Affinage

ATF1

Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 · UniProt P18846

Round 2 corrected
Length
271 aa
Mass
29.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 35 papers cited in narrative 36 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ATF1 is a bZIP transcription factor of the CREB/ATF family that binds CRE and related elements as homodimers or heterodimers with CREB, transducing cAMP, stress, and mitogenic signals into transcriptional responses across diverse biological contexts including adipogenesis, neuronal differentiation, heat shock, and immune cell maturation (PMID:1655749, PMID:17071615, PMID:25312646, PMID:24719331). Phosphorylation at Ser63 by kinases downstream of p38 MAPK (MAPKAP kinase-2, MSK1/2) and ERK (RSK2, MSK1) enhances DNA binding and transcriptional activation of target genes including c-jun, NOX1, UCP3, and HSP70, with recruitment of coactivators p300/CBP and chromatin remodeler BRG1 (PMID:8887554, PMID:11909979, PMID:12414794, PMID:21098035, PMID:25312646). ATF1 interacts physically with BRCA1 and PIAS3, which modulate its transcriptional output at specific promoters (PMID:10945975, PMID:17565989). The EWSR1-ATF1 fusion oncoprotein, generated by t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation, constitutively activates transcription and retargets ATF1 binding genome-wide to drive clear cell sarcoma through establishment of aberrant 3D chromatin regulatory networks (PMID:8401579, PMID:35477713).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Establishing ATF1 as a functional CRE-binding transcription factor that homodimerizes and heterodimerizes with CREB and mediates cAMP-dependent transcriptional activation resolved its identity within the CREB/ATF family and defined its core biochemical activity.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, EMSA, and transient reporter assays in mammalian cells

    PMID:1655749

    Open questions at the time
    • No in vivo target genes identified at this stage
    • Upstream kinases beyond PKA not yet mapped
    • Relative contributions of homodimers vs heterodimers unknown
  2. 1993 High

    Discovery that the t(12;22) translocation fuses EWSR1 to the ATF1 bZIP domain in malignant melanoma of soft parts (clear cell sarcoma) revealed ATF1 as an oncogenic partner, opening a major disease axis for the gene.

    Evidence Molecular cloning of fusion transcripts from translocation breakpoints, RT-PCR, and sequencing across four tumor cases

    PMID:8401579

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of transformation by EWS/ATF1 not yet defined
    • Target genes of fusion protein unknown
    • Whether fusion acts as constitutive activator or dominant-negative was unresolved
  3. 1993 Medium

    Identification of phosphorylatable serine residues in ATF1's activation domain, including one not conserved in CREB/CREM, established that post-translational modification regulates ATF1 DNA-binding stability and suggested specialized ATF1 functions.

    Evidence In vitro phosphorylation and mutagenesis of serine residues with DNA-binding assays

    PMID:8414969

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of relevant in vivo kinase not determined
    • Specific critical serine not yet pinpointed as Ser63
    • Functional consequence in cells not tested
  4. 1995 Medium

    Demonstrating that ATF1/CREB binds the hypoxia-response element expanded ATF1's DNA recognition beyond canonical CRE to oxygen-sensing pathways, while studies on cyclin A and PCNA promoters established ATF1 as a regulator of cell-cycle gene expression.

    Evidence EMSA with antibody supershift and recombinant protein binding at HRE; antibody interference assays at cyclin A and PCNA promoters

    PMID:7479004 PMID:7843287 PMID:8524640

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct ChIP confirmation at these promoters in vivo was lacking
    • Functional consequences of ATF1 depletion on cell-cycle progression not tested
    • Contribution of ATF1 versus CREB at shared sites unclear
  5. 1996 High

    Mapping p38 MAPK → MAPKAP kinase-2 as the stress-activated kinase cascade that phosphorylates ATF1 (and CREB) identified a major non-PKA activation route, explaining how cellular stress and growth factors converge on ATF1.

    Evidence Kinase assays, dominant-negative Ras, SB203580 pharmacological inhibition, Gal4-CREB transcription assays

    PMID:8887554

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific phosphorylation site on ATF1 not yet mapped to Ser63 in this study
    • Whether p38 pathway is the sole stress-activated route unknown
    • In vivo genetic validation lacking
  6. 1997 Medium

    Pinpointing Ser63 as the functionally critical phosphorylation site that enhances ATF1 DNA binding and in vitro transcription established the key regulatory switch for ATF1 activation.

    Evidence EMSA with phosphorylated/dephosphorylated extracts and in vitro transcription assays with site-specific phospho-ATF1

    PMID:9016641

    Open questions at the time
    • In vitro transcription system may not recapitulate in vivo complexity
    • Whether Ser63 phosphorylation is sufficient for all ATF1-dependent gene activation untested
    • Identity of Ser63 kinase in this context not established
  7. 1998 Medium

    Characterizing the EWS activation domain (EAD) as a constitutive, dimerization-independent transcriptional activator within EWS/ATF1 clarified how the fusion bypasses normal signal-dependent ATF1 regulation to drive oncogenesis.

    Evidence Systematic mutagenesis of EAD in mammalian and yeast reporter systems

    PMID:9569031

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo target genes of EWS/ATF1 not mapped
    • EAD cofactor recruitment mechanism unknown
    • Whether EAD functions identically in CCS tumor cells not confirmed
  8. 2000 High

    Discovery of the BRCA1–ATF1 physical interaction via the RING finger domain, with BRCA1 stimulating CRE-dependent transcription, linked ATF1 to the tumor suppressor BRCA1 and suggested functional cooperation at ATF1 target promoters.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, and CRE-reporter assays

    PMID:10945975

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous target genes co-regulated by BRCA1–ATF1 not identified
    • Whether BRCA1 modulates ATF1 phosphorylation or DNA binding unknown
    • Physiological context of this interaction (e.g., DNA damage response) not explored
  9. 2002 High

    Genetic knockout of MSK1/MSK2 abolished stress-induced ATF1 phosphorylation, providing definitive in vivo evidence that MSK1/2 are the principal stress-responsive ATF1 kinases; concurrently, ERK→MSK1→ATF1-Ser63 phosphorylation was shown to be required for EGF-induced c-jun expression.

    Evidence MSK1/MSK2 double-knockout mouse fibroblasts with phospho-ATF1 immunoblots; Ser63→Ala mutagenesis and kinase-dead MSK1 with c-jun reporter assays

    PMID:11909979 PMID:12414794

    Open questions at the time
    • Residual mitogen-induced ATF1 phosphorylation in MSK1/2 DKO suggests additional kinase(s)
    • Full spectrum of ATF1 target genes dependent on MSK1/2-mediated phosphorylation not mapped
    • Tissue-specific kinase requirements not addressed
  10. 2005 High

    RNAi and overexpression studies identified ATF1 as a p38-dependent transcriptional activator of NOX1 and UCP3, demonstrating gene-specific functions downstream of stress signaling in vascular smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.

    Evidence ATF1 RNAi/shRNA knockdown, ATF1 overexpression rescue, ChIP on UCP3 promoter, pharmacological p38 inhibition

    PMID:15491278 PMID:18579531

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ATF1 acts alone or with CREB at these promoters not fully resolved
    • ChIP validation of ATF1 at NOX1 promoter not reported
    • Metabolic consequences of ATF1-dependent UCP3/NOX1 regulation not examined in vivo
  11. 2006 High

    Showing that CREB/ATF1 depletion blocks adipogenesis even when master adipogenic regulators are individually overexpressed established ATF1 as a non-redundant integrator of adipogenic transcription that cannot be bypassed by C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, or PPARγ alone.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown combined with ectopic C/EBP/PPARγ expression, in vitro adipogenesis and in vivo xenograft implantation

    PMID:17071615

    Open questions at the time
    • Individual contributions of ATF1 versus CREB in adipogenesis not separated
    • Direct ATF1 target genes in adipogenesis not identified by ChIP
    • Whether ATF1 is required for brown versus white adipogenesis not tested
  12. 2007 High

    Identification of PIAS3 as an ATF1-interacting protein that antagonizes ATF1 repression of the ferritin H antioxidant response element, without acting as a SUMO E3 ligase, revealed a non-canonical regulatory mechanism for ATF1 at stress-responsive genes.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, siRNA knockdown of ATF1 and PIAS3, EMSA showing decreased ATF1 binding, sumoylation assays

    PMID:17565989

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which PIAS3 decreases ATF1 DNA binding not elucidated
    • Whether PIAS3–ATF1 interaction is regulated by stress signals unknown
    • Other PIAS3-regulated ATF1 targets not identified
  13. 2010 High

    Demonstrating that RSK2 directly phosphorylates ATF1 at Ser63 to promote EGF-induced neoplastic transformation, and that RSK2 or ATF1 knockdown suppresses Ras-mediated focus formation, implicated ATF1 as an effector of oncogenic Ras signaling beyond the EWS/ATF1 fusion context.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, structural docking with RSK2 crystal structure, RNAi knockdown, focus formation assay

    PMID:21098035

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of RSK2 versus MSK1/2 to ATF1 activation in transformation not quantified
    • Whether pharmacological ATF1 inhibition is therapeutically viable not tested
    • In vivo tumorigenesis assay not performed
  14. 2014 High

    ATF1 was found to be recruited to the HSP70 promoter with HSF1, BRG1, and p300/CBP during heat shock, with phospho-ATF1 required for complex assembly, chromatin remodeling, and subsequent shutdown of HSF1 activity during recovery—establishing ATF1 as a dual-phase regulator of the heat shock response.

    Evidence Co-IP of HSF1–ATF1, ChIP on HSP70 promoter, phospho-ATF1 mutant analysis, heat shock survival assays

    PMID:25312646

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ATF1 directly acetylates HSF1 or merely recruits p300/CBP for this purpose not resolved
    • Genome-wide extent of ATF1 involvement in heat shock gene regulation unknown
    • Structural basis of HSF1–ATF1 interaction not determined
  15. 2019 Medium

    Functional genomics in colorectal cancer identified ATF1 as an oncogene promoting proliferation and suppressing apoptosis, with risk variants in the ATF1 locus creating SP1/GATA3-mediated promoter–enhancer interactions that upregulate ATF1 expression, linking germline variation to ATF1-driven oncogenesis.

    Evidence RNAi screen, CRC xenograft, RNA-seq/ChIP-seq, fine-mapping with enhancer/promoter assays

    PMID:31204011

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ATF1 oncogenic function in CRC depends on Ser63 phosphorylation not tested
    • Single study defining cancer driver role; independent replication needed
    • Mechanism by which ATF1 activates Wnt and MAPK pathway genes not detailed
  16. 2022 High

    Epigenomic profiling revealed that EWSR1-ATF1 retargets ATF1 binding to new distal genomic sites via the EWSR1 domain, establishing aberrant 3D chromatin regulatory networks that activate oncogenic and neural crest differentiation programs in clear cell sarcoma—depletion unmasks latent neural crest developmental programs.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, Hi-C, ATAC-seq, EWSR1-ATF1 depletion, comparison of WT ATF1 versus fusion binding

    PMID:35477713

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether pharmacological disruption of EWSR1-ATF1 chromatin interactions is therapeutically feasible unknown
    • Specific cofactors mediating EWSR1-domain-dependent retargeting not identified
    • Whether 3D chromatin remodeling is reversible upon fusion removal not fully characterized

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Despite extensive characterization of ATF1 kinase inputs and individual target genes, a genome-wide map of endogenous ATF1 binding sites and target genes in normal (non-tumor) tissues is lacking, and the individual contribution of ATF1 versus CREB at shared CRE sites remains poorly resolved across most biological contexts.
  • No genome-wide ChIP-seq for WT ATF1 in normal tissues reported in the timeline
  • ATF1-specific versus CREB-redundant functions not genetically separated (no ATF1 single knockout phenotype reported)
  • Structural basis of ATF1 selectivity among CRE variants unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 11 GO:0003677 DNA binding 6
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 9 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 6 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4
Partners
BRCA1CREB1CREBBPEP300HSF1PIAS3RPS6KA3SMARCA4

Evidence

Reading pass · 36 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1991 ATF-1 contains a consensus PKA phosphorylation site and activates transcription in response to cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). ATF-1 homodimerizes and heterodimerizes with CREB, and both ATF-1 homodimers and ATF-1/CREB heterodimers bind CRE but not the phorbol ester response element. ATF-1 mediates cAMP-dependent transcriptional activation comparably to CREB, with higher relative responsiveness due to lower basal activity. cDNA sequencing, transient transfection reporter assays, dimerization and DNA-binding assays (EMSA) The Journal of biological chemistry High 1655749
1993 The t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation in malignant melanoma of soft parts fuses the N-terminal domain of EWS to the bZIP domain of ATF-1, creating a chimeric EWS/ATF1 oncogenic transcription factor. This constitutes the first implication of ATF1 in oncogenesis. Molecular cloning of hybrid transcripts from translocation breakpoints, RT-PCR, sequencing Nature genetics High 8401579
1993 ATF-1 contains key serine residues in a putative transcriptional activation domain whose phosphorylation induces a conformational change affecting DNA-binding stability. Phosphorylation is modulated by ATF-1 homodimerization and DNA binding. One critical serine is not conserved in CREB/CREM, suggesting a specialized ATF-1 function. In vitro phosphorylation assays, mutagenesis of serine residues, DNA-binding stability assays Nucleic acids research Medium 8414969
1995 ATF-1 and CREB-1 bind constitutively to the HIF-1 DNA recognition sequence (hypoxia-response element) as homodimers or heterodimers, revealing a new DNA-binding specificity for ATF-1/CREB-1. PKA, but not PKC, signaling is involved in this oxygen-sensing pathway. EMSA competition assays, antibody supershift with anti-ATF-1/CREB-1 monoclonal antibodies, recombinant protein binding, reporter gene assays Nucleic acids research High 8524640
1995 EWS/ATF1 fusion protein is a strong constitutive activator of some ATF1-binding promoters and a repressor of others when expressed in cells. Promoter activity in EWS/ATF1-expressing cells correlates with the ability of particular promoters to be activated by EWS/ATF1, providing evidence that endogenous EWS/ATF1 deregulates transcription and contributes to transformation. Transient transfection of EWS-ATF1 into JEG3 cells with multiple promoter-reporter constructs, comparison to MMSP-derived cell lines Oncogene Medium 7753552
1995 ATF-1 is a component of DNA-protein complexes that form at the ATF/CRE site of the cyclin A promoter in undifferentiated cells. Upon differentiation, ATF-1 (and ATF-2) are depleted from this complex, leading to down-regulation of cyclin A transcription. EMSA, supershift assays with anti-ATF-1 and anti-ATF-2 antibodies, deletion analysis of promoter Experimental cell research Medium 7843287
1995 ATF-1 is a major component of complexes P2 and P3 that form at the ATF binding site within the PCNA E1A-responsive element (PERE). ATF-1 binding correlates with PCNA promoter activity in vivo. EMSA, antibody interference assays, in vitro-synthesized protein binding assays Nucleic acids research Medium 7479004
1996 FGF and cellular stress activate CREB and ATF-1 via phosphorylation at the same site (Ser133 on CREB; cognate site on ATF-1) through MAPKAP kinase-2, which lies downstream of p38 MAP kinase. This pathway is distinct from PKA, PKC, p70S6K, or p90rsk. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocks both MAPKAP kinase-2 activation and ATF-1 phosphorylation. Kinase assays, dominant-negative Ras transfection, SB203580 pharmacological inhibition, Gal4-CREB transcription assays, cell-free phosphorylation assays The EMBO journal High 8887554
1996 ATF-1, CREB, and ATF-2 from BLV-infected B lymphocytes bind to the Tax-responsive element (TxRE) of the BLV LTR and activate LTR-directed gene expression in the presence of PKA or CaMKIV, identifying these factors as major transcription factors in early stages of viral expression. UV cross-linking, EMSA, immunoprecipitation, transient cotransfection reporter assays Journal of virology Medium 8627725
1997 ATF-1 binds the ZII element of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 promoter and transactivates this promoter; an ATF-1 mutant with deleted DNA-binding domain fails to transactivate, demonstrating that DNA binding is required for this activity. EMSA, UV cross-linking, cotransfection with wild-type and DNA-binding domain deletion mutant of ATF-1 Virology Medium 9018131
1997 ATF1 and CREB bind to two ATF/CRE motifs in the histone H4 promoter, including a distal element at the nuclear matrix-associated Site IV. Two ATF1 isoforms partition differentially between nuclear matrix and non-matrix compartments. Site-directed mutagenesis of Sites I and IV demonstrates both are required for ATF1- and CREB-induced trans-activation of the H4 promoter. Protein-DNA interaction assays, site-directed mutagenesis, subnuclear fractionation, trans-activation assays Biochemistry Medium 9398163
1997 Phosphorylation of ATF-1 at Ser63 enhances its DNA-binding activity in both homodimeric and heterodimeric forms. Dephosphorylation reduces binding to the Na,K-ATPase α1 subunit gene ATF/CRE site, and in vitro transcription is stimulated by phosphorylated ATF-1. EMSA with phosphorylated/dephosphorylated nuclear extracts, in vitro transcription assay, site-specific phosphorylation at Ser63 Nucleic acids research Medium 9016641
1998 EWS/ATF1 fusion protein activates transcription constitutively through the EWS activation domain (EAD), which acts directly without requiring dimerization with other ATF family members. Determinants of trans-activation are dispersed throughout the EAD and cooperate synergistically. The EAD can activate transcription in yeast. Mutational analysis of EWS/ATF1 in mammalian cells, reporter assays, yeast transcription assays Oncogene Medium 9569031
1998 A dominant-negative ATF1 (ATF1RL with point mutation in DNA-binding domain) suppresses PKA/CREB-induced CRE reporter expression and blocks cAMP-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12D cells, demonstrating that CREB/ATF1 is required for cAMP-dependent neuronal differentiation but not for NGF-induced differentiation. Stable cell line expressing dominant-negative ATF1RL, CRE reporter assay, neurite outgrowth assay, immediate early gene mRNA induction Journal of neurochemistry Medium 9489722
1998 5-HT3 receptor activation is required for amphetamine-induced phosphorylation of ATF-1 at Ser63 in striatal neurons. Blockade of 5-HT3 (but not 5-HT2A/2C) receptors inhibits ATF-1 phosphorylation by amphetamine, distinguishing ATF-1 regulation from CREB (Ser133) in this context. Selective serotonergic lesions, pharmacological receptor antagonism (MDL-72222, ritanserin), immunoblot for phospho-ATF-1 Synapse Medium 9704883
1999 EWS/ATF1 fusion protein requires DNA-binding activity (via the ATF1 bZIP domain) for tumor cell viability in clear cell sarcoma. Intracellular delivery of an anti-ATF1 single-chain antibody (scFv4) reduced CRE-driven reporter activity by 90% and induced apoptosis in CCS cells but not HeLa cells. Intracellular single-chain antibody (scFv) expression, CRE-luciferase reporter assay, TUNEL and flow cytometry for apoptosis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10574952
1999 ATF-1 and CREB, together with p300/CBP coactivators, activate the TGF-β2 promoter through a CRE/ATF site when phosphorylated by protein kinases (phospho-Ser133 on CREB, phospho-Ser63 on ATF-1). Nuclear accumulation of Ser133-phosphorylated CREB is regulated during differentiation of F9 EC cells. Transfection of CREB, ATF-1, USF1/2, p300/CBP expression vectors; reporter assays; immunodetection of phospho-CREB in nuclear fractions The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10567368
2000 BRCA1 physically interacts with ATF1 via its RING finger domain. This interaction was demonstrated in vitro, in yeast two-hybrid, and in human cells by co-immunoprecipitation. BRCA1 stimulates transcription from a CRE reporter and from the TNF-α promoter in a CRE-dependent manner, implicating BRCA1 in ATF1 target gene transcriptional activation. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation in human cells, CRE-reporter transcription assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 10945975
2001 Phosphorylation of the EWS IQ domain at Ser266 regulates transcriptional activity of EWS/ATF1 and EWS/FLI1 fusion proteins. Elimination of phosphorylation reduces DNA-binding activity and reporter activation; phosphorylation-mimicking mutation partially restores wild-type activity. IQ domain phosphorylation also mediates cellular compartmentalization of the fusion proteins. Mutational analysis (S266A and phosphomimetic mutants), EMSA, luciferase reporter assays, subcellular localization studies Oncogene Medium 11313922
2001 Degenerate Hexapeptide Repeats (DHRs) containing conserved tyrosine residues within the EWS activation domain are required for transcriptional activation by EWS/ATF1. Small regions of ~30 residues from the EAD cooperate synergistically, establishing the EAD as a tyrosine-dependent transcriptional activation domain. Systematic deletion and mutation of DHR tyrosine residues in EWS/ATF1, transcriptional reporter assays in mammalian cells Oncogene Medium 11464282
2002 MSK1 and MSK2 are required for the stress-induced phosphorylation of ATF1 (and CREB) in primary embryonic fibroblasts. Double knockout of MSK1/MSK2 abolishes stress-induced ATF1 phosphorylation and greatly reduces (but does not totally abolish) mitogen-induced phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is linked to downstream immediate early gene transcription. Mouse knockouts for MSK1 and MSK2 (single and double), immunoblot for phospho-ATF1, immediate early gene transcription assays Molecular and cellular biology High 11909979
2002 ATF1 phosphorylation at Ser63 by the ERK/MSK1 pathway is required for EGF-induced c-jun expression. A Ser63→Ala mutation blocks EGF induction of transfected c-jun; kinase-dead MSK1 and MEK1 inhibitor U0126 block EGF induction of c-jun, while a JNK inhibitor blocks c-jun induction without affecting ATF1 phosphorylation. Site-directed mutagenesis (S63A), kinase-dead MSK1 expression, MEK1 inhibitor (U0126), dominant-negative MEK1, JNK inhibitor, c-jun reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 12414794
2005 ATF-1 (via p38 MAP kinase-dependent phosphorylation) is an essential transcriptional activator of NOX1 (NADPH oxidase 1) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. RNAi-mediated silencing of ATF-1 significantly reduces NOX1 induction by PGF2α or PDGF. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is required upstream of ATF-1 phosphorylation for NOX1 induction; overexpression of ATF-1 rescues NOX1 induction suppressed by oligomycin. RNAi knockdown of ATF-1, ATF-1 overexpression, luciferase reporter for CRE-dependent transcription, inhibitors of mitochondrial complex and ATF-1 phosphorylation The Biochemical journal Medium 15491278
2005 ATF-1 is a transcriptional activator of the UCP3 gene in skeletal muscle under hypoxia. Hypoxia promotes p38 MAP kinase-dependent phosphorylation of ATF-1. ShRNA knockdown of ATF-1 prevents hypoxia-mediated UCP3 upregulation; site-directed mutagenesis and ChIP identify a 10-bp ATF-1 binding element in the UCP3 promoter required for hypoxia induction. p38 inhibition blocks ATF-1 phosphorylation and UCP3 upregulation, while HIF-1α and PKA are not involved. shRNA knockdown, site-directed mutagenesis, ChIP, pharmacological p38 inhibition, reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 18579531
2006 Depletion of CREB/ATF1 (by siRNA) blocks adipogenic conversion of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, preventing expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and adiponectin even when master adipogenic regulators (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, or PPARγ2) are individually overexpressed. CREB promotes PPARγ2 gene transcription. ATF1 plays a central role in adipogenesis that cannot be compensated by individual master adipogenic regulators. siRNA depletion of CREB/ATF1, ectopic expression of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, PPARγ2, constitutively active CREB; in vitro adipogenesis assays, in vivo implantation in athymic mice The Journal of biological chemistry High 17071615
2006 Leptin activates p38 MAPK in hypothalamic neurotensin neurons, leading to phosphorylation of ATF-1. This phosphorylated ATF-1 binds the mouse NT/N gene promoter and contributes to neurotensin transcription. p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocks ATF-1 phosphorylation by leptin. p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580), protein-DNA binding analysis, immunoblot for phospho-ATF-1, NT/N promoter activity FASEB journal Medium 17077290
2007 PIAS3 interacts with ATF1 and functions as an antagonist of ATF1-mediated repression of the ferritin H ARE. PIAS3 decreases ATF1 binding to the ARE without acting as a SUMO E3 ligase for ATF1. ATF1 knockdown increases ferritin H expression; PIAS3 knockdown decreases basal expression and oxidative stress-mediated induction of ferritin H. Yeast two-hybrid (PIAS3 identified as ATF1-binding protein), co-IP, siRNA knockdown of ATF1 and PIAS3, EMSA, reporter assays, sumoylation assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 17565989
2008 ATF-1 is a transcriptional activator of the UCP3 promoter under hypoxia through a specific 10-bp element, acting downstream of p38 MAP kinase independently of HIF-1α and PKA signaling. ChIP, site-directed mutagenesis, shRNA, p38 pharmacological inhibition The Journal of biological chemistry High 18579531
2009 ATF1 nuclear localization is constitutive and phosphorylation at Ser63 occurs at the two-cell stage of mouse embryo development. ATF1 nuclear localization is unaffected by inhibition of the calcium/calmodulin pathway (unlike CREB), suggesting distinct activation mechanisms for ATF1 versus CREB in early embryogenesis. Immunofluorescence localization in mouse preimplantation embryos, pharmacological inhibitors (STO-609, KN-62), phospho-specific antibodies Biology of reproduction Medium 19776387
2010 RSK2 directly phosphorylates ATF1 at Ser63 and enhances ATF1 transcriptional activity, contributing to EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation. Eriodictyol binds the RSK2 N-terminal kinase domain (shown by docking with crystal structure and in vitro pulldown) to inhibit RSK2-ATF1 signaling. RSK2 or ATF1 knockdown suppresses Ras-mediated focus formation. In vitro kinase assay (RSK2 phosphorylates ATF1-Ser63), docking with RSK2 crystal structure, in vitro pulldown, cell-based phosphorylation assay, RNAi knockdown, focus formation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 21098035
2013 EWS/ATF1 expression in neural crest-derived cells induces CCS-like sarcomas in mice. EWS/ATF1 directly induces c-Fos expression in an ERK-independent manner, and FOS mediates growth of EWS/ATF1-associated sarcomas. siRNA targeting FOS attenuates proliferation of CCS cells. EWS/ATF1-inducible mouse model, lineage tracing experiments, FOS-targeted siRNA, tumor histology and marker analysis The Journal of clinical investigation High 23281395
2014 ATF1 interacts with HSF1 and is recruited to the HSP70 promoter in response to heat shock. Phosphorylation of ATF1 is required for formation of the HSF1 transcription complex including BRG1, p300, and CBP. ATF1-BRG1 promotes active chromatin and HSP70 expression during heat shock; ATF1-p300/CBP accelerates shutdown of HSF1 DNA-binding activity during recovery, possibly through HSF1 acetylation. ATF1 markedly affects resistance to heat shock. Co-immunoprecipitation of HSF1-ATF1 complex, ChIP on HSP70 promoter, phospho-ATF1 mutant analysis, chromatin remodeling assays, heat shock survival assays Molecular and cellular biology High 25312646
2014 HO-1 regulation of dendritic cell maturation and function is mediated through the p38 MAPK-CREB/ATF1 signaling axis. HO-1 inhibition increases p38 MAPK activation and downstream CREB/ATF1 phosphorylation, promoting DC maturation; HO-1 upregulation renders DCs refractory to LPS-induced p38-CREB/ATF1 activation. Pharmacological HO-1 inhibition/induction, p38 inhibitor, immunoblot for phospho-CREB/ATF1, DC maturation and function assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 24719331
2019 ATF1 functions as an oncogene in colorectal cancer, facilitating cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis. ATF1 activates a subset of genes including BRAF, NRAS, MYC, BIRC2, STAT1 related to apoptosis, Wnt, TGF-β, and MAPK pathways. Two risk variants (rs61926301 and rs7959129) in the ATF1 promoter and first intron facilitate a promoter-enhancer interaction mediated by SP1 and GATA3, upregulating ATF1 expression. RNAi functional screen, CRC xenograft growth assays, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq in ATF1-overexpressing CRC cells, fine-mapping with functional enhancer/promoter assays (SP1 and GATA3 ChIP) American journal of human genetics Medium 31204011
2022 EWSR1-ATF1 in clear cell sarcoma displays a distinct DNA-binding pattern requiring the EWSR1 domain and promotes ATF1 retargeting to new distal genomic sites, leading to chromatin activation and establishment of a 3D regulatory network controlling oncogenic and neural crest differentiation signatures. EWSR1-ATF1 depletion reconfigures 3D connectivity and unmasks neural crest developmental programs. ChIP-seq, Hi-C (3D chromatin conformation), ATAC-seq, EWSR1-ATF1 depletion, comparison of WT ATF1 vs fusion binding patterns Nature communications High 35477713
2012 miR-34c promotes germ cell apoptosis by directly targeting the 3'UTR of ATF1, reducing ATF1 protein (but not mRNA) levels. ATF1 knockdown decreases Bcl-2/Bax ratio and triggers apoptosis in GC-2 cells; miR-34c inhibition cannot prevent apoptosis in ATF1 knockdown cells, placing ATF1 downstream of miR-34c in the apoptosis pathway. Luciferase 3'UTR reporter assay, miR-34c mimic/inhibitor transfection, ATF1 siRNA knockdown, Bcl-2/Bax ratio measurement, flow cytometry for apoptosis PloS one Medium 22479460

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 The sequence of the human genome. Science (New York, N.Y.) 8428 11181995
1993 GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2772 8493557
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
1996 GDNF-induced activation of the ret protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by GDNFR-alpha, a novel receptor for GDNF. Cell 1026 8674117
1995 Protection and repair of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system by GDNF in vivo. Nature 983 7830766
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
1996 Defects in enteric innervation and kidney development in mice lacking GDNF. Nature 949 8657307
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
1996 Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF. Nature 809 8637574
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
1995 Developing motor neurons rescued from programmed and axotomy-induced cell death by GDNF. Nature 623 7830769
1996 FGF and stress regulate CREB and ATF-1 via a pathway involving p38 MAP kinase and MAPKAP kinase-2. The EMBO journal 569 8887554
2003 The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is an alternative signaling receptor for GDNF family ligands. Cell 475 12837245
2015 Widespread macromolecular interaction perturbations in human genetic disorders. Cell 454 25910212
1993 EWS and ATF-1 gene fusion induced by t(12;22) translocation in malignant melanoma of soft parts. Nature genetics 454 8401579
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
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