison of their properties with those of acid-extracted proteins. Biochimica et biophysica acta 26 6235858
2021 The LncRNA RP11-301G19.1/miR-582-5p/HMGB2 axis modulates the proliferation and apoptosis of multiple myeloma cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Cancer gene therapy 25 33707625
2009 HMGB2 stabilizes p53 by interfering with E6/E6AP-mediated p53 degradation in human papillomavirus-positive HeLa cells. Cancer letters 25 20036050
2023 HMGB2 Deficiency Mitigates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Suppressing Ang-II-Caused Ferroptosis and Inflammation via NF-κβ Pathway. Mediators of inflammation 24 38148870
2019 Involvement of microRNA-23b-5p in the promotion of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction via the HMGB2 signaling pathway. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 24 31103821
2013 Insulin-induced gene protein (INSIG)-dependent sterol regulation of Hmg2 endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in yeast. The Journal of biological chemistry 24 23306196
2003 Molecular characterization of three 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase genes including pathogen-induced Hmg2 from pepper (Capsicum annuum). Biochimica et biophysica acta 24 12591612
2019 Latexin regulation by HMGB2 is required for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Haematologica 23 31171637
1989 Nonhistone proteins HMG1 and HMG2 suppress the nucleosome assembly at physiological ionic strength. Biochimica et biophysica acta 23 2465778
2023 Structural Characteristics of High-Mobility Group Proteins HMGB1 and HMGB2 and Their Interaction with DNA. International journal of molecular sciences 22 36834988
2019 6-Gingerol Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Cell Apoptosis in Human AC16 Cardiomyocytes through HMGB2-JNK1/2-NF-κB Pathway. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 22 30886640
2021 LncRNA SNHG16 accelerates atherosclerosis and promotes ox-LDL-induced VSMC growth via the miRNA-22-3p/HMGB2 axis. European journal of pharmacology 21 34699756
1999 Hmg-coA reductase gene family in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): unique structural features and differential expression of hmg2 potentially associated with synthesis of specific isoprenoids in developing embryos. Plant & cell physiology 21 10501034
1985 Differential binding of chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 to superhelical DNA. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 4084291
2020 Long Noncoding RNA PART1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via Targeting miR-590-3p/HMGB2 Axis. OncoTargets and therapy 20 32982307
2017 Downregulation of miR-130a promotes cell growth and epithelial to mesenchymal transition by activating HMGB2 in glioma. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 20 28851665
2012 Anti-high mobility group box 1 and box 2 non-histone chromosomal proteins (HMGB1/HMGB2) antibodies and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA): accuracy in differentially diagnosing UC and CD and correlation with inflammatory bowel disease phenotype. Journal of gastroenterology 20 22644337
1983 Comparisons of the structures of the chromosomal high mobility group proteins HMG1 and HMG2 prepared under conditions of neutral and acidic pH. Biochimica et biophysica acta 20 6221763
2018 Correlations between age, functional status, and the senescence-associated proteins HMGB2 and p16INK4a. GeroScience 19 29651745
1996 Intracellular distribution of HMG1, HMG2 and UBF change following treatment with cisplatin. Biochimica et biophysica acta 19 8679707
1987 Interaction of non-histone proteins HMG1 and HMG2 with core histones in nucleosomes and core particles revealed by chemical cross-linking. European journal of biochemistry 19 3816775
2022 Spatiotemporal expression of HMGB2 regulates cell proliferation and hepatocyte size during liver regeneration. Scientific reports 18 35831365
2019 HMGB2 is a negative regulator of telomerase activity in human embryonic stem and progenitor cells. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 18 31661640
2018 HMGB2 is a novel adipogenic factor that regulates ectopic fat infiltration in skeletal muscles. Scientific reports 18 29942000
2018 Loss of Endogenous HMGB2 Promotes Cardiac Dysfunction and Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure in Mice. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 18 30487376
1996 Differential binding of HMG1, HMG2, and a single HMG box to cisplatin-damaged DNA. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 18 8975778
2023 HMGB2 is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatology communications 17 37930124
2024 HMGB2-induced calreticulin translocation required for immunogenic cell death and ferroptosis of cancer cells are controlled by the nuclear exporter XPO1. Communications biology 16 39354146
2021 β-Amyrin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in mice and regulates the miR-181b-5p/HMGB2 axis in high glucose-stimulated HK-2 cells. Environmental toxicology 16 34894065
2017 PDGFRA, HSD17B4 and HMGB2 are potential therapeutic targets in polycystic ovarian syndrome and breast cancer. Oncotarget 16 29050221
2015 Disruption of Parasite hmgb2 Gene Attenuates Plasmodium berghei ANKA Pathogenicity. Infection and immunity 16 25916985

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