Affinage

DCX

Neuronal migration protein doublecortin · UniProt O43602

Length
365 aa
Mass
40.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 13 papers cited in narrative 13 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 5/5 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

DCX (doublecortin) is a neuronal microtubule-associated protein required for cortical neuronal migration, whose loss-of-function mutations cause X-linked lissencephaly in males and subcortical band heterotopia in carrier females (PMID:9817918). Its structural basis lies in tandem DCX domains: the N-terminal domain adopts a ubiquitin-like fold and binds only assembled microtubules, while the partially folded C-terminal domain binds both microtubules and unpolymerized tubulin, enabling DCX to stimulate microtubule assembly and stabilize the cytoskeleton (PMID:12692530, PMID:16628014). Beyond microtubule stabilization, DCX serves as an endocytic adaptor that promotes internalization of the cell adhesion molecule neurofascin independently of microtubule binding, and it shapes F-actin distribution in neurites through its C-terminal serine/proline-rich domain via spinophilin (PMID:22649224, PMID:23303949). DCX integrates multiple signaling inputs as a phosphorylation hub: JNK phosphorylates DCX at growth cones with its localization set by JIP/kinesin, GSK3β phosphorylates Ser327 downstream of JIP3 to restrict axon branching, and Cdk5 regulates dilation formation and nuclear elongation in migrating neurons, with PP1 reversing JNK-site phosphorylation through Neurabin II recruitment (PMID:14765123, PMID:16530423, PMID:21159948, PMID:25183872). Functionally, DCX cooperates with LIS1 in migrating neurons and is required not only for migration but also for neuronal differentiation and neurite formation (PMID:18075262, PMID:28924182).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1998 Medium

    Establishing that DCX is genetically required for neuronal migration defined the disease relevance and the core biological process the protein serves.

    Evidence DNA sequencing and genotype-phenotype correlation in lissencephaly/SBH pedigrees, plus gene cloning and expression profiling

    PMID:9668176 PMID:9817918

    Open questions at the time
    • No biochemical mechanism established
    • C-terminal S/P-rich region implicated by mutation but its molecular role undefined
  2. 2001 Medium

    Linking DCX overexpression to microtubule stabilization and altered neurite outgrowth began to connect its molecular activity to a cellular phenotype, while a patient allele showed migration biology is not purely microtubule-based.

    Evidence Overexpression and patient-allele mutagenesis in PC12 cells with microtubule and neurite-outgrowth readouts and CREB reporter assays

    PMID:11331616

    Open questions at the time
    • Single cell-line gain-of-function system
    • Microtubule stabilization stated to be 'not sole factor' without identifying the others
  3. 2003 High

    Solving the tandem DCX domain structures revealed the molecular basis for differential tubulin and microtubule binding, explaining how DCX engages the cytoskeleton.

    Evidence NMR and crystal structures of N-terminal domains plus in vitro microtubule/tubulin binding assays

    PMID:12692530

    Open questions at the time
    • C-terminal domain only partially folded and structurally unresolved
    • Does not show how binding is regulated in cells
  4. 2004 High

    Identifying DCX as a JNK substrate scaffolded by JIP/kinesin placed it within a signaling and transport framework controlling its localization and migration function.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, co-IP, phospho-site mutagenesis, and live imaging of migrating neurons

    PMID:14765123

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of individual phospho-sites on microtubule binding not resolved
    • How JNK signaling is spatially triggered at growth cones unclear
  5. 2006 High

    Demonstrating PP1/Neurabin II-mediated dephosphorylation and superfamily-wide microtubule activity established that DCX phosphorylation is dynamically reversible and that its cytoskeletal role is shared across DCX-domain proteins.

    Evidence In vitro phosphatase assay with RVXF-motif mutagenesis, co-IP, and in vitro microtubule assembly assays across family members

    PMID:16530423 PMID:16628014

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional impact of the PP1/JNK phospho-cycle on migration not directly tested
    • Which kinase-phosphatase pairs operate at which subcellular sites unknown
  6. 2008 Medium

    Showing a functional interaction between DCX and LIS1 in vivo connected DCX to a broader migration machinery.

    Evidence In utero electroporation RNAi with combinatorial knockdown epistasis and histological migration readout

    PMID:18075262

    Open questions at the time
    • No biochemical reconstitution of the DCX-LIS1 interaction
    • Mechanism of cooperativity unresolved
  7. 2010 High

    Placing DCX in a JIP3-GSK3β pathway that phosphorylates Ser327 defined a discrete signaling axis restricting axon branching, distinct from JNK and Cdk5 inputs.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay mapping Ser327 plus RNAi knockdown and epistasis in primary neurons, slices, and in vivo

    PMID:21159948

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream effector of Ser327 phosphorylation not identified
    • Whether Ser327 alters microtubule or actin binding unknown
  8. 2012 High

    Discovering a microtubule-independent endocytic adaptor function for neurofascin expanded DCX beyond a cytoskeletal protein and explained a patient allele that retains microtubule binding yet causes disease.

    Evidence Live-cell surface-feeding endocytosis assays, microtubule co-sedimentation, patient-allele (G253D) mutagenesis, and co-IP in cultured neurons

    PMID:22649224

    Open questions at the time
    • Endocytic machinery partners DCX recruits are unidentified
    • Relative contribution of endocytic vs microtubule function to migration not quantified
  9. 2013 High

    Mapping F-actin regulation to the C-terminal S/P-rich domain via spinophilin identified a second cytoskeletal axis controlled by DCX.

    Evidence Quantitative proteomics of Dcx-mutant corpus callosum with domain/phospho-mutant rescue and F-actin staining

    PMID:23303949

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct DCX-spinophilin interaction mechanism not fully resolved
    • α-actinin-4 and Arp3 excluded but the actin effector chain incomplete
  10. 2014 Medium

    Linking Cdk5-dependent DCX phosphorylation to cytoplasmic dilation and nuclear elongation tied DCX phospho-regulation to migration-specific cell-shape changes.

    Evidence Chemical inhibition and RNAi of Cdk5 and Dcx with live imaging of migrating neurons

    PMID:25183872

    Open questions at the time
    • Cdk5-DCX kinase-substrate relationship inferred rather than shown by in vitro assay in this study
    • Specific Cdk5 phospho-sites driving the phenotype not mapped
  11. 2017 Medium

    Patient iPSC-derived neural stem cell modeling demonstrated DCX is required for neuronal differentiation and neurite formation, broadening its role beyond migration.

    Evidence iPSC disease modeling with neural differentiation, expression profiling, and migration assays in patient-derived cells

    PMID:28924182

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular pathway linking DCX loss to differentiation delay not defined
    • Single-lab model without biochemical reconstitution

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How DCX's distinct activities — microtubule stabilization, actin regulation, and neurofascin endocytosis — are coordinated by its phosphorylation state at a given subcellular site to drive migration remains unresolved.
  • No integrated model connecting specific phospho-sites to each functional output
  • Spatial-temporal switching between cytoskeletal and adaptor roles uncharacterized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 1
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 1
Partners
GSK3BJIPJIP3JNKLIS1NFASCPPP1CAPPP1R9B

Evidence

Reading pass · 13 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2004 DCX is a substrate of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and physically interacts with both JNK and JNK interacting protein (JIP). DCX is phosphorylated by JNK specifically at growth cones. The localization of DCX at neurite tips is determined by its interaction with JIP and by JIP's interaction with kinesin. DCX mutated at JNK-phosphorylation sites affected neurite outgrowth and the velocity and relative pause time of migrating neurons. Kinase assay (JNK phosphorylation of DCX), co-immunoprecipitation (DCX-JNK and DCX-JIP interactions), site-directed mutagenesis of phosphorylation sites, live imaging of migrating neurons The EMBO journal High 14765123
2003 The N-terminal DCX domain of human doublecortin adopts a ubiquitin-like tertiary fold with structural similarities to GTPase-binding domains. The N-terminal DCX domain binds only to assembled microtubules, whereas the C-terminal DCX domain binds to both assembled microtubules and unpolymerized tubulin. The C-terminal DCX domains of both doublecortin and DCLK are only partially folded. NMR solution structure (N-terminal DCX domain), 1.5 Å crystal structure (DCLK N-terminal DCX domain), in vitro microtubule/tubulin binding assays Nature structural biology High 12692530
2006 DCX is dephosphorylated at specific JNK-phosphorylated sites by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and this dephosphorylation is mediated by Neurabin II, which recruits PP1 to DCX. In vitro, PP1 dephosphorylates DCX site-specifically without Neurabin II, requiring an intact RVXF motif in DCX. Overexpression of the coiled-coil domain of Neurabin II (sufficient for DCX and endogenous Neurabin II/PP1 interaction) induced dephosphorylation of DCX at a JNK-phosphorylated site. In vitro phosphatase assay, co-immunoprecipitation (DCX-Neurabin II-PP1), site-directed mutagenesis (RVXF motif), overexpression in neurons with phospho-specific antibody readout Molecular and cellular neurosciences High 16530423
2010 GSK3β phosphorylates DCX at Ser327, a site distinct from CDK5 and JNK sites, and this phosphorylation contributes to DCX function in restricting axon branching. JIP3 restricts axon branching by maintaining GSK3β levels; JIP3 knockdown downregulates GSK3β, and GSK3β knockdown phenocopies JIP3 knockdown. Thus DCX is a novel substrate of GSK3β in a JIP3-GSK3β-DCX signaling pathway that restricts axon branching. In vitro kinase assay (GSK3β phosphorylation of DCX at Ser327), RNAi knockdown in primary neurons and cerebellar slices and in vivo, epistasis analysis The Journal of neuroscience High 21159948
2012 DCX promotes endocytosis of the cell adhesion molecule neurofascin from soma and dendrites, modulating its surface distribution in developing neurons. This endocytic adaptor function of DCX is independent of its microtubule-binding activity. The patient allele DCX-G253D retains microtubule binding but is deficient in promoting neurofascin endocytosis. Live-cell imaging and surface antibody feeding assays in cultured rat neurons, microtubule co-sedimentation assay, patient allele mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation The Journal of neuroscience High 22649224
2013 DCX regulates filamentous actin (F-actin) structure in developing neurons. Loss of Dcx leads to increased F-actin around the cell body and decreased F-actin in neurites and growth cones. The C-terminal S/P-rich domain of DCX is required for this actin regulatory function, likely through interaction with spinophilin but not through α-actinin-4 or Arp3. Quantitative proteomics of corpus callosum from Dcx mutant mice, rescue experiments with full-length DCX and truncation/phospho-mutants, F-actin staining The Journal of neuroscience High 23303949
2014 Cdk5 phosphorylates DCX to regulate cytoplasmic dilation formation and nuclear elongation in migrating cortical neurons. Pharmacological or RNAi-mediated inhibition of Cdk5 suppresses both dilation formation and nuclear elongation; knockdown of Dcx (a Cdk5 substrate involved in microtubule organization and membrane/endocytic trafficking) similarly disrupts these migrating-neuron-specific features. Chemical inhibitor experiments ex vivo, RNAi knockdown of Cdk5 and Dcx in migrating neurons, live imaging of neuronal migration Development (Cambridge, England) Medium 25183872
2008 RNAi knockdown of DCX or LIS1 in vivo disrupts neuronal migration along the lateral cortical stream (LCS) into the amygdala and piriform cortex. Combinatorial RNAi of both LIS1 and DCX further suggests a functional interaction between these proteins in migrating neurons in the LCS, affecting neuron morphology and migration. In utero electroporation with RNAi in mice, combinatorial knockdown epistasis analysis, histological readout of migration Developmental neuroscience Medium 18075262
2001 DCX overexpression in PC12 cells stabilizes microtubules and inhibits neurite outgrowth under NGF-induced differentiation, but increases neurite length under EGF/forskolin or dibutyryl-cAMP treatment. DCX overexpression downregulates CREB-mediated transcription. A lissencephaly patient mutation (S47R) completely blocks neurite outgrowth. Microtubule stabilization is a key but not sole factor controlling neurite extension by DCX. Overexpression in PC12 cells, patient allele mutagenesis, microtubule stabilization assays, neurite outgrowth quantification, CREB reporter assays Human molecular genetics Medium 11331616
2006 DCX domain proteins as a superfamily share conserved roles in microtubule regulation: all tested DCX-domain proteins stimulate microtubule assembly in vitro. Proteins with tandem DCX repeats stabilize the microtubule cytoskeleton in transfected cells, while those with single repeats localize to actin-rich structures or the nucleus. All tested proteins interacted with components of the JNK/MAP-kinase pathway, while only a subset interacted with Neurabin 2, and a non-overlapping group showed actin association. In vitro microtubule assembly assay, transfection with immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Medium 16628014
2017 Using iPSC-derived neural stem cells from DCX-mutant lissencephaly patients, absent or reduced DCX protein expression causes impaired migration, delayed differentiation, and deficient neurite formation, expanding the role of DCX beyond microtubule stabilization to include neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. iPSC disease modeling, neural differentiation assays, expression profiling, migration assays in patient-derived cells Molecular psychiatry Medium 28924182
1998 Loss-of-function mutations in DCX (XLIS) cause X-linked lissencephaly in hemizygous males and subcortical band heterotopia in heterozygous carrier females, establishing DCX as required for normal neuronal migration. Point mutations in the C-terminal serine/proline-rich region identify this region as important for DCX function. Direct DNA sequencing of patients, genotype-phenotype correlation in LIS/SBH pedigrees Human molecular genetics Medium 9817918
1998 Doublecortin (DCX) is exclusively expressed in fetal brain and adult frontal lobe, encodes isoforms of a highly hydrophilic ~40 kDa protein with several potential phosphorylation sites, and is homologous to a CNS protein containing a Ca2+/calmodulin kinase domain, suggesting DCX may function through Ca2+-dependent signaling. Mutations cause LIS/SBH. Gene cloning, Northern blot, protein sequence analysis, patient mutation identification Human molecular genetics Low 9668176

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2003 DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens. Nature reviews. Immunology 698 12949494
2001 Structural basis for selective recognition of oligosaccharides by DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Science (New York, N.Y.) 553 11739956
2004 Structural basis for distinct ligand-binding and targeting properties of the receptors DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Nature structural & molecular biology 477 15195147
2007 DC-based cancer vaccines. The Journal of clinical investigation 467 17476349
2003 Toll-like receptor expression in murine DC subsets: lack of TLR7 expression by CD8 alpha+ DC correlates with unresponsiveness to imidazoquinolines. European journal of immunology 411 12672047
2004 NK cell and DC interactions. Trends in immunology 352 14698284
2003 DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR bind ebola glycoproteins and enhance infection of macrophages and endothelial cells. Virology 299 12504546
2003 Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins interact with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Journal of virology 294 12634366
2004 RANKL-induced DC-STAMP is essential for osteoclastogenesis. The Journal of experimental medicine 285 15452179
2006 West Nile virus discriminates between DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR for cellular attachment and infection. Journal of virology 281 16415006
1998 LIS1 and XLIS (DCX) mutations cause most classical lissencephaly, but different patterns of malformation. Human molecular genetics 278 9817918
2000 DC-SIGN; a related gene, DC-SIGNR; and CD23 form a cluster on 19p13. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 215 10975799
1998 doublecortin is the major gene causing X-linked subcortical laminar heterotopia (SCLH). Human molecular genetics 215 9618162
2011 DC-SIGN as a receptor for phleboviruses. Cell host & microbe 194 21767814
2000 Absence of dc-conductivity in lambda-DNA. Physical review letters 189 11102169
2004 DCX, a new mediator of the JNK pathway. The EMBO journal 182 14765123
2010 Dendritic cell (DC)-specific targeting reveals Stat3 as a negative regulator of DC function. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 181 20124100
2004 Extended neck regions stabilize tetramers of the receptors DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. The Journal of biological chemistry 154 15509576
2009 MiR-128 up-regulation inhibits Reelin and DCX expression and reduces neuroblastoma cell motility and invasiveness. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 137 19713529
2007 DC ablation in mice: promises, pitfalls, and challenges. Trends in immunology 129 17964853
2020 DC-Based Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines 122 33255895
2006 DC-SIGN and immunoregulation. Cellular & molecular immunology 119 16978536
2009 Phenotype and function of neonatal DC. European journal of immunology 117 19137537
2001 Mutation analysis of the DCX gene and genotype/phenotype correlation in subcortical band heterotopia. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 116 11175293
2003 The DCX-domain tandems of doublecortin and doublecortin-like kinase. Nature structural biology 112 12692530
2008 DCX and PSA-NCAM expression identifies a population of neurons preferentially distributed in associative areas of different pallial derivatives and vertebrate species. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 108 18832334
1999 Subcortical band heterotopia in rare affected males can be caused by missense mutations in DCX (XLIS) or LIS1. Human molecular genetics 103 10441340
2003 Pathogens target DC-SIGN to influence their fate DC-SIGN functions as a pathogen receptor with broad specificity. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 98 12974773
2006 The evolving doublecortin (DCX) superfamily. BMC genomics 97 16869982
2021 DC-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers 93 34359569
2016 DC-STAMP: A Key Regulator in Osteoclast Differentiation. Journal of cellular physiology 84 27018136
2010 RANKL induces heterogeneous DC-STAMP(lo) and DC-STAMP(hi) osteoclast precursors of which the DC-STAMP(lo) precursors are the master fusogens. Journal of cellular physiology 83 20039274
1998 Human doublecortin (DCX) and the homologous gene in mouse encode a putative Ca2+-dependent signaling protein which is mutated in human X-linked neuronal migration defects. Human molecular genetics 80 9668176
2008 Turning NF-kappaB and IRFs on and off in DC. Trends in immunology 79 18534908
1997 Linkage and physical mapping of X-linked lissencephaly/SBH (XLIS): a gene causing neuronal migration defects in human brain. Human molecular genetics 79 9097958
2009 Pathogen recognition by DC-SIGN shapes adaptive immunity. Future microbiology 78 19722841
2006 Expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR on human sinusoidal endothelium: a role for capturing hepatitis C virus particles. The American journal of pathology 78 16816373
2020 Antibacterial properties and mechanism of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Providencia sp. DCX. Environmental research 75 33345899
2008 Human dendritic cell line models for DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies. Journal of leukocyte biology 74 18664532
2003 DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin) and DC-SIGN-related (DC-SIGNR): friend or foe? Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 71 12653690
1981 7-Methylguanine in poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) facilitates z-DNA formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71 6946426
2009 NGF, DCX, and NSE upregulation correlates with severity and outcome of head trauma in children. Neurology 70 19221293
2014 Hyaluronan digestion controls DC migration from the skin. The Journal of clinical investigation 69 24487587
2011 Semen clusterin is a novel DC-SIGN ligand. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 61 22013110
2008 Interactions of LSECtin and DC-SIGN/DC-SIGNR with viral ligands: Differential pH dependence, internalization and virion binding. Virology 60 18083206
2006 Lentivirus degradation and DC-SIGN expression by human platelets and megakaryocytes. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 59 16420576
2006 Common and divergent roles for members of the mouse DCX superfamily. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 59 16628014
2013 Doublecortin (Dcx) family proteins regulate filamentous actin structure in developing neurons. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 57 23303949
2013 DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR and LSECtin: C-type lectins for infection. International reviews of immunology 56 24156700
2016 NK-DC Crosstalk in Immunity to Microbial Infection. Journal of immunology research 55 28097157
2017 TLR-Induced Murine Dendritic Cell (DC) Activation Requires DC-Intrinsic Complement. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 53 28539427
2012 Human tolerogenic DC-10: perspectives for clinical applications. Transplantation research 50 23369527
2010 A JIP3-regulated GSK3β/DCX signaling pathway restricts axon branching. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 50 21159948
2008 Intragenic deletions and duplications of the LIS1 and DCX genes: a major disease-causing mechanism in lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 50 19050731
2008 Retinoic acid reduces human neuroblastoma cell migration and invasiveness: effects on DCX, LIS1, neurofilaments-68 and vimentin expression. BMC cancer 49 18230156
2022 Guidelines for mouse and human DC generation. European journal of immunology 48 36303448
2019 Antigen structure affects cellular routing through DC-SIGN. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 48 31270240
2014 Cdk5 and its substrates, Dcx and p27kip1, regulate cytoplasmic dilation formation and nuclear elongation in migrating neurons. Development (Cambridge, England) 47 25183872
2011 CISH is induced during DC development and regulates DC-mediated CTL activation. European journal of immunology 45 22002016
2007 MSC-DC interactions: MSC inhibit maturation and migration of BM-derived DC. Cytotherapy 45 17786606
2017 An in vitro model of lissencephaly: expanding the role of DCX during neurogenesis. Molecular psychiatry 44 28924182
2014 Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC. Journal of ethnopharmacology 44 24463034
2012 Noncarbohydrate glycomimetics and glycoprotein surrogates as DC-SIGN antagonists and agonists. ACS chemical biology 44 22747463
2008 The role of DCX and LIS1 in migration through the lateral cortical stream of developing forebrain. Developmental neuroscience 42 18075262
2012 Doublecortin (DCX) mediates endocytosis of neurofascin independently of microtubule binding. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 40 22649224
2014 The clinical significance of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, which are novel markers expressed in human colon cancer. PloS one 39 25504222
2005 Expression of doublecortin (DCX) and doublecortin-like kinase (DCLK) within the developing chick brain. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 38 15614772
2014 Distinct usage of three C-type lectins by Japanese encephalitis virus: DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, and LSECtin. Archives of virology 37 24623090
2006 Site-specific dephosphorylation of doublecortin (DCX) by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Molecular and cellular neurosciences 37 16530423
2006 Functional comparison of mouse CIRE/mouse DC-SIGN and human DC-SIGN. International immunology 35 16569675
1999 Genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and expression pattern of human DCAMKL1 (KIAA0369), a homologue of DCX (XLIS). Genomics 35 10051403
2016 Loss of a doublecortin (DCX)-domain protein causes structural defects in a tubulin-based organelle of Toxoplasma gondii and impairs host-cell invasion. Molecular biology of the cell 34 27932494
1999 Immunobiology of DC in NOD mice. Journal of leukocyte biology 34 10449167
2001 DCX in PC12 cells: CREB-mediated transcription and neurite outgrowth. Human molecular genetics 33 11331616
2008 The location of DCX mutations predicts malformation severity in X-linked lissencephaly. Neurogenetics 32 18685874
2018 A new cancer immunotherapy via simultaneous DC-mobilization and DC-targeted IDO gene silencing using an immune-stimulatory nanosystem. International journal of cancer 31 29752722
2017 DC-STAMP Is an Osteoclast Fusogen Engaged in Periodontal Bone Resorption. Journal of dental research 31 28199142
2016 Pseudo-Mannosylated DC-SIGN Ligands as Immunomodulants. Scientific reports 31 27734954
2010 Targeting DC-SIGN with carbohydrate multivalent systems. Drug news & perspectives 31 21152451
2009 Type I IFN regulate DC turnover in vivo. European journal of immunology 31 19544312
2013 Analysis of adult neurogenesis: evidence for a prominent "non-neurogenic" DCX-protein pool in rodent brain. PloS one 30 23690918
2006 The distribution of expression of doublecortin (DCX) mRNA and protein in the zebra finch brain. Brain research 29 16814268
2010 Isolation of human blood DC subtypes. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 28 19941104
2010 Chemical discrimination between dC and 5MedC via their hydroxylamine adducts. Nucleic acids research 28 20813757
2003 Isolation and characterization of the human DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR promoters. Gene 28 12957386
2018 Circular RNA CCDC66 targets DCX to regulate cell proliferation and migration by sponging miR-488-3p in Hirschsprung's disease. Journal of cellular physiology 26 30443988
2009 Autonomous tetramerization domains in the glycan-binding receptors DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Journal of molecular biology 26 19249311
2004 DCX's phosphorylation by not just another kinase (JNK). Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 26 15118415
2004 Neocortical neuronal arrangement in LIS1 and DCX lissencephaly may be different. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 25 15057976
2019 Epigenetic stabilization of DC and DC precursor classical activation by TNFα contributes to protective T cell polarization. Science advances 23 31840058
2010 DC expressing transgene Foxp3 are regulatory APC. European journal of immunology 23 19941313
2008 Doublecortin (DCX) and doublecortin-like (DCL) are differentially expressed in the early but not late stages of murine neocortical development. The Journal of comparative neurology 23 18231966
2015 Increased doublecortin (DCX) expression and incidence of DCX-immunoreactive multipolar cells in the subventricular zone-olfactory bulb system of suicides. Frontiers in neuroanatomy 22 26082689
2006 Relevance of DC-SIGN in DC-induced T cell proliferation. Journal of leukocyte biology 22 17135574
2020 DCX+ neuronal progenitors contribute to new oligodendrocytes during remyelination in the hippocampus. Scientific reports 21 33208869
2016 SLE-associated risk factors affect DC function. Immunological reviews 21 26683148
2012 Lissencephaly and band heterotopia: LIS1, TUBA1A, and DCX mutations in Hungary. Journal of child neurology 21 22408144
2007 Selection of DNA aptamers against DC-SIGN protein. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 21 17660953
2021 Epigenetic evidence of an Ac/Dc axis by VPA and SAHA. Clinical epigenetics 20 33743782
2006 Methamphetamine modulates DC-SIGN expression by mature dendritic cells. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology 20 18040806

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