Affinage

ECD

Protein ecdysoneless homolog · UniProt O95905

Length
644 aa
Mass
72.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 8 papers cited in narrative 8 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ECD (ecdysoneless homolog) is an evolutionarily conserved cofactor that links pre-mRNA splicing machinery biogenesis to cell-cycle progression and stress survival, with prominent oncogenic activity when overexpressed (PMID:33444449, PMID:26711270). In the cytoplasm, ECD acts as a chaperone for U5 snRNP assembly: it delivers and stabilizes the Prp8 protein, and its loss collapses Prp8 levels and U5 snRNP biogenesis, degrading splicing fidelity (PMID:33444449). ECD couples to the R2TP cochaperone complex, binding RUVBL1 in a phosphorylation-independent manner that is the key determinant for its cell-cycle function, while CK2-mediated phosphorylation drives a secondary, dispensable interaction with PIH1D1 (PMID:26711270). ECD also restrains the PERK arm of the unfolded protein response by post-translationally stabilizing GRP78, thereby lowering phospho-PERK, phospho-eIF2α, and ATF4 and conferring a survival advantage under ER stress (PMID:28652267). In gastric cancer, ECD is transcriptionally induced through an ACK1–AKT–POU2F1 axis, with POU2F1 binding the ECD promoter, and it then acts as an effector that promotes EMT, migration, and invasion (PMID:25678401); mechanistically it shields hnRNP F from ZFP91-mediated ubiquitination via its N-terminal STG1 domain (PMID:29706618) and promotes ubiquitination and degradation of the tumor suppressor p53 downstream of ACK1 (PMID:26498357). The founding Drosophila genetics established ecd as essential for development, molting, eclosion, and fertility, acting upstream of ecdysteroid production (PMID:8293578, PMID:6427061).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 1984 Medium

    Established the founding phenotype linking the ecd locus to hormone-dependent development, showing it acts upstream of ecdysone synthesis or secretion.

    Evidence temperature-sensitive Drosophila mutant with HPLC/RIA ecdysteroid measurement and 20-hydroxyecdysone feeding rescue

    PMID:6427061

    Open questions at the time
    • No molecular function for the gene product identified
    • Mechanism by which ecd influences ecdysteroid levels unknown
  2. 1993 Medium

    Defined ecd as an essential developmental gene with both prezygotic and postzygotic roles across the life cycle, beyond the single hormone phenotype.

    Evidence Drosophila gene dosage, complementation, and allelic-series phenotyping

    PMID:8293578

    Open questions at the time
    • No biochemical activity assigned
    • Does not connect developmental requirement to a molecular pathway
  3. 2015 High

    Resolved how ECD engages the R2TP cochaperone complex and which contact drives its cell-cycle function, distinguishing the essential RUVBL1 interaction from a dispensable CK2/PIH1D1-dependent one.

    Evidence reciprocal Co-IP, in vitro binding with phospho-deficient mutants, and rescue of Ecd-KO cells

    PMID:26711270

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct cell-cycle substrates or clients of the ECD–R2TP module not defined
    • Structural basis of RUVBL1 binding unresolved
  4. 2015 High

    Placed ECD as a transcriptionally regulated effector of an upstream oncogenic kinase axis driving invasion.

    Evidence SILAC proteomics, POU2F1 ChIP on the ECD promoter, siRNA epistasis, and in vivo metastasis in gastric cancer models

    PMID:25678401

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular effectors of ECD's EMT-promoting activity not defined in this study
    • Generality beyond gastric cancer not addressed
  5. 2017 High

    Identified ECD as a negative regulator of PERK-arm UPR signaling acting through post-translational stabilization of GRP78.

    Evidence reciprocal Co-IP, gain/loss-of-function with pathway immunoblots, and GRP78-knockdown epistasis

    PMID:28652267

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which ECD stabilizes GRP78 protein not defined
    • Whether this links to ECD's chaperone/R2TP roles unknown
  6. 2017 Medium

    Connected ECD to tumor-suppressor control by showing it promotes p53 ubiquitination and degradation downstream of ACK1.

    Evidence ubiquitination assays, siRNA/overexpression epistasis, colony formation and cell-cycle assays

    PMID:26498357

    Open questions at the time
    • E3/E2 machinery ECD uses for p53 ubiquitination not identified
    • Single-lab finding without independent confirmation
  7. 2018 High

    Defined a direct molecular mechanism for ECD's pro-metastatic activity: competitive protection of a substrate from an E3 ligase.

    Evidence Co-IP with truncation domain mapping, ubiquitination assays, invasion/migration assays, and in vivo metastasis

    PMID:29706618

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether STG1-domain shielding extends to other substrates unknown
    • Structural detail of the ECD–hnRNP F interface unresolved
  8. 2021 High

    Established the conserved core molecular function of ECD as a cytoplasmic chaperone for Prp8 and U5 snRNP biogenesis required for splicing fidelity.

    Evidence Drosophila genetic loss-of-function with splicing readouts and Co-IP/MS partner identification (SmD3)

    PMID:33444449

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Prp8 delivery to nascent U5 snRNPs not defined at structural level
    • Whether splicing role explains mammalian cell-cycle and cancer phenotypes not tested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How ECD's conserved splicing/chaperone function mechanistically integrates with its R2TP cell-cycle role, UPR regulation, and substrate-shielding oncogenic activities remains unresolved.
  • No unifying biochemical model linking the splicing, cell-cycle, UPR, and ubiquitination functions
  • Direct enzymatic activity of ECD remains undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0044183 protein folding chaperone 1 GO:0140313 molecular sequestering activity 1
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 1 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 1 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 1
Partners
EIF2AK3HNRNPFHSPA5PIH1D1PRPF8RUVBL1SNRPD3
Complex memberships
R2TP cochaperone complexU5 snRNP

Evidence

Reading pass · 8 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2021 Drosophila Ecdysoneless (Ecd) promotes U5 snRNP assembly and stabilizes Prp8 protein. Ecd delivers Prp8 to the emerging U5 snRNPs in the cytoplasm; Ecd deficiency leads to reduced Prp8 protein levels and compromised U5 snRNP biogenesis, causing loss of splicing fidelity. SmD3 was identified as a novel interaction partner of Ecd by proteomic approaches. Drosophila genetics, proteomic approaches (Co-IP/MS), loss-of-function with splicing fidelity readout Nucleic Acids Research High 33444449
2015 Mammalian ECD interacts with the R2TP cochaperone complex component RUVBL1 in a phosphorylation-independent manner, and this interaction is essential for ECD's cell cycle progression function. ECD also undergoes CK2-mediated phosphorylation that facilitates interaction with PIH1D1 (another R2TP component), but phosphorylation-deficient ECD mutants that lose PIH1D1 binding still interact with R2TP and partially retain cell cycle function. The RUVBL1 interaction is the key functional determinant for rescuing Ecd-deficient cells from cell cycle arrest. Biochemical Co-IP, in vitro binding assays with phosphorylation-deficient mutants, rescue of Ecd-KO cells with mutant constructs Molecular and Cellular Biology High 26711270
2017 Mammalian ECD is a negative regulator of the PERK arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR). ECD colocalizes and coimmunoprecipitates with PERK and GRP78. ECD depletion increases phospho-PERK and phospho-eIF2α levels; ECD overexpression decreases p-PERK, p-eIF2α, and ATF4 but increases GRP78 protein (without increasing GRP78 mRNA, suggesting posttranslational regulation). Knockdown of GRP78 reverses ECD's attenuation of PERK signaling. ECD overexpression confers survival advantage under ER stress. Co-immunoprecipitation, colocalization, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, immunoblot for pathway components, GRP78 knockdown epistasis Molecular and Cellular Biology High 28652267
2018 ECD promotes gastric cancer invasion and metastasis by protecting hnRNP F from ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. ZFP91 was identified as the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for hnRNP F ubiquitination at Lys185. ECD competitively binds hnRNP F via its N-terminal STG1 domain (residues 13–383), preventing hnRNP F from interacting with ZFP91, thus blocking ZFP91-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of hnRNP F. Co-IP, domain mapping with truncation mutants, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibitor experiments, siRNA knockdown, in vitro invasion/migration assays, in vivo metastasis model Cell Death & Disease High 29706618
2015 In gastric cancer, ACK1 activates AKT (phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473), which upregulates the transcription factor POU2F1; POU2F1 directly binds the promoter of ECD and transcriptionally activates ECD expression. ECD overexpression downstream of this pathway promotes EMT, migration, and invasion. Silencing ECD completely blocks ACK1-overexpression-induced EMT, migration, and invasion, placing ECD as a functional effector in the ACK1-AKT-POU2F1-ECD signaling axis. SILAC quantitative proteomics, siRNA knockdown, chromatin immunoprecipitation (POU2F1 on ECD promoter), overexpression, in vitro migration/invasion, in vivo metastasis The Journal of Pathology High 25678401
2017 ECD promotes gastric cancer tumorigenesis via ubiquitination and degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. Overexpression of ECD or ACK1 promotes p53 ubiquitination and decreases p53 levels; silencing of ECD decreases p53 ubiquitination and increases p53 levels. Silencing ECD attenuates the enhancement of p53 ubiquitination induced by ACK1 overexpression, placing ECD downstream of ACK1 in controlling p53 stability. Ubiquitination assay, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, immunoblot, colony formation and cell cycle assays Oncotarget Medium 26498357
1993 The Drosophila ecdysoneless (ecd) locus is required for embryonic development, successful completion of each larval molt, adult eclosion, and female fertility. Mutant allele analysis showed ecd is required for normal macrochaete differentiation. Gene dosage and complementation studies with five nonconditional lethal alleles established that ecd plays both prezygotic and postzygotic roles essential for normal development. Severity of phenotype correlated with ecd mutant genotype. Drosophila genetics — gene dosage, complementation tests, phenotypic analysis of multiple alleles Developmental Genetics Medium 8293578
1984 The Drosophila temperature-sensitive l(3)ecd-1ts mutation causes an ecdysteroid deficit at the restrictive temperature (29°C), blocking pupariation. HPLC and RIA analyses confirmed low ecdysteroid levels in mutant larvae shifted to restrictive temperature, and feeding ecd-1 larvae 20-hydroxyecdysone triggered abortive pupariation, demonstrating that the ecd-1 mutation acts upstream of ecdysone synthesis or secretion. HPLC ecdysteroid analysis, radioimmunoassay, hormone feeding rescue experiments, developmental staging General and Comparative Endocrinology Medium 6427061

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Top-down ESI-ECD-FT-ICR mass spectrometry localizes noncovalent protein-ligand binding sites. Journal of the American Chemical Society 168 17090006
2013 Abnormal recruitment of extracellular matrix proteins by excess Notch3 ECD: a new pathomechanism in CADASIL. Brain : a journal of neurology 167 23649698
2022 8-oxoguanine and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine Biomarkers of Oxidative DNA Damage: A Review on HPLC-ECD Determination. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 117 35268721
2005 Reverse recruitment: the Nup84 nuclear pore subcomplex mediates Rap1/Gcr1/Gcr2 transcriptional activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 15817685
2006 A method to determine RNA and DNA oxidation simultaneously by HPLC-ECD: greater RNA than DNA oxidation in rat liver after doxorubicin administration. Biological chemistry 110 16497170
2004 Characterization of Tetrahymena histone H2B variants and posttranslational populations by electron capture dissociation (ECD) Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 74 15199121
2015 ACK1 promotes gastric cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis through AKT-POU2F1-ECD signalling. The Journal of pathology 70 25678401
2017 Exploring ECD on a Benchtop Q Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Journal of proteome research 68 29249155
1992 Role of GCR2 in transcriptional activation of yeast glycolytic genes. Molecular and cellular biology 62 1508187
2006 Quantification of Parkinson's disease-related network expression with ECD SPECT. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 57 17096095
2003 Estimates of regional cerebral blood flow and 5-HT2A receptor density in impulsive, aggressive dogs with 99mTc-ECD and 123I-5-I-R91150. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 56 14579095
2016 Cutaneous manifestations of Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD): Clinical, pathological, and molecular features in a monocentric series of 40 patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 55 26785805
2014 Electrochemical immunosensor for the analysis of the breast cancer biomarker HER2 ECD. Talanta 55 25127638
2012 Challenges in the clinical utility of the serum test for HER2 ECD. Biochimica et biophysica acta 55 22521738
1996 Cellular basis of ECD brain retention. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 54 8862314
2014 Sequestration of latent TGF-β binding protein 1 into CADASIL-related Notch3-ECD deposits. Acta neuropathologica communications 53 25190493
2006 Selective inhibition of ADAM metalloproteases blocks HER-2 extracellular domain (ECD) cleavage and potentiates the anti-tumor effects of trastuzumab. Cancer biology & therapy 53 16627988
1999 Jararhagin ECD-containing disintegrin domain: expression in escherichia coli and inhibition of the platelet-collagen interaction. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 52 10486149
2008 Probing the gas-phase folding kinetics of peptide ions by IR activated DR-ECD. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 47 18400512
2019 Quantum dots as nanolabels for breast cancer biomarker HER2-ECD analysis in human serum. Talanta 45 31816682
1996 Loss of human E-cadherin (ECD) correlated with invasiveness of transitional cell cancer in the renal pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder. Cancer letters 44 8616803
1995 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in DNA of human breast cancer are not significantly different from those of non-cancerous breast tissues by the HPLC-ECD method. Cancer letters 43 7736451
1984 Ecdysteroids during the third larval instar in 1(3)ecd-1ts, a temperature-sensitive mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. General and comparative endocrinology 42 6427061
2018 Notch3ECD immunotherapy improves cerebrovascular responses in CADASIL mice. Annals of neurology 38 30014602
2012 Two-dimensional ECD FT-ICR mass spectrometry of peptides and glycopeptides. Analytical chemistry 38 22762261
2022 A high-performance electrochemical aptasensor based on graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles to detect HER2-ECD oncomarker in liquid biopsy. Scientific reports 36 35228597
2008 Activated Ion Electron Capture Dissociation (AI ECD) of proteins: synchronization of infrared and electron irradiation with ion magnetron motion. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 36 19200749
2018 ECD promotes gastric cancer metastasis by blocking E3 ligase ZFP91-mediated hnRNP F ubiquitination and degradation. Cell death & disease 35 29706618
2014 Conformational changes of ubiquitin during electrospray ionization as determined by in-ESI source H/D exchange combined with high-resolution MS and ECD fragmentation. Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS 33 25303388
2007 Criteria for confirming sequence periodicity identified by Fourier transform analysis: application to GCR2, a candidate plant GPCR? Biophysical chemistry 33 18086512
2016 Echinocandin B biosynthesis: a biosynthetic cluster from Aspergillus nidulans NRRL 8112 and reassembly of the subclusters Ecd and Hty from Aspergillus pachycristatus NRRL 11440 reveals a single coherent gene cluster. BMC genomics 32 27502607
2020 Immunomagnetic bead-based bioassay for the voltammetric analysis of the breast cancer biomarker HER2-ECD and tumour cells using quantum dots as detection labels. Mikrochimica acta 31 32088788
2007 Liquid chromatography electron capture dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ECD-MS/MS) versus liquid chromatography collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-CID-MS/MS) for the identification of proteins. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 31 17350280
1999 The E-box DNA binding protein Sgc1p suppresses the gcr2 mutation, which is involved in transcriptional activation of glycolytic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS letters 31 10606743
1994 ECD--a totally integrated database of Escherichia coli K12. Nucleic acids research 29 7937044
2017 Amplification of ACK1 promotes gastric tumorigenesis via ECD-dependent p53 ubiquitination degradation. Oncotarget 28 26498357
2005 Influence of low glycolytic activities in gcr1 and gcr2 mutants on the expression of other metabolic pathway genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast (Chichester, England) 28 15645478
2004 Serum levels of HER2 ECD can determine the response rate to low dose oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate in patients with advanced stage breast carcinoma. Anticancer research 28 15154657
2018 The mechanism of reduced IgG/IgE-binding of β-lactoglobulin by pulsed electric field pretreatment combined with glycation revealed by ECD/FTICR-MS. Food & function 27 29220053
2019 Modulation of PTH1R signaling by an ECD binding antibody results in inhibition of β-arrestin 2 coupling. Scientific reports 26 31594997
2018 Abdominal involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD): MRI and CT imaging findings and their association with BRAFV600E mutation. European radiology 26 29556768
2010 Acurhagin-C, an ECD disintegrin, inhibits integrin alphavbeta3-mediated human endothelial cell functions by inducing apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. British journal of pharmacology 26 20590625
1995 Mutations in GCR1, a transcriptional activator of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic genes, function as suppressors of gcr2 mutations. Genetics 26 7713414
1993 Developmental requirements for the ecdysoneless (ecd) locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Developmental genetics 26 8293578
2022 MPLA-Adjuvanted Liposomes Encapsulating S-Trimer or RBD or S1, but Not S-ECD, Elicit Robust Neutralization Against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern. Journal of medicinal chemistry 25 35108485
2015 A Novel Interaction of Ecdysoneless (ECD) Protein with R2TP Complex Component RUVBL1 Is Required for the Functional Role of ECD in Cell Cycle Progression. Molecular and cellular biology 25 26711270
2011 Lapatinib, a dual HER1/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, augments basal cleavage of HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) to inhibit HER2-driven cancer cell growth. Journal of cellular physiology 25 20658522
1989 Simple determination of acetylcholine and choline within 4 min by HPLC-ECD and immobilized enzyme column in mice brain areas. Journal of pharmacological methods 25 2547119
2016 Native MS and ECD Characterization of a Fab-Antigen Complex May Facilitate Crystallization for X-ray Diffraction. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 24 27103115
2013 Analysis of human blood plasma and hen egg white by chiroptical spectroscopic methods (ECD, VCD, ROA). Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 24 23657444
2010 The use of experimental design in the development of an HPLC-ECD method for the analysis of captopril. Talanta 24 21147355
1991 Further characterization of the in vitro hydrolysis of [Leu]- and [Met]enkephalin in rat plasma: HPLC-ECD measurement of substrate and metabolite concentrations. Regulatory peptides 24 1678195
2008 Trastuzumab plus paclitaxel or docetaxel in HER-2-negative/HER-2 ECD-positive anthracycline- and taxane-refractory advanced breast cancer. The oncologist 23 18448549
1997 Evidence that peptides derived from the disintegrin domain of primate fertilin and containing the ECD motif block the binding of human spermatozoa to the zona-free hamster oocyte. International journal of andrology 23 9354186
2017 Complementarity of DFT Calculations, NMR Anisotropy, and ECD for the Configurational Analysis of Brevipolides K-O from Hyptis brevipes. Journal of natural products 22 28099005
2014 Evaluation of serum HER2-ECD levels in patients with gastric cancer. Journal of gastroenterology 22 24557054
2014 ECD of tyrosine phosphorylation in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with a radio-frequency-free electromagnetostatic cell. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 21 25037842
2008 GC x GC-ECD: a promising method for the determination of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 21 18256808
2011 Identification of GABA A receptor modulators in Kadsura longipedunculata and assignment of absolute configurations by quantum-chemical ECD calculations. Phytochemistry 20 21889177
2013 Inhibition of integrins αv/α5-dependent functions in melanoma cells by an ECD-disintegrin acurhagin-C. Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology 19 23333557
2016 [Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 18 27234902
2013 Oligomerization of DDR1 ECD affects receptor-ligand binding. Journal of structural biology 18 23810922
2012 Linear and conformational B cell epitope prediction of the HER 2 ECD-subdomain III by in silico methods. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 18 22994709
2017 Assignment of the absolute configuration of hepatoprotective highly oxygenated triterpenoids using X-ray, ECD, NMR J-based configurational analysis and HSQC overlay experiments. Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects 17 28919469
2018 Dramatic efficacy of dabrafenib in Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD): a pediatric patient with multiple large intracranial ECD lesions hidden by refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 16 30265230
2009 Absolute configurations of DNA lesions determined by comparisons of experimental ECD and ORD spectra with DFT calculations. Chirality 16 19937959
2009 Siblings with the adult-onset slowly progressive type of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration and a novel mutation, Ile346Ser, in PANK2: clinical features and (99m)Tc-ECD brain perfusion SPECT findings. Journal of the neurological sciences 16 20006850
2008 GCR2 is a new member of the eukaryotic lanthionine synthetase component C-like protein family. Plant signaling & behavior 16 19841654
2021 Effective discrimination of gas-phase peptide conformers using TIMS-ECD-ToF MS/MS. Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications 15 34698320
2021 Urinary p75ECD levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration 15 34726989
2020 QTL Mapping and Inheritance of Clubroot Resistance Genes Derived From Brassica rapa subsp. rapifera (ECD 02) Reveals Resistance Loci and Distorted Segregation Ratios in Two F 2 Populations of Different Crosses. Frontiers in plant science 15 32719696
2019 Investigation of ECD conformational transition mechanism of GLP-1R by molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state model. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 15 30957116
2004 Serum HER-2 extracellular domain (ECD) before the first metastasis in 128 breast cancer patients. Clinical laboratory 15 15074470
2021 Ecd promotes U5 snRNP maturation and Prp8 stability. Nucleic acids research 14 33444449
2016 Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD): Case report, clinical and basic investigations, and review of literature. Medicine 14 27759649
2016 Expression, purification, and analysis of three recombinant ECD disintegrins (r-colombistatins) from P-III class snake venom metalloproteinases affecting platelet aggregation and SK-MEL-28 cell adhesion. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 13 27641750
2014 A common progenitor cell in LCH and ECD. Blood 13 25124781
1999 Drug release from diffusion pellets coated with the aqueous ethyl cellulose dispersion Aquacoat ECD-30 and 20% dibutyl sebacate as plasticizer: partition mechanism and pore diffusion. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V 13 10234524
1996 Compilation of DNA sequences of Escherichia coli K12 (ECD and ECDC; update 1995). Nucleic acids research 13 8594594
2014 Does electron capture dissociation (ECD) provide quantitative information on the chemical modification of lysine side chains in proteins? The glycation of ubiquitin. Analytical chemistry 12 25029396
2023 An ECD and NMR/DP4+ Computational Pipeline for Structure Revision and Elucidation of Diphenazine-Based Natural Products. Journal of natural products 11 37463274
2016 Meaningful interpretation of serum HER2 ECD levels requires clear patient clinical background, and serves several functions in the efficient management of breast cancer patients. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 11 27109901
2012 Ligand migration in the gaseous insulin-CB7 complex--a cautionary tale about the use of ECD-MS for ligand binding site determination. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 11 22948902
2008 Determination of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Plasma of Hemodialysis Patients Using Three Methods: LC/ECD, LC/MS, and ELISA. Toxicology mechanisms and methods 11 20020932
2007 Disposition of protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine in rat plasma analysed by a novel protocol for HPLC-ECD. Journal of biochemistry 11 17261543
1997 Compilation of DNA sequences of Escherichia coli K12: description of the interactive databases ECD and ECDC (update 1996). Nucleic acids research 11 9016501
2024 ECD-CDGI: An efficient energy-constrained diffusion model for cancer driver gene identification. PLoS computational biology 10 39213450
2017 Mammalian ECD Protein Is a Novel Negative Regulator of the PERK Arm of the Unfolded Protein Response. Molecular and cellular biology 10 28652267
2015 HDX match software for the data analysis of top-down ECD-FTMS hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 26162650
2015 Decreased regional cerebral blood flow in the bilateral thalami and medulla oblongata determined by an easy Z-score (eZIS) analysis of (99m)Tc-ECD-SPECT images in a case of MM2-thalamic-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Journal of the neurological sciences 10 26421831
2014 Imidate-based cross-linkers for structural proteomics: increased charge of protein and peptide ions and CID and ECD fragmentation studies. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 24781457
2007 Identification of single and double sites of phosphorylation by ECD FT-ICR/MS in peptides related to the phosphorylation site domain of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase protein. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 17962038
2016 Development and implementation of an HPLC-ECD method for analysis of vitamin C in plasma using single column and automatic alternating dual column regeneration. Practical laboratory medicine 9 28856210
2014 Interference-Free HER2 ECD as a Serum Biomarker in Breast Cancer. Journal of molecular biomarkers & diagnosis 9 25089226
2013 In silico design of discontinuous peptides representative of B and T-cell epitopes from HER2-ECD as potential novel cancer peptide vaccines. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 9 24289611
2012 Relationships between serum HER2 ECD, TIMP-1 and clinical outcomes in Taiwanese breast cancer. World journal of surgical oncology 9 22339939
2002 Significance of 99mTc-ECD SPECT in acute and subacute ischemic stroke: comparison with MR images including diffusion and perfusion weighted images. Yonsei medical journal 9 11971215
2001 Interictal crossed cerebellar hyperperfusion on Tc-99m ECD SPECT. Annals of nuclear medicine 9 11577763
1994 A 21.7 kb DNA segment on the left arm of yeast chromosome XIV carries WHI3, GCR2, SPX18, SPX19, an homologue to the heat shock gene SSB1 and 8 new open reading frames of unknown function. Yeast (Chichester, England) 9 7725799
1994 A comparative study of 99Tcm-HMPAO and 99Tcm-ECD as a leukocyte labelling agent. Nuclear medicine communications 9 8072744

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