Affinage

CD46

Membrane cofactor protein · UniProt P15529

Length
392 aa
Mass
43.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 41 papers cited in narrative 39 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/7 claims corpus-supported (86%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) is a ubiquitously expressed type I transmembrane glycoprotein that integrates innate complement regulation, pathogen entry, and adaptive T cell control (PMID:1910685, PMID:12540904). Its extracellular region is built from short consensus repeat (SCR) domains that serve as a cofactor for serine protease factor I, driving proteolytic inactivation of C3b and C4b deposited on host cell surfaces and thereby protecting cells from complement-mediated lysis; on cell surfaces CD46 is the principal cofactor for classical-pathway C4b cleavage and restricts alternative-pathway C3b deposition (PMID:1910685, PMID:12055245). The SCR3/SCR4 module carries the complement cofactor site, spatially distinct from the SCR1/SCR2 region that pathogens exploit (PMID:7534417). CD46 is a receptor or entry factor for a wide range of pathogens, with distinct SCR domains assigned to each: measles virus engages SCR1/SCR2 through its hemagglutinin (PMID:7534417, PMID:7745681), HHV-6 requires SCR2/SCR3 via the gQ1/gQ2 glycoproteins (PMID:12171934, PMID:24215487), adenovirus species B binds the CCP2/SCR2 domain through the fiber knob (PMID:15919905, PMID:17898059) whereas species D binds via the hexon capsid (PMID:33384338), pathogenic Neisseria pili bind CD46 (PMID:9379894), and bovine viral diarrhea virus and cytomegalovirus also use CD46 for entry (PMID:14747544, PMID:31221976); pathogen engagement frequently triggers CD46 downregulation or shedding, as seen with measles hemagglutinin-driven downregulation and pilus/PilT-mediated shedding (PMID:7732009, PMID:14597734). On T cells CD46 acts as a costimulatory molecule whose two mutually exclusive cytoplasmic tail isoforms, CYT-1 and CYT-2 generated by alternative splicing, drive divergent outcomes (PMID:1601037, PMID:7692239, PMID:12055630): CD3/CD46 co-engagement first promotes Th1 effector responses then switches CD4+ T cells to IL-10-producing regulatory (Tr1) cells (PMID:12540904, PMID:20694009), with CYT-1 linking through the GOPC scaffold to the VPS34/Beclin1 autophagy machinery (PMID:19837375) and CYT-2 being tyrosine-phosphorylated by Lck and coupling to the kinase SPAK and the ICER/CREM axis to drive the IL-10 switch (PMID:20694009, PMID:10657632). The Notch ligand Jagged1 is an endogenous physiological CD46 ligand required for proper Th1-to-Tr1 transition (PMID:23086448). CD46 function is further tuned by regulated processing—presenilin/γ-secretase cleaves the cytoplasmic tails, MMP-9 mediates ectodomain shedding, and TCR-induced O-glycosylation changes govern immune-synapse recruitment—linking these events to disease states including CD46 deficiency, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and SLE (PMID:20018629, PMID:29066539, PMID:28444759, PMID:23086448).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 32 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Established CD46's founding innate-immune function: how host cells avoid autologous complement attack was addressed by showing CD46 is a factor I cofactor.

    Evidence Biochemical cofactor activity assays with factor I and C3b/C4b substrates

    PMID:1910685

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define which SCR domains carry the cofactor activity
    • Did not address surface-specific contributions versus soluble regulators
  2. 1993 High

    Answered what cellular receptor measles virus uses, defining CD46's first pathogen-receptor role through reconstitution in non-permissive cells.

    Evidence Transfection of CD46 cDNA into hamster cells with binding, syncytia, viral protein and antibody-block assays

    PMID:8371352 PMID:8402913

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not map the viral or receptor binding determinant
    • Did not distinguish entry from cell-cell fusion thresholds
  3. 1995 High

    Resolved whether complement and viral binding sites overlap by mapping the measles determinant to SCR1/SCR2 and the complement site to SCR3/SCR4.

    Evidence Chimeric CD46/DAF mutants, SCR truncations/swaps and antibody blocking in infection assays

    PMID:7534417

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not provide atomic structure of the SCR1/2-virus interface
    • Did not address other pathogen binding sites
  4. 1995 High

    Defined the molecular basis of measles-induced CD46 downregulation, showing it is driven by hemagglutinin engaging the CD46 ectodomain.

    Evidence Strain panel infection, recombinant MV-H expression, chimeric H/F glycoprotein swaps, co-precipitation and cell-contact assays

    PMID:7595386 PMID:7732009 PMID:7745681

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the trafficking fate of downregulated CD46 in all cases
    • Did not establish signaling consequences of downregulation
  5. 1995 Medium

    Probed how CD46 transduces measles uptake by identifying a physical association with the cytoskeletal adaptor moesin.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, chemical cross-linking, immunoelectron microscopy and antibody inhibition

    PMID:7884872

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab without reciprocal validation in independent systems
    • Functional role of moesin in uptake only inferred from antibody block
  6. 1992 High

    Explained how one gene generates functional diversity by documenting tissue- and allele-specific alternative splicing producing CYT-1/CYT-2 tails.

    Evidence RT-PCR, Northern and Western analysis of tissue isoforms with allelic analysis

    PMID:1601037 PMID:7692239

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not assign function to individual isoforms
    • Did not identify the trans-acting splicing factors
  7. 1997 High

    Extended CD46's pathogen-receptor repertoire to bacteria by identifying it as a pilus receptor for pathogenic Neisseria.

    Evidence Pilus binding to CD46, antibody blocking, CD46-transfected CHO cells and recombinant CD46 binding

    PMID:9379894

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not map the CD46 domain contacting pili
    • Did not define downstream cellular response at this stage
  8. 1999 High

    Added HHV-6 to the CD46 receptor repertoire via reconstitution and inhibition approaches.

    Evidence CD46 downregulation by flow cytometry, soluble CD46/antibody neutralization, transfection of non-permissive cells

    PMID:10619434

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not map binding domain or viral ligand at this stage
  9. 2000 High

    Began dissecting isoform-specific signaling by showing CYT-2, not CYT-1, is tyrosine-phosphorylated by the Src kinase Lck.

    Evidence Tail peptide phosphorylation, anti-phosphotyrosine blotting, Lck-deficient Jurkat analysis

    PMID:10657632

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not connect phosphorylation to downstream effectors
    • Did not address CYT-1 signaling mechanism
  10. 2000 Medium

    Showed CD46 cytoplasmic tails are required for antiviral interferon output, linking the receptor to innate effector responses.

    Evidence Tailless CD46 mutant macrophages, IFN neutralization, nitric oxide and viral protein assays

    PMID:10627535

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab study in mouse macrophages
    • Did not resolve which tail isoform drives the effect
  11. 2000 Medium

    Identified CD46 membrane partnerships with β1 integrins and tetraspanins, raising the possibility of supramolecular receptor complexes.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP and cross-linking on living cells with anti-integrin panel

    PMID:10741407

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of the association unresolved
    • Complexes did not modify MV fusion entry
  12. 2002 High

    Assigned distinct in vivo immune functions to the two tail isoforms, establishing CYT-1 versus CYT-2 as opposing inflammatory regulators.

    Evidence Isoform-specific transgenic mice, contact hypersensitivity, proliferation, cytotoxicity, cytokine and Vav phosphorylation assays

    PMID:12055630

    Open questions at the time
    • Mouse transgenic context may not fully recapitulate human CD46 signaling
    • Did not define molecular effectors of each tail
  13. 2002 High

    Refined CD46's complement role by showing it is the principal surface cofactor for C4b cleavage and restrains alternative-pathway C3b deposition.

    Evidence Complement fragment deposition on MCP-transfected cells with function-blocking antibodies under pathway-specific conditions

    PMID:12055245

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not address tissue-specific differences in cofactor balance
  14. 2002 High

    Distinguished HHV-6 from measles receptor usage by mapping HHV-6 to SCR2/SCR3 versus SCR1/SCR2 for measles.

    Evidence Quantitative cell-fusion assay with CD46 truncations, DAF chimeras, isoform variants and SCR-specific antibodies

    PMID:12171934

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not provide structural detail of the HHV-6-CD46 interface
  15. 2003 High

    Discovered CD46's role in adaptive tolerance, showing CD3/CD46 co-engagement drives an IL-10-producing Tr1 regulatory phenotype.

    Evidence CD3/CD46 costimulation of primary human CD4+ T cells with cytokine and bystander suppression assays

    PMID:12540904

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the endogenous CD46 ligand
    • Did not define the signaling effectors of the switch
  16. 2003 High

    Mapped adenovirus species B usage of CD46 as a primary attachment receptor and established mechanisms of bacterial-induced downregulation and in vivo pathogenesis.

    Evidence CD46-transfected CHO cells, fiber knob/antibody competition for Ad11; PilT-mutant Neisseria shedding analysis and human infection isolates; CD46 transgenic mouse meningococcal challenge

    PMID:12869763 PMID:12915534 PMID:14597734

    Open questions at the time
    • Transgenic mouse pathogenesis is a single study
    • Did not resolve the protease responsible for pilus-mediated shedding
  17. 2004 High

    Established a receptor-density threshold governing measles-induced fusion, explaining tumor-selective syncytia formation.

    Evidence Engineered cell lines spanning CD46 densities with quantitative viral marker and fusion readouts

    PMID:15256464

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the molecular basis of the threshold
  18. 2004 Medium

    Extended CD46 receptor function across species by identifying bovine CD46 as a BVDV receptor.

    Evidence Immunoaffinity purification, cDNA cloning, expression in porcine cells and susceptibility assays

    PMID:14747544

    Open questions at the time
    • Bovine CD46 did not fully confer permissiveness to all non-permissive cells
    • Single lab study
  19. 2007 High

    Provided structural and quantitative detail of adenovirus-CD46 binding, mapping the fiber knob residues and stoichiometry.

    Evidence Random knob mutagenesis, surface plasmon resonance, X-ray crystallography at 2-Å and modeling; combined with earlier CCP2 point-mutant mapping

    PMID:15919905 PMID:17898059

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of the full virion-CD46 complex for species B not resolved here
  20. 2009 High

    Defined the CYT-1 effector pathway, linking it to autophagy via the GOPC scaffold and VPS34/Beclin1 complex.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP of CD46-Cyt-1 with GOPC, VPS34/Beclin1 interaction, isoform-specific autophagy assays with MV and group A Streptococcus; cTreg/B cell co-culture with CD46-deficient patient cells

    PMID:19784949 PMID:19837375

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not fully resolve how autophagy feeds into the cytokine switch
    • B cell help mechanism characterized in single lab
  21. 2009 High

    Showed CD46 tails are released by presenilin/γ-secretase, implicating regulated intramembrane proteolysis and pilus-driven mechanotransduction.

    Evidence Immunoprecipitation of cleaved tail peptides, γ-secretase inhibitors, dominant-negative presenilin, type IV pili/PilT bacterial mutants

    PMID:20018629

    Open questions at the time
    • Fate and signaling role of released tail peptides not fully defined
    • Mechanotransduction model partly inferred
  22. 2010 High

    Resolved how the Th1-to-regulatory switch is wired, identifying CD46 tail engagement of SPAK and the ICER/CREM axis to attenuate IL-2 and induce IL-10.

    Evidence Isoform-specific stimulation, ICER/CREM reporters, SPAK interaction, cytokine assays in CD4+ and γδ T cells, and rheumatoid arthritis patient cells

    PMID:20694009

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the upstream physiological CD46 ligand at this stage
    • Mechanism of IL-2-timed switching not fully resolved
  23. 2012 High

    Identified Jagged1 as the endogenous CD46 ligand and connected CD46 to Notch signaling required for proper Th1/IL-10 responses.

    Evidence Jagged1-CD46 binding and blocking, T cell stimulation, CD46-deficient and Alagille syndrome patient T cell analysis

    PMID:23086448

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the CD46-Jagged1 interaction not defined
    • Did not resolve the bidirectional signaling stoichiometry
  24. 2014 Medium

    Mapped the viral determinant of HHV-6A CD46 binding to the gQ1/gQ2 glycoproteins within the gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 complex.

    Evidence Chimeric HHV-6A/B glycoprotein swaps, complex Co-IP and CD46 binding assays

    PMID:24215487

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab subunit-swap study without structural confirmation
  25. 2016 High

    Elucidated the splicing regulatory logic generating CD46 isoforms and demonstrated antisense control of exon 13 inclusion.

    Evidence Minigene assays, siRNA of PTBP1/TIAL1/SRSF1, U1 snRNA base-pairing analysis, antisense oligonucleotide manipulation

    PMID:27226545

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not link splicing factor activity to physiological cell-state cues
    • Single lab
  26. 2016 Medium

    Connected CD46 costimulation to T cell metabolism through miR-150 downregulation of the glucose transporter SLC2A1.

    Evidence miRNA profiling, CD46 blockade, miR-150 knockdown and SLC2A1 target validation in CD4+ T cells

    PMID:26746193

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Causal contribution of glucose uptake to the cytokine switch only partially dissected
  27. 2016 Medium

    Implicated CD46 in reproduction by characterizing its acrosomal localization, integrin partnership, and sperm-specific cofactor activity.

    Evidence Super-resolution microscopy and proximity ligation during acrosome reaction; biochemical cofactor assays on sperm/seminal isoforms with blocking mAb

    PMID:27666019 PMID:8500528

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of CD46-integrin interaction only proposed
    • Single lab studies
  28. 2017 Medium

    Revealed post-translational tuning of CD46 signaling through TCR-induced O-glycosylation changes and immune-synapse recruitment, with disease relevance in MS.

    Evidence Mass-shift assays with O-glycosylation inhibitors, immune synapse imaging, STP-region mutants, cytokine assays and MS patient T cells

    PMID:29066539

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Molecular link between glycosylation state and processing only partly defined
  29. 2017 Medium

    Linked dysregulated MMP-9 shedding of CD46 to defective Th1 contraction in SLE, tying ectodomain proteolysis to autoimmune dysfunction.

    Evidence Soluble CD46 measurement, MMP-9 inhibitor rescue of Th1 contraction in SLE versus healthy donor T cells

    PMID:28444759

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab patient-cell study
    • Did not establish MMP-9 as the sole sheddase
  30. 2018 Medium

    Generalized the CD46-autophagy axis beyond T cells, showing GOPC-dependent autophagy in airway epithelium protects against oxidative apoptosis and dampens NLRP3.

    Evidence CD46 crosslinking in primary nasal epithelial cells, LC3-II imaging, ATG5 siRNA, 3-MA inhibition, caspase-3/NLRP3 blotting

    PMID:30154478

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Did not define the epithelial CD46 ligand
  31. 2019 High

    Extended CD46 receptor function to cytomegalovirus in a cell-type-specific manner relevant to epithelial and placental infection.

    Evidence Antibody inhibition screen, CRISPR CD46-KO epithelial cells, infection assays in trophoblasts versus fibroblasts

    PMID:31221976

    Open questions at the time
    • Viral ligand for CD46 not identified
    • Mechanism of cell-type specificity unresolved
  32. 2021 High

    Showed adenovirus species D uses a different CD46 contact than species B, binding through the hexon capsid rather than the fiber knob.

    Evidence Receptor screening, CD46 KO/overexpression cells, soluble CD46 competition, SPR and cryo-EM of the HAdV-D56 virion-CD46 complex

    PMID:33384338

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define which CD46 SCR domain contacts hexon

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the competing roles of CD46 (complement cofactor, multi-pathogen receptor, and T cell signaling hub) are coordinated on a single cell, and how isoform choice, glycosylation, and proteolysis are integrated by physiological cues, remain unresolved.
  • No unified structural model of CD46 multi-ligand engagement
  • Upstream regulators selecting isoform and processing fate in vivo are undefined
  • Quantitative interplay between complement regulation and receptor functions on the same membrane is uncharacterized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0001618 virus receptor activity 7 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 6 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 2
Partners
GOPCITGA3ITGB1JAG1LCKMOESINSPAK
Complex memberships
CD46/β1-integrin/tetraspanin surface complexVPS34/Beclin1 autophagy complex (via GOPC)

Evidence

Reading pass · 39 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) functions as the cellular receptor for measles virus (Edmonston strain): hamster cells expressing human CD46 gained the ability to bind measles virus, form syncytia, and produce viral proteins; polyclonal antisera against CD46 blocked virus binding and infection. Somatic cell hybrid mapping, transfection of CD46 cDNA into non-permissive hamster cells, virus binding and infection assays, antibody inhibition Cell High 8371352 8402913
1991 CD46 acts as a cofactor for the serine protease factor I to mediate proteolytic cleavage (inactivation) of complement components C3b and C4b deposited on host cells, thereby protecting cells from complement-mediated lysis. Biochemical purification, functional cofactor activity assays with factor I and C3b/C4b substrates Annual review of immunology High 1910685
1995 The measles virus receptor determinant on CD46 maps to SCR1 and SCR2 (short consensus repeat domains 1 and 2) of the extracellular region; monoclonal antibodies against SCR1 or SCR2 blocked MV infection, whereas the C3b/C4b binding site maps to SCR3 and SCR4, demonstrating that the MV and complement binding sites are distinct. Chimeric CD46/DAF mutants, SCR domain truncations and swaps, GPI-anchored CD46 ectodomain constructs, monoclonal antibody blocking, cell infection assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 7534417
1999 CD46 serves as a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6, both subgroups A and B): HHV-6 infection downregulates surface CD46; anti-CD46 monoclonal antibody and soluble CD46 inhibit cell fusion and entry; non-human cells became susceptible to HHV-6 upon expression of recombinant human CD46. Flow cytometry for CD46 downregulation, neutralization with anti-CD46 mAb and soluble CD46, transfection of CD46 into non-permissive cells, infection and fusion assays Cell High 10619434
1997 CD46 is a pilus receptor for pathogenic Neisseria (N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis): purified pili bound a 55-60 kDa doublet consistent with CD46; anti-CD46 antibodies blocked bacterial attachment; piliated gonococci bound CHO cells transfected with CD46 cDNA but not non-transfected cells; recombinant CD46 protein directly bound piliated Neisseria and inhibited attachment. SDS-PAGE binding assays, antibody blocking, transfection of CD46 cDNA into CHO cells, direct binding with recombinant CD46, competition inhibition Molecular microbiology High 9379894
2003 Adenovirus type 11 (species B) uses CD46 as a primary cellular attachment receptor: Ad11 bound CD46-transfected CHO cells ~10× more than CAR- or CD55-transfected cells; CD46 cDNA transfection rendered non-permissive CHO cells permissive to Ad11 infection; soluble Ad11 fiber knob and anti-CD46 antibodies inhibited Ad11 binding and infection. Transfection of CD46 cDNA into CHO cells, virus binding assays, soluble fiber knob competition, antibody inhibition of binding and infection Journal of virology High 12915534
2003 Co-engagement of CD3 and CD46 on human CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-2 induces a T regulatory 1 (Tr1) cytokine phenotype, with strong IL-10 production, suppression of bystander T cells, and acquisition of a memory phenotype. CD3/CD46 co-stimulation of primary human CD4+ T cells, cytokine measurement (IL-10, IFN-γ), bystander suppression assays, phenotypic characterization Nature High 12540904
1992 CD46 protein isoform expression is controlled by alternative splicing: differential splicing of 5 exons (including STP-rich exons 7, 8, 9 and cytoplasmic tail exons 13/14) generates at least 14 mRNA variants in a tissue-specific, allele-specific, and malignancy-related manner; cytoplasmic tail CYT-1 (exon 13) or CYT-2 (exon 14) arise from mutually exclusive splicing. RT-PCR, Northern blotting, SDS-PAGE/Western blotting of tissue-specific isoforms, allelic analysis European journal of immunology High 1601037 7692239
2009 Engagement of CD46 (specifically the CD46-Cyt-1 isoform) induces autophagy through its interaction with the scaffold protein GOPC, which links CD46-Cyt-1 to the autophagosome formation complex VPS34/Beclin1; measles virus and group A Streptococcus induce autophagy through this CD46-Cyt-1/GOPC pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation of CD46-Cyt-1 with GOPC, VPS34/Beclin1 interaction assays, autophagy induction assays (LC3 formation), isoform-specific constructs, infection with MV and GAS Cell host & microbe High 19837375
2010 CD46 engagement on CD4+ T cells promotes Th1 effector function; as IL-2 accumulates, CD46 switches cells to a regulatory phenotype by attenuating IL-2 production via the transcriptional regulator ICER/CREM and upregulating IL-10 through interaction of the CD46 cytoplasmic tail with the serine-threonine kinase SPAK; the CD46 tail isoform expressed determines the regulatory outcome. CD46 tail isoform-specific stimulation, ICER/CREM reporter assays, SPAK interaction assays, cytokine measurement in CD4+ T cells and γδ T cells, analysis of rheumatoid arthritis patient cells Nature immunology High 20694009
2000 The CYT-2 cytoplasmic tail of CD46, but not CYT-1, is phosphorylated on tyrosine by the Src kinase Lck; a CYT-2 peptide is phosphorylated by a src kinase system, and Lck is required for CYT-2 phosphorylation in the Jurkat T cell line. CD46 tail peptide phosphorylation assays, Western blotting with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, cross-linking of CD46 on cell lines and isoform transfectants, genetic and biochemical src kinase inhibition/knockout analysis Journal of immunology High 10657632
2002 The two CD46 cytoplasmic tail isoforms (CD46-1/CYT-1 and CD46-2/CYT-2) have divergent functions in T cell-mediated inflammation: CD46-1 engagement inhibits the contact hypersensitivity reaction while CD46-2 increases it; the isoforms differentially affect CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, CD4+ T cell proliferation, IL-2 and IL-10 production, and tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav. CD46 isoform-specific transgenic mice, contact hypersensitivity assays, T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, cytokine measurement, Vav phosphorylation analysis Nature immunology High 12055630
2002 In classical pathway activation, CD46 (not soluble C4BP) is primarily responsible for C4b cleavage on cell surfaces (cofactor activity), generating C4c and C4d; factor H is primarily responsible for C3b cleavage; in alternative pathway activation, CD46's cofactor activity is sufficient to restrict C3b deposition. FACS and Western blotting of complement fragment deposition on MCP-transfected vs MCP-negative cells, function-blocking anti-CD46 and anti-factor H mAbs, serum with Mg2+-EGTA to isolate alternative pathway Journal of immunology High 12055245
2012 The Notch family member Jagged1 is an endogenous physiological ligand for CD46; CD46 regulates Notch receptor and ligand expression during T cell activation; disruption of CD46-Notch crosstalk impedes IFN-γ induction and switching to IL-10; CD4+ T cells from CD46-deficient patients and Alagille syndrome (Jagged1 hypomorphic mutation) patients fail to mount appropriate Th1 responses. Jagged1-CD46 binding assays, T cell stimulation with CD46/Jagged1 blocking, analysis of CD46-deficient patient T cells, Alagille syndrome patient T cells, cytokine measurement Nature immunology High 23086448
1995 CD46 and moesin physically interact in a receptor complex on the cell surface: chemical cross-linking showed close proximity of CD46 and moesin; co-immunoprecipitation confirmed physical interaction; both proteins co-localize at sites of MV particle adsorption by immunoelectron microscopy; antibodies to moesin inhibited MV infection of CD46-negative mouse cell lines, suggesting moesin contributes to MV uptake. Co-immunoprecipitation, chemical cross-linking of cell surface proteins, antibody inhibition of MV binding and infection, immunoelectron microscopy co-localization Journal of virology Medium 7884872
1995 CD46 downregulation by measles virus is specifically caused by interaction with newly synthesized MV hemagglutinin (MV-H) protein: recombinant MV-H proteins of strains Edmonston, Halle, and CM cause CD46 downregulation, while those of lymphotropic wild-type strains DL and WTF do not; cell-to-cell contact involving MV-H is sufficient to trigger CD46 downregulation on uninfected bystander cells. Flow cytometry for CD46 surface expression after infection with 19 MV strains, recombinant MV-H protein expression, antibody inhibition, cell-to-cell contact assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 7732009
2004 CD46 is a cellular receptor for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV): a blocking MAb to bovine CD46 (50-58 kDa) prevented BVDV infection; the cDNA of bovine CD46 was cloned; expression of bovine CD46 correlated with BVDV binding and significantly increased susceptibility of porcine cells to BVDV infection. Immunoaffinity purification and microchemical analysis of receptor, cDNA cloning, BVDV binding assays, transient expression in porcine cells, susceptibility assays Journal of virology Medium 14747544
2002 HHV-6 and measles virus employ distinct CD46 domains for receptor function: HHV-6 requires SCR2 and SCR3 with no requirement for SCR1 or SCR4; measles virus requires SCR1 and SCR2; all four CD46 isoforms support HHV-6 receptor activity, indicating critical HHV-6 binding determinants are outside the C-terminal variable domains. Quantitative cell fusion assay with CD46 truncations, chimeras with DAF (decay-accelerating factor), isoform variants, and SCR-specific monoclonal antibodies The Journal of biological chemistry High 12171934
2003 CD46 downregulation by piliated N. gonorrhoeae occurs via pilus-mediated shedding of CD46 into the supernatant; downregulation requires the pilus retraction protein PilT; gonococci lacking PilT did not downregulate CD46; the effect is not due to global protein synthesis shutdown or intracellular retention. Flow cytometry for surface CD46 expression, Western blotting of supernatants for shed CD46, RT-PCR for mRNA levels, PilT mutant bacteria, clinical isolate reisolation after experimental human infection The Journal of experimental medicine High 14597734
2009 Presenilin/gamma-secretase (PS/γS) cleaves CD46-Cyt-1 and CD46-Cyt-2 intracellular tails, releasing immunoprecipitable cytoplasmic tail peptides into the cell; PS/γS processing is blocked by chemical inhibitors and prevented in dominant-negative presenilin mutant cell lines; Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis stimulate PS/γS processing of CD46 in a manner requiring type IV pili and the pilus retraction motor PilT, implicating mechanotransduction. Immunoprecipitation of cleaved tail peptides, PS/γS chemical inhibitors, dominant-negative presenilin cell lines, bacterial mutant analysis (type IV pili, PilT), Western blotting Journal of immunology High 20018629
2000 CD46 associates with multiple β1 integrins (α1β1, α2β1, α3β1, α5β1, α6β1) and tetraspanins on the cell surface; cross-linking experiments in living cells confirmed the existence of CD46/integrin complexes; CD46 does not associate with β4 integrins; CD46/integrin complexes do not modify MV fusion entry. Co-immunoprecipitation with anti-CD46 mAb, cross-linking experiments on living cells, panel of anti-integrin antibodies European journal of immunology Medium 10741407
2005 The CCP2 (SCR2) domain of CD46 is critical for adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) and Ad11 binding; substitution of amino acids at positions 130-135 or 152-156 of CD46 completely abolishes Ad35 receptor function; Ad35 competes with measles virus for CD46 binding but not with complement C3b; N-glycosylations of CD46 do not critically contribute to Ad35 infection. Competition experiments with known CD46 ligands (MV, C3b), CD46 point mutants, antibody blocking, Ad35 fiber-containing vector infection assays Journal of virology High 15919905
2007 Four residues in the Ad35 fiber knob (Phe242, Arg279, Ser282, Glu302) are critical for CD46 binding; mutation of these residues ablates CD46 binding without affecting knob trimerization; the Ad35 knob binds three CD46 molecules with KD = 15.5 nM; crystal structure of Ad35 knob at 2-Å resolution modeled with existing Ad11-CD46 structure indicates one CD46 molecule binds between two knob monomers. Random mutagenesis library of Ad35 knob screened for CD46 binding, surface plasmon resonance, competition binding, X-ray crystallography of Ad35 knob at 2-Å resolution, structural modeling Journal of virology High 17898059
2021 Human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D) types use CD46 as a receptor through the hexon capsid protein, not the fiber knob: soluble hexon (but not fiber knob) inhibited HAdV-D56 infection; SPR showed CD46 binds HAdV-D hexon but not fiber knob; cryo-EM of the HAdV-D56 virion-CD46 complex confirmed CD46 binding to the central cavity of hexon trimers; 16/17 HAdV-D types were inhibited by soluble CD46. Cell-based receptor screening assay, CD46 KO and overexpressing cells, competition with soluble CD46, surface plasmon resonance, cryo-EM of virion-CD46 complex Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 33384338
1995 CD46 downregulation is mediated specifically by interaction between the extracellular domains of CD46 and MV hemagglutinin, occurring on the same cell membrane and through cell-to-cell contact; CD46 downregulation was reversible, restricted to CD46 (not other surface markers), and not mediated through PKA or PKC-dependent pathways. FACS analysis of CD46 surface expression after contact of Jurkat cells with L cells expressing MV-H, antibody blocking with anti-CD46 and anti-H antibodies, PKA/PKC inhibitor treatment The Journal of general virology Medium 7595386
2000 The CD46 cytoplasmic domains are required for CD46-mediated enhancement of IFN-α/β production in mouse macrophages in response to measles virus; mouse macrophages expressing a tailless CD46 mutant lacking cytoplasmic domains showed much lower IFN-α/β and nitric oxide production and were highly susceptible to MV; IFN-α/β synergizes with IFN-γ to restrict viral replication. CD46 mutant (tailless) transfection into mouse macrophages, antibody neutralization of IFN-α/β, nitric oxide measurement, viral protein synthesis assays, conditioned medium transfer experiments Journal of virology Medium 10627535
2004 CD46 receptor density determines the threshold for measles virus-induced cell-cell fusion: virus entry increases progressively with CD46 density, but intercellular fusion is minimal at low densities and increases dramatically above a threshold density; tumor cells express high CD46 densities (above threshold) leading to extensive syncytia, while normal cells express low densities resulting in infection without significant fusion. Engineered cell lines expressing a range of CD46 densities, quantitative readout of viral gene expression via virally encoded soluble marker peptide, fusion assays at different CD46 receptor densities Cancer research High 15256464
1995 Measles virus hemagglutinin (MV-H), but not the fusion protein (MV-F), determines CD46-dependent fusion specificity: cells expressing HMV + FCDV fused CD46-dependently (like MV); cells expressing HCDV + FMV fused CD46-independently (like CDV); CD46 co-immunoprecipitated with HMV but not with FMV or CDV glycoproteins. Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing chimeric MV/CDV glycoproteins, quantitative reporter gene fusion assay, syncytium formation, flow cytometry and antibody co-precipitation of CD46 with H/F glycoproteins Journal of virology High 7745681
2016 CD46 costimulation of CD4+ T cells leads to downregulation of miR-150, which targets the glucose transporter 1 encoding transcript SLC2A1, connecting CD46 signaling to glucose uptake regulation; CD46 costimulation induces larger miRNA expression changes than CD28; autocrine CD46 signaling operates downstream of CD28; increased miR-150 in IL-10-secreting (switched) Th1 cells contributes to IL-10 production. miRNA expression profiling in CD46-costimulated CD4+ T cells, CD46 blockade, miR-150 knockdown, SLC2A1 target validation, cytokine measurement Journal of immunology Medium 26746193
2017 TCR/CD3 stimulation of CD4+ T cells induces a reduction in apparent molecular mass of CD46 dependent on O-glycosylation; CD3-stimulated changes in CD46 O-glycosylation status reduce CD46 processing and T cell signaling; CD46 is recruited to the immune synapse in a manner requiring its STP (serine-threonine-proline-rich) region; immune synapse recruitment of CD46 switches T cells from IFN-γ to IL-10 production; CD4+ T cells from MS patients show increased surface CD46 without the CD3-stimulated mass shift. SDS-PAGE mass-shift assays with O-glycosylation inhibitors, imaging of CD46 at immune synapse, STP-region mutant constructs, cytokine measurement, analysis of MS patient T cells Science signaling Medium 29066539
2009 Presenilin/gamma-secretase-processed CD46-Cyt-1 (but not Cyt-2) engages CD46-Cyt-1-specific GOPC scaffold and VPS34/Beclin1 autophagosome complex; CD46-induced Treg (cTreg) enhance B cell antibody production in a manner dependent on cell-cell contact and cTreg-derived IL-10; CD46-deficient patient T cells fail to promote B cell responses, while CD46-deficient B cells have no intrinsic immunoglobulin production defect. cTreg/B cell co-culture assays, antibody production measurement, cell-contact blocking, IL-10 blocking, analysis of CD46-deficient patient T cells and B cells European journal of immunology Medium 19784949
2017 MMP-9-mediated increased shedding of soluble CD46 by Th1 cells is associated with defective CD46-regulated Th1 contraction in SLE patients; inhibition of MMP-9 activity normalized soluble CD46 release and restored Th1 contraction in patient T cells. Measurement of soluble CD46 in Th1 cell supernatants, MMP-9 inhibitor treatment, restoration of Th1 contraction assays, comparison of SLE patient vs healthy donor T cells European journal of immunology Medium 28444759
2016 CD46 is subject to alternative splicing regulation: CD46 cassette exons 7 and 8 (extracellular domain-encoding) use noncanonical base-pairing to U1 snRNA at their 5' splice sites; exon 13 (cytoplasmic tail CYT-1) inclusion is regulated by PTBP1 and TIAL1 as splicing factors, and SRSF1 represses exon 13 inclusion; nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and transcription speed further regulate CD46 mRNA isoforms; antisense oligonucleotides successfully manipulated CD46 exon 13 inclusion. Splicing minigene assays, siRNA knockdown of splicing factors (PTBP1, TIAL1, SRSF1), U1 snRNA base-pairing analysis, antisense oligonucleotide manipulation The Journal of biological chemistry High 27226545
2014 HHV-6A gQ1 and gQ2 glycoproteins within the gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 tetrameric complex are critical for CD46 binding: replacement of HHV-6A gQ1 or gQ2 with HHV-6B counterparts abolished CD46 binding, while replacement of gH or gL with HHV-6B molecules did not affect CD46 binding. Chimeric HHV-6A/B glycoprotein complex expression, co-immunoprecipitation of complex formation, CD46 binding assays Microbiology and immunology Medium 24215487
2019 CD46 facilitates human cytomegalovirus (CMV) entry and dissemination in epithelial cells and trophoblasts but not in fibroblasts: CD46-KO epithelial cells showed significantly reduced viral proliferation; anti-CD46 monoclonal antibodies blocked CMV infection; a CD46-dependent entry pathway was demonstrated in trophoblasts. High-throughput antibody inhibition screen, CD46 CRISPR/Cas9 KO epithelial cells, infection assays in multiple cell types including trophoblasts and fibroblasts Nature communications High 31221976
2016 During sperm acrosome reaction, CD46 undergoes dynamic relocalization over the sperm head and interacts with β1 integrin (specifically with α3 but not α6 subunit); this interaction is proposed to involve actin network rearrangement during the acrosome reaction. Super-resolution microscopy, proximity ligation assay for CD46/integrin interaction, localization analysis during acrosome reaction Scientific reports Medium 27666019
1993 In spermatozoa, CD46 (smMCP, 43 kDa) is expressed on the inner acrosomal membrane and is N-glycosylated but not O-glycosylated; seminal plasma CD46 (ssMCP, 60 kDa) is O-glycosylated; both retain factor I cofactor activity for cleavage of C3b, blocked by cofactor-activity-blocking mAb M75; these sperm isoforms are structurally distinct from those on other cells. SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting with anti-MCP mAbs, functional factor I cofactor assays with C3ma substrate, deglycosylation analysis, immunohistochemistry European journal of immunology Medium 8500528
2018 CD46 engagement on airway epithelial cells induces autophagy (via GOPC scaffold protein and LC3-II formation) that protects against oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis; CD46 crosslinking decreases PRO-IL-1β and NLRP3 expression; autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine blocked CD46-induced protection; silencing ATG5 decreased CD46-activated autophagy. CD46 mAb crosslinking in primary nasal epithelial cells, autophagosome imaging (LC3-II), GOPC expression analysis, ATG5 siRNA knockdown, caspase-3 and NLRP3 Western blotting, hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis model Scientific reports Medium 30154478
2003 CD46 (human, expressed in transgenic mice) facilitates Neisseria meningitidis crossing of the blood-brain barrier in a pilus-dependent manner at the epithelial mucosa: CD46 transgenic mice (but not wild-type mice) were susceptible to meningococcal disease after intranasal challenge with piliated bacteria; pilus-CD46 interaction was required for mucosal entry. CD46 transgenic mice challenged with piliated and non-piliated N. meningitidis by intranasal and intraperitoneal routes, assessment of bacteremia and blood-brain barrier crossing Science Medium 12869763

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1993 The human CD46 molecule is a receptor for measles virus (Edmonston strain). Cell 878 8402913
1993 Human membrane cofactor protein (CD46) acts as a cellular receptor for measles virus. Journal of virology 739 8371352
1991 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46): newest member of the regulators of complement activation gene cluster. Annual review of immunology 518 1910685
2003 Activation of human CD4+ cells with CD3 and CD46 induces a T-regulatory cell 1 phenotype. Nature 451 12540904
1999 CD46 is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus 6. Cell 383 10619434
2003 Adenovirus type 11 uses CD46 as a cellular receptor. Journal of virology 289 12915534
2004 High CD46 receptor density determines preferential killing of tumor cells by oncolytic measles virus. Cancer research 270 15256464
1997 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46) is a cellular pilus receptor for pathogenic Neisseria. Molecular microbiology 263 9379894
2010 Complement regulator CD46 temporally regulates cytokine production by conventional and unconventional T cells. Nature immunology 240 20694009
2006 Alterations in CD46-mediated Tr1 regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. The Journal of clinical investigation 232 17099776
2009 Autophagy induction by the pathogen receptor CD46. Cell host & microbe 215 19837375
2001 Expression of complement inhibitors CD46, CD55, and CD59 on tumor cells does not predict clinical outcome after rituximab treatment in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 173 11520782
2012 The CD46-Jagged1 interaction is critical for human TH1 immunity. Nature immunology 149 23086448
2002 Linking innate and acquired immunity: divergent role of CD46 cytoplasmic domains in T cell induced inflammation. Nature immunology 145 12055630
1995 Receptor usage and differential downregulation of CD46 by measles virus wild-type and vaccine strains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 131 7732009
2003 CD46 in meningococcal disease. Science (New York, N.Y.) 126 12869763
2002 Role of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) in regulation of C4b and C3b deposited on cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 121 12055245
1995 Measles virus and C3 binding sites are distinct on membrane cofactor protein (CD46). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 7534417
2004 CD46 is a cellular receptor for bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of virology 112 14747544
2006 Oncolytic measles virus targets high CD46 expression on multiple myeloma cells. Experimental hematology 109 16728275
1992 Tissue-specific and allelic expression of the complement regulator CD46 is controlled by alternative splicing. European journal of immunology 109 1601037
2006 Implications of the initial mutations in membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) leading to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Molecular immunology 101 16882452
2001 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) expression in transgenic mice. Clinical and experimental immunology 98 11422193
2000 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46): isoform-specific tyrosine phosphorylation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 89 10657632
1993 Identification and quantification of complement regulator CD46 on normal human tissues. Immunology 89 8406563
2000 CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) associates with multiple beta1 integrins and tetraspans. European journal of immunology 88 10741407
2013 CD46: the 'multitasker' of complement proteins. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 86 24120647
2016 Antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD46 eliminates multiple myeloma cells. The Journal of clinical investigation 84 27841764
2005 Emerging roles and new functions of CD46. Springer seminars in immunopathology 84 16200405
1993 Polymorphic expression of CD46 protein isoforms due to tissue-specific RNA splicing. Molecular immunology 84 7692239
2002 Analysis of receptor (CD46, CD150) usage by measles virus. The Journal of general virology 78 12029158
2015 Complement regulator CD46: genetic variants and disease associations. Human genomics 76 26054645
1995 Physical association of moesin and CD46 as a receptor complex for measles virus. Journal of virology 73 7884872
2011 CD46 in innate and adaptive immunity: an update. Clinical and experimental immunology 72 21488871
2013 Human complement C3 deficiency: Th1 induction requires T cell-derived complement C3a and CD46 activation. Molecular immunology 71 24321396
1999 Human membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46): multiple isoforms and functions. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 71 10605818
2018 Targeting CD46 for both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. JCI insight 64 30185663
2004 Measles virus receptors: SLAM and CD46. Reviews in medical virology 63 15248250
2007 Identification of CD46 binding sites within the adenovirus serotype 35 fiber knob. Journal of virology 60 17898059
1995 Functional and structural interactions between measles virus hemagglutinin and CD46. Journal of virology 57 7745681
2014 The complement receptors CD46, CD55 and CD59 are regulated by the tumour microenvironment of head and neck cancer to facilitate escape of complement attack. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 56 24915776
1999 Expression of membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) in human liver diseases. British journal of cancer 56 10468303
2003 CD46- and CD150-independent endothelial cell infection with wild-type measles viruses. The Journal of general virology 55 12692284
2021 Human species D adenovirus hexon capsid protein mediates cell entry through a direct interaction with CD46. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 53 33384338
2019 CD46 facilitates entry and dissemination of human cytomegalovirus. Nature communications 53 31221976
2017 Genome-wide associations of CD46 and IFI44L genetic variants with neutralizing antibody response to measles vaccine. Human genetics 53 28289848
2007 Down-regulation of CD55 and CD46 expression by anti-sense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODNs) sensitizes tumour cells to complement attack. Clinical and experimental immunology 53 17903221
2002 Human Herpesvirus 6 and Measles Virus Employ Distinct CD46 Domains for Receptor Function. The Journal of biological chemistry 53 12171934
2021 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46): deficiency states and pathogen connections. Current opinion in immunology 51 34004375
2016 CD46 Activation Regulates miR-150-Mediated Control of GLUT1 Expression and Cytokine Secretion in Human CD4+ T Cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 51 26746193
2012 Altered expression of CD46 and CD59 on leukocytes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. American journal of ophthalmology 51 22541656
2006 CD46 represents a target for adenoviral gene therapy of malignant glioma. Human gene therapy 51 16716112
2005 Localization of regions in CD46 that interact with adenovirus. Journal of virology 50 15919905
1995 Cell-to-cell contact via measles virus haemagglutinin-CD46 interaction triggers CD46 downregulation. The Journal of general virology 50 7595386
1997 Transgenic expression of a CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) minigene: studies of xenotransplantation and measles virus infection. European journal of immunology 47 9079815
1996 Receptor (CD46) modulation and complement-mediated lysis of uninfected cells after contact with measles virus-infected cells. Journal of virology 47 8523534
1999 Measles virus spread by cell-cell contacts: uncoupling of contact-mediated receptor (CD46) downregulation from virus uptake. Journal of virology 45 10364272
2023 Treatment of Prostate Cancer with CD46-targeted 225Ac Alpha Particle Radioimmunotherapy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 44 36917693
2018 Induction of Proinflammatory Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Retrovirus Envelope Protein by Human Herpesvirus-6A and CD46 Receptor Engagement. Frontiers in immunology 44 30574140
2008 T-cell regulation by CD46 and its relevance in multiple sclerosis. Immunology 44 18384356
2000 Human receptor for measles virus (CD46) enhances nitric oxide production and restricts virus replication in mouse macrophages by modulating production of alpha/beta interferon. Journal of virology 44 10627535
2000 Octamerization enables soluble CD46 receptor to neutralize measles virus in vitro and in vivo. Journal of virology 44 10775604
2011 CD46 processing: a means of expression. Immunobiology 43 21742405
2009 CD46-induced human Treg enhance B-cell responses. European journal of immunology 43 19784949
2005 T-cell stimulation and regulation: with complements from CD46. Immunologic research 43 16106057
2004 CD46: a complement regulator and pathogen receptor that mediates links between innate and acquired immune function. Tissue antigens 43 15245366
1993 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) in seminal plasma and on spermatozoa in normal and "sterile" subjects. European journal of immunology 43 8500528
2017 Dysregulated CD46 shedding interferes with Th1-contraction in systemic lupus erythematosus. European journal of immunology 42 28444759
2004 Mutations in CD46, a complement regulatory protein, predispose to atypical HUS. Trends in molecular medicine 41 15121049
2014 Expression of human CD46 modulates inflammation associated with GalTKO lung xenograft injury. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 40 24698431
2014 Systematic immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of CD46, CD55, and CD59 in colon cancer. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 39 24978917
1998 Morbillivirus downregulation of CD46. Journal of virology 38 9811778
2003 Down-regulation of CD46 by piliated Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The Journal of experimental medicine 37 14597734
2002 Subtractive expression cloning reveals high expression of CD46 at the blood-brain barrier. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology 37 12125738
2014 Complement regulatory protein CD46 protects against choroidal neovascularization in mice. The American journal of pathology 36 25019227
1996 Selective expression of a subset of measles virus receptor-competent CD46 isoforms in human brain. Virology 36 8599221
1994 CD46, a primate-specific receptor for measles virus. Trends in microbiology 34 7529121
2023 CD46 targeted 212Pb alpha particle radioimmunotherapy for prostate cancer treatment. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 33 36906664
2020 CD46 and Oncologic Interactions: Friendly Fire against Cancer. Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) 32 33147799
2020 Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer Targeting CD46 Using ImmunoPET. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 32 33293372
2017 TCR-stimulated changes in cell surface CD46 expression generate type 1 regulatory T cells. Science signaling 32 29066539
2016 Characterization of CD46 and β1 integrin dynamics during sperm acrosome reaction. Scientific reports 32 27666019
2009 Presenilin/gamma-secretase cleaves CD46 in response to Neisseria infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 32 20018629
1998 CD46 (membrane cofactor protein of complement, measles virus receptor): structural and functional divergence among species (review). International journal of molecular medicine 32 9852300
1996 Engineering of recombinant soluble CD46: an inhibitor of complement activation. Immunology 30 8778018
2018 Complement regulatory protein CD46 induces autophagy against oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in normal and asthmatic airway epithelium. Scientific reports 29 30154478
2005 CD46-utilizing adenoviruses inhibit C/EBPbeta-dependent expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of virology 29 16103178
1994 Identification and characterization of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) in the human kidneys. European journal of immunology 29 8026516
2021 Porcine Complement Regulatory Protein CD46 Is a Major Receptor for Atypical Porcine Pestivirus but Not for Classical Swine Fever Virus. Journal of virology 28 33568504
2016 Characterization of the Regulation of CD46 RNA Alternative Splicing. The Journal of biological chemistry 28 27226545
2008 CD46 Contributes to the severity of group A streptococcal infection. Infection and immunity 28 18573902
2007 A CD46-binding chimpanzee adenovirus vector as a vaccine carrier. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 28 17228314
2018 Targeting CD46 Enhances Anti-Tumoral Activity of Adenovirus Type 5 for Bladder Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences 27 30201920
2018 CRISPR/Cas9 generated human CD46, CD55 and CD59 knockout cell lines as a tool for complement research. Journal of immunological methods 26 29447841
2006 Cell-surface density of complement restriction factors (CD46, CD55, and CD59): oral squamous cell carcinoma versus other solid tumors. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 26 17234541
2014 Human herpesvirus-6A gQ1 and gQ2 are critical for human CD46 usage. Microbiology and immunology 25 24215487
2012 Calcitriol modulates the CD46 pathway in T cells. PloS one 25 23144765
2007 Downregulation of human CD46 by adenovirus serotype 35 vectors. Gene therapy 25 17377598
2008 CD46-induced immunomodulatory CD4+ T cells express the adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor pattern of intestinal T cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 24 18684945
2015 Monocyte:T-cell interaction regulates human T-cell activation through a CD28/CD46 crosstalk. Immunology and cell biology 23 25787182

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