Affinage

DCX

Neuronal migration protein doublecortin · UniProt O43602

Length
365 aa
Mass
40.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

DCX (doublecortin) is a microtubule-associated protein essential for neuronal migration and cortical lamination, whose dysfunction causes lissencephaly in males and subcortical band heterotopia in females. Its tandem DCX domains are functionally distinct: the N-terminal domain (ubiquitin-like fold) binds only assembled microtubules, while the C-terminal domain binds both assembled microtubules and free tubulin, and the C-terminal tail governs dynamic exchange on microtubules in living cells (PMID:12692530, PMID:28701724). DCX activity is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle involving JNK (scaffolded by JIP1/2 and kinesin at growth cones), GSK3β (phosphorylating Ser327 to restrict axon branching), cdk5/p35 (scaffolded by nestin to control growth cone morphology), and PP1 (recruited by Neurabin II for site-specific dephosphorylation) (PMID:14765123, PMID:21159948, PMID:32273484, PMID:16530423). DCX protein turnover is controlled by Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination, and loss-of-function mutations impair migration and neurite formation while specific patient alleles can act through distinct mechanisms including cytoplasmic aggregation (PMID:25088421, PMID:27799303, PMID:28924182).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 2001 Medium

    Early cell-based work established that DCX stabilizes microtubules and modulates neurite outgrowth, and that a lissencephaly patient mutation (S47R) abolishes this activity, linking DCX's cytoskeletal function to disease.

    Evidence Overexpression of wild-type and mutant DCX in PC12 cells with microtubule stabilization and neurite outgrowth assays

    PMID:11331616

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of microtubule stabilization not resolved at domain level
    • Single cell line (PC12), not primary neurons
    • CREB transcriptional link not further characterized
  2. 2003 High

    Structural determination revealed the two DCX domains are functionally distinct — the N-terminal domain adopts a ubiquitin-like fold and binds only assembled microtubules, while the C-terminal domain binds both assembled microtubules and free tubulin — resolving how DCX engages microtubules through separable binding modes.

    Evidence Solution NMR (N-terminal domain), 1.5 Å crystal structure (DCLK equivalent), in vitro microtubule-binding assays

    PMID:12692530

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution structure of DCX bound to microtubules
    • Role of C-terminal tail beyond DCX domains not addressed
    • No structural basis for patient mutations
  3. 2004 High

    Identification of JNK as a kinase that phosphorylates DCX and the JIP1/2–kinesin complex as a scaffold localizing DCX to growth cones established the first regulatory pathway controlling DCX during neuronal migration.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, site-directed mutagenesis, live imaging of neuron migration

    PMID:14765123

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific JNK phosphorylation sites on DCX not all mapped
    • Mechanism by which phosphorylation alters microtubule binding not resolved
    • Upstream signals activating JNK in this context unclear
  4. 2005 High

    In vivo RNAi knockdown of DCX in rat embryos produced subcortical band heterotopia that was rescued by wild-type DCX re-expression, providing causal in vivo evidence that DCX loss disrupts neuronal migration and demonstrating species-specific phenotype severity.

    Evidence In utero electroporation-mediated RNAi in rat and mouse, rescue by DCX co-expression, immunohistochemistry

    PMID:16292002

    Open questions at the time
    • Why mice are resistant to SBH from DCX knockdown not explained
    • Non-cell-autonomous recruitment of interneurons/glia into heterotopia not mechanistically resolved
  5. 2006 High

    PP1 was identified as the phosphatase that reverses JNK-mediated DCX phosphorylation via Neurabin II scaffolding, completing the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle that controls DCX activity, and DCX superfamily members were shown to share conserved microtubule-stimulating and JNK-interacting properties.

    Evidence In vitro phosphatase assay, co-IP, mutagenesis of RVXF motif; in vitro MT assembly assay and Co-IP for superfamily members

    PMID:16530423 PMID:16628014

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological contexts requiring PP1-mediated dephosphorylation not defined
    • How phosphorylation state quantitatively tunes MT binding affinity not measured
  6. 2008 High

    Dcx knockout mice revealed hippocampal CA3 lamination defects and spontaneous seizures, while combinatorial RNAi showed functional interaction between DCX and LIS1 in lateral cortical stream migration, establishing DCX as essential for hippocampal architecture and cooperative with LIS1.

    Evidence Dcx knockout mouse with video-EEG and slice electrophysiology; in utero RNAi epistasis of DCX and LIS1 in rat

    PMID:18075262 PMID:18575605

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of DCX–LIS1 interaction not determined
    • Whether seizures are purely secondary to lamination defects or reflect additional roles of DCX
  7. 2010 High

    GSK3β was identified as a kinase phosphorylating DCX at Ser327, with this modification required to restrict axon branching — adding a second phosphoregulatory axis distinct from JNK.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, RNAi knockdown of JIP3/GSK3β/DCX in cerebellar slices and in vivo rat, epistasis analysis

    PMID:21159948

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether JNK and GSK3β phosphorylation events are coordinated or independent in vivo
    • How Ser327 phosphorylation mechanistically restricts branching at the microtubule level
  8. 2014 Medium

    Mdm2 was identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting DCX for degradation under Npas4 transcriptional control, revealing a proteostatic layer of DCX regulation linked to neuronal activity.

    Evidence Npas4 knockout/knockdown in vivo, Western blot, ubiquitination assay in olfactory bulb granule cells

    PMID:25088421

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of DCX not reconstituted with purified proteins
    • Ubiquitination sites on DCX not mapped
    • Whether this pathway operates during cortical migration is unknown
  9. 2016 Medium

    Systematic characterization of patient DCX alleles revealed distinct loss-of-function mechanisms and an aggregate-forming neomorphic allele (R59H) that traps cytoskeletal proteins and induces autophagy, demonstrating allelic heterogeneity in disease mechanism.

    Evidence Expression of patient alleles in cultured neurons and non-neuronal cells, co-IP, subcellular localization, autophagy assays

    PMID:27799303

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether aggregate-forming alleles contribute to patient phenotype severity not tested in vivo
    • Structural basis of aggregation not determined
  10. 2017 High

    Live-cell FRAP revealed rapid, complete DCX–microtubule exchange controlled by the C-terminal region, and iPSC-derived neural stem cells from DCX-mutant patients confirmed impaired migration and differentiation, extending DCX roles to neural stem cell biology.

    Evidence FRAP with C-terminal truncations and pharmacological MT manipulation; iPSC from DCX-mutant patients with migration and differentiation assays

    PMID:28701724 PMID:28924182

    Open questions at the time
    • How C-terminal tail regulates exchange kinetics at the structural level
    • Whether iPSC findings recapitulate in vivo cortical migration defects
  11. 2020 High

    Nestin was identified as a selective scaffold that facilitates cdk5/p35 phosphorylation of DCX but not other cdk5 substrates, providing a third kinase pathway with substrate-level specificity controlling growth cone morphology and semaphorin sensitivity.

    Evidence Co-IP of nestin–DCX, in vitro and cell-based kinase assays, Dcx KO neurons, growth cone and Sema3a sensitivity assays

    PMID:32273484

    Open questions at the time
    • Cdk5 phosphorylation sites on DCX in the nestin-scaffolded context not fully mapped
    • How nestin–DCX selectivity is achieved structurally is unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A high-resolution structure of DCX bound to microtubules is lacking, the integration and cross-talk among the three kinase pathways (JNK, GSK3β, cdk5) during neuronal migration in vivo is not resolved, and the functional significance of DCX in adult neurogenesis remains incompletely defined.
  • No cryo-EM or crystal structure of full-length DCX on microtubules
  • Quantitative integration of phosphoregulatory inputs in vivo not achieved
  • Role of DCX in adult-born neuron maturation beyond olfactory bulb unclear

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 4
Localization
GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3
Partners
CDK5JIP1JIP2JNKLIS1NESPPP1CAPPP1R9B

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2003 The N-terminal DCX domain of doublecortin adopts a ubiquitin-like fold and binds only to assembled microtubules, whereas the C-terminal DCX domain (only partially folded) binds to both assembled microtubules and unpolymerized tubulin, establishing the two DCX domains as functionally distinct microtubule-binding modules. Solution NMR structure (N-terminal domain), 1.5 Å crystal structure (DCLK equivalent), in vitro microtubule-binding assays Nature structural biology High 12692530
2004 DCX is a substrate of JNK kinase and physically interacts with JNK and the JNK-interacting protein JIP1/2; this complex localizes to neurite tips via JIP's interaction with kinesin. JNK-mediated phosphorylation of DCX at growth cones regulates neurite outgrowth and the velocity and pause time of migrating neurons. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay (JNK phosphorylation of DCX), site-directed mutagenesis of phosphorylation sites, live imaging of neuron migration, subcellular localization studies The EMBO journal High 14765123
2006 Site-specific dephosphorylation of DCX (at JNK-phosphorylated sites) is mediated by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which is recruited to DCX via the scaffold protein Neurabin II; in vitro, PP1 dephosphorylates DCX in a manner requiring an intact RVXF motif in DCX, and overexpression of the Neurabin II coiled-coil domain (sufficient to interact with DCX and recruit PP1) induces dephosphorylation of DCX in cells. In vitro phosphatase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression experiments in cells, site-directed mutagenesis (RVXF motif) Molecular and cellular neurosciences High 16530423
2010 GSK3β phosphorylates DCX at Ser327, and this phosphorylation contributes to DCX function in restricting axon branching and self-contact in cerebellar granule neurons; this pathway is regulated upstream by JIP3, which maintains GSK3β levels in neurons. In vitro kinase assay (GSK3β phosphorylation of DCX at Ser327), RNAi knockdown (JIP3, GSK3β, DCX) in cerebellar slices and in vivo rat pups, epistasis analysis The Journal of neuroscience High 21159948
2014 The E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 ubiquitinates DCX, leading to its degradation; this process is regulated by the activity-dependent transcription factor Npas4, which suppresses Mdm2 expression. Loss of Npas4 increases Mdm2, reduces DCX protein levels, and decreases dendritic spine density in newborn olfactory bulb granule cells. Knockdown and knockout of Npas4 in vivo, overexpression rescue, Western blot for DCX protein levels, ubiquitination assay Cell reports Medium 25088421
2001 Overexpression of DCX in PC12 cells stabilizes microtubules and modulates neurite outgrowth in a context-dependent manner; a lissencephaly patient mutation (S47R) completely blocks neurite outgrowth, and CREB-mediated transcription is downregulated by DCX overexpression, linking cytoskeletal regulation to transcriptional state. Overexpression of wild-type and mutant DCX in PC12 cells, microtubule stabilization assay, neurite outgrowth measurement, CREB reporter assay Human molecular genetics Medium 11331616
2005 In utero RNAi knockdown of DCX in rats (but not mice) causes subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and laminar displacement of neurons; these defects are rescued by co-expression of wild-type DCX, demonstrating molecular specificity. SBH contains not only transfected pyramidal cells but also non-transfected interneurons and glia, indicating recruitment of neighboring cells. In utero electroporation-mediated RNAi knockdown in rat and mouse, rescue by DCX overexpression, immunohistochemistry Cerebral cortex High 16292002
2008 Dcx knockout mice exhibit discrete hippocampal lamination defects in the CA3 region, enhanced excitability of hippocampal neurons, and spontaneous seizures originating in the hippocampus, demonstrating that DCX is required for proper hippocampal neuronal positioning and that lamination defects underlie epileptiform activity. Dcx knockout mouse analysis, video-EEG monitoring, in vitro hippocampal slice electrophysiology, neuropeptide Y/calbindin immunostaining as seizure markers PloS one High 18575605
2008 RNAi knockdown of DCX or LIS1 in rat lateral ventricular zone neurons disrupts migration into the lateral cortical stream destinations (amygdala, piriform cortex), and combined knockdown of both genes has additive/synergistic effects on migration defects, suggesting functional interaction between DCX and LIS1 during migration through this pathway. In utero electroporation RNAi in rat, immunohistochemistry, combinatorial RNAi epistasis Developmental neuroscience Medium 18075262
2017 DCX dynamically associates with microtubules in living cells with rapid and complete exchange; removal of the C-terminal region significantly slows this exchange. MT depolymerization (nocodazole) or stabilization (taxol) further modulates DCX exchange rates, but C-terminal truncated DCX is resistant to taxol-induced changes and to hyperosmotic stress-induced slowing, establishing the C-terminus as a key regulator of DCX–MT dynamics. Quantitative fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in living cells, C-terminal truncation mutants, pharmacological MT manipulation (nocodazole, taxol), hyperosmotic stress Scientific reports High 28701724
2016 Different DCX patient alleles cause dysfunction through distinct cellular mechanisms: DCX-R89G and DCX-272X are loss-of-function alleles acting via different cellular routes, while DCX-R59H forms cytoplasmic aggregates containing Hsp70 and ubiquitinated proteins, traps spinophilin and other cytoskeletal proteins, and induces autophagy, classifying this allele as an 'off-pathway' or possible neomorph. Expression of patient DCX alleles in cultured rat neurons and non-neuronal cells, gain-of-function dendrite growth assay, co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular localization, autophagy assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 27799303
2017 iPSC-derived neural stem cells from male lissencephaly patients with DCX mutations show impaired migration, delayed differentiation, and deficient neurite formation, expanding the known cellular roles of DCX beyond cortical neuron radial migration. iPSC generation from DCX-mutant patients, neural differentiation, migration assays, expression profiling Molecular psychiatry Medium 28924182
2020 Nestin selectively facilitates phosphorylation of DCX by cdk5/p35 by physically interacting with DCX and scaffolding DCX with activated cdk5/p35; this selectivity is based on direct nestin–DCX binding that is not shared by other cdk5 substrates. Nestin's effects on growth cone morphology and Sema3a sensitivity are DCX-dependent, as shown using Dcx KO neurons. Co-immunoprecipitation (nestin–DCX interaction), in vitro/cell-based kinase assays, Dcx KO mouse neurons, growth cone morphology measurements, Sema3a sensitivity assays The Journal of neuroscience High 32273484
2006 All tested DCX superfamily members with DCX-domain tandems stimulate microtubule assembly in vitro and stabilize the microtubule cytoskeleton in transfected cells; all tested members interact with components of the JNK/MAP-kinase pathway; a subset interacts with Neurabin 2, and a non-overlapping subset shows actin association, demonstrating conserved and unique roles within the family. In vitro microtubule assembly assay, transfection/immunofluorescence in cells, co-immunoprecipitation with JNK pathway components and Neurabin 2 Cell cycle Medium 16628014

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Structural basis for selective recognition of oligosaccharides by DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Science (New York, N.Y.) 551 11739956
2007 DC-based cancer vaccines. The Journal of clinical investigation 467 17476349
2004 NK cell and DC interactions. Trends in immunology 351 14698284
2003 Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins interact with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Journal of virology 294 12634366
2004 RANKL-induced DC-STAMP is essential for osteoclastogenesis. The Journal of experimental medicine 285 15452179
1998 LIS1 and XLIS (DCX) mutations cause most classical lissencephaly, but different patterns of malformation. Human molecular genetics 276 9817918
1998 IL-12 acts directly on DC to promote nuclear localization of NF-kappaB and primes DC for IL-12 production. Immunity 217 9768751
1998 doublecortin is the major gene causing X-linked subcortical laminar heterotopia (SCLH). Human molecular genetics 215 9618162
2011 DC-SIGN as a receptor for phleboviruses. Cell host & microbe 190 21767814
2000 Absence of dc-conductivity in lambda-DNA. Physical review letters 189 11102169
2004 DCX, a new mediator of the JNK pathway. The EMBO journal 182 14765123
2010 Dendritic cell (DC)-specific targeting reveals Stat3 as a negative regulator of DC function. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 179 20124100
2004 Extended neck regions stabilize tetramers of the receptors DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. The Journal of biological chemistry 153 15509576
2010 High-affinity glycopolymer binding to human DC-SIGN and disruption of DC-SIGN interactions with HIV envelope glycoprotein. Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 20932025
2007 DC ablation in mice: promises, pitfalls, and challenges. Trends in immunology 128 17964853
2020 DC-Based Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines 120 33255895
2006 DC-SIGN and immunoregulation. Cellular & molecular immunology 118 16978536
2009 Phenotype and function of neonatal DC. European journal of immunology 116 19137537
2003 The DCX-domain tandems of doublecortin and doublecortin-like kinase. Nature structural biology 112 12692530
2005 Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 109 15796587
1999 Subcortical band heterotopia in rare affected males can be caused by missense mutations in DCX (XLIS) or LIS1. Human molecular genetics 103 10441340
2003 Pathogens target DC-SIGN to influence their fate DC-SIGN functions as a pathogen receptor with broad specificity. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 98 12974773
2006 The evolving doublecortin (DCX) superfamily. BMC genomics 97 16869982
2010 Test and treat DC: forecasting the impact of a comprehensive HIV strategy in Washington DC. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 94 20617921
2021 DC-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers 90 34359569
2005 Heterotopia formation in rat but not mouse neocortex after RNA interference knockdown of DCX. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 90 16292002
2008 Turning NF-kappaB and IRFs on and off in DC. Trends in immunology 79 18534908
1997 Linkage and physical mapping of X-linked lissencephaly/SBH (XLIS): a gene causing neuronal migration defects in human brain. Human molecular genetics 79 9097958
2009 Pathogen recognition by DC-SIGN shapes adaptive immunity. Future microbiology 78 19722841
2020 Antibacterial properties and mechanism of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Providencia sp. DCX. Environmental research 74 33345899
1981 7-Methylguanine in poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) facilitates z-DNA formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71 6946426
2009 NGF, DCX, and NSE upregulation correlates with severity and outcome of head trauma in children. Neurology 70 19221293
2014 Hyaluronan digestion controls DC migration from the skin. The Journal of clinical investigation 69 24487587
2011 Semen clusterin is a novel DC-SIGN ligand. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 61 22013110
2006 Common and divergent roles for members of the mouse DCX superfamily. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 59 16628014
2008 Epilepsy in Dcx knockout mice associated with discrete lamination defects and enhanced excitability in the hippocampus. PloS one 58 18575605
1999 DCAMKL1, a brain-specific transmembrane protein on 13q12.3 that is similar to doublecortin (DCX). Genomics 57 10036192
2013 DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR and LSECtin: C-type lectins for infection. International reviews of immunology 56 24156700
2011 Induction of protective immunity against Eimeria tenella infection using antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DC) and DC-derived exosomes. Vaccine 56 21439315
2011 Inflammation-restraining effects of prostaglandin E2 on natural killer-dendritic cell (NK-DC) interaction are imprinted during DC maturation. Blood 55 21715307
2017 TLR-Induced Murine Dendritic Cell (DC) Activation Requires DC-Intrinsic Complement. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 53 28539427
2010 A JIP3-regulated GSK3β/DCX signaling pathway restricts axon branching. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 50 21159948
2019 Antigen structure affects cellular routing through DC-SIGN. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47 31270240
2014 Npas4 regulates Mdm2 and thus Dcx in experience-dependent dendritic spine development of newborn olfactory bulb interneurons. Cell reports 45 25088421
2007 MSC-DC interactions: MSC inhibit maturation and migration of BM-derived DC. Cytotherapy 45 17786606
2012 Noncarbohydrate glycomimetics and glycoprotein surrogates as DC-SIGN antagonists and agonists. ACS chemical biology 44 22747463
2022 Guidelines for mouse and human DC generation. European journal of immunology 43 36303448
2017 An in vitro model of lissencephaly: expanding the role of DCX during neurogenesis. Molecular psychiatry 43 28924182
2014 Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC. Journal of ethnopharmacology 43 24463034
2011 CISH is induced during DC development and regulates DC-mediated CTL activation. European journal of immunology 43 22002016
2008 The role of DCX and LIS1 in migration through the lateral cortical stream of developing forebrain. Developmental neuroscience 42 18075262
2004 DC-virus interplay: a double edged sword. Seminars in immunology 42 15130499
2015 Human Milk Blocks DC-SIGN-Pathogen Interaction via MUC1. Frontiers in immunology 39 25821450
2014 The clinical significance of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, which are novel markers expressed in human colon cancer. PloS one 39 25504222
2014 Distinct usage of three C-type lectins by Japanese encephalitis virus: DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, and LSECtin. Archives of virology 37 24623090
2006 Site-specific dephosphorylation of doublecortin (DCX) by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Molecular and cellular neurosciences 37 16530423
2006 Functional comparison of mouse CIRE/mouse DC-SIGN and human DC-SIGN. International immunology 35 16569675
2017 Transcriptome Analysis of Taxillusi chinensis (DC.) Danser Seeds in Response to Water Loss. PloS one 33 28046012
2001 DCX in PC12 cells: CREB-mediated transcription and neurite outgrowth. Human molecular genetics 33 11331616
2016 Pseudo-Mannosylated DC-SIGN Ligands as Immunomodulants. Scientific reports 31 27734954
2009 Type I IFN regulate DC turnover in vivo. European journal of immunology 31 19544312
2008 The location of DCX mutations predicts malformation severity in X-linked lissencephaly. Neurogenetics 31 18685874
2013 Analysis of adult neurogenesis: evidence for a prominent "non-neurogenic" DCX-protein pool in rodent brain. PloS one 30 23690918
2015 Ictal infraslow activity in stereoelectroencephalography: Beyond the "DC shift". Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 29 25920940
2001 Rhesus macaque and chimpanzee DC-SIGN act as HIV/SIV gp120 trans-receptors, similar to human DC-SIGN. Immunology letters 29 11595296
2012 The interaction of NK cells and dendritic cells in the tumor environment: how to enforce NK cell & DC action under immunosuppressive conditions? Current medicinal chemistry 28 22414086
2010 Isolation of human blood DC subtypes. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 28 19941104
2010 Chemical discrimination between dC and 5MedC via their hydroxylamine adducts. Nucleic acids research 28 20813757
2009 Autonomous tetramerization domains in the glycan-binding receptors DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Journal of molecular biology 26 19249311
2004 DCX's phosphorylation by not just another kinase (JNK). Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 26 15118415
2004 Neocortical neuronal arrangement in LIS1 and DCX lissencephaly may be different. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 25 15057976
2018 Extracellular vesicles from mature dendritic cells (DC) differentiate monocytes into immature DC. Life science alliance 23 30519676
2008 Doublecortin (DCX) and doublecortin-like (DCL) are differentially expressed in the early but not late stages of murine neocortical development. The Journal of comparative neurology 23 18231966
2006 Relevance of DC-SIGN in DC-induced T cell proliferation. Journal of leukocyte biology 22 17135574
2019 Subacute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. root in Wistar rats. Toxicology reports 21 30766799
2019 Activate capture and digital counting (AC + DC) assay for protein biomarker detection integrated with a self-powered microfluidic cartridge. Lab on a chip 21 31641717
2016 SLE-associated risk factors affect DC function. Immunological reviews 21 26683148
2012 Lissencephaly and band heterotopia: LIS1, TUBA1A, and DCX mutations in Hungary. Journal of child neurology 21 22408144
2007 Selection of DNA aptamers against DC-SIGN protein. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 21 17660953
2021 Epigenetic evidence of an Ac/Dc axis by VPA and SAHA. Clinical epigenetics 20 33743782
2013 Intestinal DC in migrational imprinting of immune cells. Immunology and cell biology 20 23295361
2006 Methamphetamine modulates DC-SIGN expression by mature dendritic cells. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology 20 18040806
2001 Incomplete penetrance with normal MRI in a woman with germline mutation of the DCX gene. Neurology 20 11468322
1984 Conformation and dynamics of short DNA duplexes: (dC-dG)3 and (dC-dG)4. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 20 6400826
2021 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, citral and geraniol exhibit anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in zebrafish. Journal of ethnopharmacology 19 33910044
2012 Cellular anatomy, physiology and epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of Dcx knockout mice: a neuronal lamination defect and its consequences. The European journal of neuroscience 19 22250815
2016 Doublecortin (DCX) is not Essential for Survival and Differentiation of Newborn Neurons in the Adult Mouse Dentate Gyrus. Frontiers in neuroscience 18 26793044
2020 Nestin Selectively Facilitates the Phosphorylation of the Lissencephaly-Linked Protein Doublecortin (DCX) by cdk5/p35 to Regulate Growth Cone Morphology and Sema3a Sensitivity in Developing Neurons. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 17 32273484
2020 Analgesic bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the rhizoma of Menispermum dauricum DC. Bioorganic chemistry 17 33280831
2006 Molecular characterization of the murine homologue of the DC-derived protein DC-SCRIPT. Journal of leukocyte biology 17 16522745
2022 Neuropharmacological and Antidiarrheal Potentials of Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp. Stem Bark and Prospective Ligand-Receptor Interactions of Its Bioactive Lead Molecules. Current issues in molecular biology 15 35678688
2022 Performance of digital morphology analyzer CellaVision DC-1. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 15 36306547
2008 Postnatal expression of Doublecortin (Dcx) in the developing cerebellar cortex of mouse. Acta biologica Hungarica 15 18637555
2023 A new hyperelastic lookup table for RT-DC. Soft matter 14 36853279
2017 Dynamic microtubule association of Doublecortin X (DCX) is regulated by its C-terminus. Scientific reports 14 28701724
2017 A comparative assessment of antiproliferative properties of resveratrol and ethanol leaf extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill and Perr against HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 14 28768515
2017 Mannosylcalix[n]arenes as multivalent ligands for DC-SIGN. Carbohydrate research 14 29121497
2016 Different Doublecortin (DCX) Patient Alleles Show Distinct Phenotypes in Cultured Neurons: EVIDENCE FOR DIVERGENT LOSS-OF-FUNCTION AND "OFF-PATHWAY" CELLULAR MECHANISMS. The Journal of biological chemistry 14 27799303
2012 Regulatory T cells form stable and long-lasting cell cluster with myeloid dendritic cells (DC). International immunology 14 22366044
2009 IL-33 broadens its repertoire to affect DC. European journal of immunology 14 19877020